Ethiopia

KOTEBE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

SSC.
Geography
Assignment
TITLE :-Ethiopia
GRADE: 10C

Group Members

Name

1.Abdellah Jibril

2.Emran Abduljelil

3.Bereket Tizazu

4.Amanuel Mulugeta
 Ethiopia
Submitted to:Mr.Shibabaw

Date of submission: Nov 23/2023

Contents
Introduction
Overview of Ethiopia
Location of Ethiopia
Climate of Africa
Population of Africa
Economic Activities and their contribution to GDP :-
 Agriculture
 Mining
 Tourism
 Manufacturing
Natural Resources:-
 Natural vegetation
 Wild animals
 Water Resources
Summary

Introduction

Ethiopia, in the Horn of Africa, is a rugged, landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. With
archaeological finds dating back more than 3 million years, it’s a place of ancient culture. Among its
important sites are Lalibela with its rock-cut Christian churches from the 12th–13th centuries. Aksum is
the ruins of an ancient city with obelisks, tombs, castles and Our Lady Mary of Zion church.
 Ethiopia

Ethiopia,[a] officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country[14] located in
the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the
northeast, Somalia to the east and southeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan
to the northwest.[b][15] Ethiopia covers a land area of 1,112,000 square kilometres (472,000 sq. miles).
[16] As of 2023, it is home to around 126.5 million inhabitants, making it the 13th-most populous
country in the world, the 2nd-most

populous in Africa after Nigeria, and the most populated landlocked country on Earth.[17][18] The
national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that
splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.[19]

Historical Background

Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa;[1] the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back
thousands of years. Abyssinia or rather "Ze Etiyopia" was ruled by the Semitic Abyssinians (Habesha)
composed mainly of the Amhara and Tigray, the Cushitic Agaw. In the Eastern escarpment of the
Ethiopian highlands and more so the lowlands was the home of the Harari/Harla that founded
Sultanates such as Ifat and Adal and the Afars. In the central and south were found the ancient Sidama
and Semitic Gurage, among others.

One of the first kingdoms to rise to power in the territory was the kingdom of D'mt in the 10th century
BC, which established its capital at Yeha. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in
the modern Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the Red Sea,
subjugating South Arabia and Meroe and its surrounding areas. In the early fourth century, during the
reign of Ezana, Christianity was declared the state religion. Ezana's reign is also when the Aksumites first
identified themselves as "Ethiopians", and not long after, Philostorgius became the first foreign author
to call the Aksumites Ethiopians.[2] The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the
Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum.[citation needed] It
eventually became isolated, its economy slumped and Aksum's commercial domination of the region
ended.[3] The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at Lalibela
before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. During the early Solomonic period,
Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it to dominate the Horn of
Africa.

Where did name ethiopia came from?

 Ethiopia
The Greek name Αἰθιοπία (from Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, "an Ethiopian") is a compound word, later explained
as derived from the Greek words αἴθω and ὤψ (aithō "I burn" + ōps "face"). According to the Liddell-
Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon, the designation properly translates as burnt-face in noun form and
red-brown in adjectival form.[40] The historian Herodotus used the appellation to denote those parts of
Africa south of the Sahara that were then known within the Ecumene (habitable world).[41] The earliest
mention of the term is found in the works of Homer, where it is used to refer to two people groups, one
in Africa and one in the east from eastern Turkey to India.[42] This Greek name was borrowed into
Amharic as ኢትዮጵያ, ʾĪtyōṗṗyā. More likely Αἰθιοπία was derived from a native word ዕጣን (ʿəṭan,
incense), of which Ethiopia was an important source.

Location of Ethiopia

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is located in the north-eastern part of Africa commonly
known as the Horn of Africa. It is strategically proximate to the Middle East and Europe, together with
its easy access to the major ports of the region, enhances its international trade. It is bordered by the
Sudan in the west, Somalia and Djibouti in the east, Eritrea in the north and Kenya in the south. The
country covers 1,112,000 square kilometres (472,000 sq. miles) making it roughly as large as France and
Spain combined and is five times the size of the UK.

From the north and running down the center are the Abyssinian highlands. To the west of the chain the
land drops to the grasslands of Sudan, to the east to the deserts of the Afar. South of Addis Ababa, the
land is dominated by the Rift Valley Lakes.

Ethiopia’s central plateau varies in height between 2,000 and 3,000 meters. In the north and center of
the country there are some 25 mountains whose peaks rise over 4,000 meters (13,200ft), the highest
being Ras Dashen at 4,543 meters (14,538ft).

