WWW WWW WWW WWW Www.A .A .A .A .Asa SA SA SA SAV V V V: CFMFHSDTKJ Itelfht, KFL Ertstc Vlujvfhtj, Fib Bmyt, jlf7

   WWW.
A
WWW.A SA
.ASA VALI.COM
SAV


N 1467
 
3
 


cfmfhsdtkj itelfht,kfl  

ertstc vlujvfhtj,fib bmyt,jlf7  



 10
 

21
 

3pehf,bidbkb cffrfidbkc
n.ebkfl fh itbo.fkt,c=4
 

42
 



1 
1


dby trbs[t,f
cfcfvfhskjc 
gfnbvhbc 
7 

cfpqdfhufhts
uflf.dfyfc0 
  




  22
  6 
 
    
    

3gfnbvfhb
   
ltlfcsfy thsfl hjv
 
b[lbltc cfc]tkc7
  gbhdtkfl dyf[ts=4

   

  
  
  




  
 9  


 

 
 
  4 




vb[tbk cffrfidbkc  lfdc lf [dlt,f7 hjv vbcb lqtdfylt-

     kb fhnbcnjdbxj,f7 fye ofvt,ek-
3fhnbcnjdbxb4  vjofvkek-vjvfrdlfdbc hjkbc sfvf-
ib v[jkjl gfnbvhj,blfy sfdbc lf[-
  
udfhflfw ufvjflut,f

cybc vwltkj,ff=
  
lf ojlt,flfw= udfhfl 
sfdc eakt,f hjv vbdwts lf 'b-
  
bvbnjv7 hjv b’f[bc 2    hbc’bhfvlt ufdmtmjs gfnhbfhmbc vb-
sfdc fcb ghjwtynbs cffrfidbkbc evfqktcb fhnbcnbp- th cffrfidbkbcfsdbc vbothbkb cbn.-
vb7 vbc vbth vjibvibkbc7 vjofvke- dt,b 2 ztivfhbnb c[df htfkj,bc
erhfbytkfl duh’yj,j kbcf lf vjvfrdlfdbc hjkbc epflj itcfwyj,fl cekbth cbvnrbwtc ub-
lf ojlt,fl bvbnjv7
hjv gfnbvhj,bc itvltu
thssfdfl fhnbcnj,bs
fhbc lfrfdt,ekb=
vidtybthb bmyt,jlf 2 vb[tbk fh-

nbcnjdbxb=
yf[ts7 hjujh rfhufl lf /fhvjyb-
ekfl ;qthc 2 
vtuj,fhb 
 itchekt,f v[tldtkj,blfy fh ufvjh- cehdt,sj7 [tks itudhxt,f hxtdf
ofhvjblubyts7 hjujhb nr,bk[- xtybf sdbs chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc se vjojlt,f 2 ,fnjyj vb[tbk7
vjdfyb ybecb ufvjdbljlf 2  rfsjkbrjc-gfnhbfhm   wjnf qbhctekfl vjbmtwbs7 zbh-
 ufyw[flt,bs7   hjvtkvfw gfnbvfh-gfwbtyn dtekj,fc sfdb lffyt,ts7 fhnbc-
 genbybc gbhflb gfnbvfhbf= yfw,tkflc othbkb vbcothf lf njdbxj,f vjbifkts lf vjb[flts
fy fct 2  ufyw[f- 3ztivfhbnb c[df htfkj,bc itcfw- cfc]tkb7 hjvtkbw cfvfhskbfyfl
lt,bs7 hectsbcfsdbc vtjht ahjy- yj,fl4 cekbthb cbvnrbwt eceh- +ztivfhbnfl` uthujsj=
nbc uf[cyf v[jkjl  df8 c[dfsfijhbc7 cffrfidbkbc ctmnbc
ite’kbf lf lqtc cfmfhsdtkjc pecnfl hjv dsmdfs7 @_@@ okbc otdht,vfw cojhtl tc rjyntmcnb of-
[tkbceakt,fib hjv .jabkb.j7 @% ltrtv,thc  brbs[tc gfnhbfhmbc othbkib lf
fvfc etzdtkfl uffrtst,lf= sfdbcb fldjrfnbc   fqiajst,fw ufvj[fntc8 vfufkbsfl7
c[df se fhfathb7 erhfbyfc t.j-  [tkbs gfnhbfhmbcfsdbc ot- yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc gfhnb-
kt,jlf jhb ,ev,thfpb gjkbnbrj- hbkb ufeupfdybf7 hjvkbsfw fqcf.- ekvf ntktrfyfkbpfwbfv
cb7 hjvtkbw thsvfytsc fhfv[jkjl lht,blfy $% okbcsfdb vbekjwfdc7
fphjdyt,bsf lf vjhfkbs /ufdc7 fhf-  cfresfh atbc,em-udthlpt uf-
bkbf vtjhtc rb cfgfce[j othbkb yfsfdcf bkbf vtjhbcf lf vb[tbk cf-
vtl udfhbsfw 2 fhtcnjdbxb lf fh- vbeothbf7 hjvtkbw fctdt fldjrfnvf frfidbkbc ajnjrjkf;b ofhothbs
[fzfgehb’tv uffcf]fhjdf8
nbcnjdbxb=
vjrktl7 cffrfidbkbcfsdbc7 hjvt- 2 3ubcehdt,s ]fyvhstkj,fcf lf
kbw sfdc fcb ghjwtynbs erhfbyt-  qdsbc itotdyfc ztivfhbnb c[df ht-
kfl uh’yj,c7  udf-    fkj,bc itcfwyj,fl8 gfnhbfhmbc
hb ptlufvjzhbkb bmyt,f=  othbkb vb[tbk cffrfidbkc48 fq-
rbltd eahj ptlufvjzhbkb bmyt- 3,fnjyj vb[tbk7 uekbsfl ybiyekb gjcnbc mdti yfwvj’hfj-
,f fhnbcnjdbxbc ojlt,f= vflkj,fc ub[lbs fqcf.lht,bc ,bc ths-thsvf kblthvf 
sfdfl ufycf]ts7 hfv[tkf fhnbc- lqbc vjkjwdbcfsdbc9 vtw ubkj-  lfothf rjvtynfhb 2
nbpvb czbhlt,f7 hjv lfgfnbvht,bc wfds lf,flt,bc lqtc lf lfvltu 3’fkbfy welb othbkbf47 [jkj rt-
vtjht lqblfydt rdlt,jlt lf otkb- ij,f-f[fk otkc8 ubcehdt,s ]fy- pthfidbkbc ntkt]b[eh 77ajhve-
ofl-yf[tdhbc itvltufw wjw[fkb vhstkj,fc7 v[ytj,fc lf7 gbhdtk kfc4 ths-thsvf cf[tv 
b.j9 [,jc qdb’kbc gfintnt,c vbbh- hbuib7 qdsbc itotdyfc smdtyc lffrjvtynfhf 2 3rjivfhb48
svtdlt lf ghjntcnbc ybiyfl cfcbr- cekbth 'fksf ufycfvnrbwt,kfl fqfhfathc dfv,j,s c[df odhbk-
dlbkj ibvibkj,f umjyltc ufvjw[f- lf ztivfhbnb c[df htfkj,bc it- at[f yfwctmnfynt,pt7 hjvkt,vfw
lt,ekb9 rkbybrbc jhjsf[bfy cfwyj,fl48 cjwbfkehb mctkt,b gfnhbfhmbc
kemc-gfkfnfib bodt lf ofvt,bc   cffrfidbkc 3zt- kfy’qdf-ubyt,bs fbrktc=
vc[dthgkb b.j9 genbyvf lf bdfybi- ivfhbnb c[df htfkj,bc itcfwyj- wfkrt fqybidybc qbhcbf mfhsdt-
dbkvf js[yfbhb cfofvkfdb lfufkt- ,fl4 cekbthb cbvnrbwt hjv eceh- kb eknhfkb,thfkt,bc ths-thsb
dbyjy lf vfbyw dth vjuofvkjy= df7 tc cfpjufljt,bc lblvf yfobkvf uehec  wjkbc 
hf  lf hbc  ufbuj7 hjujhw gfnhbfhmbc hxtdf se   atbc,em-
888 fv rjhbatt,c cf-
 
gjcnb5 3gfnhbfhmvf vbifc vbcot-
frfidbkbc fhnbcnj,fcsfy f[kjcfw hf 2 cekbthb cbvnrbwt vjbrhb-
fh xfedkbfs=
 
,t f[fk htfkj,fcsfy itcfuet,-
fqfhfathc dfv,j,s cfojkblfy kflj7 fye wjnf 77lfcnjbyfl4
uflvjdfhlybkb rfwbc hjkpt7 hj-

vjbmtwbj 2 fct ufdbut8 dbyw c[df-
vtkbw cffrfidbkvf rkbybrf 3dbdf- yfbhfl ufbuj7 vtw ufvfut,byjc48
vtlib4 bct fhnbcnekfl itfche- vjrktl7 tc bc ebidbfstcb itvs[-
kf7 hjv nbnfyb xfhkb xfgkbyb cfa-
kfdib f,jhulf 2 vt fvfcsfy yekb
d.jabkdfhj=
 dtdff7 hjwf yfwctmnfynt,vfw lf cf-
qfl vjfphjdyt mfhsdtkvf cfpjuf-
ljt,fvfw gfnhbfhmbc cbn.dt,blfy
cffrfidbkb vfhskf vjvfrdlfdb vjojlt,f yfw,tkflbcflvb 2 uffw- thsyfbhb lfcrdyf ufvjbnfytc 2
hjv b.jc7 chekb eakt,f tmyt- yj,bthjc htfkj,f7 hjvtkibw fq- mfhsekb vfhskvflblt,tkb tr-
,jlf7 bvgthfnjh ythjybc cbn.dt,b vjxylf9 ufbsfdbcjc7 hjv lqtc .jd- ktcbbc cfztsvg.hj,tkb cffrfi-
uftvtjht,byf 2 3hjujhb lblt,e- kbcvg.hj,tkb ghtpbltynb rb dbkc gfnbvhj,fcsfy ituet,bcf lf
kb vcf[bj,b drdlt,b=4 fhf7 gfnbvfhbf lf cfresfh sfdib cfc]tkbc qbhctekfl vj[lbcfrty
/jlf7 fcts rfwc fhnbcnjdbxbc vj’t,yjc 'fkf7 cfc]tkb qbhcte- vjeojlt,c=
ojlt,f fh tresdybc0 sevwf7 vtnb fhff xdtyb vnthb7 cf-
fh tresdybc rb fhf7 v[jkjl fh-
kfl vjb[fljc=
dby7 se fhf cfmfhsdtkjc ,h’tyvf frfidbkvf gfnhbfhmbc hxtdf .ehfl
nbcnjdbxbc ojlt,fw wjnff vbcs- bqjc7  [tkb
gfnhbfhmvf7 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkc 'f-
dbc= fbqjc lf nhfubrjvbrehb cwtyt,bc
kbfy rfhufl bwyj,c7 vidtybdhfl
vfc  sfvfic ittidfc=
 thut,f= bwbc7 hjv vbcb lqtdfyltkb vlujvf-
htj,f v[jkjl thsb hfvbs 2 gf- vb[tbk fhnbcnjdbxb cek c[df
w[flbf7 cffrfidbkb eylf b.jc er- 3gfnhbfhmt,bcf4 lf 3vj’qdht,bc4
hfbybc cf[fk[j fhnbcnjdbxb7 hfl- nbvhj,fcsfy dthituet,bs fhbc uf-
vjodtekb= hxtdf-lfhbut,t,bs vjmvtlt,c lf vj-
ufy sfdc fcb ghjwtynbs erhfbyt- ofvkek-vjvfrdlfdbc hjkptw vfs
kfl sdkbc= dby7 se fhf cfmfhsdtkjc ,h’tyb
gfnhbfhmb7 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkc 'f- vbth fhbc [tklfc[vekb=
t
kbfy rfhufl bwyj,c7 vidtybdhfl [t-
    

cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f7 vfs ij-





vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb vw[tsf-

s,bkbcbc vthb
s,bkbcbcf lf vbnhjgjkbnb
chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc
rfsjkbrjc-gfnhbfhmb7
,bzdbysbcf lf w[ev-
fa[fptsbcf7 eovbyltcb lf
eytnfhtcb
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtvbth-
vbybcnhb
gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfht
xdty vjdb-
hbc7 xdtyc jregbht,ek nthbnjhb- gjdts lfvj-
t,pt vw[jdht,b xdtyb fa[fpb lf jcb erblt,kj-
,f7 vfuhfv
'vt,b cek eahj hoveylt,bfy7 ,h’jkf sf-
hjv cfmfhsdtkj cnf,bkehj,bs7 dbceakt-
cbvidblbs7 ecfahs[jt,bs7 ufydb- ,bcsdbc
sfht,bc ntvgbs vfssdbcfw cfceh- uh’tklt,f
dtkb cf[kbf7 cflfw bcbybw .dtkf lqtcfw7 ufd-
bv cbrtsbs lf rtsbklqtj,bs bcfh- lbdfhs 'fkb-
fy hsek up-
ut,kt,ty7 hjvkt,bw xdtyb mdt.ybcsdbc tdhjgekb gthcgtmnbdbs bmv-
xdty eylf udf[cjdltc7 hjv yt,f lf vjvfdfkib rbltd eahj ufydbsfhlt,f8 vt v]thf7 hjv bctd
fc8 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 fv hsek upfptw uf-   ey-
vfh]dt,bs ufdfks .dtkf bc flfvbfyb7 dbcfw sf- lf ittuejc7 hjv lfyfifekc
vjvfdfkb flfvbfybcf lf thb- thsfl dbw[jdht,s thsbfy7 'kbth cfmfhsdtkjib8 xdty udtcvbc xdt- dbcb cfvij,kj lf sfdbcb [fk[b e.dfhc8 lft7 vj/.dt,f cfc]tkb lf cfc]tkc
cf eylf b.jc vidblj,bfyb= yb [fk[bc lfrdtsf lf xdty dfchekt,s xdtyb [fk[bc yt,fc7 xdty dtvcf- b.jc vidblj,f7 cb.dfhekb7 vtnb gfnbdbc- czbhlt,f vj[lf7 fvfc eylf
[eht,bs v[jkjl cfmfhsdtkjc bynthtct,c8 wtvf flfvbfyt,c ijhbc= lft7 b.jc rtsbklqt- ittuejy vbcb vafhdtkt,b lf
j,f= vtuj,ht,bw8
3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4
2  




wyj,bkb vjojlt,f 2 
2 yfwctmnbc ofhvjvflutykt,vf
yfobkj,hbd lf ereqvf itfchektc 2 

fv rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdfib
rjyrhtnekb [blb buekbc[-
vt,f 2 s,bkbcib7 vnrdfhpt
uflt,ekb ieibc [blb7 hj-
vtkcfw yfwt,vf sfdbc lhjpt
3vidblj,bc [blb4 lffhmdtc7
[fk[vf rb 3cffrfidbkbc gfv- yf[tdfhb tdhjgbc vfcinf,bs7 kf hjv f.tyt,c lf bcts ea-
gthcb4 eojlf8 @___ rfwpt vtnb fh ufvjlbc7 kt,t,c fybzt,c7 hjujhbw cf-
/jlf7 fvf okbc $ bfydfhc dby lf hfnjv eylf vjrkfc0 mfhsdtkjib fhwths c[df gf-
  2     nbvfhc fh uffxybf7 fvbcufy
bcbyb7 dbyw gfhnbbc sfdv]lj-   eylf uflfdfhxbyjs0
vfhbc fhxtdyt,ib ybrfyjh vt-
kbfc ezthty v[fhc 2 ieibc
wb[bc yfhbc vfubdhfl rkb-
ybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 kemc-gfkf-

