Land Management Training Center

Senior Survey Training

2073/74

Spectrum ,color and Lens

Lekha Nath Dahal

Instructor, Land Management Training Centre
rameshdahal2008@gmail.com

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 Wavelength
The wavelength is the length of one wave
cycle, which can be measured as the distance
between successive wave crests. Wavelength
is usually represented by the Greek letter
lambda (λ).

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 Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of cycles of a
wave passing a fixed point per unit of time.
Frequency is normally measured in hertz (Hz),
equivalent to one cycle per second, and
various multiples of hertz.

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 Wavelength and Frequency
Wavelength and frequency are inversely
proportional to each other.
The shorter the wavelength the higher the
frequency and longer the wavelength lower
the frequency.

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum
The total range of wavelength of
electromagnetic energy/radiation is called
electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from
the shorter wavelengths (including gamma
and x-rays) to the longer wavelengths
(including microwaves and broadcast radio
waves).

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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 Color
• Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth
English) is the characteristic of human visual
perception described through color categories, with
names such as red, yellow, purple, or blue.

• Why we perceive red shirt as a red?

• Why do we wear white cloth in hot season and black
in cold season?

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 What is colour ?

Colour is one of the visual variables available

to the map maker.
If it is dark we cannot see colour; colour and
light have a strong relation.
Human eye can detect light in wave length
range 400 to 700 nm
In the retina of our eye has two types of light
sensitive cells the rods and cones. They are
responsible for colour vision.
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 Color deficiency

Color blindness
• If one or more types of a person's color-sensing cones
are missing or less responsive than normal to incoming
light, that person can distinguish fewer colors and is
said to be color deficient or color blind (though this
latter term can be misleading; almost all color deficient
individuals can distinguish at least some colors).
• Some kinds of color deficiency are caused by anomalies
in the number or nature of cones in the retina. Others
(like central or cortical achromatopsia) are caused by
neural anomalies in those parts of the brain where
visual processing takes place.

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Color Test

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Color Test

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Color Test

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Color Test

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 Additive color
Additive color is color created
by mixing a number of
different light colors, with
shades of red, green,
and blue being the most
common primary colors used
in additive color system

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 Additive color

Experiment by using three white light projector

and three transparent filters in the color red, blue
green , resulting in three beams of respt. Red ,
green and blue.

An important application of color mixture is color television

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 Subtractive color mixture

A subtractive color model

explains the mixing of a limited
set dyes, inks, paint pigments
or natural colorants to create a
wider range of colors, each the
result of partially or completely
subtracting (that is, absorbing)
some wavelengths of light and
not others.
So Cyan , magenta and yellow
are secondary colors.

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 Subtractive or trichromatic system

Method of over printing transparent inks is called the

subtractive or tichromatic system and is the basis of the
offset printing system .

The relationship between additive and subtractive

primaries are illustrated by the color triangle as below:

yellow + cyan = green

yellow + magenta =red
Cyan+ magenta =blue

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 The visual variables of colour

Colour is one of the visual variable that can be

applied in map and symbol design
Colour also has number of visual variables
 Hue
 Value
 Saturation

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 The visual variables of colour…….

Hue : Colour in its pure form as perceived by our

eyes and interpreted by our brain eg; red ,green,
purple etc
Value: The reflectance factor of a hue compared to
the standard values of a gray scale , we can reduce
the value of a hue by adding black to it.
Saturation: The relatively purity or intensity of colour
we can reduce the saturation of colour by adding
white.

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Color use in map

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Conversion RGB to CMY(K)

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Conversion CMY to RGB

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 Question
• Convert RGB to CMY(K)
R=150 G= 100 B= 175
Ans: C=41%,M=61%,Y=31%
Convert CMY ( K) to RGB
C=40% M=55% Y=80%
Ans: R=153, G=115 , B=51

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Color chart

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 lens
• A lens is a transmissive optical device that
focuses or disperses a light beam by means of
refraction.
• A simple lens consists of a single piece of
transparent material, while a
compound lens consists of several
simple lenses (elements), usually arranged
along a common axis.

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 Power
• The diopter is the unit of measure for the
refractive power of a lens.
• The power of a lens is defined as the
reciprocal of its focal length in meters, or D =
1/f, where D is the power in diopters and f is
the focal length in meters.

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 Magnification
• The magnification of a lens means how large
(or small) a subject can be reproduced on the
image plane (e.g., film and image sensor).
• If a subject of length X forms an image of
length Y , the magnification of the lens is
defined to be Y/X.

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 Magnification
• For example, if a subject of length 10mm has a
length of 2mm on the image, the
magnification of the lens is 2/10=0.2.
• If a lens can produce a magnification equal to
1, we will say it can deliver a life-size image;
and if the magnification is larger (resp.,
smaller) than 1, we will say it delivers
a larger (resp., smaller) than life-size image.

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