Electromagnetic Properties of Materials

Lect. 4 (Part 2)
Problems

Example 1: A uniform silver wire has a resistivity of 1.54 × 10−8 Ω 𝑚 at room temperature (300° k).
(i). For an electric field along the wire of 1V/cm compute the average drift velocity of the electron, assuming
that there are 5.8 × 1028 conduction electrons per cubic meter. e=1.6*10-19, and m=9.1*10-31.

Solution
 = 1.54  10 −8

N e = 5.8  1028 / m3
E = 1 v / cm  E = 100 v / 100 cm  E=100 v/m

e ??
vd ??? = E
m
1 N e e2 ??
= =
 m
m 9.1  10−31
= = = 3.97  10−14 sec
N ee  5.8  1028  (1.6  10−19 )  1.54  10−8
2 2

Drift velocity of the electron

e
vd = E = 0.7 m/s
m

Example 2: A steel rod 200 mm long is at 25 0C. Calculate the change in length of the rod at -40 0C and
40 0C. linear thermal expansion of steel is 12  10−6 C −1

Solution
At -40 0C,

l =  l0 T = 12  10−6  0.2  (−40 − 25) = −0.156m

lat −40 = 0.2 − 0.156 = 0.044

At 40 0C.

l =  l0 T = 12  10−6  0.2  (40 − 25) = 0.036m

lat +40 = 0.2 + 0.036 = 0.236

Example 3: A steel rod 200 mm long is at 25 0C . To what temperature would you need to heat the same
steel rod for it to be 1.0% longer.

l =  l0 T

T = T2 − T1
l (0.01)  0.2
T = = = 833 0C 833 = T2 − 25
 l0 12  10  0.2
−6

T2 = 858 0 C

Example 4: The following data are given for copper

Density = 8.92 × 103 kgm–3 , Resistivity = 1.73 × 10-8 m, Atomic weight = 63.5 kg

Calculate the mobility and the average time collision of electrons.

Solution
e ??
 ?? =
m
1 N e ??? e2 ???
= =
 m

Avagadro number * density

Ne =
atomic weight

6.023*1023 *8.92*103
Ne = = 8.46*1025
63.5

1 N e e2
=
 m

1 8.46*1025 *(1.6*10−19 ) 2 *
=
1.73*108 9.11*10−31

 = 2.43*10−11 sec
 e 1.6*10−19 *2.43*10−11
= = = 4.27
m 9.1*10−31
Example 5: Calculate the current density and drift velocity of electrons in wire of diameter 0.16 cm
which carries a steady current of 10 A. Given n = 8.46 × 1028 m–3
Solution

d = 0.16 cm = 1.6*10−3 m

E VL I
Current density J = = =
 LRA A

I I
Current density J = = 2
A r
I 10
Current density J = = = 4.97 *106 Am −2
 r2  1.6*10 
−3 2

 
 2 

I = N e eAvd
I
= N e evd
A
J = N e evd
vd = 3.67 *10 −4

Example 6: The number of free electrons in a copper is 8.5*1028 m-3, the cross-section area is 2.0*10-6
m2 and it is carrying a current of 3 A. How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 5.0
m long to its other end?
Solution

Lenght Lenght
time = =
velocity drift velocity ??

I = N e eAvd A 5m B

I 3
vd = = 28 −19 −6
= 1.1*10−4
N e eA 8.5*10 *1.6*10 *2*10
 5
time = = 45454 sec
1.1*10−4
min = 60 sec, 1 Hour = 60*60 = 3600 sec
45454
time = = 12.6 Hr
3600

Example 6: Three phase induction motor draws 10 A when loads is 5 N.m. When the mechanical load is
increased to 10 N.m, the current is 16 A. The length cable from the source to the three phase IM is 10 m,
the cross-section area is 4 mm2, number of free electrons is 8.5*1025 m-3, and resistivity is 1.68×10−8
1- Compare between the drift velocity at different loads.
2- Calculate the relaxation time in the two cases
3- Calculate the voltage drop on the cable in the two cases.

Solution

I 10 I 16
vd = = vd = =
N e eA 8.5*10 *1.6 *10 −19 * 4*10 −6
25
N e eA 8.5*10 *1.6 *10 −19 * 4*10 −6
25

=0.183 =0.294
With increasing the current or the load, the drift velocity increases.

e ?? e ??
vd = E ?? vd = E ??
m m
E I E I
= =
 A  A
10*1.68*10 −8 16*1.68*10−8
E= = 0.042 E= = 0.0672
4*10 −6 4*10−6
e ??
vd = E e ??
m vd = E
v m 0.183*9.1*10−31 m
= d = −19
= 2.47 *10−11 vd m 0.294*9.1*10−31
eE 1.6*10 *0.042 = = −19
= 2.48*10−11
eE 1.6*10 *0.0672
Relaxation time slightly increases or almost constant with increasing the load.

lm lm
R= R=
N e e2 A N e e2 A
 Since the number of free electrons, charge of Since the number of free electrons, charge of
electron, cross section area, length, and mass of electron, cross section area, length, and mass of
electron are constants. electron are constants.

Since the relaxation time in the two cases almost is constant, the resistance isn’t change = 0.042 Ohm
VD = i * R = 10*0.042 = 0.42 V VD = i * R = 16*0.042 = 0.67 V

Example 7: Aluminum wire of length 5 m, radius 0.5 mm and resistance 60 mΩ carries a current 30 A.
Calculate number of free electrons if the wire has three electrons per atom. Determine also the drift velocity
and mobility of electrons. (atomic weight=26.98 and density 2.7*103 Kg/m3).
Solution
( Number of free electrons / atom)*N A * D
Ne =
atomic weight

3*6.02*1023 *2.7*103
Ne = = 1.8*1026
26.98

 ?? = N e e ??

RA 60*10−3 *  *(0.5*10−3 )2
= = = 9.42*10−9
L 5

1
= N e e ??   =3.69


V IR 30*60*10−3
vd =  E =  =  = 3.68 = 1.32
L L 5
Example 8: The total conductivity of a uniform aluminum wire containing 1.15 at %Ni at 40 0 C is
3.80 × 107 (Ω. 𝑚)−1 . Constant A equals 1.17*10-6 (.m). Assuming that  = 3.17  10−14 , e=1.6*10-19,
and m=9.1*10-31.

(i) Determine the number of free electrons.

(ii) Calculate the conductivity if the impurity concentration ( Ci ) is zero, and 2.3 at % Ni.
Solution

N e ?? e2
=
m
At Ci = 1.15 at %Ni
 1 1
1 = = th + i  1 = = th + Aci (1 − ci )
 
1  1.15  1.15  
= th + 1.17 *10−6 * 1 − 
3.8*10 7
 100  100  

th =
At Ci = 0
zero

 2 = th + i
1
2 =
th

At Ci = 2.3 at %Ni

3 = th + i   = th + Aci (1 − ci )

 2.3  2.3  
= th + 1.17 *10−6 * 1 − 
 100  100  
1
3 =
3