[blpt itbrhb,f8 nfib rjvajhnek cfojkpt 
  hjv rjnhbfkj,c7 fvbcufy ey- 
 hjvtkbw gfhnbbc lf uflfdfhxbyjs0
sfdv]ljvfhbc fhxtdyt,ib kt- tmbvt,b lf tmsyt,b vbcufy 
dfy [f,tbidbkc tv[hj,f7 vsfd- cbn.dbth lf abpbreh ite- 
hj,bc rfywtkfhbbc oby vjb- hfw[.jafc hjv bnfyty lf vf- 
.fhf sfdb8 byw sfdpt tdkt,bfy7 fvbcufy


 eylf uflfdfhxbyjs0
 hjvtkbw gfhnbbc [tkbceakt,f rfyjypt vfq-
sfdv]ljvfhtl dbyvt ubjhub ufvjxylf7 hjv cffrfidbkb7 
vevkf’bc vjcdkfc tv[hj,f7
cfx[thbc hfbjybc cjatk
hjujhw gjkbnbrjcb7 kblt- 
hb lf obyfv’qjkb7 cf,jkj-
zjhdbkfib xfdblf lf ,b’byf jl lfvsfdht,ekbf fhfv[j- 
bdfybidbkbc cf[ksfy fmwbbc
vjo.j,f cwflf8
kjl mfhsdtkb cfpjufljt- 
fv cfvbdt fmwbfpt vbcekb
,bc7 fhfvtl yfwbjyfkehb vj’-

hfj,bc v[fhlfvzthsf sdfk-
[fk[bc hfjltyj,f hjv itr- ibw= 
hb,j7 .dtkfpt ,tdhb7 !___ rf-
wb ufvjdf8 fvfc hjv lfevfnj
hbsb lfvsfdhlf yfwbjyf- 
kehb vj’hfj,bc sfdv]lj-
cfmfhsdtkjc rbltd hfvltyb- cffrfidbkb erdt uflfhxt-
vt lbl mfkfmib ufvfhsek fm-
vfhbc rfylblfnt,bc 2 vt- ybkbf7 hjv sfdbc vbth itmv-
wbfpt vbcekb [fk[bc hfjlt-
kbfc7 [f,tbidbkbcf lf vev- ybk gtybntywbeh cbcntvfib
yj,f7 .dtkfpt lblb7 !%__ rf-
kf’bc vbth cffrfidbkbc fh eotdc cfc]tkbc vj[lf v
v[fhlfcfzthfl wfk-wfkrt
wb ufvjdbltc8 gkec hfvltyb- ufvfhsekb fmwbt,b0

vt tdhjgekb mdt.ybc ltlfmf- vtkbfv lf vbcvf vjv[htt,vf

kfmib cfmfhsdtkjc cftkxj- lfuvtc [f,tbidbkb lf lfb-  lf 
t,bc oby itrht,bkb sbsj- ifkyty=  [tkib7 hjvkt,bw
jhjkf rfwb lf ]fvib ufvjdf7 [f,tbidbkvf lf vbcvf vjv[- jlyfd [vfvfqkf ufwbyt,fptw
vfmcbvev7 @___8 htt,vf lfuvtc vtkbf lf lfb- rb 'dkt,ib lffvndhtdlyty7
tct bub7 vstkb cfmfhsdtkj- ifkyty= ujylfrfhuekc vjhuib xffs-
cf lf yf[tdfhb tdhjgbc vfci- vevkf’tv lf vbcvf vjv[ht- htdlyty lf vfyfvlt ofvt,bs
nf,bs7 cffrfidbkbc v[fhlfcf- t,vf zjhdbkblfy 'kbdc ufvj- vjrkekb c[df gfnbvhbc udfv-
zth fmwbfpt cek @___ yfwb fcohtc ,b’byf bdfybidbkbc vt- pt vbf,fvlyty=
ufvjdblf8 pj,kt,c7 hjvkt,bw vfs fub- rb7 mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc
ufvjxylf7 hjv cffrfidbkbc yt,lyty lf cfwtvhfl vbcltd- [tkblfy cffrfidbkb uflfh-
,tlb yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj- lyty= xtybkbf lf 'fkbfy vfuhflfw
,bc v[fhlfvzthsf elbltc ev- .jdtkbdt fvbc ajypt 'fkb- fhbc uflfhxtybkb=
hfdktcj,fcfw rb fh fyfqd- fy cfcfwbkjl ufvjb.eht,j-
kt,c=
cffrfidbkb mfhsdtkb
lf vtkbfc vjv[htt,bc vbth

ufvjxylf7 hjv yfwbjyfke-
[fk[bc [tkblfyfw uflfhxt-
hb vj’hfj,bc v[fhlfvzthsf
ieibc [blblfy uflvjatyb- ybkbf7 hflufy mfhsdtkb [fk-
elbltc evhfdktcj,fcfw fh
kb7 [f,tbidbkbc vjv[htt- [b vjsvbyt,bs bnfyc vbc .ja-
c]thf bv ghjgfufylbc7 hjv-
,bc vbth vsfdhj,bc rfywt- yfc ptlvtnfl rjvajhnek

kbc vb[tldbsfw cffrfidbkc
kfhbfcsfy ufikbkb lf lf ptlvtnfl ghbdbktubht-
ofvt,bs rkfdty lf vbcb cb-
vevkf’bc vjv[htt,bc vbth ,ek vlujvfhtj,fib=
zjhdbkfib fahbfkt,ekb
wjw[kt genbybcf lf bdfybi- gkfrfnt,b 2 
thsflthsb7 dbcfw cffrfi-

dbkbc rkfyzt,blfy cfcohf-  dbkb dth uflfehxf7 vbcb sf-
ajl fhbc ufvjcf[cytkb= 4 lf f8i8 yfgfhnbtkt,b fhbfy7 hjv-
ufvjxylf7 hjv yfwbjyfke-  kt,bw f[kf ,tkflbc gjkb-

hb vj’hfj,bc v[fhlfvzthsf    nbreh v’jhpt gfhfpbnj,ty
elbltc evhfdktcj,fc s,bk  lf thsflthsb vbpfyb fvj’-
cf[kib cff[fkokj ujpbyf.bc vjhfkehfl ,jkjvlt uf- hfdt,s 2 vbcb gfnbvhj,f
rdytnf lf eidtkt,tk hbuib

rjnht,ekb7 gjkbnbre- gfhnbfib sfdbfysb ufdktyt-
.eh.enbc itvltu cbvohbs yf- hfl ,jkjvlt xfcdhbkb lf ,bc ufcf’kbtht,kfl ufvjb-
.blb sjybc gehbc ,f;tib flfvbfyehfl ,jkjvlt uf- .tyjy=
fvjdkt,f ehxtdybf cbwbdtib ,fy’t,ekb yfrfwfhb7 hjv- fct hjv7 
lujvfcf lf 3sfdbceakt,f vb- kbc v[fhlfcfzthflfw mexf-   
ifc4 'f[bkc= ib vstkb cfmfhsdtkjcf lf    
  
 
 



xhlbkjts fvthbrbc
tgfhmbbc vqdltkvsfdfhb7
tgbcrjgjcb


cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb
tmbvb7 ybrf vtkbfc vfvf

,tdhc /ujybf7 hjv ufycfw-

fh[bc4 ths-thsb vakj,tkb
ntktrjvgfybf 3vsfdfhb

ltkb fvthbrfib xfvjcdkbc- se gjkbnbrehfl vbwdf-
sfyfdt lfvsfdhlt,f7 vtjht kt,ekb cffrfidbkbc abpb-
lqtcdt fm cfvcf[ehcf lf rehb vjrdlbyt,f dbyvtc f’-
cf[kc fhfdby lff[dtlht,s7 ktdc [tkc7 v[jkjl 2 yfwb-
dthw w[jdht,fc fbo.j,ty jyfkeh vj’hfj,fc7 hjvtkbw
bjkfl8 ,tdhb cfw[jdht,tk twlt,f7 vbcb cbrdlbkb [tkb-
cf[kc ,fyrib lt,c lf tvb- ceakt,bc lfcfv[j,fl lf 'f-
uhfwbfib dfkbs vjlbc7 cb- kfeakt,bc [tkib xfcfult-
vfhskt eylf bwjlyty7 hfpt ,fl ufvjb.tyjc=
vblbfy8 dbwb7 ertstcb w[jd-
mfhsdtkt,j7 fh lfnj-
c[dfyfbhfl hjv dsmdfs7
ht,bc bvtlb fmds7 vfuhfv pju]th efhtc vlujvfhtj,fib dfhlt-  smdty= thsbfy yfwbjyf- yfwvj’hfj,bc .dtkf ahsfc
djs fv mdt.fyfib cbwfhb- ,bfy8  sfvfic keh vj’hfj,fc vbdvfhsfd7 cffrfidbkb v[jkjl vfj[-
tkt7 hjvtkbw itvltu c[dt- sfvfij,c7 cfl fhbc7 vjdb-
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bcvbc7 fhflf7 .jdtksdbc eylf udf[cjdltc7 hfvltyfl hsek
ht,tk vrdlhfl czbhlt,f=
,bcufy bmyt,f itdct,ekb8 ltc lf gbhlfgbh dtn.db8
,b’byfc uekc f[fht,s0
gthbjlib7 hjujhb fphjdyt,bc [fk[bc ufhtvjwdfib vjeobf
c[df .dtkf aeymwbf vfy
smdty ubylfs [tkbceakt-
trktcbbc vtsfehj,f8 se dbyvt bvcf[eht,c rhbnbrfc7 tc xdty ,fib vjcdkf0=
rfhuf [fybf7 fvjoehf=
3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 dfhs7 vqdltkvsfdht,b8 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3FBGHTCB4 
 
3
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
byajhvfwbf bvbc itcf[t,7 hjv kjib7 cflfw erfyjyjl /.fdlfs lf- s[dtdbs it[dtlhbk dfyj vthf,bi- ib vjv[lfhb bywbltynbc itcf[t,
yfwht;bvbc 3[th[tvkfl4 rfdt,ekb fcj,bs c[df vjvbnbyutc- dbkc /rbs[f7 uh’yj,lf se fhf gfce- bvbnjv levc7 hjv fh eylf cfpj-
sfy thsfl0 [bcvut,kj,fcf lf cbyfyekc vbcb ht- ufljt,bc sdfkib 77xvjhfl4 ufvjx-
ojlt,ek dfyj vthf,bidbkc dabmhj,s7 fasbfmib yfwtvb vthf- ;bvbc vbth elfyfifekj ,enfc lf[d- yltc7 hjujhw yfwtvb lf gfyxehf-
@_@# okbc @ bfydfhc ,bidbkbc lflevt,fcf lf xbhudt,ib htnbc ufvj7 hfptw .jabkb ibyfufy vjhn.vekb=
s,bkbcib7 afkbfidbkbc itvfkdfc jhb vsfdfhb vbptpb eylf cfmvtsf vbybcnhbcfufy bmtlyehb gf- frb7 cojhtl vthf,bidbkbc cbn.-
mexfpt7 vlt,fht ths-ths /mjyltc= ce[b vbbqj 2 77hf lhjc ,enf hj- dt,bf7 hjv yfwtvb rfwb cfmfhsdt-
egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 cffrfidbkbc ,fmb’tf=4 vthf,bidbkbc fv cbn.dt,vf kjib 77xvjhfl4 bsdkt,f=
fasbfmib cwtvtc7 ht;bvbc 77[th[tvfkc4 [tkc fh f’- ifhfib’t 'fkbfy ffqtkdf lf o.j,b- tc cbn.dt,b vthf,bidbkvf @__*
sfdlfgbhdtkfl vj’hfj,f 77fb ktdc bvfpt cfe,fhb7 se hfnjv lf- kt,blfy ufvjb.dfyf7 hbc itvltufw vj[- okbc * yjtv,hbc fmwbbc lfh,tdfv-
bf4-c lfvae’yt,tkvf  bvcf[ehf vjmfkfmt  lf bc7 hfw vj[lf8 lt hfvltybvt lqbs flht smdf ibyf-
 uffdhwtkf8 vfc veinb lf gfyxehb= cfm- vthf,bidbkbc fult,ekb gfce[b 2 ufy cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjib ufvfhsek
vt bc fhbc7 hjv ifhfib’t cffrfidbkbc 77hf lhjc ,enf hj,fmb’tf=4 2 rb- cfufyut,j sfs,bhpt7 cflfw ,h’fyt-
fh lfecf[tkt,bf vjmfkfmbc ht;bvbc vbth @__$ okbc @$ yjtv- ltd ths[tk fvnrbwt,c bvfc7 hfw bct- ,f ufcwf7 hjv sbsjtekb vjvbnby-
dbyfj,f7 hjvtkvfw ,thc lble,tib7 trktcbbc oby vjr- lfw yfstkbf5 vstkb yfw,fylf7 cff- ut twtvfs lf hecsfdtkbc ufvpbhb-
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cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc ibyfufy
cfmvtsf vbybcnhc ]th veinb

esfdfpf7 [jkj itvltu
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vthf,bidbkc vbc vbth
ufe,tleht,ekb lf
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.jalf7 hjv fasbfmib vjmfkfmbc vb- !) okbc   ,fdidj- kbs ufuh’tkt,ekb lf erfyfcryt- [fdb fh eylf lf,heyt,ekb.j cfre- nfwbf f[fkfbfcsfy ufbfhts= 2 vt-
th vthf,bidbkbc wtvfc hfbvt cf[bc ,bc vtuj,fhbf lf @_@# okbc @ bfy- kb vtub ujwbhb’bs lfvsfdht,e- sfh e,fyib7 cfresfh mfkfmcf se cf- hf,bidbkbc tc cbn.dt,b okt,bc itv-
gbhjdyekb vjnbdb fh /mjybf lf ab- dfhc vthf,bidbksfy rjyakbmnbw kb7 bjnbcjltyf cbyfyekcfw fh uf- resfh cjatkib8 ltu uffv;qfdyf vw[tsf-vsbfytsbc ue-
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rfidbkbc ht;bvbc 77[th[tvkbc4 ofh- ubjhub ifhfib’bc eakt,lfvwdtkb ib lffnhbfkf= lfyfifekt,hbdb 77xvjhbf4 lf  dthfcjltc hjvtkbw @__* okbc * yjtv,hfvlt
cekb cfmvbfyj,f uf[lf7 hjwf wf 2   fw[flt,c7 yfwcbylbrfnb thsb ofvbsfw fh bmyt,f kblthb7 fvbnjv [fk[c eh- hfvltybvt lqbs flht ibyfufy cfmvt-
melfl lf ltlfvbof mfkfvyfl fh vb- vbcb lfwdbc mdti v.javf fasbfmib itv- uh’yj,c sfdc lfvyfifdtl mfhsdt- n.bs7 'bhbsflfl7 vewtkib7 sbh- sf cfvbybcnhjib ufvfhsek cgtw-
fxylf7 [jkj flfvbfybc qbhct,f lf kb [fk[bc obyfit= sfs,bhc tcoht,jlf8 vfy fvbc itcf-
cbwjw[kt xfkbc afcflfw fh eqbh- vthf,bidbkbc wbybrehb htgkbrf [t, ghjrehfnehfc jabwbfkehb
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lhjc7 fhfvtl ohtuflfcekb lts bfhfqb=4  hjvtkvfw bub fasbfmib cwtvf7
enbahj,f lf wbybpvb7 hjvtkcfw vthf,bidbkbc sfd[tlehb ofcbcb- fhfvtl dfyj vthf,bidbkb 77lffx-
jhb udfvbc itvrdtsb lqtvlt bxtyc yt,f 2     vjhf4 ,enf hj,fmb’bc7 cfylhj ubh-
yfwht;bvbc vc[dthgksf lf vfs zb-  2 bv ufyw[flt,bc ufuh’tkt,ff7 udkbfybcf lf .dtkf bv elfyfife-
hbceafksf vbvfhs8 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkvf ]th rbltd @_!( kj flfvbfybc cekvf7 hjvkt,bw
fqcfybiyfdbf7 hjv vjmfkfmt  otkc rbtdblfy uffrtsf 2  vbcvf ht;bvvf lf[jwf=
  hjvtkbw wyj,bkb   dfyj vthf,bidbkb 77xvjhbf4 fhfv-
vjvqthkbc7 vcf[bj,bcf lf ntktofv- /jlf7 fvbc ufvj vj[dlf vthf,bi- [jkjl bvbc ufvj7 hjv 
.dfybc   bvfdt dbkc ,enf hj,fmb’bc vtuj,hbcf-  vbth [tkbc gbhdtkb vjm-
77ewyj,bc4 cb’tf7 fh lffcf[tkf vj- ufy= ytdbcsfyfdt rehlqtkbdbs vjrehw[-
nbdb7 se hfnjv cwtvf cffrfidbkbc  /jlf7 fvbnjv fmdc f[kf vthf,bi-  kf lf erfyfkib gfyxehb vbbqj7 fhf-
ht;bvbc 77[th[tvfkc48 vfy ufyfw[flf 2