NOTE:

 Absolute Location: Ethiopia is strategically located in the Horn of Africa, 3′ and 14.8″ latitude 33′
and 48′ longitude.
 Ethiopia
 Relative location: Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north,
Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south.
 Strategic location: Strategic location of Ethiopia is Horn of Africa.

Climate of Ethiopia

The country has a diverse climate and landscape, ranging from equatorial rainforest with high
rainfall and humidity in the south and southwest, to the Afro-Alpine on the summits of the
Simien and Bale Mountains, to desert-like conditions in the north-east, east and south-east
lowlands. Overall, Ethiopia is considered largely arid, but exhibits a high variability of
precipitation Ethiopia’s climate is generally divided into three zones: 1) the alpine vegetated
cool zones (Dega) with areas over 2,600 meters above sea level, where temperatures range
from near freezing to 16°C; 2) the temperate Woina Dega zones, where much of the country’s
population is concentrated, in areas between 1,500 and 2,500 meters above sea level where
temperatures range between 16°C and 30°C; and 3) the hot Qola zone, which encompasses both
tropical and arid regions and has temperatures ranging from 27°C to 50°C.
Ethiopian seasons are classified into three: the driest season is called Bega (October to January),
Belg (February to May) and the rainy season Kiremt (June to September). This seasonal rainfall is
impacted by the oscillation and migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) across
the equator of northern region of the country in July and August, to its south bending its
position over the southern Kenya in January and February.
Climate change is a basic concern in Ethiopia, especially since the 1970s. Between the mid-1970s
and late 2000s, Ethiopia's rainfall precipitation in some areas and seasons decreased by 15-20
percent. Furthermore, numerous studies predict climate change will increasingly affect the
country's ecosystem, causing drought and famines. It was predicted that its climate will warm
up 0.7°C and 2.3 by the 2020s and between 1.4°C and 2.9°C by the 2050s. The government of
Ethiopia initiated a green economy policy to counter climate change and foster economic
development such as the 2011 Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE)
Climate change adaptation and resilience priorities are focused on increased adaptation for key
sectors including Agriculture (livestock and soil), Forestry, Transport, Electric Power, Industry
(including mining) and Buildings (including Waste and Green Cities).

Population of Ethiopia
 The current population of Ethiopia is 127,771,043 as of Wednesday, November 22, 2023,
based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data 1.
 Ethiopia 2023 population is estimated at 126,527,060 people at mid year.
 Ethiopia population is equivalent to 1.57% of the total world population.
 Ethiopia ranks number 11 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
 The population density in Ethiopia is 127 per Km2 (328 people per mi2).
 The total land area is 1,000,000 Km2 (386,102 sq. miles)
 Ethiopia
 22.1 % of the population is urban (27,959,894 people in 2023)
 The median age in Ethiopia is 18.8 years.

Note:

• Life expectancy: 66.5 years

• Infant Mortality: 29.9 per 1000 birth

• Death under age 5: 41.2 per 1000 birth

Live population right now from ( worldpopulationinterview.com):

127,780,620

Economic activities of Ethiopia

Agriculture

Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing,

deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get
goods to market). As 85% of Ethiopians rely primarily on land (agricultural and pastoralism) for their
livelihoods and a quarter of the population lives below the national poverty line, land degradation is a
major concern.[2] Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. A potential exists for self-
sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. As many as
4.6 million people need food assistance annually.

Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020.[3][4][5]
Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of
agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of
commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include
coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Exports are almost
entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia is also
 Ethiopia
Africa's second biggest maize producer.[6] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in
Africa, and in 2006–2007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and
leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%.

Despite its rich agricultural history, Ethiopia faces various challenges in the sector today.

1.Land tenure and Fragmentation

2.Access to credit and Finance

3.Climate change

4.Technological adoption

Mining

Mining is important to the economy of Ethiopia as a diversification from agriculture. Currently, mining
comprises only 1% of GDP. Gold, gemstones (diamonds and sapphires), and industrial minerals are
important commodities for the country's export-oriented growth strategy.[1]

The country has deposits of coal, opal, gemstones, kaolin, iron ore, soda ash, and tantalum, but only
gold is mined in significant quantities. In Salt extraction from salt beds in the Afar Depression, as well as
from salt springs in Dire and Afder districts in the south, is only of internal importance and only a
negligible amount is exported.

