Biology OL CIE

Classifieds

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Salem

 Chapter 1 Characteristics & Classification of Living Organisms

Part 1: MCQ:

1 Worms come to the soil surface after heavy rain. Which characteristic of living organisms does this
show?
A growth
B nutrition
C reproduction
D sensitivity

2 The diagrams show a plant at the start of an experiment, and the same plant two days later.

light from
one side

start of experiment after two days

Which characteristic of living organisms is not demonstrated by this experiment?

A excretion
B growth
C movement
D sensitivity
3 An animal can swim, has a backbone, suckles young and breathes

air. To which group does it belong?

A amphibians
B fish
C mammals
D reptiles

4 What is a feature of both insects and arachnids?

A antennae
B compound eyes
C exoskeleton
D six legs

5 The diagram shows an amoeba, a single-celled living organism.

oxygen diffuses into the cell

X
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell
nucleus

food vacuole

The movement of gases at X indicates the occurrence of which process or processes in the cell?

A excretion and nutrition

B excretion and respiration
C nutrition and respiration
D respiration only

6 Which are characteristics of insects?

7 A student observed a vertebrate swimming in a pond. The animal’s surface was smooth and
hairless. It used its four legs to swim. At intervals, the animal came to the surface to take
mouthfuls of air.

To which vertebrate class does this animal belong?

A amphibians
B fish
C mammals
D reptiles

8 What is respiration?

A breathing
B giving out carbon dioxide
C releasing energy from food
D taking in oxygen

9 A living organism, X, can make its own food, get rid of toxic materials and detect and respond to
stimuli.

What other four processes must organism X carry out to stay alive?

A excretion, growth, movement, sensitivity

B excretion, growth, nutrition, respiration
C growth, movement, reproduction, respiration
D movement, reproduction, respiration, sensitivity

10 Which group of organisms has the following features?

● three pairs of jointed legs

● three-part segmented body
● one pair of antennae

A arachnids
B crustaceans
C insects
D myriapods

11 Which process in plant cells uses chlorophyll?

A growth
B nutrition
C movement
D respiration
12 Which vertebrate groups have scaly skin?

A amphibians and fish

B amphibians and mammals
C fish and mammals
D fish and reptiles

13 Which characteristic of living organisms is described by the following definition?

‘The ability to detect changes in the environment and make responses’.

A excretion
B movement
C respiration
D sensitivity

14 What is the correct order of arthropod groups, from those with most legs to those with fewest
legs?

A arachnids → crustaceans → insects → myriapods

B crustaceans → myriapods → insects → arachnids

C insects → arachnids → myriapods → crustaceans

D myriapods → crustaceans → arachnids → insects

 15 Which of these features is used to classify organisms as flowering plants?
A roots with hairs
B seeds within fruits
C single-celled spores
D underground stems

16 What is used as a means of classification?

A the number of strands of mRNA

B the shape of DNA molecules
C the sequence of bases in DNA
D the types of bases in DNA

17 How many jointed legs does an insect have?

A two pairs
B three pairs
C four pairs
D more than six pairs

18 An organism has dry scales covering its body.

To which vertebrate group does it belong?

A amphibian
B fish
C mammal
D reptile

19 Which characteristic of living organisms can involve ingestion, absorption and assimilation?

A excretion
B growth
C nutrition
D respiration

20 Which system is used for naming species?

A binomial
B conservation
C dichotomous
D natural selection
 21 Living animals release carbon dioxide.
This is an example of which life process?

A excretion
B movement
C nutrition
D sensitivity
22 Which shows an organism that has been named using the binomial system?

A Bacterium
B Flowering plant
C HIV
D Homo sapiens

23 The diagram shows a flowering plant.

Use the key to identify the plant.

24 Which process removes the waste products of metabolism from the body?

A excretion
B nutrition
C reproduction
D respiration
25 According to the binomial system, how should a human be named?

A Homo Sapiens
B Homo sapiens
C homo Sapiens
D homo sapiens

26 Which leaf comes from a monocotyledonous plant?

A B C D

27 Use the key:

 28 The Diagram

29 What are characteristics of all organisms?

A egestion and excretion

B egestion and nutrition
C excretion and nutrition
D excretion and photosynthesis

30 The table shows the classification of four vertebrate animals.

Which two organisms are most closely related?

A 1and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

Part 2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows seven marsupial mammals.

A
C

not drawn to scale Fig.

1.1
(a) (i) State one visible feature that could be used to identify the marsupials in Fig. 1.1 as
mammals.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.

key
1 (a) tail visible go to 2
(b) no tail visible go to 3
2 (a) back feet at least twice as long as front feet go to 4
(b) back feet and front feet of similar length go to 5
3 (a) large ears relative to the size of the head Phascolarctos cinereus
(b) small ears relative to the size of the head Vombatus ursinus
4 (a) tail at least twice as long as body Sminthopsis longicaudata
(b) tail less than twice as long as body Macropus rufus
5 (a) uniform body colouring Paljara tirarense
(b) markings on body go to 6
6 (a) white band across back and chest Sarcophilus harrisii
(b) no white band across back and chest Dasyurus maculatus G
[3]
(b) …..
2 Fig. 1.1 shows a flowering shoot of tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum.

Fig. 1.1

(a) State the name of the genus of the tiger lily.

[1]

(b) Name the parts labelled A to D.

(c) The tiger lily plant is a monocotyledon.

List two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show it is a monocotyledon.

2 [2]
3 Reed warblers are small birds that migrate over long distances between western Africa and
northern Europe.

Fig. 5.1 shows a reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus.