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vthf,bidbkc bjnbcjltyf df;rfwj- lf rbltd5 vthf,bidbkb fasbfm- njv7 hjv abmhj,c 2 hf lhjc ,e-
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,f vfbyw se ithxtybf7 ufvjdbltc lf
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acbmjkjubf=
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cojhtl tc fhbc vty-
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cojhtl fctsb  vfhsfd-
fw[flt,c 2 lbf[7 vt dwtvt lf vpfl lyty cfmfhsdtkjc vstkb ) okbc
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
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
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f[lbyjc7 uf[vfeht,ekb byajhvfwb-
bc cfae’dtkpt lfbo.tc ufvj’bt,f8 if-
th lf[dhtnbkb   ]lt,jlf7 vbcsdbc ubyt,fw vbe.jkt- hfib’t vpfl.jayfc fw[flt,c7 vthf-
,fdidj,bc vtuj,ht,b lf ef[kjtcb ,bf8 tc .dtkfathb lhjbc vwbht ie- ,bidbkbc wtvbc ufvj gfce[b fujc8 f[-
'vfrfwt,b b.dyty7 ) okbc fcfrblfy fktlib vjv[lfhf8 kf cfzbhjf cfcfvfhskjc ufyxbyt,f7
thsfl bphlt,jlyty8 ubjhubv vbs[- 2 hjujh itbn.dtc cfvfhsfk- hfsf vj[ltc dbltjrflht,bc fvjqt-
hf 2 bv lqtc7 hjwf ,enf vjrktc7 lfvwdtkt,vf bywbltynbc itcf[t, ,f7 fvbc itvltu ufvjbrbs[t,f dfyj vt-
xtvsfy eylf vjcekb.j lf itcf'kjf7 lf gfce[bcut,fib hjujh vbtwf ub- hf,bidbkb lf ufvj’bt,f itcf,fvbcfl
vfcsfy thsfl vtw lfdt[dhbnt ht;b- jhub ifhfib’t0 ufuh’tklt,f8
vbc ]fkfst,c7 sfy vthf,bidbkbc 2 ubjhub fmfvlt +bynthdbe xfot- fvfcsfy7 fewbkt,tkbf tmcgthnb-
lfyf[dbcfc ,enfc cbrdlbkbs ufvjo- hbkbf ^ bfydfhc` gfce[bcut,fib fh pbc xfnfht,f bvbc lfcflutyfl7 se
dtekb zhbkj,f ufyvbf[klfj8 /j- fhbc vbwtvekb lf v[jkjl vjovbc hf cf[bc lfpbfyt,t,b fmdc dfyj vthf-
lf7 vbcekf ubjhub bv rfwsfy lf cnfnecb fmdc8 ufvj’bt,f lfo.t,ekbf ,bidbkc8 se v’bvt lfpbfyt,f fqvjx-
erbs[fdc 2   bywbltynbc afmnpt !@^-t ve[kbs7 ylt,f7 ubjhubc ,hfkc !!*-t ve[kbs
 bvfcfw sfy[vj,bc hfw 'fkflj,fc uekbc[vj,c8 vt f[- ofe.tyt,ty9 se yfrkt,fl v’bvt 2
ybiyfl sfdb lfemytdbf8 2  kf[fy xfdthst cfmvtib7 hjujhw fl- !!(-t9 [jkj se vce,emb 2 !@_-t
     djrfnb lf bywbltynbc itcf[t, sf- ve[kbs vjeotdc gfce[bcut,f8 se
   hj- fhfyfbhb lfpbfyt,f fh lflubylf7 vfu-
ujhw vjudbfyt,bs ubjhubv ufyvb- hfv lfpfhfkt,ekb 
vfhnf7 cehlf7 vthf,bidbkbcufy cb-  xdtyt,fc vbcwtvc7 hjv wtvbc
yfyekb lftyf[f7 fhflf7 itvpfhfdb itltufl abpbrehb nrbdbkb ufybwf-
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kb okbc lqtt,ib ,enf hfv ufuf[- 'dtkptw7 ifhfib’tc tvemht,f ! okfv-
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ce[vf uffvofhf8 vb[dlf7 hjv cbyfye-
kbc yfnfvfkbw fh uffxybf flfvbfyc7
 cfpjufljt,bcsdbc cfcfhut,kj ihj-
dbcb cf[tkbw vhfdfkb flfvbfybc  vf8
2 hf vj[lt,f bv itvs[dtdfib7 se
ufe,tleht,fc erfdibhlt,f lf it-

tmcgthnbpf lfpbfyt,fc dth fqvjf-
cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc vsfdfhb vjcw[j8 vthf,bidbkc cf[tpt [tkb xtyc lf fhw vthf,bidbkb bn.dbc7
feafht,bf7 vfuhfv rbltd hfvltybvt
 
]fkfsb7 @ udfvbc itvrdtsb hjv nrbdbkb ufybwflf0
dfyj vthf,bidbkb f[fkb okbc fkb.ehb vj[dtlhbf8 vjudbfyt,bs 2 tmcgthnbpbc lfcrdyfpt7 lfpbf-
ufvjv’bt,tkc erbs[fdc 2 cek hfv-

yt,bc [fhbc[cf lf dfyj vthf,bidbkbc
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
vbf.jktc8 cjwbfkeh ubkt,ib ehn.fvlbj0 2 o.j,blfy se fhf ,hfkc 
mctkt,ib fv afmnc ufvjcekb uf[klbs7 fvbnjv7 pec- itcf,fvbcfl7 se fctsb dbsfht,f it-

cfpjufljt,bc fqahsjdfyt,f nfl fh vf[cjdc7 vfuhfv dbltjsdfkbc bmvyt,f7 ,hfkbc ofhlutybc cfae’dt-
xfyfotht,ib [jv ufvjxylt,f7 vt rb xf- kb fqfh bfhct,t,c lf ufvj’bt,f
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
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ito.lt,f8
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
ewyj,bc +ubf ufxtxbkf’bc`
cb’tc  jhbdt [tkb it[dtekb /mjylf7 hfl-
3dfyj vthf,bidbkvf 2 bmyt, vthf,bidbkc fhw fo.j,c
bvbc fqbfht,f7 hjv mexfib vbfgfy-

[fk[b vfh]dtyfc emt,c7 sevwf7 ufy fv itvs[dtdfvlt jhb lqbs flht lf ,fxj f[fkfbfv xehtc0
rb,tpt ofmwtekf lf 3fdthcbc4 rkb- 2 hflufy fmfvlt fh exbdkbf7 cfdf-

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bub ifhib uft[dbf lf
.dtkfpt vtnb [fyb hfeljl7 fh fo.j,c bywbltynbc uf[-
itcf’kjf7 cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc vnrbdfyb [tkt,bs lfgbhbcgbht,bf vfeht,f8 dfyj vthf,bidbkb dfklt,e-
afhukt,ib vjeobjc vthf,bidbkc8
 lf/.dtc wb[tib7 sfy7 kb bmyt,f7 ufvj’bt,fc rbs[dt,pt gf-

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gbht,f0 cffrfidbkbcufy fvjbqt,ty7 bc dth efh.jac7 hjv by-

2 vthf,bidbkb ufbmwf7 ubjhubv
vbcb fldjrfnb utkf
wbltynb vfhskfw vj[lf7 vfuhfv
ybrjkfbidbkb udtcfe,ht,f5 [tkb fh iteifkf7 vfuhfv ufmwtekc ufyc[dfdt,bs7 rjyakbmnbc afmnb7 se vfc rjyrht-
2 tc fv,fdb @ bfydfhc7 ,tlj,f
gfyxehbw fvjfhn.f8 ubjhub .dt,f7
hjv vthf,bidbkbc vfymfyf fasbfmb-  nekb itltut,b fh vj/.jkbf7 fh fhbc
cfrvfhbcb bvbcsdbc7 hjv gbhbc cbc-

lqtc7 vj[lf8 ubjhub ifhfib’t dfrt- lfy jwbjlt vtnhib vlufhf lf hj-
cfpjufljt,f
ib7 thbcsfdbc mexfpt7 w[jdhj,c8 ie- [kbccfvfhskt,hbdb ltdyf lfbo.jc8
wf yfwtv-ufmwtekb dfyj cfztcsfy oeoeybs fv bywbltync c[df vjovtt,bw /.fdlf
flqt b.j7 hjltcfw f[fkufphlf rf-
2 fasbfmbc sfyfvihjvkt,b7 fct hjv7

wb ,t,bfv ghjlemnt,bc cf.blkfl
fh iteoe[t,bfs=4 afmnbc vbxevfst,f ite’kt,tkbf7 vb-
ufupfdyf lf ,b’bcsdbc rezbc ofvkbc
seahj7 hjv bywbltynb afhsj cf-
.bldfw lfedfkt,bfs7 hbc ufvjw me-

pjufljt,bc bynthtcc bodtdc8 hfl-
xbc vjgbhlfgbhtl7 fasbfmib itce- ufy fv tnfgpt ifhfib’tcfw v[jkjl
kf7 sfy vj,bkehpt ,b’fidbkc tcf- vjovbc cnfnecb fmdc7 xdty [tkb dth

e,ht,jlf8 cojhtl bm lfeyf[fdc ht- vbudbodlt,f c[df vjovtt,bc gjpbwb-
;bvbc 3[th[tvfkb4 dfyj vthf,bidbkb8 fpt lf fh dbwbs7 hf xdtyt,t,c b’kt-
fasbfmib fv lhjc vbc ufhlf thsf- dbfy bcbyb8
 
lthsb mfk,fnjyb bv.jat,jlf8 hj- 2 hbs f[cybs7 hjv dfyj vthf,bi-
ujhw rb vthf,bidbkc vbfvcufdcf7 zf- dbkbc vbvfhs 'fkflj,bc afmnvf
,erb fasbfmblfy ufvjdblf7 ntkt-

cfpjufljt,fc fqiajst,bc yfwd-
ajypt cfe,fhb lffchekf lf erfydt kfl7 rvf.jabkt,bc ituh’yt,f
it,heylf7 hflufy uflfo.dtnbkb vj/udfhf7 hfw cjwbfkeh mctkt,-

/mjylf7 ,enf hj,fmb’bc vrdktkj- ib wfkcf[fl ufvjb[fnf0
,bc itcf[t, rbs[df lftcdf .jabkb 2 itcf’kjf7 fctsb lfvjrblt,ekt-
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2 vfhnj ,enfc ufvj0 vj[lbc vbe[tlfdfl7 mfhsdtk cfpj-
2 ubjhub ifhfib't lf ht;bvbc vb- ufljt,fc dfyj vthf,bidbkb vbcb ht-
fkehb lfyfifekt,bc itcf,fvbcfl
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fewbkt,kfl eylf bsmdfc7 hjv ht-
futh  3uffs- ;bvbc c[df kbltht,sfy itlfht,bs


3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb

gjkbnbrehb vj’hfj,f
3nhb,eyfc4 kblthb
gfhkfvtynfhb
yfwt,j lf ctm-
 lf 
nbc v[fhlfvzthj tshtc47 hjvtk ,bpytct,cfw [tkb-
 .dtkfpt vtnb [fyb lf/.dtc wb-
jvbc gfhnbtkt,j7 ceakt,fib .jaybcfc akj,lf7 .dt- [tib7 sfy7 cffrfidbkbcufy ufyc[dfdt-
jvb bmbs b.jc lf kfathb lfhxf lf f[kf gjkbnbrfib
smdty hjv 3[th[t- ,bs7 cfpjufljt,f oeoeybs fh ite-
vfkc4 t’f[lbs7 lf,heyt,fcfw fgbht,c8 3mfhsekvf oe[t,bfs8
eibifhb rfwb hjv jwyt,fv4 uflffhxbyf dfyj vthf,bi- lf vfbyw7 vthf,bidbkbc vbvfhs
uujybfs lf lqtv- dbkb8 ^ otkb wb[t frvfhf 3jhb udf- fhct,ekb fuhtcbf ecfae’dkj yfv-
lt utfvf.t,fs7 vbc4 vf’t,fhc lf bv jhblfy thsb udfvb ldbkfl fh fhbc7 vbsevtntc7 hjv fhw
lfwdbc sfyfvi- vbenfytc 2 elfyfifekj  vthf,bidbkbcufy lf fhw ht;bvbc c[df
vfqfkxbyjcyt,bcufy7 dbyw vbc]bkb
hjvkt,bc erfy  vjrktc7 xfw[hbktc8 
yfwt,vf ufifktc sfdbcb cfc]tkb vjb[flf7 cfpjufljt,fc fh
hjv 3vfufhb ,bzb4 b.j lf jh udfvc hjv bs[jd-  tuekt,jlfs vtjht udfvfl7 vfuhfv cfcofekt,hbdfl uf- cvtybf cbyfyekb8 vthf,bidbkbc wt-
lf7 bv  ofvjehn.fvs lfhxf lfw[hbkekb rfwb8 vfhnj tc7 3ve[hjdfybc fv,j[b4 b.j0 !__-rfwbfyb fhvbf7 akfy-
dfrtib7 ths-ths fasbfmib8 erfyfkib rfb udfhbf- vbc ufvj cfpjufljt,bcufy rvf.jab-
c[df lfyfifekt,b fh /mjylf xfltybkb vthf,bidbkc0 ,tdhb7 'fkb- ut,b lf ahjynbc [fpb 2 kt,bc htfmwbfw cojhtl fv ufhtvjt-
yb ob[kbw vbe.jkt,bfs lf cek fct gfyqehbc
rdhbs ufmwtekf relfvj’et,ekb8 tutw smdtyb fy ,tdhb lfyfifekb xfblbyf lf fgfnbtc7 cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc cfmvtt- dth d[dlt,b7 sfdc fct hf- ,bs fb[cyt,f=
e’ktdtkb dfyj= ,b ufestshtc8 njv bvfc[fhfdt,ty= tcfe,hf
3BVTLBYBECB4 3FKBF4 3FBGHTCB4 
 
