Chapter 2

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures I
Lecture 2
Chapter 2: Members in bending
Dr. Eng. Ngo Viet Dung

Building Structures Department 2009 - 2019
Mobile: 0948 402 608
Email: dungnv@hcmute.edu.vn
© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E
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(Sky City 1000m)
Course Content
Chapter 1: Introduction to RC structures W1
Chapter 2: Members in bending W2-5
Chapter 3: Members in tension W6
Chapter 4: Members in compression W7-10
Chapter 5: Cracking resistance W11

(Roppongi Hills
238m)
Chapter 6: Pre-stressed concrete W12-14
Chapter 7: Reviews W15

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CHAPTER 2
MEMBERS IN BENDING
a' Rb A’s
RscA’s
x Rb Ab
M Ab
ho
h
As
Rs As
b
a

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CHAPTER 2 MEMBERS IN BENDING
1. Composition characteristics
• 1.1 Slab composition
• 1.2 Beam composition
2. Calculate the strength of bending

component on perpendicular section (LS1)
• 2.1 Rectangular cross section beam
• 2.2 I, T shaped cross section beam
3. Calculate the strength of bending

components on inclined sections

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1. Composition characteristics
Bending member is the component in which internal
forces appear in the component are mainly moment and
shear force.
Popular components are beams, slabs, stairs, lintels,
sofas, water troughs ……
In terms of shape and structure, bending components are
divided into two categories: beams and slabs.
1.1 Slab composition
1.2 Beam composition

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Component examples

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1.1 Slab composition
Arrange reinforcements:
Distributed steel bar
Load bearing steel bar (composition)
Place in the tension zone Set perpendicular to the
Diameter d=(6÷12)mm load bearing steel bars: Fix
Interval a ≤ 200mm the load bearing steel bars
during construction, prevent
Coát caáu taïo the shrinkage of concrete
when hardening, prevent
contraction expansion due
to temperature, redistribute
Coát chòu löïc
forces on a larger area.
Diameter d = 6mm
a = (250÷300) mm
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a. Cross section:
Height (h): Popular:

 1 1
h    l  b  50 n
 20 8  
 h  50 n when
khi h  600
Width (b): 1 1  h  100 n when
khi h  600
b    h 
4 2
b. Reinforcement: c. Concrete:
Vertical bar: d = (12÷40)mm Use concrete with compressive
Stirrup: d = (6÷8)mm strength grade B ≥ B15

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a. Cross section:
Height (h): h   1  1 l

 20 8 
1 1
b    h
Width (b): 4 2
b. Reinforcement:
(1) Vertical bar (tensile, compressive)
(2) Composition bar (temperature, shrinkage)
(3) Diagonal bar (shear)
(4) Stirrup (shear)
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2. Calculate the strength of bending component on
perpendicular section (LS1)
There are two cases of reinforcement in beam:
Single reinforcement: In the structure with only tensile
reinforcement As (load bearing bar following calculation), and
compressive reinforcement A’s set according to composition.
Dual reinforcement: In the structure, there are both tensile
reinforcement As and compressive reinforcement A’s which are
both load bearing bars following calculation.
2.1 Rectangular cross section 2.2 I, T shaped cross section
2.1.1 Computing single 2.2.1 Composition properties
reinforcement component 2.2.2 Computing single-dual
2.1.2 Computing dual reinforcement components
reinforcement component

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Single
reinforcement
Dual
reinforcement

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2.1.1 Single reinforcement rectangular
cross section component
Take the first destructive case in
Stage 3 of stress strain state as a
basis for calculation (plastic
destructive case)
a. Computational hypotheses
b. Stress diagram and basic formulas
c. Limited conditions
d. Calculation of reinforcement
e. Types of problem

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Stage IIa III-LS1 sb=R b
sb<R b
Summary: M
M x x
ss = R s
ss= Rs
sbt>R bt
Stage I Stage Ia Stage II

sb<R b sb<R b sb<R b
III-LS2
M x M x M x sb=R b
M x
ss < R s ss < R s s s< R s
sbt<R bt sbt>R bt
sbt<R bt ss< Rs

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2.1.1 Computing single reinforcement component
The compressive stress in concrete reaches the compressive
strength of concrete, taking into account the concrete
working factor : s b   b .Rb
Tensile stress of reinforcement reaches tensile strength of
steel s s  Rs
The stress diagram of the compressive concrete area is in a
rectangular shape
Ignore the domain of tensile concrete

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bR b b.x
M bR b.b.x
h0
h
As
Rs . As
a
dz b
M: Bending moment ho: Working height of cross section

x: Compressive concrete zone height γb: Working condition coefficient of
b, h: Width, height of cross section concrete
a: Distance from center of tensile Rb : Concrete compressive strength
reinforcement As to the outer edge of Rs : Reinforcement tensile strength
the tensile concrete area. b.x: Concrete compressive area

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The force system applied on the dz element is a balanced
force system so we have equilibrium equations :
bR b b.x
bR b.b.x
M
M
x
h0
h
As
Rs . As x
a
dz b
 Rs . As   b .Rb .b.x  0  Rs . As   b .Rb .b. x (1)

  X  0  
    x   x
  M As ( F )  0   M   b .Rb .b.x. h0  2   0  M   b .Rb .b. x. h0  2  ( 2 )
     