Fig. 5.1

(a) State three characteristic features of birds that are visible in Fig. 5.1.

3 [3]
Part 3

1 Fig. 1.1 shows a common emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Two distinguishing features of birds are beaks and wings.

State one other feature shown only by birds that is visible in Fig. 1.1.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Birds show variation in the sizes and shapes of their beaks. A beak is composed of an upper
mandible and a lower mandible.
Fig. 1.2 shows the heads of seven different species of bird.

B A
width of head

upper
mandible

lower
mandible

C D

E F

G
 Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correctbox
beside the key. One has been done for you.

key

1 (a) beak is shorter than the width of the go to 2

head
(b) beak is longer than the width of the go to 4
head
2 (a) upper mandible is same length as Spinus tristis
the lower mandible
(b) upper mandible is longer than the go to 3
lower mandible
3 (a) lower mandible is about half the Ara ararauna
length of the upper mandible A

(b) lower mandible is more than half the Aquila chrysaetos

length of the upper mandible
4 (a) both mandibles widen at the end of Platalea regia
the beak
(b) both mandibles are a similar width go to 5
along their whole length

5 (a) beak is straight Trochilus polytmus

(b) beak is curved go to 6

6 (a) beak curves upwards Recurvirostra americana

(b) beak curves downwards Phoenicopterus minor

[3]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows five mammals.
body length

A B

(mammals not
D E drawn to scale)
 (a) Use the key to identify each of these mammals. Write the letter for each mammal in
Table 1.1.
1 tail more than half that of body length go to 2
tail less than half that of body length go to 4
2 ears at top of head, with thick tail Sciurus caroliniensis
ears at side of head, with thin tail go to 3
3 nose pointed, nose length longer than its depth Sorex araneus
nose blunt, nose length shorter than its depth Clethrionomys glareolus
4 front legs as wide or wider than long Talpa europaea
front legs longer than wide Oryctolagus cuniculus

Table 1.1
name of mammal letter

Clethrionomys glareolus

Oryctolagus cuniculus

Sciurus caroliniensis

Sorex araneus

Talpa europaea
[4]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a young deer feeding from its mother.

Fig. 1.2

State two features of the deer, visible in Fig. 1.2, that distinguish mammals from other
vertebrates.

2 [2]

[Total: 6]
 3 Bacteria are prokaryotes.
i. State two features of all prokaryotes.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
ii. Some bacteria have a flagellum.
State the function of a flagellum.

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 Chapter 2: Organisation of the Living Organisms

Part 1: McQ

1 Which row matches the cell membrane and cell wall of a palisade cell to their functions?

cell membrane cell wall

A active transport active transport

B active transport support
C support active transport
D support support

2 In a plant, what is formed by a group of xylem vessels?

A a cell
B a tissue
C an organ
D an organ system

3 What are the functions of xylem vessels?

 4 In a plant, what is formed by a group of xylem vessels?

A a cell
B a tissue
C an organ
D an organ system

5 The diagram shows a palisade mesophyll cell.

Which structure is not found in an animal cell?

6 Which statement is correct for phloem but not for xylem?

A It carries mineral ions.

B It carries starch.
C It carries sucrose.
D It is no longer living.

7 What is the correct order of increasing size of the following structures, from smallest to largest?
A chromosome → liver → white blood cell
B chromosome → white blood cell → liver
C liver → chromosome → white blood cell
D white blood cell → liver → chromosome
8 The shaded area of the diagram represents structures found in both plant and animal cells.

Which cell structure is from the shaded area?

A cell membrane
B cell wall
C chloroplast
D large vacuole

9 A palisade cell and a nerve cell are observed under a light microscope.

Only the palisade cell has a

A cell membrane.
B cytoplasm.
C nucleus.
D vacuole.
10 The diagram shows a palisade mesophyll cell from a green leaf.

In which labelled part does photosynthesis occur and where is starch stored?

11 Which row describes a root hair cell?

12 Three cell structures are listed.

1 cell wall
2 cytoplasm
3 nucleus

Which structures are found in palisade cells and in liver cells?

A 1 and 2 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 3 only

13 The diagram shows two plant cells, P and Q.

How does cell P differ from cell Q?

A It has no cell wall.

B It has no chloroplasts.
C It has no nucleus.
D It has no vacuole.

14 The diagram shows different types of cells.

Which structure do all these cells have?

A cell membrane
B cell wall
C chloroplast
D nucleus
15 The diagram shows a male gamete.

Which term describes the level of organisation of this gamete?

A cell
B organ
C organism
D tissue

16 Which description of xylem is correct?

A a cell used for absorption

B a tissue used for support
C an organ system used for conduction
D an organ used for transport

17 The diagram shows a student’s drawing of two guard cells.

Which label line is not correct?

18 How does a liver cell differ from a palisade cell?

A A liver cell has a membrane.

B A liver cell has a vacuole.
C A liver cell has no cell wall.
D A liver cell has no cytoplasm.
19 The diagram shows structures taken from two different

Which structures have the main function of transport?

A P and R B P and S C Q and R D Q and S

20 At which level of organisation is a root?

A organ
B organ system
C organism
D tissue

21 The diagram shows four cells.

3 4

Which two cells contain cellulose and a vacuole?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

22 The diagram shows a magnified image of a cell. The magnification is x360. Line LM represents
the width of the image of the cell. Line LM is 18 mm long in this diagram.

L M

What is the actual width of the cell?

A 0.005 mm B 0.05 mm C 0.5 mm D 5.0 mm

23 The diagram shows a red blood cell.

49 mm

The actual diameter of the cell is 7.0 micrometres.

What is the magnification of this cell?