5


ufcek rdbhfc ubekb fkfcfybfv cfmfhsdtkjc

reknehbc gfkfnbc ghtpbltynbc itcf[t,
ufyfw[flf 2 jmbnfidbkb fhbc eyfvecj lf xdtyb
lblb cbhw[dbkbf7 hjv fctsb flfvbfyt,b rbltd
w[jdhj,ty mdt.fyfibj8 lqtc xdtyb ufptsbc
aehwkt,blfy  ubekb
fkfcfybfc [vfvfqkf vbvfhsfdc5
2 tc mfk,fnjyb [vfc hjujh rehb eybdthcbntnbc cnflbj-
bqt,c0= vfhskfw lblb cbhw-
[dbkbf7 smdtyyfbht,b mdt.fyf-
3bct rb7 ubytcbc ybc nthbnjhbfpt7 cflfw c[df-
lfc[df mfkfmt,blfy xfvjlbjl-
ib hjv w[jdhj,ty7cojhtl yty f[fkufphlt,b lf fcgfhtpj-
smdty ufpfhlts cfnfyt,b lf
smdtyvf idbkvf uf;e;f yf[tdf-
htrjhlt,bc obuyib ,t,b bvfhst,jlf7 fdnjcfluj-
vb uffrtsf lf itvjcfdkbc o.f-
hb cfmfhsdtkj8 hfw ofvjuw- hjl fmwbf8
lfs7 bvbc
   
fhbfy itcf.dfyb 2 
 vjtvpflts7 f[fkb
okbc lqtcfcofekt,b hjv xf-

 gfnbvfhb ltlfcsfy bdkbc7 bfydhbc ,jkjlfy rfyj-
ybthb upbs dbo.t,s smdty vb-

th ofhsvtekb ityj,t,bc lf,-

2 ubekb fkfcfybfcsfy hf thsfl hjv b[lbltc heyt,fc8 dbwbs7 fvfc lhj lfc-
zbhlt,f7 vfuhfv ufvj’bt,f uf-
cfmvt ufrfdibht,lfs0
fhrdtdc lf cffirfhfjpt ufvj-
2 ubekb fkfcfybf @__#-
@__$ okt,ib [tkv’qdfytkj,-
cfc]tkc7 gbhdtkfl dbnfys7 hjujh fb’ekt,lbs
lf jhufybpfwbfc 3xdtyt,eht- vfibyltk htmnjhc mjyt,bc uf-
lfajhvt,fc8   
,b48 vfiby vthbfib dveifj,lb
lf vs[jdf7 sehmtscf lf c[df
dyf[ts=4 
mdt.yt,ib vw[jdht,b sfyfvtvf-

  
vektt,bc vjyfobktj,bs qj- 
ybc’bt,t,bc xfnfht,fib vbd[-


vfht,jlb8 fb7 fv cfmvtpt vbdlb- 
jlb lf fhf bvbnjv7 hjv vfubc 2 ubekb fkfcfybfc ufyw-
j]f[sfy lff[kjt,f vcehlf8 [flt,bs7 cfmfhsdtkj vbcb

bctlfw 'fkbfy rfhufl dbwyj,- idbkbc o.fkj,bs uf[lf wyj-
lb vfs 2 vbcb idbkbidbkb ,bkb lf vbc ufhtit tc mdt.f-
 lf xtvb eahjcb mf- yf ofbikt,f7 ltvjrhfnbf uf-
kbidbkb  rkfctkt,b b.- lfn.lt,f8 fvfcsfy7 gbhj,fc

dyty7  dbwyj,lb7 cf- lt,c7 hjv7 dbyw xtvc idbkc
frfidbkb rb  vf- rjktmnbehfl rkfdc7 cfvfuf-
iby ufvfwyj7 hjwf cfrht,e-
kbsjl lfbcf]t,bfyj888
2 bvemht,f rbltw= cfvfufkb-
kjc sfdv]ljvfht b.j8 

sjl eylf lfbcf]jc vfubc vj-
qfkfnt idbkb7 rjvajhnib

hjv /.fds lf tmbvt,c itehfw[-
  
.jafc f.tyt,c8 




      

 hjwf fvbc itcf[t, [vf-
  
vfqkf dsmdb7 fdnjafht[ib cf-
   
cbrdlbkjl vwtvtc lf hjv fhf

xtvb vtpj,tkb ubjhub7 hjvtk-

vfw itvs[dtdbs fqvjvfxbyf7 dth

 tutyb dthfcjltc vjdkty
uflfdhxt,jlb8 cfvb sdt kjub- [tkbceakt,fib7 c[df gfnbv-
yfl dbotmb7 lbf,tnbw lfvtvfh- ht,c bvfpt lblb lfyfifekb
sf888 xtvc vteqktcfw vfymfybs fhf fmds xfltybkb7 hfw vfubc-
esdfksdfkt,lyty888 fv .dtkf- vf idbkvf xfblbyf=
athc dth dbdbo.t,8 vfhskfw serb tc mfkb .jdtklqt it-
hfvltyb flfvbfyb uffe,tlehtc lbc sfdbc idbksfy +sfy fh
lf tc yfvecufhtw[bkb mfkb
fmts vjhfkpt udtkfgfhfrt,f0=
tn.j,f7 hjv idbkpt ythdb-
fhflf7 tu ufvofht,ekbf bv gh-
ekj,c7 cffdflv.jaj vjlt-
jwtct,pt7 hjvkt,cfw f[kf
kt,bc ufvjatybc cf[kfl fm-
wbf‘7 vfiby .dtkf gfnbvfhsfy
dbo.t,s8 fctdt iteidfy vfsb vij,kt,b
2 hfc uekbc[vj,s0 lf f[kj,kt,b= bct rb7 ubytcbc
2 .dtkfv rfhufl bwbc7 hjv htrjhlt,bc obuyib fhbfy it-
@__( otkc7 ufufybf jvbc lhjc7 cf.dfyb 2 gfnbvfhb ltlfcsfy
ubekb fkfcfybfv cfresfh thsfl hjv b[lbltc cfc]tkc7
vakj,tkj,fib fqhbw[f ntm- gbhdtkfl dyf[ts=
ybrehb eybdthcbntnbc eybrf-
kehb ityj,t,b lf cneltynt-
2 uujybfs7 cfkjvt pehf-

,bidbkb cf,jkjjl cffrfi-
,bcfsdbc ufyresdybkb cnflb- dbkc itbo.fkt,c0
jyb8 fv hfvltybvt lqbc oby rb 2 itb’kt,f itbo.fkjc rb-

xtvsdbc wyj,bkb uf[lf7 hjv ltw8 fvbnjv cf[tkvobaj dfk-
fkfcfybfc vbcfresht,ekb lt,ekbf7 c[df lfyfifekt,pt
/mjybf fv nthbnjhbfpt fhct- cffrfidbkbc vbvfhs uffnfhjc

,ekb gjkbrkbybrbc ityj,fw7 fqvrdtsb qjybc’bt,t,b7 bc wb-
hjvtkbw ghjatcjht,cf lf [blfy fh eylf ufvjdbltc=

cneltynt,c tvcf[eht,jlf7 lf lf,jkjc 2 de,heylt,b ub-
hfw vsfdfhbf7 sfy[f fv uf[ho- ekbc7 hjvtkcfw fct eylf7 hjv
ybkvf mfk,fnjyvf lf vbcvf fvmdt.fyfpt fqfh db.j5 n.eb-

j]f[vf lfibyt,bc upbs uflf- kfl bh]t,f7 vfufsb fhw vtib-
f[ltdbytc ths rjyrhtnek ybf7 fhw vtibyjlf lf fhw it-
gbhc7 hjvtkcfw itdgbhlb7

vtibylt,f=
hjv fv]thfl vbc cf[tkcf lf
udfhc fh ufdf;qtht,8 cek vfkt tcfe,hf
cfpjufljt,fc dfxdtyt,s fv 
mfk,fnjybc fvjhfkeh cf[tc7 
hjujh xfblj ]b,tib hfvltyb-
vtvbkbjybfyb mjyt,f8 fh ufd- 
xthlt,bs lf rfyjybthfl dblf-
dt,s8 ]th]thj,bs ofhsvtekb fhfdbc

.jabkb gfhkfvtynfhb

gjkbnbrjcb7 tvbuhfynb



tmcgthnb

vothfkb
cfwehfj fepbc lf,heyt,f itd- thsb cfwjlfdb rf- c]thf 

’tkbs7 hfptw lbl vflkj,fc wbf7 hjvtkcfw db- 
de[lbs    qfwt,b hjujhw gjkbngf-
 lbl cfm- ite’kbfs7 bct 'b’- nbvhj,bc
vtc frtst,c ntmybrehb eybdth- uybfy8 bc bctsbdt lf fdflv-
cbntnbc fv;fvbyltkb htmnj- gfnbvfhbf7 hjuj- .jaj,bc=
hb  hbw .dtkf c[df7 ufvjcfdf-
   wb[t rb dthfdbcs- kb lfyf-
  dbc dth bmyt,f ,fb- ifekbc
 hfvj,f8 vjyfybt-
 Cfl b.j  @__%-@__^ okt,ib7 hj- ,ff7 se fhf lf bsfvfits fmwbj,fyf= vfh-  atyjvtyb vbifc hfc eij,bty lf hjv
2 cfl vlt,fhtj,lf bc cf- ltcfw xdty db,h’jlbs bvbc lfcfvnrbwt,kfl7 hjv sfkbf7 cektkehfl7 vfuhfv rb thsj,bs8 erdt rfhuf [fybf7 ufcwlf xfvtdblt7 vt hfqfc vbpfvty0
wehfj fepb7 hjvtkbw ntm-  vjrktc0= cfl b.j7 bnf- uf,hfplt,f yfwb lf bn.dbc7 hfc lfudwb- dsdkb7 hjv mfhsek gjkb-
ybrehvf eybdthcbntnvf lf- kbfib wbubs hjv frfnfdt,lf0= lbf[7 vfiby vbifc ybsj7 vt rb fh lfuwbybs7 smdty lfcwb-
gjkbnbrbc cathjc lf nbrfib dthfathb itdmvtyb7
b,heyf0 vfh]dtyf [tkb b.j lf [vfc fh bqt,lf8 ybs cfresfh sfdc8
htkbubbc cathj lfbrf- dthfathc vbdfqobt7 fvbnjv
2 pecnfl vtjht rjhgecbc df8 vfyl ufxtht,f efphj,f b.j8
erfy8 ubekb fkfcfybfv ntmyb- 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3FBGHTCB4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
6  


fv jhbjlt sdbc obyfs

cffrfidbkbc fldjrfnvf

hjvtkbw flht
cffrfidbkc cnhfc,ehubc
cfcfvfhskjib exbjlf7

ewyfehb hfv ufyfw[flf5
vtcfvt ghtpbltynsfy 


3dbdfvtlbc4 gfkfnfib

hjv itdtlb7 .dtkfathb

.fhlf7 tn.j,f7 ,fnjy


vb[tbkc ufyut, fh
edkbfy lf .ehflqt,fc
fh fmwtdtyj=

vfiby [fzfgehb’bc tc ufy-
w[flt,f cfpjufljt,bc f,cj-
kenehvf evhfdktcj,fv ghj-

djrfwbfl lf .ehbs vjshtek
fv,fl vbbxybf7 sevwf7 hjujhw
fqvjxylf7 sehvt7 fldjrfnb

fh wlt,jlf lf bv cfibytkb
lf sfdpfhlfvwtvb fv,bc it-
cf[t, sfdflfw fhfathb

eo.jlf7 hjvtkbw f[fkb
okbc lqtt,ib 
 yt[dbc ,bljybdbs
ufcrf lf mdt.ybtht,f of,bk-

of8
cfmvt bc uf[kfds7 hjv ij,f-
f[fkb okbc rdbhf’fkpt cjwb- hjujhw xfyc7 
fkeh mctkt,ib ufdhwtklf cojhtl fcts cbne-

 fwbfc ittcohj lf cffrfidbkbc
   atrfkbt,bc v’fahb ceyb fl-
 hjvtkbw7 hj- djrfnbc lfwmdtnbkvf ekdf-

ujhw xfyc7 cffrfidbkbc vjd- it,vf bctdt [fh,fl lf ehw[-
kf-gfnhjyj,fcf lf cbceasf- dfl vbbpblf7 hjujhw cffrfi-
dtptf gfce[bcvut,tkb8 mfk,f- dbkvf vbbpblf ths-thsb mfh-

njyvf cffrfidbkpt fctsb hfv sdtkb veknbvbkbjythbc mf-
lfothf5 kbidbkb7 hjvtkbw ]th uffe-
3bv ybdst,bc chjkf7 gfnbehf7 [jkj itvltu7 vuj-
hfw cfpjufljt,fv b[bkf7 yb7 vfvfvbcbw vbf.jkf7 hflufy
fhfathbf7 [fy sfs,bht,c bc firfhfl lfifynf;t,ekb
fnfht,c7 [fy bwdfvc lf fhfrfwb lqtvlt yfwctmnfc fab-
cfvbnt,pt ufidt,fc bs- yfyct,c lf cffrfidbkc flb-
[jdc7 vfuhfv .dtkfpt lt,c=
fenfytkb idbkj7 lfvb- fvfcobyfsfw dsmdb lf rbltd
]tht,s7 ]th gfnfhf ,fdi- ths[tk dbvtjht,5 cffrfidbkb7
dbdbs ufyphf[ cfojkib hjujhw cfvfhw[dbyj lf vj-
ifhlfdc7 itvltu cfresfh qfkfnt vsfdfhcfhlfkb7 hj-
atrfkbt,c fvhudfkt,c vtkvfw rjljhbcf lf mcybc
[tj,t,b n.dbbc ufchjkbc uf-
lf udtcdhbc7 rfkfs-
,ehsc dsfvfij,j= jhvf
htit xff,fhf7 [jkj xbx[bne-
vtllfv efhb ufyfw[flf fv 
hbc rjirb lf lfdbsufht]bc
vjycnhsfy itcdkfpt8 db- 
vbvlt,fht vbot,b bk/fv fkb-
wb7 hjv vcufdcb byajhvf-
tdc 3cjrfhbc4 obkbc cfyfwd-
wbbc ufv;qfdyt,f fh itb’-
kjl uflfekjwf7 pecnfl bv
kt,f7 vfuhfv xdtyw [jv flf-
cfc]tkc bvcf[eht,c7 hjujhw
vbfyt,b dfhs0 mfk,fnjy
vjyqjkt,b c]blyty mdt.ybc
vjqfkfntt,c= cfmdt.yjl
ybyjc efqhtc gfnbdc wyj,bkb afmnbf7 hjv xby-
hjv fh dwtvlt7 vtw ufy- ubp-[fyb vjqfkfntt,c rble-
w[flt,fc lfdothlb lf ht,bs js[b w[tybc 'efpt uf-
thsb oesbs fh dbveif- vjf,fvlf lf js[fl ufukt]-
dt,lb bm=4 lf888 f[kf7 fv dbsfht,fib7 hj-
vjrktl7 ybzbthvf cffrfi- wf xbyubp-[fybc tgjmf ofh-
dbkvf cgjhnbc f[fkb cf[tj,f cekc xf,fhlf7 cffrfidbkbcs-
2 +wtypehf dbc .dtkfpt eahj fltrdfne-
xdtybf8 htl8` ufvjbujyf= hb cfc]tkb yfwctmnbc #%-kf-
se cffrfidbkbc vjvdktkb

hbfyb pjylthufvfegfnbeht,-
tmsybc fv fqcfht,fc ifkdf [f- kbc stveh e,bhbfc cfrfyib
zfgehb’bc ufyw[flt,fc itde- itult,f bmyt,f7 hjvtkbw 
gbhbcgbht,s 2 vtcfvt ght-