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Condition 1: In order for plastic damage to occur, tensile
reinforcement should not be placed too much and the compressive
concrete areax height x should be limited.
Set   h . Empirical studies indicate that cases of plastic
0
damage occur when : x   r .h0 (3)
Where: ξr according to concrete and group of reinforcement
 b .Rb .b.x (3)  b .Rb .b. r .h0
(1)  As   As   AsMax
Rs Rs
As A sMax  b .Rb .b. r .h0  b .Rb . r
   Max     Max 
b.h0 b.h0 Rs .b.h0 Rs
µ is the reinforcement content

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c. Limited conditions (cont.)
Condition 2:
If the reinforcement is arranged too little, sudden collapse will
happen after the concrete is cracked, to avoid that µ ≥ µmin
µmin is determined from the condition that the moment resistance
of reinforced concrete beams is not less than a number of times the
moment resistance of concrete beams of the same size without
reinforcement  Min  0,05%
Thus: As  b .Rb
 Min  0,05%      Max   r
b.h0 Rs

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From equilibrium equation:  R s . As   b .Rb .b. x (1)
  x
 M   b . R b .b . x . h
 0   (2)
  2
Set: x
  ;  m   .(1  0,5 ) (5)
h0
Substitute (5) into (1) and (2) we have:
 M   m . b . Rb .b .h02 (6)

Limited conditions:  R s . As   . b . Rb .b .h0 (7)
  r hay
or  m   r   r (1  0,5 r )
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e. Types of problem
Problem 1: Estimate As when know M, b, h, concrete
durability grade, reinforcement group, γb
Problem 2: Check the load bearing capacity (calculate the
bearing capacity [M]) when know As , b, h, concrete
Problem 3: Estimate b, h and As when know M, concrete

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Problem 1: Estimate As when know M, b, h,
concrete durability grade, reinforcement group, γb
Step 1: Convert the unit: N, mm
Step 2: Look up the tables
From the concrete durability grade → Rb
+b → r , r
From the reinforcement group → Rs
Step 3: Assume a
M
a = (30÷60) → h0 = h - a (6)   m 
 b Rbbh02
Step 4: Calculate the coefficients : Compare αm with αr
•Set of dual reinforcement (learn in the •Look up the table
next lecture) →ξ
αm > αr •Increase the concrete durability
αm < αr
grade→step 2 •Calculate
•Increase cross section size → step 3   1  1  2 m
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Step 5: Estimate reinforcement  . b . R b .b .h 0
As 
Rs
Step 6: Check the content (limited conditions)
As  b .Rb
 Min  0,1%      Max   r
b.h0 Rs
If µ < µmin => As = µminbh0 => Step 7
If µ ≥ µmin => Step 7

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Step 7: Choose and arrange the reinforcement
In accordance with the composition:  = (12 ÷ 40)
Difference  A  A s1  As  5 %
s
As
Arrange As into the tensile area of the cross section

Check clearance distance
Step 8: Verify a  Asi .ai atr  a
A si
If atr > a → step 3

Step atr ≤ a → choose the arrangement of reinforcement
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Example 1: Estimate As when know M = 180 KNm,
bxh=25x50cm, concrete durability grade is B20, reinforcement
group AII, γb = 1.
Step 1: Convert the unit : N, mm
Step 2: Look up the table
+b → r , r
Step 3: Assume a
M
a = (30÷60) → h0 = h - a (6)   m 
 b Rbbh02
•Set of dual reinforcement (learn in the •Look up the table
next lecture) →ξ
αm > αr •Increase the concrete durability
αm < αr
grade→step 2 •Calculate
•Increase cross section size → step 3   1  1  2 m
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group AII, γb = 1.
Step 1: Convert the unit : N, mm b = 1
Step 2: Look up the talbe → r = 0.623,
From the concrete durability grade→ Rb = 11.5 r = 0.429
From the reinforcement group (Appendix 8) → Rs = 280
Step 3: Assume a
M
a = 4cm → h0 = h – a = 50-4=46cm(6)   m   R bh 2 → m=0.296
b b 0
•Table (Appendix 9 & interpolation) →ξ=0.361
αm < αr •Calculate   1  1  2 m
• →ξ = 0.361
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group AII, γb = 1.
Step 5: Estimate reinforcement area
 . b . R b .b .h 0 0 . 361 .(1).( 11 . 5 ).( 25 ).( 46 )
As    17 . 05 ( cm ^ 2 )
Rs 280
Step 6: Check the content (limited conditions)
As 17.05  b.Rb 1.(11.5)
min  0,05%      1.48%  max  r  0.623  2.56%
b.ho 25.(46) Rs 280
If µ < µmin => As = µminbh0 => Step 7

If µ ≥ µmin => Step 7

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group AII, γb = 1.
Step 7: Chọn và bố trí cốt thép
In accordance with the composition :  = (12 ÷ 40)
Choose 225 + 222 set 1 layer which has As=17.42cm2
As= (17.42-17.05)/17.05=2.17%
Check the clearance distance, reality a = 25mm
Step 8: Verify a  Asi .ai A s1  As
atr  a  As   5%
A si As
If atr > a → step 3
If atr = 25+25/2= 37.5mm < assumed a = 40mm
→ choose the arrangement of reinforcement
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Problem 2: Check the load bearing capacity (calculate the bearing
capacity [M]) when know As ,b, h, concrete durability grade,
reinforcement group, γb )
From the concrete durability grade → Rb + →  , 
b r r
Step 3: Arrange reinforcement and calculate a
From quantity and diameter of reinforcement → As
Rs . As
Calculate a → h0 = h - a  
 b .Rb .b.h0
Step 4: Calculate the coefficients:
If ξ > ξr choose ξ = ξr → αm= αr
If ξ ≤ ξr → αm = ξ.(1-0,5ξ)
Step 5: Calculate [M] M    .
m b b.R .b .h2
0 Page 31
Problem 3: Calculate b, h and As when know M,
From the concrete durability grade → Rb +  →  , 
b r r
Step 3: Assume the coefficients
For beam ξ = (0,3 ÷ 0,4) → αm = ξ.(1-0,5 ξ)
Step: Sectional calculation
Suppose that the width of section b is based on:
 1 1
b   4  2  h 1 M
    h0  .  h  h0  a
 m  b . R b .b
h   1  1  l
  