A x70 B x700 C x7000 D x70 000

24 In a section through a plant, a student found a group of long, microscopic structures. The
structures lacked end walls, cytoplasm and nuclei.

Which identification and reason best matches the student’s observations?

identification reason

A root hair cells they do not contain a nucleus when mature

B root hair cells they do not contain cytoplasm to absorb water
C xylem vessels they can support the plant better without cytoplasm
D xylem vessels they need to be hollow to carry water efficiently

25 Which diagram shows chloroplasts in their correct position in a plant cell?

A B C D
26 The cell shown in the diagram has been magnified 3000 times. The diagram is 21 mm wide.

27 Xylem is an example of

A a cell.
B a tissue.
C an organ.
D an organ system.

28 Plant cells are often green but animal cells are not usually green.
Which structure in plant cells makes them green?

A cell wall
B chloroplast
C cytoplasm
D vacuole

29 The diagram shows the structure of a palisade cell.

Which features are also found in a liver cell?

A 1 and 2 B 2 and 5 C 3 and 4 D 4 and 5

 30 The diagram shows some cells.

cilia

cytoplasm

nucleus

Where are these cells found?

A alimentary canal
B blood
C bronchial wall
D plant roots

31 For which process is a root hair cell adapted?

A absorption of mineral ions

B support of stem
C translocation of sucrose
D transport of oxygen

32 What can be found in both root hair cells and xylem vessels?

33 The diagram shows a liver cell.

In which way does this cell differ from a typical animal cell?

A It has a cell membrane.

B It has no vacuole.
C It has no cell wall.
D It has two nuclei.
34 The photomicrograph shows a cell from a type of aquatic plant.

Which labelled parts indicate that this is a plant cell?

A P and R B P and S C Q and R D Q and S

35 The diagram shows a section through a root.

P
Q

What are the levels of organisation of the labelled structures?

cell organ tissue

Q
A P R
B P R Q
C Q R P
D R Q P
Part 2
1 Fig. 3.1 shows images of red blood cells from a human, A, and a bird, B.

nucleus

A B

Fig. 3.1

(a) State the function of red blood cells.

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(b) There is a nucleus present in each of the red blood cells of the bird, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

(i) State the function of a nucleus.

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(ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.

State an advantage of this.

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 Red blood cells from humans were placed into three test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a
saltsolution of a different concentration. A sample was taken from each test-tube and viewed using
a microscope. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.

salt concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

(c) Describe the appearance of the red blood cells in the 0.15 mol dm−3 salt solution and thered
blood cells in the 0.20 mol dm−3 salt solution.

0.15 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................

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0.20 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................

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[2]

(ii) The red blood cells in the 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution burst.

Explain why the red blood cells burst.

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(iii) Suggest why a plant cell in 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution would not burst.

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2 Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram of a bacterial cell.

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) State four structural features, present in a photosynthesising plant cell, that
make itdifferent from the bacterial cell in Fig. 1.1.

1.

2.

3.

4. [4]

(ii) State two structural features present in both the bacterial cell in Fig 1.1 and in an
animal cell, such as a liver cell.

1.

2. [2]
3 Fig. 5.1 is a photomicrograph of a structure found in animal and plant cells.

Fig. 5.1
(a) State the name and function of the cell structure labelled A in Fig. 5.1.

name .........................................................................................................................................

function .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) State the two pieces of information needed to calculate the actual length of cell
structure A in Fig. 5.1.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) The actual length of cell structure A is 0.000 75

mm. Convert this value to micrometres (µm).

..................................................... µm [1]

[Total: 4]
4 (a) Fig. 3.1 is a photomicrograph of some cells lining the trachea.

goblet cell

Fig. 3.1

(i) Describe the role of goblet cells.

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(a) Explain how the cell labelled X in Fig. 3.1 is adapted for its function.

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 Chapter 3: Movement into & out the cell

Part 1 MCQ:

1 The arrows in the diagram show the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body
cells and the blood in capillaries.

By which process does this movement occur?

A diffusion
B excretion
C osmosis
D respiration

2 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an experiment on osmosis.

In which tubes will osmosis take place?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

3 What is an example of osmosis?

A Carbon dioxide goes out through the stomata of a leaf.

B Digested food is absorbed from the small intestine.
C Oxygen goes into the blood from an alveolus.
D Water enters a plant root from the soil.
4 The diagram shows an experiment on diffusion.

More sugar diffuses out of the bag than diffuses in.What

is the concentration of sugar in solution X?

A 10 % B 20 % C 30 % D 40 %

5 Which molecule crosses a partially permeable membrane during osmosis?

A carbon dioxide
B oxygen
C urea
D water

6 Which molecule crosses a partially permeable membrane during osmosis?

A carbon dioxide
B oxygen
C urea
D water

7 The diagrams show the movement of particles across a membrane. The arrows show the
direction of movement.

Which diagram shows active transport?

Part 2

1 A student investigated the diffusion of substances through Visking tubing, an artificial membrane
which has some of the properties of cell membranes.

The student added some iodine solution to the water in the test-tube.

After 30 minutes at room temperature, the contents of the Visking bag were stained blue-black, but
the water outside remained a yellow colour.

(a) (i) Explain these results.

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 (ii) State three factors that influence the movement of molecules through membranes.

1 .............................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................

3 .............................................................................................................................

[3]

(b) Fig. 4.2 is an electron micrograph of a red blood cell within a capillary.

Fig. 4.2
(i) Molecules of carbon dioxide that are produced in muscle cells are transported to the
blood. Describe the pathway taken by these molecules of carbon dioxide.

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(ii) Explain how capillaries are adapted for their functions.