    
pbltynbc gfkfnfib .dtkf-  cfvtu-
athb .fhcj= 2 firfhfl bv lfc- htkjc cfvfkfdt,ib vfvfrfwt,c
rdyfvlt vbdfks7 hjv [fzfge- cojhtl cffrfidbkbc ,h’fyt,bs

hb’t cffrfidbkc gfkfnfib7 fe,tleht,lf=
cfdfhfeljl7 bv lhjc tc- fb7 cojhtl bm7 vfvfsvfdkt-

nevhf7 hjwf mfhsekb ,bcf lf pjylthufvfegfnbe-
3ltvjrhfnbbc iemehfc4 sfht,kt,bc ,eyfuib eylf it-
dbcb atrfkbt,b f[fkb fuey- fuljy cffrfidbkb lf ghtpth-
dfnbdbfyb [tkrtnt,bsf lf

lfdt,ekb7 vjvhudfkt,ekb
lf yfchjkb /mjylf lf cfwj- wjw[t,bs pecnfl bct fofvjy7
lfdvf tmsyt,vf lf cfybnht,- hjujhw vfy fofvf lf vjbytkf
vf jsf[t,bc rfhufl ufybfdt- w[jyt,ekb cthuj stshf’t8
,f dth vjfcohtc= vthoveyts7 fv wjldbc yf.j-
abcf lf itikbkbc cfryblfy

fhfdbsfhb ghjntcnbc [vf fh
ufvjdf7 hflufy fmjst,ekb
stveh e,bhbf lf f.hjkt,e-
bkbfv cfvb xdty rb fhf7



gjtnb

v[fndfhb
vothfkb
ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc
otdhb

kb cffrfidbkb thsvfytsc
cfey]t lfudb- tdhjrfdib- fewbkt,kfl ufeut,ty=
hfw itt[t,f 
njdf 2 vfve- hbc gjkbnb-  vbptpsf lf vbptpsf uf-
kb7 tyf7 cfho- rehb tkbnf vj lqtvlt sfdc dbrfdt,lb7 fv
veyjt,f7 cff- ijhlt,f td- rfwpt hfvt vtsmdf7 vfuhfv hfl-
rfidbkb cfvbdtc hjgfc8 serb ufy vfy .dtkfath ovbylfc vbf-
cf]fhjl uftvb]- tdhjgfhkf- aehs[f lf aekbc uekbcs-
vtynbc dbwt- dbc cfvij,kjc vjqfkfntc it-
yf8 udf[cjdc7 trhf7 [fzfgehb’bc ufcfujyfl
cfhoveyjt,fc- ghtpbltynb ]th]thj,bs v[jkjl fvfc
sfy vbcb ufvb]dybc rflht,b7 vfvekbc7 cf- rfnfhbc itb- dbn.db 2 ifkdf7 se cffrfi-
thsb yfndhf vfmdc5
[bcfufy bqt,lf aekbs cfdct njvht,c7 hf
cfyfv tc jgjpbwbf gfhkf-
mfhsdtkjc vjmfkfmtj,f at[mdti ufstkf7 vtynblfy fh ufvjdf7 yt,bcvb- dbkb sfdbcb atrfkbt,bs rf-
hjltcfw vfcpt efhb smdf8 cfcfvfhskj- ufhfynbff7 hjv gfnbdwtvekb  mfhsdtkt,vf thsvfyt-
th fmnbdj,fc afcb trfhut,f8
kfs,ehsc sfvfij,c7 ity fv
pt mfhsek tyfc uftvb]yf lf sfh]bvfyb  lf vbcb vcufdcb 3tdhjltvjrhfnbbc sbc cb.dfhekb bcofd-
[fk[c fh c]thf jgjpbwbbc8
atrfkbt,c rfb [fybf7 vbbhs-
lfczbhlf8 ,eh]t,b4 yfwvj’hfj,bc 3itb[t,bcfufy4 fh kjy= vtd lf sfyfw lblb ybx,bs=

bqt,ty mhsfvc0
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 
 
7


 vfbyw sfdbceafkb eylf d.j-


abkb.fdb bv itvs[dtdfibw rb7
seylfw vfhskfw xfvtlbyjc7

 hfw cffrfidbkbc ht;bvvf lf-
lfcfdktsbc mdt.yt,bc gj- vf,hfkf888 sevwf7 fvybcnbf fh
kbnbrehvf ptojkfv itltub itvf[tc7 cfc]tkbc ufyf[tdht,bc
ufvjbqj lf !_-okbfyb gfnbv- yfwdkfl v[jkjl vtjs[tlb xf-
hj,bc itvltu ufdsfdbceak- vjvfrktc bv vjnbdbs7 hjv ob-

lbs8 @__$ okbc ) st,thdfkc yf gfnbvhj,f yfcfvfhsktj,f-
eptyftcb cfcfvfhskjc lblvf ib xfvbsdfktc8 
gfkfnfv vjcfvfhskt   
 sfdv]ljvfhtj,bs   
htf,bkbnbht,ekfl vfqbfhf7
cf[tkvobajv erfyjyj gfnbv-

hj,bc ufvj rjvgtycfwbf @_

fsfcb kfhb uflfvb[flf7 hb-
   
sbw7 hjujhw vfiby xfbsdfkf7

othnbkb lftcdf !))% okbc
  
vt vfc  itdfhmdb7
^ vfhnbc lfyfifekt,hbd lf
 
hflufy pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc rfyjybthb cfvfhw[dbyj ufyfxtyc8
  
[tkbceakt,bc lfv[j,bc itvltu lqtvlt .dtkf 
fv;fvbyltk vvfhsdtk gfh-
2 vfuhfv bhfrkb888 fv]thfl
[tkbceakt,bc gfnbvfhbf7 hjvtkbw
nbfc7 hjvtkvfw eqfkfnf [fk-
cek c[df ,hfklt,bs b[lbs
cfc]tkc8 hf iefibf fv cfmvtc-
cfmfhsdtkjc !))@ okblfy /.jkbf8 wb[tib
sfy obyf ,hfklt,f0 [bc obyfit vbwtvek cfvfhs-
itdblyty lf ufvjdblyty cffrfidbkbc cbc[kbfyb 2 lbf[7 @__) otkc cffrfi- kbfyj,bc fqlutybc lfgbht,fc7
ht;bvbc vcf[ehb ]fkfst,b lf vrdktkt,b7 sdbs dbkbc ht;bvvf @ flfvbfybc ehxtdybf7 wb[tib lfvnjdjc7
cffrfidbkbc ufsfdbceakt,fpt vbvlbyfhtj,c vrdktkj,bc vwltkj,bc wb- dblht xtv vbvfhs tybs feot-
kbcvofvt,kehb ,hfklt,f of- htk ecfvfhskj,fc yfstkb
gjktvbrf7 fv rfwbcsdbc rb wb[bc hrbybc v’bvt
vb.tyf lf    vj/abyjc= itltufl hf ufvj-
rfhb fhf lf fh bqt,f=  vjvbcf]f= fh itdelut,b lbc0   
vc]tkj,fc f[fkb ,hfklt,bc
f[kf[fy wb[blfy

f,cehlekj,fpt7 efvhfdb uf- 
 htvjt,bs vnrbwlt,f xtvb elf-    
 yfifekj,f8 xfbkehbc o.fkb 
lfkbf lfgbht,t,vf7 hjv ht;b-
lfvbhtrf lf vs[jdf7 vbc vbth erfyjyjl ufcfvfhs-

mfhsdtkb
  
kt,ekb gfnbvht,bc cfmvtt,c  se
cfpjufljt,bcsdbc vbcb uflfcby]fdlyty 2   pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc f[kfylt-
cfij,fj vbkjwdf     kb [tkbceakt,fw ,fylbnfl
uflfvtwf8 2 3vbylf7 ij,f sdkbc7 fqfhfathb vtsmvbc 2
 
vbdekjwj mfhsdtk
   sfyf[vf dfh7 vstkb w[jdht,f
 tctw hjv
wb[tib ufdfnfhj7 .dtkf c[df
cfpjufljt,fc lf fhfahfl xfdfuljs7 xtvsdbc
itvs[dtdfib7 dfklt,ekt,b
itdf[ctyj7 hjv xtv vjc]bkb cfc]tkbc #_-okbfyb
dflf cf[tkvobajib ufvjcekb fhbfy7 lfe.jdyt,kbd ufvbqjy
vbvfhs cfvfhskbfyj,bc fvybcnbt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt- wb[bc rfhb=
lfhqdtdfv .dtkf fmfvlt ,bs7 @ okbc oby fvjboehf lf tcfe,hf
fhct,ek pqdfhc yt,bcvbthb ufsdkbs7 vt lqtc 
uflffzfh,f8 erdt @$ otkb yftcvf cfcfvfhskjv !))%
itcheklf7 hfw okbc ^ vfhnc vt lf 
gjkbngfnbvfhb dfh7  cfc]tkbc evfqkt-
vfuhfv ve[kt,pt xtvc cb pjvf 2 lf[dhtnf itudbafh-
lf7 hbsbw fqfchekf itdfhl-
lf.tyt,fc vfbyw dth yf’bc vbsbst,f8 fv ufyfxtyc vf-
tqbhct,bfy=4 2 iby vcjakbjc f,cjkenehfl
fv cbn.dt,bs lfbo.j .dtkf fdnjhbntnekb flfvb-
xtvsfy cfe,fhb fybc eakt,flfvwdtkb jhuf-
ybpfwbt,bc v[hblfy lblb uf-
 vj[vfeht,f vj/.df8 ufthjc flf-
 vbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdbc rj-
2 !))@ okblfy lqtvlt cf- vbntnib xdtyb cfmvbc ltnfke-
mfhsdtkjc fhwths cfcfvfh- hb itcofdkbc itvltu vj[lf xt-
skjib fh vjbgjdt,f fhwth- vb7 
sb ufvfvn.eyt,tkb ufyfxtyb   
fhwthsb gbhbc vbvfhs bfhf-    
qbc 'fkbs rfyjybthb [tkb-  gjkbnbreh gfnbvht,fl
ceakt,bc lfv[j,bc ,hfklt- fqbfht,f7 hfcfw lftsfy[vf fvt-
,bs8 vt rb lqtc cfc]tkc db[lb hbrekb 3/tkcbyrb djnxb74

!))@ otkc cfv[tlhj cf,zjc ,hbnfyekb 3fvybcnb bynth-
ghjrehfnehbc vbth ofhvjl- ytbitkb74 uthvfyekb 3fb ]b ta
tvb4 lf f[fkb ptkfylbbc fl-

utybkb ,hfklt,t,bc sfyf-
[vfl7 hjvtkbw bo.t,f cbn.- djrfnsf fcjwbfwbf8 itdfhlyf-
dt,bs5 3!))@ okbc ^ bfydfhc ’bc [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs xdt-

yb ufsfdbceakt,bc vjs[jd-
ybs evrfwhtcb ufyw[flt,t,b
ufvcf[ehlbfv lfrfhuf hf [t-
ufrtslf cfthsfijhbcj fhtyf-
kbceakt,f7 ufbmwf xtxyts-
pt8
ib7 cflfw xfvjf.fkb,f ,fy-

lbnehb7 nthjhbcnekb lf
lbdthcbekb ]ueat,b4 +b[b-

kts !))% okbc ^ vfhnbc ept- 
yftcb cfcfvfhskjc ufyfxtyb`7

 
hfw bvfc ybiyfdlf7 hjv pdb-

fl ufvcf[ehlbf cfmfhsdt-
kjc ghtpbltynb rb fhf7 lf- 

yfifekt,hbdb ]ueat,bc


jhufybpfnjhb lf vtsfehb
b.j8 cfmvtpt 3pdbfl ufvcf[eh-
lbfcf lf c[dfsf vbvfhs4 ept- 

fhmbdblfy




tmcgthnb

3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb


.jabkb cf[tkvobaj
vbybcnhb


;ehyfkbcnb
3vsfdfhb fh[bc4
wb[tib
tmcgthnb
nfy]ekb fy fvjbqts7 hfc

cfe,hj,lyty
ufhlfwd- 
kbkb tmc-  
ghtpblty-  
nb yfwbjyf-  

kt,cfw
fo.j,s8 cf-

 lf coj-
frfidbkb htl tc ufei-
lf vbcb ufhtvjwdf fvfc rfhufl vb[dl- dfy 3cbtytypt48 tc flfvbfyt,b @_!@ otkc b.d- hbufib dbltmb vbifc fmwb- vfhsfkbf7 [tkbceakt,bc lqtdfyltkb [tkbcea-
yty [tkbceakt,fib lf cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[- fpt8 jhb mfhsdtkb7 ! xt[b htbnbyub lfwtvekbf7 vfuhfv kt,f 3ofhvfnt,ekbf4
yty lf uflfhxtyfc wlbkj,ty8 [tkb- ktj,fc ,jlbic de[lb7 hjv rj/f,bnfwbbc vjv- htfkj,f bc fhbc7 hjv jgj-
ceakt,f vbc ufidt,fc se uflfo.dtnc7 [ht b.dyty lf cojhtl vfs epheydtk.dtc7 lf @_-@% kfndbtkb lf er- pbwbbc htbnbyubw 'fkbfy bvbs7 hjv vbcb vsfdfhb
tc @_@$ okbc fhxtdyt,bc itvltu bmyt- hjv cfvfhskbfyj,f fh lfvlufhb.j8 hfbytkb8 'fkbfy nt[fdc= lf,fkbf8 vtnjmt yfwbjyfkehb
,f8 vj’hfj,ff8
3HTPJYFYCB4 3FKBF4 3FBGHTCB4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
8  






cfpjufljt,fib rdkfd hxt,f ahbfl fmnefkehb rbs[df 2 hf
vj[lt,f cffrfidbkbc cfcfvfhskj ghjwtcbc lfchekt,bc itvltu0
lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 cfcfvfhskj fh uflffdflt,c vc]fdhlt,ekb
cffrfidbkbc cfc]tkbc fqchekt,fc lf fh vbbqt,c uflfo.dtnbkt,fc
vbc cfpqdfhufhts 3cfvrehyfkjl4 ufupfdybc itcf[t,7 [jkj7 se
cfcfvfhskjv cfgbhbcgbhj uflfo.dbnf7 tc mfhsekb
vfhskvcf]ekt,bc chekb rhf[b lf mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc abfcrj
bmyt,f8 fhflf7 sfdfl cffrfidbkbw vb[dlf7 hjv sfdbcb

cbvekfwbt,bs mfhsdtk [fk[c uekb dth fexe.f lf uflfo.dbnf7
erhfbybcfsdbc sfdlflt,ekb uvbhbc vfynbf vjbc[fc8
3Erhfbycrfz Ghfdlf4-c
itrbs[dfpt 2 3erhfbyblfy
cfmfhsdtkjib hjv fh ofce-