 20 8 
Architectural requirements
Step 5: Estimate reinforcement area As : similar to the Problem 1.
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2.1.2 Computing dual reinforcement
for rectangular cross section component
When calculating single reinforcement if ξ > ξr → arrange
the reinforcement A’s into the compressive concrete zone.
→ The condition for setting dual reinforcement is ξ > ξr or
αm > αr
Note: Because of economic reasons should not set too much
reinforcement A’s. When αm > 0,5 should increase the section
sizes or increase the durability grade of concrete
e. Types of problem
Page 39
The compressive stress in concrete reaches the compressive
strength of concrete multiplied by the concrete working
factor: s b   b .Rb
Tensile stress of reinforcement reaches the tensile strength of
reinforcement s s  Rs
Compressive stress of reinforcing steel reaches the
compressive strength of reinforcement s sc  Rsc
The stress diagram of the compressive concrete region is in a
rectangular shape.
Ignore the tensile concrete domain
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A’s b.x
Rsc.A’s
a'
M
x
M
h0
bR b.b.x
h
As
Rs . As x
a
dz b
M: Bending moment ho: Working height of cross section
x: Compressive concrete zone height γb: Working condition coefficient of
b, h: Width, height of cross section concrete
a, a’: respectively, the distance from Rb : Concrete compressive strength
the center of the tensile reinforcement Rs , Rsc: respectively, the tensile and
As and compressive reinforcement A’s to compressive strength of reinforcement
the outer edge of the tensile, b.x: Concrete compressive area
compressive concrete area.

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The force system applied on the dz element is a balanced force system
so we have equilibrium equations : A’s b.x
Rsc.A’s
a'
M
x
M
h0
bR b.b.x
h
As
Rs . As x
a
dz b
 R s .A s   b .R b .b.x  R sc A s/ .  0
  X0 
    x
  M As (F)  0   M   b .R b .b.x. h
 0


2
/
/
  R sc A s . h 0  a  0 

 R s .A s   b .R b .b.x  R sc A s/ (1)

   x
 M   b R b bx 

h 0  
2
 R sc A /
s h 0  a 
/
 (2)

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Condition 1: In order for the case that plastic damage happen:
x   r .h0
Condition 2: In order for the compressive stress of
reinforcement to reach the compressive strength, then
x  2a /

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x
Set:   ;  m   .(1  0,5 )
h0
Subtitute into (1) and (2) we have:
 M   m . b .R b .b.h 02  R sc .A s/ . h 0  a /   (3)
 /
 R s .A s  . b .R b .b.h 0  R sc .A s (4)
Limited conditions :
2a /
   r
h0

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e. Types of problem
Problem 1: Estimate As and A’s when know M, b, h,
Problem 2: Estimate As when know A’s , M, b, h, concrete
Problem 3: Check the load bearing capacity (calculate
bearing capacity [M]) know As , A’s , b, h, concrete durability
grade, reinforcement group, γb

Page 45
Problem 1: Estimate As, A’s when know M, b, h,
Step 2: Look up the tables
+b → r , r
Step 3: Assume a, a’ M
m 
a, a’ = (30 ÷ 70) → h0 = h - a  b .Rb .b.h02
Step 4: Check the arrangement form of reinforcement: single or dual
•Problem 1 of rectangular concrete cross section with single
αm ≤ αr
reinforcement
•αm > 0.5 → Increase cross section sizes or increase the
α m > αr concrete durability grade
•αm  0.5 → Set dual reinforcement → Step 5 Page 46
Step 5: Estimate reinforcement A’s
Choose αm = αr in order to A’s + As minimum (approximate)
M   r . b .R b .b.h 02
(3)  A s/ 

R sc . h 0  a / 
/ As/
Step 6: Check the content and select the steel A’s   b.h
0
If µ’ < µmin → A’s = µmin.b.h0 → Choose A’s
If µ’ ≥ µmin → Select A’s
Verify:
A s/1  A s/ → Distribute A’s into the compressive zone
 A s/   5%
A s/
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Step 7: Verify a’
If a’tr > a’ → reassume a’ → Step 5
If a’tr ≤ a’ → Choose the above arrangement of
reinforcement layout
Step 8: Calculate the coefficients of the dual reinforcement
(3)   m 
M  Rsc . A . h0  a /
s  /
tr 
2
 b .Rb .b.h0
  1  1  2 m