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(c) Mammals have a transport system for carbon dioxide. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from their
surroundings to use in photosynthesis.

Explain how a molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere reaches the site of
photosynthesis in a leaf.

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[Total: 17]
2 Some plants can be grown in water using the technique of hydroponics. The roots are in water and
supplied with the ions that they need at the concentrations that support maximum growth. Some
ions can be absorbed both by diffusion and by active transport.

(a) (i) State two features of diffusion that do not apply to active transport.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(ii) Explain how roots are adapted to absorb ions.

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A group of students investigated the effect of soaking small onion bulbs in different concentrations
of sodium chloride solution. They peeled off the outer papery leaves of the onion bulbs and divided
the onions into 6 batches, each with 10 onions.

The onions were surface dried with paper towels and weighed. The mean mass of the onions in
each batch was calculated. The onions were then left in sodium chloride solutions for three hours.

After three hours the students surface dried the onions and weighed them again. Their results are
given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

concentration of mean mass of onions / g

percentage
sodium chloride solution before after soaking change in mass
/ g dm–3 soaking for 3 hours
0 147 173 +17.7
25 153 165 +7.8
50 176 172 –2.3
100 154 149 –3.2
150 149 142 –4.7
200 183 175
(b) (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass of the onions that were in the most concentrated
solution of sodium chloride. Show your working. Write your answer in Table 2.1.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the students calculated the percentage change in mass of the onions.

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(c) The students plotted a graph of the results as shown in Fig. 2.1.

(i) Complete the graph using your answer to (b)(i). [1]

(ii) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to estimate the concentration of the sodium chloride solution
that has the same water potential as the onions.

.......................................................................................................................................[2
(d) Using the term water potential, explain why the onions:

gained mass when soaked in dilute solutions of sodium chloride

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lost mass when soaked in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride.

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[4]

[Total: 15]
 Chapter 4 classifieds Enzymes

Part 1: MCQ:

1 Which graph shows the effect of temperature on the activity of an enzyme?

2 The diagram represents a chemical reaction.

reactants product

Which diagram represents the enzyme for this reaction?

C B AD

3 The table shows the conditions in four test-tubes containing equal amounts of starch and salivary
amylase.

In which test-tube is the starch broken down fastest?

temperature
pH
/ °C
A 2 27
B 2 37
C 7 27
D 7 37

4 The diagram shows the effect of an enzyme working in the human digestive system.

enzyme at pH 1.5
and temperature 37 C

protein amino acids

What would reduce the rate of production of amino acids?

A removing the amino acids as they are formed

B increasing the amount of protein
C raising the temperature to 40 C
D raising the pH to 7.5
5 Which group of compounds ensures that metabolic reactions take place effectively?

A carbohydrates
B enzymes
C fatty acids
D hormones

6 The diagram shows an experiment on the digestion of the protein in egg albumen by protease.

The protease was taken from a human stomach.

In which test-tube will the protein be digested most quickly?

7 Which effect does a gradual decrease in pH from 13 to 1 have on the action of amylase?

A slows it down only

B slows it down then speeds it up
C speeds it up only
D speeds it up then slows it down
8 Which graph shows the effect of temperature between 20 °C and 35 °C on the activity of a
humandigestive enzyme?

9 An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pH on enzyme action. The graph
shows the results.

y-axis

x-axis

What are the labels for the x-axis and the y-axis?
 10 What remains at the end of an enzyme-controlled reaction?
A enzymes and products
B enzymes and substrates
C enzymes only
D products only

11 The temperature of an enzyme-controlled reaction is increased by 10°C. How does this

affect the rate of reaction?

A It always increases the rate.

B It always decreases the rate.
C It may increase or decrease the rate.
D It has no effect on the rate.

12 At which temperature do most enzymes from the human body become completely denatured?

A 0 °C B 27 °C C 40 °C D 65 °C

13 The graph shows the effect of pH on the activity of two enzymes.

At which pH is the activity of both enzymes the same?

A 1 B 3 C 5 D 8

14 The apparatus shown in the diagram was used for an experiment on starch digestion.
Which tube would contain most sugar after 20 minutes?
Part 2

1 Microorganisms in the soil release enzymes to digest dead leaves.

(a) Explain how enzymes catalyse chemical reactions.

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(b) Protease and cellulase are two enzymes secreted by soil microorganisms. Protease
digests protein.

Suggest what part of the dead leaf cells are digested by the enzyme cellulase.

.................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Table 6.1 shows the results of a study comparing the decomposition of dead leaves at
twolocations A and B.

Table 6.1

location A location B
protease activity / µmol min–1 2750 2670
cellulase activity / µmol min–1 4790 2500
soil pH 6.0 3.5
soil water content / % 10 77

(i) Compare the enzyme activity at location A with the enzyme activity at
location B.You will gain credit for using the data from Table 6.1 to support
your answer.

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[3]

(ii) Suggest possible reasons for any differences in the enzyme activity at location A
andlocation B.

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[3]
1 Catalase is an enzyme found in plant and animal cells. It has the function of breaking
down hydrogen peroxide, a toxic waste product of metabolic processes.

(a)
i. State the term used to describe the removal of waste products of metabolism.

[1]

ii. Define the term enzyme.

[2]

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of pH on catalase, using pieces of
potato as a source of the enzyme.

Oxygen is formed when catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, as shown in the
equation.

catalase
hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen

The rate of reaction can be found by measuring how long it takes for 10 cm3 oxygen to be
collected.

(b) State the independent (input) variable in this investigation.

[1]

(ii) Suggest two factors that would need to be kept constant in this investigation.

