FOUNDATION OF MEDICINE MODULE

Phase 1 / Semester 1
2020 / 2021
Lecture: 9
Lecturer Dr. Muthanna Saleem
F.A.B.H.S Otolaryngology
mothsal@gmail.com
Nervous system
ear and eye
Terminolog
y
 Aims of this lesson
1. Name and describe the divisions of the nervous system.
2. Name, locate, and describe the structures of the brain, spinal
cord .
3. Describe the peripheral nervous system.
4. Pronounce, spell, define, and write the medical terms related
to the nervous system.
5. Name common diseases related to the nervous system.
6. Listen, read, and study so you can speak and write.
7. Name, locate, and describe the structures of the eye and
ear.
8. Name common diseases related to the eye and ear.
 Divisions of the Nervous System

1-the central nervous system (CNS).

consists of the brain and the spinal cord
 Divisions of the Nervous System

2- the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

consists mostly of nerves.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves(from the
brain).

There are also 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (They

extend from the spinal cord).
Nerve cells :

neurons

neuroglia
• Neurons carry electrical impulses (messages) to
and from the brain and spinal cord.
•

myelinated (MY-eh-lih-nayt-ed) also called

white matter.

unmyelinated (UN-my-eh-lih-nayt-ed), They

are also called gray matter.
Synapses
•

Neuroglia (noo-ROG-glee-ah) are nerve cells

found between the neurons, connecting
them and providing support and protection.

Neuroglia do not carry electrical impulses.

 • examples of neuroglia
1. Astrocytes
2. microglia
 In Brief
Neurons and neuroglia are nerve cells.

Some neurons are myelinated; some neurons

are unmyelinated.

Neurons transport electrical impulses.

Neuroglia support and protect neurons.
 The brain
1. cerebrum (seh-REE-brum)
2. thalamus (THAL-ah-mus)
3. hypothalamus (high-poh-THAL-ah-mus)
4. midbrain (MID-brayn)
5. pons (PONZ)
6. medulla oblongata (meh-DULL-ah
ob-long-GAH-tah)
7. cerebellum (ser-eh-BELL-um)
hypothalamus thalamus cerebrum

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata cerebellum
 Meninges
1. dura mater (DOO-rah MAY-ter)
2. arachnoid membrane
(ah-RACK-noid MEM-brayn)
3. pia mater (PEE-yah MAY-ter)
1. Dura mater
2. arachnoid
3. Pia mater
 Root Meaning

neur/o nerve

cerebr/o (see also encephal/o) brain

myel/o spinal cord

spin/o spinal cord

mening/o membrane; meninges

 Root Meaning

myelin/o myelin sheath

hydr/o water

poli/o gray matter

 Suffix Meaning

-lepsy seizure

-phasia speech

-plegia paralysis

-esthesia sensation
Some terms related to conditions
affecting the nervous system
 Levels of consciousness
Level of consciousness can be one in between
the two extremes of the scale Conscious or
Comatose
• Conscious
• Coma
Seizure Disorder; Epilepsy (EP-ih-lep-see)
The eye
 Names of the major structures of the eye

1. Conjunctiva (kon-JUNK-tih-vah)
2. Iris (EYE-ris)
3. Pupil (PYOO-pil)
4. Cornea (KOR-nee-ah)
5. Lens (LENZ)
6. Sclera (SKLEHR-ah)
7. Ciliary (SIL-ee-ahr-ee) body and muscle
8. Choroid (KOH-roid)
9. Optic nerve (OP-tick
NERV)
10. Macula lutea (MACK-yoo-lah LOO
tee-ah)
11. Retina (RET-ih-nah)
Accessory structures
 Root meaning

ocul/o (see also ophthalm/o) eye

phot/o light

blephar/o eyelid
corne/o (see also kerat/o) cornea
phac/o; phak/o lens
Root meaning

ambly/o dull; dim

ametr/o out of proportion

dipl/o double
 Suffix Meaning

Phobia fear
-opia visual condition; vision

Prefix Meaning

presby- old age

 Terms for diseases of the eye

Conjunctivitis : inflammation of the

conjunctiva

Iritis :inflammation of the iris

Keratitis: inflammation of the cornea

Exophthalmia : outward protrusion of the

eyeball
 Terms for diseases of the eye

Photophobia : intolerance or sensitivity to light

Retinopathy :any disease of the retina

Amblyopia : dimness of vision

Ametropia :error of refraction in which images do

not focus properly on the retina

Diplopia: double vision

 Terms for diseases of the eye

Presbyopia: impaired vision due to

advanced age

Glaucoma (glaw-KOH-mah) :Damage to the

retina and optic nerve due to increased
intraocular pressure

Squint eye ( cross eyed )

Cataract is an opacity of the eye lens due to
aging
Exophthalmia
•
aphasia no speech

aphagia no eating

aphakia no lens
The ear
1- External ear

2-Middle ear

3-Inner ear
The ear
Middle ear
Auditory path
Root meaning
audit/o hearing
aur/o ear
ot/o ear
labyrinth/o inner ear; labyrinth
tympan/o tympanic membrane

Suffix Meaning
-cusis hearing
Auditory or aural : things that are related to the
ear

Labyrinthitis : inflammation of the inner ear

Otalgia : pain in the ear (ear ache)

Otitis media : inflammation of the middle ear

Presbycusis : diminished hearing due to old age.

 Deafness

1-Conductive deafness :

Eg : a buildup of earwax or a foreign body

2-sensorineural (sen-seh-ree-NOOR-al) deafness.

vertigo (VER-tih-goh) : sensation of rotation

tinnitus (TIN-ih-tuss). ringing in the ears

Nystagmus (niss-TAG-muss), an involuntary,

rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
Thank you