Page 48
Step 9: Estimate As
/
If 2.a tr  . b .Rb .b.h0 Rsc /
  (4)  As   . As
h0 Rs Rs
2.atr/
If  → Reinforcement A’s is set too much and
h0
cannot reach its strength.
Choose compressive area height x = 2a’tr take the moment to
M
the center of A’s . Estimated As 
Rs .(h0  atr/ )
Step 10: Check the reinforcement content %µ
Step 11: Select and arrange the reinforcement layout
Step 12: Verify a.
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Example 1: Estimate As, A’s when know M = 260 KNm,
bxh=25x50cm, the concrete durability grade is B20,
reinforcement group is AII, γb = 1.
Step 1: Convert the unit: N, mm 260 *10^6
m   0.478
Step 2: Look up the talbes 1*11.5 * 250 * 435^ 2
Concrete durability grade → Rb = 11.5 b = 1
Reinforcement group (Appendix 8) → Rsc = 280 → r = 0.623,
Step 3: Assume a, a’ r = 0.429
a = 6.5cm, a’ = 3cm → h0 = h – a = 50-6.5=43.5cm → m=0.478 > r
M
Step 4: Check the arrangement of reinforcement: single or dual  m 
 b .Rb .b.h02
•Problem 1 of rectangular concrete cross section with single
αm ≤ α r
reinforcement
•αm > 0.5 → Increase cross section sizes or increase the
α m > αr concrete durability grade
•αm  0.5 → Set dual reinforcement → Step 5
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Step 5: Estimate reinforcement A’s
Choose αm = αr for A’s + As minimum (approximate)
M   r . b .R b .b.h 02 260 *10^ 6  0.429 *11.5 * 250 * 435^ 2
(3)  A s/    235mm ^ 2

R sc . h 0  a /  280 * (435  30)
= 2.35cm^2
/
A
Step 6: Verify the content and select the steel A’s  /  s
b.h0
If µ’ < µmin → A’s = µmin.b.h0 → Choose A’s
If µ’ = 0.216% ≥ µmin = 0.05% → Choose A’s → 212=2.26cm^2
Verify:
/
A s/1  A s/ → Arrange A’s into the compressive zone
A s /
 3 . 83 %  5 %
A s
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Step 7: Verify a’
If a’tr > a’ → reassume a’ → Step 5
If a’tr = 1.5 + 0.6 = 2.1cm ≤ a’ =3cm → choose the above
arrangement of reinforcement layout.
Step 8: Calculate the coefficients of the dual reinforcement
(3)   m 

M  Rsc . As/ . h0  atr/  
260 *10^ 6  280 * 235(435  21)
 0.428
 b .Rb .b.h02 1*11.5 * 250 * 435^ 2
  1  1  2 m  1  1  2 * 0.428  0.620

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Step 9: Estimate
/
As
2.atr  . b .Rb .b.h0 Rsc /
If   (4)  As   . As
h0 Rs Rs
 = 0.62 > 2a’tr /ho = 2*2.1/43.5 = 0.097
→ As = 0.62*1*11.5*25*43.5/280 + 2.26 = 29.95 cm^2
Choose A’s → 212 = 2.26cm^2 are the compressive reinforcement
Choose As 228 + 425 = 31.96cm^2 are the tensile reinforcement
Step 12: Verify a
4.25 * (19.64)  9.9 * (12.32)
a  6.43cm  a ( giathiet
assume )  6.5cm
31.96 Page 53
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Problem 2: Estimate As when know M, b, h, A’s
Concrete durability grade → Rb
+b → r , r
Reinforcement group → Rs
Step 3: Assume a
a= (30 ÷ 60) → h0 = h – a. Arrange A’s and calculate a’.
M  R sc .A 's .(h 0  a ')
Step 4: Calculate  m  2
 b .R b .b.h 0
αm > α r •Given reinforcement A’s is not enough → Problem 1
αm ≤ αr
•Estimate ξ to calculate As → step 5   1  1  2 m
Page 58
Problem 2: Estimate As when know M, b, h, A’s
Step 5: Estimate As
If 2.atr/  . b .Rb .b.h0 Rsc /
  (4)  As   . As
h0 Rs Rs
2.atr/
If  → Reinforcement is put too much and cannot
h0
not reach its strength.
Choose compression zone height x = 2a’tr , take the moment
to the center of A’s . Calculated A  M
s
Rs .(h0  atr/ )

Step 8: Verify a.
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Problem 3: Estimate [M] when know b, h, As , A’s
Concrete durability grade → Rb
+b → r , r
Reinforcement group → Rs
Step 3: Arrange reinforcement, calculate a, a’
→ h0 = h - a
R s .A s  R sc .A 's
Step 4: Calculate  
 b .R b .b.h 0

Page 60
Problem 3: Estimate [M] when know b, h, As , A’s
ξ ≥ ξR : Reinforcement AS is set too much thus the
compressive BT region will be destroyed first. In the favor of
safety, select ξ = ξR or α = αR
[M ]   R . b .R b .b.h 02  R sc .A s/ . h 0  a /  
ξ < ξR: There are 2 cases:
2a’/h0 < ξ < ξR: Calculate α → Estimate [M]
[M ]   . b .R b .b.h 02  R sc .A s/ . h 0  a /  
ξ < 2a’/h0: Estimate [M]
[M ]  R s .A s . h 0  a /  
Page 61
2.2 I, T shaped cross section components
2.2.1 Composition properties
2.2.2 Compute single - dual reinforcement components

Page 62
Bending component of T and I cross section bending are popular
in the form of :
Monolithic slab, beam
Precast beam
Convert complex sections to equivalent T and I cross sections
b'f b b'f
h'f
h'f
b
h
h
hf
hf
b bf bf
b'f b'f b'f

h'f
h'f
h'f
b2
h
h
b1 b2 b1 b3 b1 b2
hf
hf
bf bf bf

Page 63
b'f P P P
b
TTH
h'f TTH TTH
h
hf
b
(1) (2) (3)
(1) : The real working area is the big rectangular (b’f x h)