Tantalum mining has also been profitable.[2] It was reported that in the late 1980s, the mineral industry
lacked importance given that it contributed less than 0.2 percent of Ethiopia's GDP.[3] Mining for gold is
a key development sector in the country. Gold export, which was just US$5 million in 2001, has recorded
a large increase to US$602 million in 2012.[4] 2001 gold production amounted to some 3.4 tons.[5]
 Ethiopia

Manufacturing

The country’s manufacturing sector is diverse, with a range of industries including textiles, leather
goods, food processing, and pharmaceuticals. One of the key drivers of Ethiopia’s manufacturing growth
has been the establishment of industrial parks, which provide infrastructure and services to companies
looking to set up operations in the country. The government has also implemented tax incentives and
other measures to encourage investment in the sector.

Manufacturing in Ethiopia was, before 1957, dominated by cottage and handicraft industries which met
most of the population's needs for manufactured goods such as clothes, ceramics, machine tools, and
leather goods. Various factors – including the lack of basic infrastructure, the dearth of private and
public investment, and the lack of any consistent public policy aimed at promoting industrial
development – contributed to the insignificance of manufacturing.
 Ethiopia
In 1957, Ethiopia initiated a series of five-year development plans. Throughout much of the 1960s and
early 1970s, manufacturing activity increased as the government's five-year plans diversified the
economy by encouraging agro-industrial activity and by substituting domestically produced goods for
imported items. Thus, according to the World Bank, manufacturing production increased at an annual
rate of 6.1 percent between 1965 and 1973. During the same period, agriculture grew at an annual 2.1
percent rate, and services grew at an annual 6.7 percent rate. Despite this favorable growth rate,
manufacturing in 1975 accounted for less than 5 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and
employed only about 60,000 people. Handicrafts, such as weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, leather
working, and jewelry making, along with other small-scale industries, accounted for another 5 percent of
GDP. In 1984/85 manufacturing and handicrafts together accounted for 11.4 percent of GDP.[1]

Tourism

Tourism in Ethiopia accounted for 5.5% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006, having
barely increased 2% over the previous year. The government is proving its commitment and willingness
to develop tourism through a number of initiatives. Tourism is a featured component of Ethiopia's
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), which aims to combat poverty and encourage economic
development.

One encouraging aspect is the growing popularity of ecotourism, with significant potential for growth in
Ethiopia. Travel retail sales are expected to continue to grow, posting an increase of 7% in 2006 and with
a forecast 5% increase in 2007. Sales are driven primarily by expanding interest in ecotourism packages,
including adventure travel, trekking[2] and walking safaris that are making up much of the tour
operators' revenues.

Ethiopia recorded a total of 518,000 tourists in 2021, ranking 98th in the world in absolute terms.

The fact that larger countries regularly perform better in a comparison of the absolute number of guests
is obvious. By putting the tourist numbers in relation to the population of Ethiopia, the result is much
more comparable picture: With 0.0042 tourists per resident, Ethiopia ranked 195th in the world. In
Eastern Africa, it ranked 16th.
 Ethiopia
In 2021, Ethiopia generated around 2.60 billion US dollars in the tourism sector alone. This corresponds
to 2.1 percent of its the gross domestic product and approximately 31 percent of all international
tourism receipts in Eastern Africa.

GDP of Ethiopia

Natural resources of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is blessed with a diverse range of natural resources that contribute to its development and economic growth. The
country is rich in agricultural resources, with fertile land suitable for producing a wide variety of crops such as coffee, cereals,
pulses, oilseeds, and fruits. In fact, coffee is a significant export for the country, earning foreign exchange and contributing to
the livelihoods of millions of Ethiopians.

Ethiopia also has an abundance of water resources, particularly in the form of rivers and lakes, which provide opportunities for
hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, and fishing. The country's major rivers, including the Blue Nile and the Awash
River, have the potential to support large-scale irrigation and hydropower projects.

Furthermore, Ethiopia is home to a wealth of mineral resources, including gold, platinum, tantalum, potash, and natural gas.
These resources have the potential to drive industrial growth and infrastructure development in the country.

In addition, Ethiopia has significant biodiversity and natural landscapes, including national parks and wildlife reserves, which
support ecotourism and contribute to conservation efforts.

However, despite its rich natural resources, Ethiopia faces challenges in effectively harnessing and managing these resources
for sustainable development. Issues such as environmental degradation, deforestation, and water scarcity need to be
addressed to ensure the long-term sustainability of the country's natural resources.

Overall, Ethiopia's natural resources play a crucial role in its economy and development, and with proper management and
investment, they have the potential to further contribute to the country's growth and prosperity.
 Ethiopia
Natural vegetation of Ethiopia

Ethiopia, located in the Horn of Africa, is a diverse country with a wide range of natural vegetation. The varied topography and
climate of the country give rise to different types of habitats, which in turn support a rich and diverse array of plant life.