kb.fdbs lf @_@@ okbc st-
,thdfkib rbtdib itzhfc itc-
oht,jlbs7 hfc vjbvjmvtlt,-
lbs04 2 cffrfidbkb gfce[j,c5
3vt dbmyt,jlb ghtpb- edyt,tkb7 lfcfdktsbc vzb-
ltyn ptktycrbc udth- lib eylf b.jc cfmfhsdtkjc-
lbs7 hjvtkcfw xthxb- sdbc cfrjynhjkj n.dbbc
kbc itvlujv gthbjlib lfcf[ktkfl7 hflufyfw lf-
.dtkfpt ufvjxtybk cf- cfdktsvf7 sfdbcb ezrej,b-
[tkvobaj vjqdfotl sf lf ghjdjrfwbt,bs7 itcf’-
dsdkb8  lf  kjf7 cfmfhsdtkj vfkt lf-
 vfcsfy f[kjcfw dth
’jkb7 hjvtkbw v.bcbthfl vfmdc ghtntypbf cfmfhsdt-  ufcdkfpt v[jkjl jwyt,f it- rfhujc8
vbdkty8 fvfdlhjekfl7
lfbdbo.t,c lfmbhfdt,ekb kjc [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdt-   bvfcfw dby t’kj= @_@@ okbc vboehekc
dbvjupfeht,lb vstk
fvthbrtkb tmcgthnt,bc vb- ib vjcdkbc7 fvbthblfy v[j- ufvjhbw[fdc7 hjv cfkjvt pe- lqtc lfcfdktsb 'fkbfy  dbltjrjy-
vcjakbjib7 ufvjdb.t-
kjl erhfbyf vfbyntht- hf,bidbkb cffrfidbkc itbo.f- lfbynthtct,ekbf cffrfidb- athtywbbc ht;bvib it[dlf xb-
ytsbc cf[fk[j htcge,kbrbc
th lfcvek jwlffs 3cfibytk
ct,c=48 fv cbn.dt,bs cffrfidb- kt,c7 se vfyfvlt cffrfidbkc
yt,lb xtvc vhfdfkhbw[j- kbc ecohfatcfl ito.fkt-
sfdv]ljvfht   cf-
lbfuyjpc4 lf vbcsdbc xdte-
kb lfcfdktscf lf ptktyc- cfcfvfhskj fh uffsfdbcea-
dfy rfdibht,c erhfbybc ,bs7 hflufy cfmfhsdtkjc [t-
lfw ufyfw[flf5
kb ub;ehb tythubbs bmhj-
kt,c8 c[dfudfhfl7 gfhb;fyrfc
v[fhlfzthbc vj,bkbpt-
,bcsdbc888 vt sdbsjy du- kt,c 2 [fy ahjynpt7 [fyfw rbcfw fut,byt,c5 3fkj= vt7 er- kbceakt,fv 2 cfcfvfhs-
2 tdhjgfcf lf fii-ib8 hfbybc vjmfkfmt lf erhfb- cfahfyutsib xfmjkfdty7 hj- kjv7 gfhkfvtynvf7 vsfdhj- 3xdty thsyfbhb it[t-
h’yj, sfdc fcghjwtynb-
gjkbnbrehb fdfynbe- ybc ghtpbltynbc jabwbf- wf bc7 obyfght,bc vcufdcfl7 ,fv7 vvfhsdtkvf gfhnbfv 2 lekt,t,b udfmdc ukj,f-
fy erhfbytkfl lf fvbs
hbcnb cffrfidbkb lqtc ,ho- ufe’kj vfspt erhfbybc [t- kehb utjgjkbnbrehb
fct fhfclhjc vbfvf.bf=48 kehb vhxtdtkb7 erfyjyjl b’ekt,ekb uf[lt,f7 cfmfh-
.bydfkt ajhvfibf7 fv yf[tdhfl
kfylifanbc vbvlbyfht
yfstkb [lt,f7 hjv dbubylf- dbv.jat,b mfhsek n.dtj- sdtkjlfy ufbmwtc= kv’qdfytkj,bc lf lfcfdkt-
mfhsdtkbcf lf yf[tdhfl cjvt- bcbw afmnbf7 hjv cffrfidb-
nhfycajhvfwbbc vbpt-
hf cffrfidbkb vzblhjl frfd- ,fib= e,h’fyts bdfybidbkcf sbc eghtwtltynj ptojkfc
[bc f,cehlek cbn.dt,cfw rb
pt,pt7 vbvlbyfhtj,fcf
ibht,c cfresfh sfdc erhfb- lf qfhb,fidbkc 2 cfcohf- kbc ito.fkt,bs f,cjkene- 2 efhb ufyfw[flf cffrfidb-
2 3sfdc duh’yj, fcghjwty-
lf kjubrfpt7 lfcfdkt-
yek stvfcsfy7 hfsf rjktmnb- ajl ufvfsfdbceakjy7 e,- hfl .dtkf gjpbwbfpt ithw[- kbc cfc]tkbc uflfdflt,fpt
sbc eghtwtltynj ptoj-
ehvf lfcfdktsvf 3genbybc nbfy erhfbytkfl4 2 ptfvj- h’fyts pehf,bidbkc 2 cfc- dtybkb   lf cfmfhsdtkjib hectsbc
kbcf lf ghjdjrfwbt,bc
wfyf fmdc 2 fvbs cffrfidbkb ohfajl itvbo.fkjc=48 cbyfv-  mfhsdtkb vtyitdb-
obyffqvltu vtjht ahjynbc
vnhbc lf hectsbc obyffqv-
 lf  uf[cyfpt8 cffrfidbkbc ufhlf gbhj,t,ib7 dbwfds xdtyc
ltu ptktycrbpt fhfyfrkt,b ldbktib rb7  rt,bc 2 hectsbc 'dtkbc’dt- rb c[df kblthb7 hjvtkcfw it- ghbywbgek gjpbwbt,c
 vbvfhsfdc5 fmfjlf7 3vt kb vnht,bc ifhfdfyltlc itb-
vt,h’jkbc mfhsekb n.dt-   e’kbf fv fvjwfybc itchekt- lf dbwfds fhfv[jkjl
j,blfy4 ufsfdbceakt,bc cf- dfh erhfbybc vjmfkfmt7 er-    ’tyc7 hfw lfcfdktsbc sdfk- ,f lf hflbrfkehb jgjpbwb- cfresfh7 fhfvtl .dtkfc
rbs[b erhfbybcsdbc itbfhf- hfbytkb7 ufvbidbs erhfbyf-  ib cfertstcj gbfhbf= .jabk bc ufthsbfyt,f7 cfmfhsdtkj- bynthtct,c7 dbyw v[fhc
qt,bc vbojlt,bc njkafc ib7 cfmfhsdtkjib fqfhfcj-    ahfyu rkthr cfkjvtc genb- ib fh fhct,j,c8 fvbnjv cff- ezthc ztivfhbnfl lt-
qjybc'bt,fl xfsdfkjc8 ltc lfd,heylt,b7 erdt fqfh  ybc vnhbc gbfhbs gtycbfpt vjrhfnbek vcjakbj
fvfcsfy cf[tptf cffrfidbkbc
rfidbkb7 sfdbceafkb lf

otchbuc lf mdt.yt,bc
dekufhekb gbhathj,fw7 hf- eakt,fc7 sfdbceakfl
sf ptktycrbv ufyfuh’jc ptoj- ufycfpqdhjy cfresfhb
kf jabwbfkeh s,bkbccf lf

,tlb48
rjktmnbeh lfcfdktspt cff- /jlf7 bv mdt.yt,c ijhbc7
rfidbkbc erhfbyfib ufupfdybc hjvkt,cfw bwfdty hectsb lf

vjs[jdybs7 fye lfcfdktsc xbytsb7 3hjvkt,bw v[fhc
eylf tcvjltc7 hjv cffrfidb- ezthty ztivfhbnfl ltvjr-
kbc cf[bs ptktycrbc t.jkt- hfnbek vcjakbj otchbuc
,f afclfelt,tkb sfyfvt,h- lf mdt.yt,bc eakt,fc7 sf-
dbceakfl ufycfpqdhjy cf-

resfhb ,tlb47 cfdct,bs it-
cf’kt,tkbf7 fqvjxyltc cfmfh-
sdtkjw8 tc rb fii-csdbc ybi-
tmcgthnb cfthsfijhbcj
cfrbs[t,ib
yfdc cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc htubj-

fyfkbnbrjcb
3mfhsekb





lfcfd-

3ktkjc4 kblthb
fyfkbnbrjcb
ktsc [tk- jwyt,bc4 ybc chek lf ifdb pqdbc ht-

ib ezbhfdc htbnbyub ubjybc yfobkj,hbd lfrfhu-
sjrb7 hjv- dfc7 cflfw lqtc fii lf yfnj
kbsfw ey-
fh bvfnt- bctlfw 3wfk at[pt lufyfy48
lf vbeidt,c ,c7 vfuhfv 
lf eylf vj- vfs vfbyw 
mfxfdc erhf- erfdbfs 
byfc8 
]th v.fhb gj- 
rfylblfnbc cnfnecpt udbs[htc efhb7 pbwbt,b7 jgjpbwbbc htbnbyub rb rf- xdty de.eht,s hsekb otkb bmyt,f8  
nfcnhjaekfl brkt,c8 3jwyt,f4 ite’kt,tkbf7 cfvjmf- 
itvltu rb ufyfw[fltc7 tdhjgf s,bkb-
cfvlt eylf ufafhsjdltcj8 hjujh uf-

xdtyb mdt.ybc vjvfd-
afhsjdlt,f tdhjgf s,bkbcfvlt7 se cnf- efhc fh bn.dbc tdhjgfib byntuhf-

kfmj lfgbhbcgbht,f
necc fh vjudwtvty0 wbfpt7 fvfib lfhoveyt,ekb dfh8 kbc xfvj[hxj,fc=
vfkt lfchekltc8
ubabmhbfs fvfpt cthbjpe-
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 kfl0=
 
9


gfhnbf 3tdhjgtkb

cjwbfkbcnt,bc4
kblthb7 cfmfhsdtkjc
gfhkfvtynbc otdhb
 

fv tmdcb sdbc obyfs
cfkjvt pehf,bidbksfy
ufvfhsekb crfylfkehb

cfe,hbc ltnfkt,c
f[vfeht,c lf fw[flt,c7

hjv7 se ghtpbltynb
cffrfidbkbc ito.fkt,fc
uf,tlfdc7 itcf'kjf7

vbcb bvgbxvtynbc
ghjwtcb lfbo.jc5
2 bv ajypt7 hjwf cfkjvt
pehf,bidbkbc vbth cffrfidb-
kbc itcf’kj ito.fkt,bc cf-
rbs[b fmnefkehb uf[lf7 xdtyc
gfhnbfib 2 3tdhjgtk cjwbf-
kbcnt,ib4 ghtpbltynbc bv-
gbxvtynbc bltf ufxylf= vbudfx-
ybf7 hjv7 se cfkjvt pehf,bi-
dbkb uf,tlfdc lf itbo.fkt,c
lfvyfifdtc7 hjvtkvfw mdt.fyfc
efvhfdb ,jhjnt,f vjenfyf lf
,tdhb flfvbfyb uffe,tlehf7 vf- ,bidbkb cffrfidbkc n.ebkfl
iby lfec]tkb fh eylf lfhxtc
lf vbcb bvgbxvtynbc ghjwt-
3cfkjvt 
2 ,fnjyj ahbljy7 ufvjw- fh itbo.fkt,c=
lbkb rfwb [fhs lf hjujh 2 hfc uekbc[vj,s0
lehf lfbo.jc= 2 vcjakbj vfcinf,bs j]f-
2 ,fnjyj ahbljy7 se cf- pehf,bidbkb abmhj,s7 cfkjvt pehf,bi-
dbkb fhbc cffrfidbkbc itv- [bcf lf kj,bcnehb rjvgfybt-
kjvt pehf,bidbkvf cffrfi- o.fkt,tkb0 ,bc vbth cffrfidbkbc lfcf[c-
dbkb vfhskfw itbo.fkf7 vt- cffrfidbkc 2 ghj,ktvf bc fhbc7 hjv ytkfl bvltyb aekbf vj,bkb-
ht vbc bvgbxvtync hfqf fphb cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc mvtlt- pt,ekb7 dth ofhvjblutys= fv
tmyt,f0
n.ebkfl fh ,t,b fltrdfnehb fhw f[kff lf tmdcb sdbc obyfs vbdbqt by-
2 lfvthoveyts7 fvfc sey- fhw fhfcjltc .jabkf8 ghtpb- ajhvfwbf7 hjv7 
lfw ovbylf vjhfkehb sdfk- ltynb cfmfhsdtkjc byntht-
cfphbcbs tmyt,f fphb7 fvfcsfy
thsfl7 fv stvfpt rjyceknf-
itbo.fkt,c=4 ct,blfy ufvjvlbyfht fhfcj-
 

  itmv-
ltc vjmvtlt,lf lf .dtkf vbcb
wbf ufdbfhts behbcnt,sfy7 yf,b]b7 vfs ijhbc7 cffrfidbk- ybkb vlujvfhtj,blfy ufvjv-
hjvkt,vfw udbs[htc7 hjv fh- sfy ltvfhibs lfgbhbcgbht- lbyfht7 fh ufvjdhbw[fd7 hjv
ct,j,c 'fkbfy lblb fk,fsj- ,f7 yfrfhyf[tdb b.j fhf cfmfh- sfy[bc jltyj,f ufpfhltc rb-
,f7 cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc bv- sdtkjc7 fhfvtl gbhflb bynt- ltw= tc byajhvfwbf vfibydt vb-

gbxvtynb xfdfhltc= htct,bs8 fvltyfl7 tc mfkb hfc dfojlt cfkjvt pehf,bidbkc7
2 hfnjv0 bpfvc7 qvthsvf eo.bc= thsb hjwf xdtyb gfhnbbc fmnbdc it[-
2 bvgbxvtynbc ghjwtlehbc hfv w[flbf 2 cfkjvt pehf- dlf8

lfo.t,fc czbhlt,f %_ ltgenf- 2 tc byajhvfwbf cfkjvt
nbc [vf7 hbc itvltufw cfmvt vb- pehf,bidbkc hjujhb hf-
lbc cfrjycnbnewbj cfcfvfh- rehcbs vbfojlts 2

skjib7 hjvtkvfw ghtpblty- 3ghtpbltynj7 dbwb7 hjv cf-
nbc cfmvbfyj,fib fewbkt,- frfidbkbc ufcfsfdbceakt,-
kfl eylf bgjdjc cbc[kbc cf- kfl @__ vbkbjyb ljkfhbf
vfhskbc lfyfifekbc ybiyt-

ufvj.jabkb lf qvthsb fh uf-
,b bvgbxvtynbc ghjwtcbc db- ubo.hts lf fv aekpt [tkb
pbht,bcsdbc8 se tc ,fhbtht- fh ofuwlts-smj04
,b lf’ktekb bmyt,f7 fvbc itv- 2 lbf[7 cojhtl vfu rjyntm-

ltu ghjwtcb bctd uflfbyf- cnib vbdfojlt tc byajhvfwbf8
wdkt,c gfhkfvtynib7 cflfw eylf ubs[fhs7 hjv mfk,fnj-
ghtpbltynbc dflfpt flht ufyb cfkjvt fv .dtkfathc 'fkb-

lfcf.tyt,kfl !__ [vf bmyt,f fy wbdfl it[dlf lf xtvb yfsm-
cfzbhj8 hjujhw udbs[htc7 dfvb lblfl fh vjtojyf=
ghtpbltynbc gjcnpt .jaybc

2 hf ubgfce[fs0
lhjc cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc 2 fhfathb esmdfvc lf kf-
cfmvbfyj,fib cbc[kbc cfvfhs- gfhfrb c[df stvfpt uflfbnfyf=
kbc lfyfifekbc ybiyt,bc gjd-