(2) : The real working area is the T shape
(3) : The real working area is the small rectangular (b x h)

Page 64
2.1.1.1 Identify stretches of flanges Sf
b'f
With console type flanges:
h 'f  0.1h  S f  6h 'f
h'f
S'f S'f
0.05h  h 'f  0.1h  S f  3h f'
h
h 'f  0.05h  S f  0
With the monolithic beam: b
b 'f  2S f  b (S f  1 / 6L ) and b’f is not larger than:
When there is horizontal rib or when h’f  0.1h : 1/2 clearance distance
of 2 vertical ribs)
When there are no horizontal ribs or when the distance between them is
greater than the distance between the vertical ribs or h’f < 0.1h : 6h’f

Page 65
Locate the neutral axis (NA):
h'f b'f
h'f
M RbAb1
zb
h
As
Rs As
b
Equilibrium equation (dual reinforcement case):
' ' ' ' '
 M / A s  0  M f   b R b
b f fh (h 0  0.5h f )  R sc A s (h 0  a )
If M ≤ Mf : NA through the flange, calculation is similar to the
rectangular cross section(b’f x h)
If M > Mf : NA through the web, calculation is similar to the T
shaped cross section

Page 66
Note: (about considering the neutral axis)
For dual reinforcement calculations, if not known in advance
A’s: assume that NA goes through the web, calculate as T shaped
cross section. When A’s result is obtained then use the above
formula to check.
For the check of load bearing capacity problem, NA position is
determined by the equilibrium conditions of force:
R s A s  R b b f' h f'  R sc A s'  x  h f'
NA goes through the web
R s A s  R b b 'f h 'f  R sc A s'  x  h 'f NA goes through flange

Page 67
2.2.2 Compute single - dual
reinforcement components
a. Calculation assumptions: (similar to rectangular section)
b. Stress diagram
/ and basic formulas
bf
a' Rsc A’s
h/f A’s b Rb ( b/f - b)h/f
x b Rb bx
h0 M
As
Rs As
a
b dz
 X  0  R s A s   b R b bx   b R b (b f'  b)h f'  R sc A 's (1)
M/A s 0
M1 M2 M3
     
M   b R b bx (h 0  0.5x )   b R b (b 'f  b)h 'f (h 0  0.5h 'f )  R sc A 's (h 0  a ') (2)
Page 68
2.2.2 Compute single - dual
reinforcement components
Limited conditions :
    R (a )
 (b) condition is exist only in dual
 h 'f 2a ' reinforcement case
   h  h (b)
 0 0
Polular problems:
Problem 1: Given M, section (bxh, b’f, h’f), materials (Rb, Rs, Rsc)
 Estimate As, A’s=?
Problem 2: Given (bxh, b’f, h’f), materials (Rb, Rs, Rsc), A’s, As
 Estimate M

Page 69
Problem 1: Given M, bxh, b’f, h’f, Rb, Rs, Rsc.
Estimate As, A’sc
Consider as single reinforcement problem (Assume A’s = 0) to
identify the position of the neutral axis:
If M ≤ Mf : NA goes through flange, calculate as rectangular cross
section (b’f x h)
Nếu M > Mf : goes through web, calculate as T shaped section
M/A s 0
M1 M2 M3
             
 M   b R b bx (h 0  0.5x )   b R b (b f'  b)h f' (h 0  0.5h f' )  R sc A 's (h 0  a ')
M1 M2 M3
         
  m  b R b bh 02   b R b (b 'f  b)h 'f (h 0  0.5h 'f )  R sc A 's (h 0  a ')
M  M2
With M3 = 0 we have:  m 
 b R b bh 02
Page 70
Problem 1: Given M, bxh, b’f, h’f, Rb, Rs, Rsc.
Estimate As, A’s
If m > R: Dual reinforcement problem  For (As + A’s)min select m = R
or  = R
M  (M 1  M 2 )
A 's 
(2) → R sc (h 0  a ')
1 ' ' '
(1) → A s  
  
R b R b bh 0   b R b (b f  b)h f  R sc A s

Rs
(If A’s is too few, arrange according to composition requirement

and estimate As)
  1  1  2 m
Check , verify a
If m  R: Single reinforcement problem. Calculate :
Estimate tensile reinforcement: 1
As    b R b bh 0   b R b (b 'f  b)h 'f 
Rs
Page 71
Problem 2: Given bxh, b’f, h’f, Rb, Rs, Rsc, As, A’s
Estimate [M]
Consider the location of the neutral axis:
R s A s   b R b b f' h f'  R sc A s'  x  h f' T shaped cross section
R s A s   b R b b 'f h 'f  R sc A s'  x  h 'f Large rectangular cross section

(b’f x h)
R s A s   b R b (b f'  b)h f'  R sc A s'

If real T shaped cross section: Calculate  b R b bh 0
If  > R : for the safety, choose  = R or m = R
 M    R  b R b bh 02   b R b (b 'f  b)h 'f (h 0  0.5h 'f )  R sc A 's (h 0  a ')
If  < R :
 M    m  b R b bh 02   b R b (b 'f  b)h 'f (h 0  0.5h 'f )  R sc A 's (h 0  a ')

Page 72
Page 73
Page 74
Page 75
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Page 77
Page 78
3. Calculate the strength of bending components
on inclined sections
In beam sections with large shear forces, normal torque stress due to
shear forces and shear stresses will cause main tensile stresses inclined to
the beam axis at an angle of α and may cause inclined cracking, splitting
the component into 2 parts, these 2 parts are connected by compression
concrete and tensile reinforcement. Bending component may be damaged
on inclined sections according to either of the following diagrams:
q q q
smc M
s mt M
The main, inclined reinforcement and stirrup crossing the inclined crack
will resist the damage on the inclined cross section.