In the highlands of Ethiopia, which make up the central and northern parts of the country, the natural vegetation consists of
montane forests, woodlands, and grasslands. These highland areas are characterized by cooler temperatures and abundant
rainfall, and as a result, they support a lush and diverse plant life. The montane forests, found at higher elevations, are home to
a variety of tree species, including juniper, olive, and African rosewood. The woodlands and grasslands of the highlands are also
home to a wide range of plant species, including grasses, shrubs, and herbs.

Moving to the western and southwestern parts of Ethiopia, the natural vegetation changes to tropical forests and woodlands.
These areas receive higher levels of rainfall and are characterized by dense, lush vegetation. The tropical forests are home to a
wide variety of tree species, including mahogany, ebony, and teak. These forests also support a diverse array of undergrowth,
including ferns, mosses, and epiphytes.

In the lowland areas of Ethiopia, found in the eastern and southeastern parts of the country, the natural vegetation is
dominated by dry savannas and semi-desert shrublands. These areas receive very little rainfall and are characterized by hot
temperatures and arid conditions. As a result, the plant life in these areas is adapted to survive in harsh environments. Acacia
trees, thorny shrubs, and grasses are common in the savannas and shrublands of the lowlands.

In addition to the natural vegetation, Ethiopia is also home to a wide variety of endemic plant species. These are plants that are
found only in Ethiopia and are not found anywhere else in the world. The country's unique flora and plant diversity make it an
important area for conservation and biodiversity.

Overall, the natural vegetation of Ethiopia is incredibly diverse and varied, reflecting the country's wide range of climates and
habitats. From montane forests to tropical woodlands to dry savannas, Ethiopia's plant life is a testament to the country's
natural beauty and ecological richness. Efforts to conserve and protect this precious natural heritage are essential to ensure the
continued survival of Ethiopia's unique flora and fauna.

Water resources of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa, and it is home to numerous rivers, lakes, and groundwater resources. The
country’s water resources play a critical role in supporting agriculture, industry, and the overall well-being of the population.
 Ethiopia
Some of the major rivers in Ethiopia include the Blue Nile, which originates from Lake Tana, the Omo River, and the Awash
River. These rivers are crucial for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and providing water for domestic use. Lake Tana,
the largest lake in Ethiopia, is a vital source of water for both the surrounding communities and the Blue Nile River.

Ethiopia also has significant groundwater resources, which are essential for providing water for domestic, agricultural, and
industrial purposes. The country’s aquifers are replenished by rainfall and provide a reliable source of water, particularly in
areas where surface water may be scarce.

Ethiopia’s water resources are crucial for supporting the country’s booming agricultural sector, which accounts for a significant
portion of the country’s GDP and employs a large portion of the population. The rivers and lakes in Ethiopia are used for
irrigation, enabling farmers to cultivate crops and sustain livestock throughout the year. Additionally, the country’s water
resources support the production of hydroelectric power, which is a key component of Ethiopia’s energy infrastructure.

Despite the abundance of water resources, Ethiopia faces water-related challenges, including water scarcity, pollution, and
inefficient water management. The country’s rapid population growth and expanding industrial activities are placing increasing
pressure on its water resources. Climate change is also impacting the availability of water in Ethiopia, as changing weather
patterns and increased temperatures affect the country’s rainfall and water supply.

In recent years, Ethiopia has made significant investments in water infrastructure and management to address these
challenges. The government has implemented projects to improve water access in rural areas, increase irrigation efficiency, and
enhance water resource management. Additionally, efforts are being made to promote sustainable water use practices and
mitigate the impact of climate change on the country’s water resources.

Ethiopia’s water resources are of vital importance for the country’s development and the well-being of its population. As the
country continues to grow and develop, it is essential to manage its water resources sustainably and ensure that they are
accessible to all, both now and in the future. With continued investment and strategic planning, Ethiopia’s water resources can
support the country’s economic growth and improve the lives of its people.

Wild animals of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is home to a diverse array of wild animals, many of which are endemic to the region. From the iconic wildlife of the
African savanna to the unique creatures of the Ethiopian highlands, the country is a paradise for nature enthusiasts and wildlife
lovers. Here, we will delve into the fascinating world of wild animals in Ethiopia, exploring the rich biodiversity and incredible
natural habitats that support these magnificent creatures.