2 smdty ptvjs @__ vbkb-
yf uf’ytklt,f7 sevwf7  jyb ljkfhb f[ctyts7 dbcbf
   tc sfy[f0
 2 tc cffrfidbkbc j]f[bc vb-

   th lfotct,ekb ]bkljf7 bubdt
 cffrfidbkbc aekb= .jabk
    ghtpbltync vbkbfhlt,b fmdc
   ufnfybkb cfmfhsdtkjlfy lf
    wb[blfy ufvjcdkfib @__ vb-
   kbjy ljkfhc yfvldbkfl uf-
 dfyf fv rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdf- fvjvhxtdtkb 3mfhsek jwyt- lfb[lbc=
 ib 'fkbfy hsekb xfyc8  ,fc4 fh /.fdc7 vfuhfv yfwt,bc 2 smdty bct kfgfhfrj,s7
    [tkbceakt,fib vjnhbfkt,f vujyb7 lfhoveyt,ekb [fhs7
2 se cfkjvt pehf,bidb-    mfhsdtk [fk[c bvltyfl fh hjv cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb
kbc bvgbxvtynbc ghjwtle- cffrfidbkbc ito.f- cehlf7 hjv cfkjvt pehf,bi- cffrfidbkc itbo.fkt,c=
hf lfbo.t,f7 bc cffrfidbkc kt,f fh uf,tljs lf .jdtk dbkc bv flfvbfyt,vfw rb lfe- 2 vt ths hfvtc dbn.db lf
dtqfh itbo.fkt,c0 cbn.dfcf lf vjmvtlt,fc fphb zbhtc v[fhb7 hjvkt,cfw fh itdwlt,b 2 
2 dth itbo.fkt,c7 tc ofh- lffnfyts= 3mfhsekb jwyt,bcsdbc4 [vf 
vjelutytkb bmyt,f= vfuhfv7 vtjht nehib cfkjvt pehf- fhfcjltc vbewbfs8 
hjujhw ubs[fhbs7 bvgbxvty- ,bidbkc [vf vbcwf ! vbkbjy    tcfe,hf
nbc ghjwtcbc cbchektib vj.- !__ fsfc rfwpt vtnvf8 fvltyb    

serb dbyvt






gfhkfvtynfhb
gjkbnjkjub
yfwvj’hfj,bc sfdv]ljvfhtj,bc
ths-thsb rfylblfnb
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
gfhkfvtynfhb
otdhb

lqtc itmc- 
gbhbctekb eylf vjb[f-
lbktvbc ljc cfc]tkb7
obyfit lufc vfc ev’bvtc
2 tc coj- lfyfifekt,-
ib vbe’qdbc
htl cfkjvt
,hfkb8 hjwf
pehf,bidb-
db[ctyt,
kbf8 3.ja- uklfybc cfgfnbvhjc7 gfnbvht,bc xdtyt,t,c7   erhfbyf-hectsc ijhbc cf-  
yf-fh.jayf4 2 itdbo.fkj-fh itdbo.f- hjujh fofvt,lyty7 fegfnbeht,lyty lf [j-  xdtyb rjynfmnb v[jkjl frfidbkbc n.dtl ufwdkbc vbkbjypt vtnvf flfvbfyvf v[f-
kj0= vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf cfkjvt pehf- wfdlyty vfs7 fvfcsfy f[kjcfw vjcfnfyb fh cf]fhj ufyw[flt,t,bs itvjb- bltf eahj ghfuvfnekbf7 hb bvbnjv lfezbhf7 hjv fh
,bidbkb bcnjhbekb he,brjybc obyfit lf- afhukt,f7 vfcpt ptojkf7 dblht bvbc vjkjlbyb7 itbo.f- vjcekb.j bctsb ghtpbltynb7
fhbc bc gbhj,t,b7 hf gbhj,t,ibw f[kf 
kt,c se fhf ghtpbltynb8 hjvtkbw lf
f.tyf8  bv.jat,f8
,ekbyub se ufy[jhwbtk-
lt,f7 gbhflfl vt cf]fhjl lf- c[df rfwbzfvbt,c itbo.fkt,-
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 dbwfd8 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3TV GBHDTKB4 lf8 3GBHDTKB FH[B4
3BVTLBYBECB4
10  


 
cfvfhskbc ljmnjhb
lf becnbwbbc

uflfvlufhb
cf[tkvobaj vhxtdtkb7
ghjatcjhb
 

cffrfidbkbc
ito.fkt,f-
fhito.fkt,bc ufhitvj

fnt[bk f;bjnf;c
t[vfeht,f lf bv
behblbekb
[dhtkt,bc itcf[t,

vjudbs[hj,c7 hjvtkbw
fv cfmvtib fhct,j,c5
2 rfyjybc sfyf[vfl7 cfc-
]tkbc uflfdflt,bc cfae’dt-

kb itcf’kjf7 uf[ltc tcf se
bc v’bvt fdflv.jaj,f7
hjvtksf xfvjyfsdfkb vrfw-
hfl fhbc ufycfpqdhekb8 cfc-
]tkbc uflfdflt,f [lt,f gf-
nbvhbc chek ufvj]fyvhst-
kt,fvlt fylf ]fyvhstkj,bc
vlujvfhtj,bc fhct,bsfl uf-


ev]j,tct,fvlt8    
   

2 dby eylf ufycfpqdhjc7
 uthvfyekb lf

hjv gfnbvhbc ]fyvhstkj-
idtbwfhbekb rfyjyvlt,kj-


,f 'fkbfy fhbc ith.tekb
,bs pehf,bidbkb cffrfidbkc

lf necfqb tmdtvlt,fht,f
cfc]tkbc uflfdflt,fc0 dth itbo.fkt,c=
 
2 tc eylf ufycfpqdhjc cf-

2 hfnjv0
cfvfhskj-cfvtlbwbyj tmc- 2 uthvfybfcf lf idtbwfhb-


gthnbpfv= fib fctf 2 
2 bv itvs[dtdfib7 hjwf7 


ew[jeh uhfynt,pt uf.b-    

lekb 3tvgfsbf4 lf cffrfi-

   
  lbf[7 fcts

dbkbc vbth lfmbhfdt,ekb
3tmcgthnt,b4 fvnrbwt,ty 2 itvs[dtdfib cfkjvt pehf,bi-
 
cffrfidbkb rdlt,fj7 [jkj  dbkb cffrfidbkc dth itbo.f-
 kt,lf7 vfuhfv f[kf7 hjwf
jabwbfkehb cf[tkvobaj

eo.t,f7 fv itvs[dtdfib cf- vc]fdhlt,ek cffrfidbkc lf-
yfhxty tgbpjlt,pt gfnbvhj-
cfvfhskj-cfvtlbwbyj tmc- 2 cffrfidbkc cfylhj ubh-
 
,f itafhlt,ekb fhf fmdc7 ght-
gthnbpf7 vcufdc 3lfcrdyfc4 udkbfybc vrdktkj,bc7 dfkt-
pbltynbc vbth vbcb ito.fkt-
fh bpbfht,c7 cfcfvfhskjv hb utkfidbkbc wtvbcf lf
 
,f fhfdbsfh ghj,ktvfc fh
dbc eylf lfe]thjc0
2 cfcfvfhskjv7 hf smvf
ofhvjflutyc=
 
eylf7 cojht,f eylf fbqjc
cf[tkvobaj bycnbnewbbc7 2 se cfkjvt pehf,bi-
fv itvs[dtdfib cfcfvfhskj- dbkvf cffrfidbkb itbo.fkf7
cfvtlbwbyj tmcgthnbpbc vb- cf[tkvobajc hfvt ,thrtnb
th ufvjnfybk lfcrdyfpt= idblb yjtv,hbc cfmvtpt uf- j,c7 fvbc ufvj cfkjvt pehf- hxt,f vbc gfnbvhj,fib lf-
yfxtyb erdt ufvjnfybkb fm- ,bidbkb cffrfidbkc dth it- cfnjdt,kfl0
2 rb7 ,thrtnb hxt,f 2
  
dc lf ^ okbs sfdbceakt- bo.fkt,cj= 


 ,bc fqrdtsf vbtcf]f8 cfcfvfh-     

   skjib fctdt uh’tklt,f 

 cfmvbc ofhvjt,f c[df tgbpj-   
lt,pt7 hjvkt,ibw cffrfi-

      
dbkb ]th]thj,bs lfvyfif-  ghtpbltynb bo.f-


2 fye tmcgthnbpbc lfc- dtl wyj,bkb fh fhbc8 fcts kt,c vc]fdhlt,ekc7 [jkj
c[df cfmvtt,b7 cflfw cffrfidb-

rdyf7 hfubyl v’bvt vjcfcvt- cbnefwbfib ite’kbf se fhf
kb ,hfklt,ekbf lf itcf’-

ybw fh eylf b.jc bc7 cfcf- cfkjvt pehf,bidbkc vbcb
kjf7 ufvfhskltc fy ufvn.ey-

vfhskjcsdbc cfdfklt,e- ito.fkt,f0
2 vjdbcvbyt ufyvfhnt,t,b ltc7 ghtpbltync f,cjkene-

kj yjhvfnbdc fh ofhvj-
flutyc0 cfrvfjl rjvgtntynehb lf ct- hfl fh fbynthtct,c= fb7 vfuf-
kbsfl7 cffrfidbkvf ghtpblty-
2 lbf[7 cfcfvfhskjc it- hbjpekb [fk[bcufy 2 hfl-
nj,bc lhjc  
e’kbf7 vcufdcb lfcrdyf7  ufy vc]fdhlt,ekb cffrfidbkb
fctdt ,hfklt,ekbf c[df tgb- wb[bc ,eynbc tgbpjlib it- 

  
bc7 cfthsjl euekt,tk.jc pjlt,ib lf fv cfmvtt,pt cfcf- bo.fkf7 vfuhfv gfhfktkehfl
lf fh ufbsdfkbcobyjc= th- vfhskj ufy[bkdf vbvlbyfht- f[fkfbfc obyffqvltu vbvlbyf- 
htj,lf cfmvbc ofhvjt,f c[df
sbf rbltd 2 gjkbnbrjct,b7 
  
ghjdjrfnjht,b se evtwfhb tgbpjlt,pt7 hfibw bc ufv-
flfvbfyt,b cfcfvfhskjcufy n.eylf8 c[dfsfijhbc7 ,fxj 

 
vjbs[jdty cffrfidbkbc uf- f[fkfbfv cfc]tkb qbhctekfl
lf.dfyfc cfpqdfhufhts cfv- vjb[flf7 cffrfidbkbdbs wb[t- 

rehyfkjl= ib fhw enbhbf lf fhw 3dfb7


ltlf=4 e’f[bf=



2 ew[jtsib hjujh htue-
kbhlt,f tc cfrbs[b7 hjwf 2 rbltd hf behblbekb

   
gbhb vc]fdhlt,ekbf lf gf- bycbyefwbf ud[dlt,f cffrfi-
 hfktkehfl c[df cfmvtt,b dbkbc cfmvtib0
2 behblbekb bycbyefwbf

cfcfvfhskj ufy[bkdfibf7 vb-
cb ito.fkt,f itcf’kt,t- yfvldbkfl fhbc bc7 hfcfw cf-
frfidbkbc fldjrfnb ufb’f[bc

kbf0
2 vjmvtlb cfghjwtcj rj- 2 xdty flubkj,hbdb cfcfvfh-
ltmcbs7 hjvtkbw @__) okbc skjt,bc bvtlb fh udfmdc lf
bvtlb uf- yfwbjyf- ) jmnjv,thc vbbqtc lf @_!_ cfthsfijhbcj cfcfvfhskjc




gfhkfvtynfhb
3ktkjc4 otdhb
3cnhfntubf fqvfityt,kbc4
kblthb
vbwhedlf7 kehvf vj’hf- otkc 'fkfib itdblf7 se gb- eylf vbdvfhsjsj=

xtv ufhitvj j,fv itmvyf hb [es lfyfifekt,hbd tgb- 2 fvfc ifkdf [fzfgehb’t
,tdhb sdf- sfqkbsehb pjlib b.j ,hfklt,ekb7 fv,j,c=
ghjrehjhb bs[jdlf lf cfcf- 2 lbf[= 
ksvfmwb cbcntvf7 hj-
fqvjxylf8 vtkbw ltcnf- vfhskj sbsjtek fv tgb-    
pjlpt eafhlt,lf fqvrdtsb     
,jkj cfcf- ,bkbpfwbfc7 qjybc’bt,bc cf[bs gfnbvhj-   
vfhskj gh- [tkbceakt- ,fc= fye7 abuehfkehfl hjv 
jwtcpt vjv- ,bc 'fkbcvbt- dsmdfs7     
[lfhvf fv,fdvf ufvbxbyf ufywlf7 hjv hjhb vtsjlbs itwdkfc kfvj,c7 fv cbcnt- ghtpbltynb se vbbxytdc7  fct b.j cffrfidbkbc 
ujhw pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf vjrktc7 bct- vbc yfobkfl bmwf cfkjvt pehf,bidb- hjv ,ekbyubc vc[dthgkbf7 tc lhjc7 vfuhfv itvltu lf itv- 
dt fgbht,ty cffrfidbkbc vjrdkfcfw7 kb8 fh dbwb7 sfdc hfl uh’yj,c  ybiyfdc7 hjv dth evrkfdlt- ltu cfcfvfhskj ghfmnbrf c[df   
upbs ofdblf lf lfbcdf rbs[df
vfuhfv mfhsdtksvj’ekt hjv fhbc7 ,b vfqfk sfyfvlt,j,fc7 gf-    
jqjyl n.dbbc ufhtit8 2    
fvfpt sfdflfw ecfe,hbf8
ce[bcvut,kj,fc lf cf[kib
eylf of[dblt8      tcfe,hf
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4  
 