Page 79
3.1 Failure diagram
Diagram 1: q
M
M
Inclined crack divide the structure into two pieces connected by

compressed concrete at the top of the crack and the main, inclined, stirrup
reinforcements pass through the inclined crack.
As q increases, this crack widens, the structure is damaged when the
reinforcement is pulled out because of the broken anchor. Reinforcement
reaches the limit before the compressive concrete is failure. This
phenomenon is called “fracture failure due to moment" on a
perpendicular section passing through the inclined crack.
 The law of forming the crack: Crack narrowed gradually from tension
concrete to compressive concrete zone.

Page 80
3.1 Failure diagram
q
Diagram 2:
Q
If reinforcement is placed much and anchored, the rotation of two
beams will be obstructed  it will relatively move following with
the shear force.
The structure is damaged when the concrete region under
compression reaches the limited strength first, then the reinforcement
is failure. This phenomenon is called "shear failure due to shear
force" on the inclined section.
 The law of forming the crack: inclined crack has a constant
width, separating the beams into two parts that slide over each other.

Page 81
3. Tính toán cường độ trên tiết diện nghiêng
3.1. Nguyên tắc tính toán
3.2. Tính toán cốt đai dầm
q q q
smc M
s mt M
PHÁ HOẠI THEO TIẾT DIỆN NGHIÊNG

Q lớn → Ứng suất pháp do momen M
Ứng suất tiếp do lực cắt Q
Ứng suất kéo chính nghiêng
Vết nứt nghiêng Page 82

3.1.1. Độ bền theo dải bê tông nghiêng
3.1.2. Đảm bảo cường độ tiết diện nghiêng theo momen
3.1.3. Đảm bảo cường độ tiết diện nghiêng theo lực cắt

Page 83
 Dải bê tông nghiêng chịu nén
 Điều kiện kiểm tra:

Q ≤ φ φ γ R bh = 0.3φ γ R bh
= 0.3 hệ số kể đến ảnh hưởng của đặc điểm trạng thái ứng suất của bê
tông trong dải nghiêng
: hệ số xét ảnh hưởng của lực dọc
Q: Lực cắt

Page 84
 Hệ số xét ảnh hưởng của lực dọc φ
0≤σ ≤ 0.25γ R → φ =1+
0.25γ R < σ ≤ 0.75γ R → φ = 1.25
0.75γ R < σ ≤ γ R → φ = 5(1 − )
0≤σ ≤γ R → φ =1−
, : ứng suất nén/kéo trung bình trong BT do tác dụng của lực
dọc, lấy dấu “+”, không cần kể cốt thép khi hàm lượng cốt thép
dọc ≤ 3%.
Page 85
 Điều kiện đảm bảo momen với trục đi qua hợp lực vùng
nén:
M≤M +M
1 – Tiết diện nghiêng; 2 – Cốt thép

Page 86
 Điều kiện đảm bảo momen với trục đi qua hợp lực vùng nén:
M≤M +M = R A z + 0.5Q C
z = 0.9h ; Q =q C; h ≤ C ≤ 2h ; q =
C = 2h → M ≤ R A z + 0.5q h
: khoảng cách cốt đai
: cường độ cốt thép đai
: diện tích tiết diện cốt thép đai
 Các vị trí kiểm tra: các đoạn đầu mút, chổ cắt cốt thép dọc,…

Page 87
 Khả năng chịu cắt của đai và BT:
≤ = + (18)
1 – Tiết diện nghiêng; 2 – Cốt thép

Page 88
 Lực cắt do bê tông chịu:
0.5γ R bh ≤ Q = ≤ 2.5γ R bh (19)
= 1.5: hệ số kể đến ảnh hưởng của cốt thép dọc, lực bám dính và đặc điểm
trạng thái ứng suất của bê tông nằm phía trên vết nứt xiên
 Lực cắt do cốt thép đai chịu:

Q = φ q C = 0.75q C (20)
= 0.75: hệ số, kể đến sự suy giảm nội lực dọc theo chiều dài hình chiếu của tiết diện
nghiêng C với h ≤ C ≤ 2h

Page 89
 Điều kiện kể đến cốt thép ngang trong tính toán:
R A 4R A
q = ≥ 0.25γ R b → s . ≤
s γ R b
 Khi q < 0.25γ R b, lấy q = 0.25γ R b →
4φ h
Q = q
C
(vẫn kể đến ảnh hưởng của cốt thép ngang)
 TCVN 5574-2018: Cần tiến hành tính toán đối với một loạt tiết diện
nghiêng, nằm dọc theo chiều dài cấu kiện, với chiều dài nguy hiểm
nhất của hình chiếu tiết diện nghiêng C, với h ≤ C ≤ 2h