1.

2. [2]
Table 3.1 shows the results of the investigation, but it is incomplete.

(c) Calculate the rate of oxygen production at pH 8.

Show your working. Write your answer in Table 3.1

[2]
(d) Complete the graph by plotting the rate of oxygen production against pH.

[4]

(e) (i) Using data from the graph, describe the changes in the reaction rate between pH 4
and pH 8.

[2]

(ii) Explain the change in the reaction rate between pH 6 and pH 8.

[3]

[Total: 17]
 2 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the action of an enzyme.

On Fig. 3.1 use label lines and labels to identify:

• an enzyme
• a product
• a substrate.
[3
(b) Describe what is meant by the term enzyme.

............................................................................................................................. ......................

........................................................................................................... ........................................

............................................................................................................................. ................ [2]

(c) The enzymes in biological washing powders speed up the removal of stains from

clothing. Some of these stains may contain fats.

(i) Circle the name of the enzyme that will remove fat stains.

protease pectinase lipase amylase

[1]

(ii) Explain why removing fat stains and protein stains from clothing requires a washing
powder that contains more than one type of enzyme.

............................................................................................................................. ..............

...........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. ..............

...........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. ........ [2]

 (d) An investigation was carried out to compare how fast a biological washing powder
removed stains at different temperatures.
Fig. 3.2 shows the results of the investigation.

110

100

90

80

70
time taken
to remove
60
stain /
minutes
50

40

30

20

10

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature / °C

Fig. 3.2
Using the information in Fig. 3.2:
(ii) State the optimum temperature for the washing powder.

..................................................... °C [1]

(ii) State the time taken for the washing powder to remove the stain at 20 °C.

............................................. minutes [1]

(iii) Describe what happens to the enzymes in the biological washing powder between 40 °C
and 60 °C.
............................................................................................................................. ..............

................................................................................................................... ........................

............................................................................................................................. ..............

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 12]
 Chapter 5: Biological Molecules

Part 1 :MCQ:

1 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules.

Which statement is correct?

A Amino acids are basic units of carbohydrates.

B Fatty acids are basic units of glycogen.
C Glycerol is a basic unit of oils.
D Simple sugar is a basic unit of protein.

2 When a substance is added to meat, amino acids are produced.

What is this substance?

A a hormone
B an enzyme
C an oil
D water

3 The diagram shows part of a protein molecule.

What does X represent?

A amino acid
B fatty acid
C glycerol
D sugar
4 The diagram represents a protein molecule.

What do the small circles represent?

A amino acids

B fatty acids
C glycerol
D simple sugars

5 A human cell contains a length of DNA that carries the code for making which substance?

A fat
B glycogen
C lipase
D starch

6 In DNA, what is the correct base pairing?

A T with C B T with T C T with G D T with A

7 Which row shows the elements and basic units that are used in the construction of large food
molecules?

food molecules elements basic units

A fats carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen glucose

B fats carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen glycerol
C starch carbon, hydrogen, oxygen glucose
D starch carbon, hydrogen, oxygen glycerol

8 Which nutrient produces a purple colour when mixed with biuret solution?

A fat
B protein
C reducing sugar
D starch

9 Which simple molecules are the basic units of protein?

A amino acids
B fatty acids
C sugars
D vitamins

10 Which food-testing reagent shows a positive result when it turns from blue to purple?

A Benedict’s solution
B biuret reagent
C ethanol
D iodine solution
 11 The diagram shows two food tests carried out on solution X.

Which nutrients are present in solution X?

A protein and starch

B protein and sugar
C starch and fat
D starch and sugar

12 The diagram shows two food molecules before and after they have been digested by enzymes.

What identifies the products of fat digestion?

A P and R B P and S C Q and R D Q and S

13 The graphs show the quantities of selected vitamins and mineral ions in four foods.

Which food is the richest source of the vitamin or mineral ions essential for the transport of
oxygen by the blood?

A beans
B egg
C fish
D fruit

14 A student set up a test-tube containing starch, water and amylase.

How could the student test whether the amylase had digested all the starch?

A Add Biuret solution.

B Add dilute hydrochloric acid.
C Add iodine solution.
D Weigh the test-tubes and contents before and after the experiment.

15 Which substance is used to test a food for vitamin C?

A Benedict’s solution
B DCPIP
C ethanol
D iodine solution

16 Water is a good solvent.

What does this mean?

A It dissolves well in many other substances.

B It flows easily through vessels.
C It is permeable to gases.
D Many substances dissolve well in it.
 17 Which row correctly identifies the chemical elements found in proteins?

18 Nutrients are made up of smaller basic units. Nutrients can be identified by food tests.
Which nutrient is a protein?

nutrient smaller basic units food test

A amino acids Benedict’s test

B amino acids biuret test
C sugars Benedict’s test
D sugars biuret test

19 The diagram shows part of a starch molecule.

Which diagram shows this molecule after it has been completely digested?

20 Four foods were tested for

• fat (using ethanol),
• protein (using the biuret test),
• reducing sugar (using Benedict’s solution), starch (using iodine solution).
Which food contains protein and starch?
Part 2
1 (a) (i) Explain the term balanced diet.

[3]

(ii) State three factors that influence a person’s nutritional needs.

3 [3]

2 (a ) List four chemical elements that are found in proteins.

1.

2.

3.

4. [4]

5 Maize is used as a food source for humans and livestock. It contains mainly starch but also other
nutrients including proteins and fat.

(a) Describe how to test maize grains for the presence of protein and fat.
protein .......................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

fat ..............................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[5]
Maize is a cereal. Cereals form a high proportion of the daily energy intake for many people.