One of the most iconic animals of Ethiopia is the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), a rare and endangered species that is found
only in the highlands of Ethiopia. With its striking red coat and long, slender legs, the Ethiopian wolf is a truly unique and
beautiful creature. It is also the most endangered canid in the world, with only around 500 individuals remaining in the wild.
 Ethiopia
The Ethiopian wolf is a highly specialized predator, preying mainly on rodents such as giant mole rats, which are abundant in
the high-altitude grasslands of the Ethiopian plateau. Unfortunately, habitat destruction, disease, and human-wildlife conflict
pose significant threats to the survival of the Ethiopian wolf, making conservation efforts crucial for its long-term survival.

Another emblematic species of Ethiopia is the gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada), also known as the "bleeding-heart
baboon" due to the distinctive red patch of skin on its chest. The gelada is the last surviving species of grass-grazing primates
and is found exclusively in the Ethiopian highlands. These social and highly vocal animals are known for their unique feeding
behavior, spending much of their time sitting on their hind legs and using their dexterous hands to pick and eat grass. Geladas
live in large, cohesive groups composed of multiple harems, with a dominant male leading and protecting his female
companions. Their conservation status is currently classified as vulnerable, due to habitat loss, hunting, and competition with
livestock for resources.

Ethiopia is also home to a variety of large mammalian predators, including the African lion (Panthera leo), which can be found
in the grasslands and savannas of the country. While lion populations have declined across much of their range, Ethiopia still
supports healthy populations of these majestic big cats, particularly in the Omo and Mago National Parks. Additionally, the
Ethiopian highlands are home to the elusive and rare Abyssinian serval (Leptailurus serval constantinus), a subspecies of the
serval cat found only in the Ethiopian highlands. The serval is a solitary and nocturnal hunter, preying on small rodents and
birds in the dense vegetation of its mountainous habitat.

In the Bale Mountains National Park, visitors can encounter the charismatic Ethiopian mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), a
striking antelope with spiral horns and distinctive white markings on its face and legs. The Bale Mountains are also home to the
magnificent Ethiopian bale monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis), a recently discovered primate species that is endemic to this
region. These monkeys are highly endangered, with an estimated population of only a few thousand individuals, and are
threatened by habitat loss and hunting.

Ethiopia's diverse array of wild animals also includes a wide variety of bird species, many of which are endemic to the region.
The country's highlands, wetlands, and forests provide important habitat for a rich avian fauna, including the endangered
wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), the stunning Ethiopian black-headed siskin (Serinus nigriceps), and the secretive
Rouget's rail (Rougetius rougetii), among many others.

In addition to the unique and diverse wildlife, Ethiopia is also home to several national parks and protected areas, which play a
crucial role in safeguarding the country's natural heritage. These include the Simien Mountains National Park, which is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site and home to the endangered Walia ibex (Capra walie) and the gelada baboon, and the Bale
Mountains National Park, famous for its rich biodiversity and stunning landscapes. Other important protected areas in Ethiopia
include the Omo National Park, the Awash National Park, and the Nechisar National Park, each of which offers a unique and
valuable sanctuary for a wide range of wildlife species.

In conclusion, Ethiopia's wild animals are a source of pride and wonder, representing the country's rich natural heritage and
ecological diversity. From the rare and endangered Ethiopian wolf to the majestic lions of the savanna, these creatures are an
integral part of Ethiopia's cultural and environmental tapestry. As the country continues to develop and modernize, efforts to
 Ethiopia
conserve and protect its wildlife and natural habitats are essential to ensure that future generations can continue to marvel at
the incredible wild animals that call Ethiopia home.

Summary

Ethiopia is a country found in the horn of Africa . It is one of the countries having many natural resources and thus it has a great
potential of economic growth even if the country has a great potential of economic growth . However it's is one of the poorest
countries in the world due to difference reasons.

Talking about climate Ethiopia is found around the equator . However it doesn't have tropical climate all over the country and
this is because there existence of Highland and also lowlands .So Ethiopia has various climate conditions various places are in
various regions

So the country has a great probability of economic growth if it can overcome the challenges of the trade sectors like agriculture,
tourism ,manufacturing and Mining. For example if the country can overcome the challenge technological adoption in the
agricultural sector it can result in a big big economic growth

Not only technological and other factors affects the economic growth of Ethiopia it is sometimes the peace and political factors
that affect the growth of this country. This means that's if the country can adapt peace and stability it's can easily grow
economically cuz peace and stability significantly affect the the growth of the country.

Generally Ethiopia is one of the countries which can easily grow economically due to its resources the growth of the country
can be easily realized if there is proper use of the resources and the proper management of the economics system.
Ethiopia