Page 90
3.2.1. Khoảng cách cốt đai tính toán
 Điều kiện tính toán cho phép:
 Khi Q cách gối một đoạn a > 2.5h :
Q ≤Q . +Q . = 0.5γ R bh + q h
 Khi Q cách gối một đoạn a ≤ 2.5h :
.
Q . = 0.5γ R bh ≤ 2.5γ R bh
( / )
Q . =q h
 Khi Q cách gối một đoạn a ≤ h :
Q . = 0.5γ R bh
Q . = q h = aq

Page 91
 Khi Q cách gối một đoạn a > 2.5h :
Q ≤Q . +Q . = 0.5φ γ R bh + q h
R A h
⇒s . =
Q − 0.5φ γ R bh

Page 92
 Khi Q cách gối một đoạn h < a ≤ 2.5h :
2.5
Q . = 0.5φ γ R bh ≤ 2.5γ R bh
(a/h )
R A h
⇒s . =
2.5
Q − min 0.5φ γ R bh ; 2.5γ R bh
⁄
a h
 Khi Q cách gối một đoạn a ≤ h :

a
Q . = q h = aq
h
aR A
⇒s . =
Q − 0.5φ γ R bh
Page 93
 Khả năng chịu cắt của đai và BT:
φ φ γ R bh M
Q≤Q = + 0.75q C= + 0.75q C
C C
=− + 0.75q = 0→ C =
.
→Q = 2 0.75M q với q = →
R A 3M 3φ φ γ R bh
s . = = R A = R A
q Q Q

Page 94
3.2.2. Khoảng cách cốt đai lớn nhất
 Điều kiện đảm bảo không có khe nứt nghiêng chỉ qua BT:
γ R bh
s . =
Q

Page 95
3.2.3. Khoảng cách cốt đai theo yêu cầu cấu tạo
 Đoạn cấu kiện mà BT không đủ chịu cắt:
300mm ≤ B60
s . ≤ min 0.5h ;
250mm ≥ B70
 Đoạn cấu kiện mà BT đủ chịu cắt:
 Dầm h < 150mm, bản nhiều sườn h < 300mm → không cần đai
 Dầm h ≥ 150mm, bản nhiều sườn h ≥ 300mm →
500mm ≤ B60
s . ≤ min 0.75h ;
400mm ≥ B70

Page 96
 Khoảng cách cốt thép đai thiết kế:
s = min(s . ,s . ,s . ,s . )
6mm ≤ B60
 Đường kính cốt đai, khung buộc: ∅đ ≥
8mm ≥ B70

Page 97
Lecture 2 Summary
• Chapter 2: MEMBERS IN BENDING
At the conclusion of this lecture, students are required:
1. Can describe the structural characteristics of beams and slabs.
2. Can calculate the strength of bending components on
perpendicular cross section (LS1) (rectangular, I, T cross section…)
3. Can calculate the strength of bending components on inclined
section (calculate and arrange the stirrup, inclined rebar).
© 2009-2013 N.Viet Dung, University of Technical Education 1217240 – LECTURE2.PPT Page 98

(Sky City 1000m)
Course Content
Chapter 1: Introduction to RC structures W1
Chapter 2: Members in bending W2-5
Chapter 3: Members in tension W6
Chapter 4: Members in compression W7-10
Chapter 5: Cracking resistance W11

(Roppongi Hills
238m)
Chapter 6: Pre-stressed concrete W12-14
Chapter 7: Reviews W15

Page 99
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures I
Lecture 2
Chapter 2: Members in bending
(TCVN 5574-2018)
Dr. Eng. Ngo Viet Dung

Building Structures Department 2009 - 2019
Mobile: 0948 402 608
Email: dungnv@hcmute.edu.vn
Page 100
Yêu cầu lớp bê tông bảo vệ

Page 101
Yêu cầu lớp bê tông bảo vệ
- VỚI CẤU KIỆN LẮP GHÉP HAY ĐỐI VỚI THÉP CẤU TẠO, CHO
PHÉP GIẢM 5MM
- MỌI TRƯỜNG HỢP,LỚP BẢO VỆ ≥ 1CM ; ≥ d (ĐƯỜNG KÍNH
THÉP As)
•NẾUDÀY HƠN 50mm (TRỪ MÓNG) CẦN ĐẶT LƯỚI CẤU TẠO TỐI
THIỂU 0.05As; BƯỚC CỐT ĐAI KHÔNG ĐƯỢC TO HƠN CẠNH NHỎ
NHẤT CỦA TIẾT DIỆN NGANG
•VỚI BTULT :
ĐẦM CẤU KIỆN, LỚP BẢO VỆ ≥ 3d ; ≥ 40MM ĐỐI VỚI CÁP

KHI CÓ ỐNG KIM LOẠI, LỚP BẢO VỆ ≥ 40MM ; ≥ CẠNH NHỎ ỐNG LỒNG
≥ 0,5MM CẠNH NHỎ ỐNG LỒNG (MẶT BÊN)
KHI CẦN PHUN BẢO VỆ CÁP UUT ĐẶT NGOÀI, LỚP PHUN ≥ 20MM

Page 102
Yêu cầu cấu tạo
•BƯỚCCỐT DỌC TRONG DẦM, BẢN: MAX 200 KHI h ≤ 150

1.5h VÀ 400 KHI h >150
KHOẢNG CÁCH CỐT DỌC TRONG CỘT: MAX 400 (300 KHI B ≥
70) THEO PHƯƠNG VUÔNG GÓC MP UỐN
500 (400 KHI B ≥ 70) THEO PHƯƠNG MP UỐN
KHOẢNG CÁCH CỐT DỌC TRONG TƯỜNG: MAX 2t VÀ 400 (t
LÀ CHIỀU DÀY TƯỜNG)
MAX 400 CHO CỐT ĐAI