The protein and fat content of maize and five other cereals is shown in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2
 content per 100 g of dried cereal / g
cereal

protein fat
maize 9. 3.8
millet 10.4 5.0
oats 12.6 7.5
rice 7.1 1.8
sorghum 9.7 3.4

wheat 13.8 2.0

(b) Use Table 2.2 to identify the cereal that provides the largest energy content per 100 g.
Explain your choice of cereal.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 11]
5 (a) State the name of a chemical element that is found in all proteins but not in carbohydrates
or fats.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

1 Table 7.1 shows the names of some biological molecules, enzymes and the organs that
produce the enzymes. Complete Table 7.1.
Table 7.1
enzyme that
products of the
catalyses the
large biological breakdown of the organ that produces
breakdown of the
molecule large biological the enzyme
large biological
molecule
molecule

oil pancreas

glycogen
glycogen liver
phosphorylase

maltose amylase

protein stomach

[4
]
 Chapter 6: Plant Nutrition

Part 1: MCQ:

1 In a photosynthesis experiment, a plant is left in bright sunlight for several hours. A leaf is
then removed from the plant and tested for starch, using iodine solution.

The diagram shows the leaf from the plant that was used in the experiment.

white area

green area

Which diagram shows the result of the experiment?

A B C D
key
iodine solution
turns blue /
black
iodine solution
stays brown

2 Which substance, needed for protein synthesis, is carried into a leaf from the stem?

A carbon dioxide
B nitrate
C oxygen
D starch

3 Which two substances are the products of photosynthesis?

A carbon dioxide and glucose

B carbon dioxide and water
C oxygen and carbon dioxide
D oxygen and glucose
4 Four test-tubes are set up as shown in the diagram and left in full sunlight.

After several hours, which test-tube contains the most dissolved oxygen?

5 Plants manufacture their own supplies of carbohydrate.

What are the raw materials and the waste product of this process?

raw materials waste product

A carbon dioxide and chlorophyll oxygen

B carbon dioxide and water oxygen
C oxygen and chlorophyll carbon dioxide
D oxygen and water carbon dioxide

6 A plant with variegated leaves has the starch removed from its leaves by placing it in a dark
cupboard for 48 hours.

Black paper is then fixed on one leaf as shown and the plant is exposed to light.

After 24 hours, which part of the leaf contains starch?

8 Apparatus was set up as shown.

Sodium hydroxide removes carbon dioxide from the air. Limewater goes cloudy if carbon dioxide
is bubbled through it.
What happens to the limewater in flasks X and Y when the pump is switched on?
flask X flask Y

A goes cloudy goes cloudy

B goes cloudy stays clear
C stays clear goes cloudy
D stays clear stays clear
9 The diagram shows a cross-section of part of a leaf.

Which type of cell is found in layer X?

8 An experiment was done using the apparatus shown in the diagram.

The carbon dioxide content of the water in each tube was measured at the start and again three
hours later.
In which tube would there be a decrease in carbon dioxide content?
 9 What is formed first in a leaf as a result of photosynthesis?

A chlorophyll
B glucose
C starch
D water

10 From which part of a leaf does most water evaporate during transpiration?
A the cuticle
B the guard cells
C the spongy mesophyll cells
D the xylem vessels

11 Which product of photosynthesis moves out of a green leaf through its stomata?
A carbon dioxide
B glucose
C oxygen
D water

12 What is carried by the xylem?

A chlorophyll
B mineral ions
C starch
D sugars

20 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen
production during photosynthesis.

The investigation was repeated several times and the average amount of gas collected was
calculated. Which two factors must be kept constant during this investigation?

A the amount of water in the beaker and the height of the measuring cylinder
B the size of aquatic plant and the amount of gas in the measuring cylinder
C the size of aquatic plant and the duration of exposure to light
D the size of the beaker and the funnel
21 Which form of energy is stored within glucose molecules made during photosynthesis?

A chemical
B heat
C light
D mechanical

22 The diagram shows a cell with groups of bacteria around its edge.

The bacteria move to areas of high oxygen concentration.

Which process in the cell causes the bacteria to form these groups?

A digestion
B photosynthesis
C reproduction
D respiration

23 The diagram shows cells from the epidermis of a leaf.

Which parts are partially permeable?

A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D P and S

24 The roots of plants take up nitrates from the soil.
What are the nitrates used to make?

A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch

25 What does photosynthesis form in a leaf first?

A cellulose
B protein
C starch
D sugar

26 The diagram shows a section through a leaf.

Which cell type absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day?

31 Cobalt chloride paper is blue when dry but turns pink when wet. Some blue cobalt
chloride paper was fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf on a plant X and a leaf
on plant Y.
The diagram shows the results of the
experiment.
Through which leaf surface was water lost
most quickly?

A plant X, upper surface

B plant X, lower surface
C plant Y, upper surface
D plant Y, lower surface
Part 2:
1 (a) State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.
light
............................................................... chlorophyll ...............................................................
[2]

A student investigated the effect of different wavelengths of light on the rate of

photosynthesis of the water plant, Cabomba.

The student used the apparatus shown in Fig. 6.1.

(b) The student collected the gas produced by the plant for five minutes. The results are shown
in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1

colour of filter wavelength of volume of gas

3
light / nm collected / cm
violet 400 0.80

blue 475 0.80

green 550 0.20

yellow 600 0.40

red 675 0.90

 Describe the effect of wavelength of light on the rate of photosynthesis as shown in the
student’s results in Table 6.1.
You will gain credit if you use data from the table.

…........................................................................................................................................

…........................................................................................................................................

…........................................................................................................................................

…........................................................................................................................................

…........................................................................................................................................

…........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(c) State how the student would calculate the rates of photosynthesis from the results in
Table 6.1.

…........................................................................................................................................

…........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) State why the student:

i. kept the lamp at the same distance during the investigation,

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

ii. used sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(e) State three uses in a plant of the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis.

1.........................................................................................................................................

2.........................................................................................................................................

3.........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 11]
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a leaf and a flower of Helleborus orientalis.

a) H. orientalis is a dicotyledonous plant.

State three features visible in Fig. 6.1 that show it is a dicotyledonous plant.

1.

2.

3. [3]

Fig. 6.2 is a photograph of a section through a leaf of H. orientalis.

 a) Complete the table, using ticks ( ), to show the cells that carry out
photosynthesis.

cell
cells that carry out photosynthesis
A

[2]
b)Explain how two features of leaves, visible in sections such as that shown in Fig.
6.2, are adaptations for efficient photosynthesis.
1.

2.

[4]

c) During the period when H. orientalis is photosynthesising at a fast rate, substances are
transported through the plant in the phloem from sources to sinks.

i. Name two substances that are translocated from a source to a sink.

[2]

ii. For these substances state the source and two possible sinks.
source

sink 1

sink 2 [2]
[Total: 13]
7 A student set up the apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1 to investigate the effect of light
intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of a pond plant.
The student maintained the temperature at 20 oC and measured the distance
travelled by the air bubble in the capillary tube for a period of five minutes on three
occasions for each light intensity.

The student’s results are shown in Table 3.1 on page.

a) i. Explain why the student included the glass tank and the syringe in the
apparatus.

Glass tank

syringe

[2]

ii. Explain why the air bubble moves down the capillary tube.

[3]
 Table 3.1

b)
24 Calculate the rate of photosynthesis when the lamp was 50 mm from the
pond plant and write your answer in the table. [1]
7

6
rate of photosynthesis / mm per

3
minute

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
distance / mm

Fig. 3.2
 ii. Plot the student’s results from Table 3.1 on the axes on Fig. 3.2.
Draw an appropriate line on the graph to show the relationship between
distance of the lamp from the pond plant and the rate of
photosynthesis. [2]

c) i. Using the graph to help you, predict the results that the student would get if the lamp
was positioned 15 mm and 70 mm from the pond plant.

15 mm mm per minute

70 mm mm per minute [2]

ii. Explain why the rate of photosynthesis decreases as the distance of the lamp from the
pond plant increases.

[3]

[Total: 13]
 Chapter 7: Human Nutrition
Part 1: MCQ:
1 Which type of food is not digested before being absorbed by the body?

A carbohydrate
B fat
C protein
D water

2 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.

In which structure is most glucose absorbed into the blood?

3 Which dietary component is unlikely to be deficient in a meat-free diet?

A fat
B fibre
C protein
D vitamin D

4 Which treatment is best for a person with persistent diarrhoea?

A drinking a solution of sugar and salt

B drinking pure water
C eating more fibre
D eating protein such as boiled eggs
 5 The diagram shows a large food molecule changing into smaller
molecules.

What is process X?

A absorption
B chewing
C digestion
D secretion

6 The diagram shows part of the alimentary canal and associated organs.

T
W

Which structures secrete enzymes that digest proteins?

A T and U B U and V C V and W D W and T

7 The graph shows pH changes in the mouth after eating.

Why is it a good idea to brush teeth after eating?

A Acidic conditions help bacteria to grow.

B Acids dissolve tooth enamel.
C Alkaline conditions help bacteria to grow.
D Alkalis dissolve tooth enamel.

8 The diagram shows a piece of small intestine during peristalsis.

What is happening at X?

circular muscles longitudinal muscles

A contracted contracted
B contracted relaxed
C relaxed contracted
D relaxed relaxed
9 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal. Which structure does not
secrete digestive enzymes?

10 Which substance catalyses the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol?

A adrenaline

B alcohol
C bile
D lipase

11 Poor nutrition can lead to a condition called rickets in which bones fail to develop

properly. The table shows some minerals and vitamins present in four foods.

Which food would be best for a child who has rickets?

 12 A person ate food X. Food X was not affected by enzymes until it reached the
duodenum.
What was in food X?

A fat
B mineral ion
C protein
D starch

13 The diagram shows the teeth of the lower jaw of a human. Which tooth is an
incisor?
B
C
A

14 A person has their gall bladder removed. Which statement is correct?

A They cannot eat carbohydrates.

B They can eat fat only in small amounts.

C They can eat only liquid food.
D They must not eat more than one large meal a day.

15 The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.

Q
S

In which organs does the digestion of carbohydrates take place?

A P and Q B P and R C Q and R D Q and S
16 What is the result of a diet lacking iron?
A bleeding gums
B poor wound healing
C reduced number of red blood cells
D weak bones and teeth

17 Which chemical reaction takes place in the stomach?

A Proteins are digested by protease.
B Proteins are digested into fatty acids.
C Starch is digested into amino acids.
D Starch is digested by lipase.

29 The diagram shows some organs of the digestive system.

Where is amylase made?

A 1 and 4 B 2 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

 18 The diagram shows the action of amylase.

What is the function of the enzyme amylase?

A breaks down the substrate into amino acids

B changes the product into the substrate
C increases the rate of starch breaking down into glucose
D increases the rate of starch breaking down into maltose

19 Dietary fibre passes through several structures after leaving

the stomach. In which order does the dietary fibre pass

through these structures?