Page 103
•HÀMLƯỢNG CỐT DỌC, = / ℎ0100%

MIN 0,1% CHO CKCU, KLT, NLT VỚIL0/i ≤17 HAY L0/h ≤ 5 (CHỮ NHẬT)
MIN 0.25% CHO NLT KHI L0/i >87 HAY L0/h ≥ 25
LẤY GIÁ TRỊ GẤP ĐÔI, KHI TIẾT DIỆN BỐ TRÍ THÉP THEO CHU VI
-THÉP NHỊP DẦM CẦN KÉO VÀO GỐI ≥ 2 THANH ; ≥ 50 % As(NHỊP)

-THÉP NHỊP BÁN CẦN KÉO VÀO GỐI ≥ 1/3 As(NHỊP)
-BƯỚC CỐT ĐAI KHI CÓ TÍNH TOÁN, Sw≤ 0,5h0; ≤ 300MM
-BƯỚC CỐT ĐAI KHI KHÔNG CÓ TÍNH TOÁN, Sw≤ 0,75h0; ≤ 500MM
-THÉP ĐAI CHỐNG CHỌC THỦNG ≤ℎ0/3; ≤ 300MM
-THÉP ĐAI NẰM GẦN ĐƯỜNG BAO, CÁCH BIÊN ĐƯỜNG BAO NÀY ≤ ℎ0/2; ≥
ℎ0/3

Page 104
CHIỀU DÀI NEO THÉP : CÁC HỆ SỐ TRA BẢNG
, = / ; = 1 2
NỐITHÉP BẰNG COUPLER (10.3.6.4): CHO PHÉP NỐI 100% TẠI CÙNG
TIẾT DIỆN, KHI 3<3% ÀKHÔNG QUÁ 50% CHO NHỮNG TRƯỜNG
HỢP CÒN LẠI
10.4.8 CẦN BỐ TRÍ CỐT DỌC CHO CÁC BẢN PHẲNG THEO 2
PHƯƠNG Ở MẶT DƯỚI VÀ MẶT TRÊN CỦA BẢN
10.4.13 –CKCU, h ≥ 700, PHẢI BỐ TRÍ CỐT DỌC CẤU TẠO Ở MẶT
BÊN, KHOẢNG CÁCH ≤ 400, DIỆN TÍCH ≥ 0.1%, TIẾT DIỆN BT CÓ
KÍCH THƯỚC bzZ
Z LÀ KHOẢNG CÁCH CÁC THANH THÉP NÀY

bz= b/2 ; bz≥ 200

Page 105
Chiều cao vùng nén giới hạn

Page 106
Hệ số b2

Page 107
Hệ số b2
Bê tông B12.5 B15 B20 B25 B30 B35 B40 B45
Rb (MPa) 7.5 8.5 11.5 14.5 17 19.5 22 25
Rbt (MPa) 0.66 0.75 0.9 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.4 1.5
E (Mpa) 21500 24000 27500 30000 32500 34500 36000 37000
Ngắn hạn 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035
ε
Dài hạn, MT ẩm >75% 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042
khi nén
Dài hạn, MT ẩm 40-75% 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048
Dài hạn, MT ẩm <40% 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056
Bê tông B50 B55 B60 B70 B80 B90 B100

Rb (MPa) 27.5 30 33 37 41 44 47.5
Rbt (MPa) 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.15 2.2
E (Mpa) 38000 39000 39500 41000 42000 42500 43000
Ngắn hạn 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0030 0.0028
ε
Dài hạn, MT ẩm >75% 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0040 0.0038 0.0036 0.0034
khi nén
Dài hạn, MT ẩm 40-75% 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0046 0.0043 0.0041 0.0039
Dài hạn, MT ẩm <40% 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0053 0.0051 0.0048 0.0045

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Chapter 2

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Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Dr. Eng. Ngo Viet Dung

Chapter 2: Members in bending W2-5

Chapter 3: Members in tension W6

Chapter 4: Members in compression W7-10

Chapter 5: Cracking resistance W11

Chapter 6: Pre-stressed concrete W12-14

Chapter 7: Reviews W15

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

2. Calculate the strength of bending

3. Calculate the strength of bending

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

Height (h): Popular:

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

Height (h): h   1  1 l

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

Stage I Stage Ia Stage II

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

M: Bending moment ho: Working height of cross section

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

 Rs . As   b .Rb .b.x  0  Rs . As   b .Rb .b. x (1)

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

Arrange As into the tensile area of the cross section

If atr > a → step 3

If µ < µmin => As = µminbh0 => Step 7

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

Step 6: Check the reinforcement content %µ

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

b'f b'f b'f

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

(1) : The real working area is the big rectangular (b’f x h)

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

R s A s  R b b 'f h 'f  R sc A s'  x  h 'f NA goes through flange

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

(If A’s is too few, arrange according to composition requirement

R s A s   b R b b 'f h 'f  R sc A s'  x  h 'f Large rectangular cross section

 M    R  b R b bh 02   b R b (b 'f  b)h 'f (h 0  0.5h 'f )  R sc A 's (h 0  a ')

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

Inclined crack divide the structure into two pieces connected by

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

© 2009-2019 N.Viet Dung, University of Technology and Education RCST240617E

PHÁ HOẠI THEO TIẾT DIỆN NGHIÊNG