A duodenum → ileum → colon → rectum B

duodenum → ileum → rectum → colon C
ileum → duodenum → colon → rectum D
ileum → duodenum → rectum → colon

20 Which type of tooth is used for crushing food?

A B C D

21 Which condition can sometimes be prevented by eating plenty of fresh fruit and

vegetables?

A bleeding gums

B brittle bones
C diabetes
D soft bones
 22 What is the optimum pH for stomach protease?

A pH 2 B pH 7 C pH 9 D pH 12

23 The graphs show the quantities of selected vitamins and minerals in four foods.

Which food is the richest source of the vitamin or mineral essential for the transport of
oxygen by the blood?

A beans
B eggs
C fish
D fruit

24 What is the definition of digestion?

A Large insoluble molecules are changed into faeces.

B Large insoluble molecules are changed into smaller soluble molecules.
C Small soluble molecules are carried to the liver.
D Small soluble molecules are passed through the wall of the intestine.
 25 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal, with a string marked in
metres beside it.

26 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.

In which structure is most glucose absorbed into the blood?
A

D
27 In which region of the alimentary canal is maltose digested?
A colon
B rectum
C small intestine
D stomach
28 Solid food enters the mouth at P and enters the oesophagus at Q.

How does the food at Q differ from the food at P?

A It contains less fibre.

B It contains less water.
C It contains less protein.
D It contains less starch.

Part 2:

1 (a) Describe how food is moved along the small intestine.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The small intestine is lined by many villi.

Fig. 5.1 shows a longitudinal section of a villus.

Fig. 5.2 shows a cross-section of the same villus at V –

W. The diagrams are not drawn to the same scale.

 i. Name structures P, Q, and R.

P ........................................................................................................................................

Q .......................................................................................................................................

R ................................................................................................................................... [3]

ii. The blood that flows from S enters a vein.

Name the vein that transports blood away from the small intestine.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

iii. Cell T is an example of the cells that form the surface of the villi. Explain why there are many
microvilli on cell T.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

iv. Some of the cells on the surface of the villi secrete mucus for protection.

Suggest what the villi need to be protected against.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]
2 Fig. 1.1 A shows a cell from the lining of the alimentary

canal. Fig. 1.1 B shows a cell from the lining of a kidney

tubule. Both cells absorb substances into the blood.

C C

A B
Fig. 1.1

a) Name the structures labelled C on the cells in Fig. 1.1.

[1]

b) List three substances that are absorbed by both cells shown in

Fig. 1.1.

3 [3]

c) Explain how both cells shown in Fig. 1.1 are adapted for absorption of substances
into the blood.

[2]

d) Name the part of the alimentary canal that is lined by the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 A.

[1]

[Total: 7]
3 Fig. 1.1 shows a section of a villus at two different magnifications.

Fig. 1.1

a) Label the structures shown in Fig. 1.1.

Write the labels in the boxes in Fig. 1.1. [3]

 b) Suggest the role of the muscle tissue shown in the villus in Fig. 1.1.

[2]

Fig. 1.2 shows an experiment to investigate the uptake of glucose by cells of the villi.

a. Two leak-proof bags were set up.

b. One bag was made from artificial partially permeable membrane (Visking tubing).
c. The other bag was made from a piece of small intestine containing living cells,
with its inner surface inside the bag.
d. The bags were filled with equal volumes of a dilute glucose solution.
e. The bags were suspended in the same glucose solution for two hours.
f. After two hours, the volumes of the bags were measured and the contents were
tested for the concentration of glucose.

Inside the bag made from small intestine the volume and concentration of the glucose
solution decreased. There were no changes to the volume and concentration in the Visking
tubing bag.

c) State and explain the process responsible for the decrease in the glucose
concentration in the bag made from small intestine.

[2]
 d) After two hours there was less water in the bag made from small intestine.

The volume of water in the bag made from small intestine decreased, but the volume in
the bag made from Visking tubing did not change. Explain why.

[3]

e) An investigation studied the flow of water into and out of the human alimentary
canal. Table 1.1 shows the results.

Table 1.1

water into the alimentary canal water out of the alimentary canal

volume of water / method of water volume of water /

3 3
source of water dm per day loss dm per day
stomach to the
water from diet 2.5 0.00
blood
small intestine to
Saliva 1.5 the blood 9.00

large intestine to
gastric juice 2.4 0.85
the blood

Bile 0.8 in the faeces 0.15

pancreatic juice 0.8

intestinal
2.0
secretions

i. Name the part of the alimentary canal that secretes most water in a digestive juice. [1]

ii. Name the part of the alimentary canal that absorbs most water.

[1]
iii. Explain why water is added to food by the secretions shown in Table 1.1.

[3]

iv. Explain why it is important that water is absorbed in the alimentary canal.

[Total: 17]

4 Complete the sentences about enzymes by writing a suitable word or phrase in each of
the spaces provided.
 5 (a) State the meaning of the term chemical digestion.

............................................................................................................................. ......................

............................................................................................................................. ......................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. ......................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Enzymes are involved in chemical digestion.

Table 3.1 shows some information about enzymes used for chemical digestion.
(i) Complete Table 3.1.
Table 3.1

enzyme substrate products

amylase simple reducing sugars

lipase fats and oils

protease proteins

4
(ii) State where amylase, lipase and protease are made in the human body.

amylase .............................................................................................................................

lipase ............................................................................................................................. ....

protease .................................................................................................................... ........

3

(c) (i) State the name of the acid found in gastric juice.

............................................................................................................................. ........ [1]

(ii) State two functions of the acid found in gastric juice.

1 ........................................................................................................................... .............

2 ............................................................................................................................. ...........
[2]

[Total: 12]