11

cfmfhsdtkjib lt se ufvjeidtc7 fvfc yfwbj-

yfkehb vj’hfj,bc ufyflue-
vbvlbyfht gjkbnbreh ht,f vj/.dt,f8  
ghjwtct,c t[vfeht,f  [dlt,f7 hjv yfwt,c cf-
fvthbrtkb ;ehyfkbcnb frfidbkb fqfh eylfs7 fvbnj-
vfw fv,j,c 2 dbyw xtvc idbkc
  fofvt,c7 cfvfufkbsjl lfdc]b-
sj8 bct rb7 cfyfv cffrfidbkb
erhfbyblfy cfmfhsdtkjib of-
vjdbljlf7 ltlfc eylf uftah-
s[bkt,byf7 hf itb’kt,jlf fvfc
vj/.jkjlf8 lfhoveyt,ekb
dfh7 hjv idbkbc obyfit ube-
kb fkfcfybfc hfqfw gbhflb
lfyfifekb vbe'qdbc lf vbe-
[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv vbcb vcf[b-
j,j,bc fv,fdbw rfhufl bwbc7
cffrfidbkbc ojkfc cffdflv.j-
ajib vfbyw ofvt,fl fafct,c
lf c[dflfc[df vbptpt,c fcf[t-
kt,c7 jqjyl ufhts ufvjb.df-
yjc8
2 vjcfkjlytkbf se fhf
dfsfdbceakt,j0= vehecb’t ib vbcb .dbhbkbw fo.j,s8 2 ufhlf bvbcf7 hjv cffrfi- mfhsekb ktubjybc v[hblfy
lf xbyxfkf’t fv [fk[c fh  dbkvf cfmfhsdtkjib lfyfif- cfmfhsdtkjpt itvjntdf lf
fehxtdbf8 pehf,bidbkvf bcbw ekt,b xfblbyf7 hfqfw lblb ltcnf,bkbpfwbf0
2 bcbyb erhfbyfib rb fhb-
  
rfhufl bwbc7 hjv hfqfw ajy- cfmvt cfpqdfhufhtsfw uffae-
fy7 vfuhfv vfs sfdt,ib vjvfdf-

lt,cf se bycnbnent,c zf8 cf,jkjjl itb’kt,f bct
kb htdjkewbbc utuvt,b b[fh-
  
lfcfdktsib cffrfidbkb sfdb- vj[ltc7 hjv .dtkfathb c[dt,c
 
lff,hfkjc 2 hfcfw dfrtst,- it,f8 lfqegekb mfhsdtkt,bc
fysb vbpyt,bcsdbc ]th rbltd 2 hfw itt[t,f cffrfidbkbc
lb7 fvthbrtkb7 sehmb lf he- hbw[db $_-c fqotdc lf bsdkt-
czbhlt,fs7 vbcb [tkblfy cfz- vbvfhs fvthbrbc v[fhlfzt-
cb 3vtuj,ht,bc4 lfdfkt,f b.j7 ,f7 hjv ,h’jkfib rbltd @___-
vtkc f[kfw zfvty lf rfdrfcbf- vlt mfhsdtkbf xfhsekb8 fvb-
vt rb elfyfifekj dfhj= 
hfc0

njv vfsb v[hblfy ofvjcekb
vemfhf cf.ehflqt,jf= wjnf

ewyfehbf fv flfvbfyt,bc vb-
   

vfhs cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc
 
2 mfhsek cjatkib w[jd-
ufyo.j,fw8 hf smvf eylf7 cfm-
  
ht,fv [fk[sfy lfvff[kjdf lf
vbc rehcibf fv ]ueabc cffrfi-
   

f[kf fvfs hjv /rbs[js7 uf-
dbksfy rfdibhcf lf vfsb lf-
  
cekb okblfy hf lfufvf[cjd-
abyfyct,bc o.fhjt,pt7 vfuhfv

hlfsj7 utn.dbfy 2 xdtyb dbyw cffrfidbkb cfmfhsdt-

ahfyub ghtpbltynbc sdfkt- kjib cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbf- fh cdfvc vsfdfh rbs[dfc 2 
,bc ,hbfkb lf cffrfidbkbc ht- kt,bc vjcfo.j,fl xfvjb.dfyf7    
;bvbc vbth vjrkeksf vij,- vfcpt f[kf 'fkbfyfw fqfh oe-

 
kt,bc vbvfhs vbcb uekuhb- [fy lf vfubc ptptehfl kgj,f   
kb cf.dtlehb 2 fm hfc vjvb- e[fhbfs rbltw8 yfsmdfvbf7 wb- 

dfhlbsj8 [t ibuyblfy n.lt,fj 2 vbcb   
nbhbkbcf lf vjsmvbc fqfhw xtvb byajhvfwbbs7 pehf-
,bidbkb lfrfdibht,ekbf 
2 cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb
vbc gfhnbfib c]thfs7 yfwt,b
 lfcsfy

mfhsdtkbf888
2 mfhsdtkbf7 vfuhfv vfc sf- f[kf v[jkjl bjk aekc t’t-
,ty lf se bc cffrfidbkbcufy 2 yjyfcsfy8 fv lf-’vfc ahfy-
dbcb cfvij,kj 2 cfahfyut-
uekb ufyfskt,f fmds vbqt,e-
sb eahj e.dfhc7 cfblfyfw dtqfh vbbqtc7 c[dfc ufehbult-

kb lf f[kjc b.dyty idtbwfhb-
abyfycehb v[fhlfzthf fmdc8 ,bfy8
tk .jabk cfv[tlhj vjcfvcf-
cojhtl fv mdt.fyfv iteo.j cfdfhfeljl7 cffrfidbkb wb-
[ehtcsfy  
[tkb 3dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfc4 [tib vjrdlt,f7 hflufy bc fqf-
hjvtkcfw ufyfskt,f he-
lf bv ghjwtct,c7 hfvfw  hfdbc czbhlt,f7 [jkj dflfv-
ctsibw vbqt,ekb fmdc lf s,b-
  cfmfhsdtkj kbcib tesjc vbcbfibw veif-
lffnjdt,byf8 fmdt bvfcfw j,lf8 xtvsdbc fctdt wyj,bkbf7
dbn.db7 hjv lqtdfyltkb cf- hjv fvfsb vfvf rfdibhib b.j
mfhsdtkj cfahfyutsbc7 seh- hrbybupbc vfabfcsfy lf vzbl-
mtsbcf lf hectsbc lfpdthdbc hj rjynfmnt,b /mjylf hj-
sfyfvihjvkj,bc itltut,ptf ujhw hectsbc UHE-csfy7 bct
vjhut,ekb8 epfhvfpfh rhbvbyfkeh mct-
cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb sfdc kt,sfy8 
mfhsdtk mfkfl hjv uh’yj,-
ltc7 idbkvjrkekb vij,kt-
  
,bc vbvfhs sfyfuh’yj,fc uf-

vjbxtylf lf hjujhw mfhsdtk
  
ltlfc cfvfhtib elhjjl xfo-
  
dtybksf gfnbdbcwtvbc ybiyfl
 
sdfkpt whtvkb vjflut,jlf8

  vfvf- tcfe,hf
pt7 svfzfqfhf  
 mfkb hjv bn.dbc7 vj- 
vbdfhlfj7 bvfc hf eylf tkf-
gfhfrj0 fv rfwbc ufvjcdkf nt-
ktdbpbbs vbyf[fdc7 dbwb7 hjv
gtlfujubf lf cfkjvt pehf-
,bidbkc vbcb nrbdbkbc vb-  
vfhs .ehflqt,f hjv ufvjtxb- 

yf7 vfiby ufvjxylt,jlf vfubcb
mfhsdtkmfkj,fw8 fhflf7

cfkjvt pehf,bidbkc gfce[b
eylf uftwf thsflths itrbs[-
dfpt5 

 

bctd 
 bn.dbc se bn.dbc 2

vt uf[kf- rjhevgb- .dtkfc vf- rfhufl d[t-






,enf hj,fmb’bc ltlf

yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
v[fhlfvzthb
cek[fy vjkfidbkbc 'vf

@__( otkc vjrkekb
ubjhub ufvwtvkb’bc vfvf
dfhs fhfxdt- ht,ek  lfds7 hf [l-

ekt,hbdb7 ubdhfl 
t,f tdhjgf-
thsb kfqb


s,bkbctkb xfvgfkb /mjy- fvthbrfib 2
lf yfhrjnb- vt dth dfgf-
,bzbc7 kfvfpb
nbt,7 cfyfv
wlbkj,ty7
rfwbc vfvf7 rbcufy lf kj- ufvjb[cyfy
hjvtkbw s,- sj,bcufy qd- vfvfxtvc d[t- cffrfidbkb
bkbcib lf- b’kb7 wb[b- lfd7 .jdtk
lbjlf lf .dt- lf ofb.df-
lfy ufvjcdkb- qfvbs ce- yjy7 vfs c[df
kfc e.dfhlf7
lfy * okbc
 rb fhbc vnfhdfkb flfvb- k[fyc cfystkc hjv eyst,c lf nbhbc8 fpht,b foe[t,s 2 xdtyb xfhsdf eylfs
fybc7 rfwbc vrdktkbc7 cfmfhsdtkjc vbot- itvltu vjrdlf qdb’kbc lfikbs7 smdt ufhto- jvib hectsbc lfcfcecnt,kfl lf tcff
ht,j7 * okbc itvltu lf se wb[tib dbyvtv yfwvj’hfj,blfy vfvfxtvsfy rfwbidbkb
.dtkfpt lblb e,tleht,f8 rbltd rfhub7
,bc ufv.bldtkbc7 mfhsdtksvj’ekt udfhb-
cf lf ]bibc ofhvjvflutytkb8 vfufs cbyfye- fh vbcekf lf thsb cbn.df 3dbpbfht,4
fctsb [tkbceakt,f lf fvbcsfyf gfnhb-
fofvf7 vbif hf iefibf yf’bhfkt,j7 hjwf ,j-
kbc uh’yj,f fh uffxybfs7 tn.j,f7 fvfsb vjl- rthbfc flt,lf sfdfl [tkc7 hfw fhw vfiby fh esmdfvc8
uvf cfthsjl fctst,b fhbfy7 c[dbcb zbhbc uf- jnb ghtvbthb ud.fdc 2 fh frtst,c bvfc7
ut,f vfs fh bwbfy7 tc uh’yj,f fh uffxybfs= lfvb]tht,bf lf fhw f[kf v]thf=
hfw vfs cehs8
3BVTLBYBECB4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
12  






hjvtkvfw sbsmvbc pecnfl ufbvt-
jhf ktutylfhekb /fyb,fkbc vfhi-
henb 2 uflfkf[f fkgt,b7 vlbyfht
nht,tfcsfy lffvfhw[f ahfyut,b7
hectsc vjenfyf fhyf[ekb lblt,f

lf ofhvfnt,f7 vfuhfv7 hjujhw /fyb-
,fkvf 2 rfhsfutybc fhbcnjrhfnb-
bc7 bct cedjhjdvf bvgthfnjh gfdkt
gbhdtkbc uekb dthfahbs vjbuj8 tc
bc  hjvtkvfw cfmfhsdt-

kjc cf[tkvobajt,hbj,fc obhdf

ufvje.dfyf7 vfuhfv vtht7 bcnjhb-
bc ,tlbcothbs7 sfdflfw cfibytkb

cbrdlbkbs fqtchekf7 sfyfw mfh-

sdtkb utythkbc
 [tkbs8
 uh’yj,lf7 hjv
vbc obyffqvltu hfqfw e,tleht,f
vpfllt,jlf lf lfwdf uff’kbthf7 vfu-
hfv ,tlbcothfc dthfdby uftmwtdf vb-
seahj vfiby7 hjwf vfvbc obyffqv-
ltu vf[dbkbs [tkib idbkb fqlut-
,f8 lqtc erdt ljrevtynehflfw
lflfcneht,ekbf lf jabwbfke-
hb hecekb bcnjhbjuhfabfw fh
vfkfdc bv afmnc7 hjv vfvbc vrdkt-
kj,fib c[df itsmvekt,sfy thsfl

hect-
sbc vjvfdfkb bvgthfnjhb 
vjyfobktj,lf7
fye bvgthfnjhbc vrdktkt,b idbkbc

sfy[vj,bsf lf lfcnehbs vjmvtlt,-
lyty8
!(_! okbc @$ vfhnbc qfvtc vb[t-
bkbc cfcf[ktib itzhbk itsmvek-

ptktycrbc ht;bvbc vbth jltcfib bvgthfnhbwf trfnthbyt sf ijhbc  
vtjhbc 'tukbc lfv[j,bc ajypt @_@@ okbc @) ltrtv,thc  b.j7 hjvtkvfw vrdktkj-
,f bidbfsb jcnfnj,bs fqfchekf

hectsbc cfv[tlhj cfpqdfj akjnc jhb fnjvehb o.fkmdtif
lf  utythkbc kty-
yfdb ittvfnf 2  nbs rfnfcfdbs vjf[hxj8 uflvjwt-
lf  vbc sfyf[vfl7 bfidbkvf gfdktpt

iehb b’bf fhf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tk-
vobajt,hbj,bc ufemvt,bc7 fhfvtl
bv cfibytkb itehfw[.jabc ufvj7

hjwf ofhvjij,bs mfhsdtkb udfh-
lbtkb lf jabwthb hecs[tkvob-
atv cfyrn-gtnth,ehubc ufhybpj-
ybc sdfkoby ]j[bs cwtvf8

,tlbc bhjybbs7 @_!$ otkc 
 bvgthfnjh fktm-
cfylht gbhdtkc7 fye vfvbc vrdktkc
vjcrjdib7 rhtvkbc rtltksfy vlt,f-

ht fktmcfylhtc ,fqib epfhvfpfhb
 'tukb lfeluf8


cfereyt-yf[tdfhb bct ufdblf7
hecb bvgthfnjhbc vbth chekbfl
jhbdt ce,vfhbyb vtjs[t sfj,b- evbptpjl vj’ekt,ekb lf vjr-
cff7 cbuh’bs 2 !*_ vtnhb lf fq- dtsbkb  lblb cnfkb-
zehdbkbf tmdcblfy fs thstekfvlt ybc ufhlf fhwths hecs[tkvobatc
,bhsdekb ,kjrbsf lf cfrjynbyty- fh uf[ctyt,bf8 cojhtl mfhsdtkb
nsfijhbcj cnhfntubekb hfrtnt- cnfkbyb uf[klfs bc utythfkbcb-
,bs7 hjvtksf vjmvtlt,bc vfy’bkb  vecb7 hjvtkvfw utythfkbcbvec ce-
( fsfc rbkjvtnhc fqtvfnt,f8  djhjdbc utybf .dtkfpt erts lfbyf-
sbsjtek o.fkmdtif yfdpt lfvjy-  [f lf !)$@ otkc7 ufufybf jvbc lhjc7
nf;t,ekbf jhvjwb thstekb njh- vbcb cf[tkj,bc gbhdtkb7 vtjht lf
gtlj8 hjujhw   vtcfvt [fhbc[bc jhltyt,b lffvpf-
  bct   lt,byf8 fk,fs7 bcnjhbbc obyfit fh
 hectsbc bvgthbbc utythfk-atk- itdwjlfds7 se bvfcfw dbn.dbs7 hjv
 trbgf;bc hfjltyj,f ufycfpqd- lvfhifkvf  utythfkbcbvecbc ojlt,fc vcja-
hekbf !_* rfwbs lf fdnjyjvbeh  hjvtkcfw ltlf cjvt[b /.fdlf lf kbjc vfcinf,bs7 .dtkf lhjcf lf
ht;bvib wehdf )_ lqt-qfvbc ufyvfd-  thslhjekfl cfhlbybbc cfvtajc tgjmfib cojhtl cnfkbyb bvcf[e-
kj,fib ite’kbfs888  ghbywb lf hjvbc cfqvhsj bvgthb- ht,lf7 hjvtkcfw tc evfqktcb ]bk-
bc uhfab b.j7 utythfkbcbvecbc oj- lj !)$% okbc @* bdybcc thuj8 fhf-
fctsbf vihfkb vjyfwtvt,b7 sevwf7  lf7 !%^) okblfy vj.jkt,ekb7 hj-
fk,fs7 cfbcnjhbj ,tlbcothfc ey- lt,f !*)) okbc @( jmnjv,thc vbb-
lf vbdfothjs bc afmnb7 hjv @_@@
 qj8 tc cojhegjdfhb ]bklj uf[- wf cfahfyutsbc vtat ifhk vtw[-
okbc lfvktdc hectsbc ghtpblty- klfs hbvybrsfy lf bpvfbkbc wb- htv sfdbc 'vfc  utyt-
nvf7 hjvtkbw erhfbyfib lfyfhxty hfkbcbvecj,f gbhdtkfl e,j’f7 fsf-

[t-cbvfuhtcsfy vjgjdt,ekb
vcjakbjc tjvt,f7 3utythfkbcbve- cb ]ehbc vfc[fhf7 ufhtofhb lf utyb-

,ho.bydfkt ufvfh]dt,t,bcf lf !*))
cb fktmcfylht cedjhjdb4 o.fkib jcb lftgfnhjyf fv nbnekc8 fct7 vf-

okbc ctmntv,th-jmnjv,thib fk-
xfeidf7 [jkj utythfkbcbvecb ufkbsfl7 utyfhfkbcbvect,b b.dyty5

gt,bc ufdkbs bnfkbblfy idtbwf-
bjct, cnfkbyb o.fkc uffnfyf= sev- hbfib uflfcdkbc bidbfsb uvbhj-  lf
wf7 ,bc cfpqfehb8 cedjhjdbc vbth fk-  lfutythfkb
gt,bc uflfkf[df lf xhlbkjts bnf-  lf uhfab
  lf bvgthfnjhb 
kbblfy idtbwfhbfib uflfcdkf vtj-
 ht rjfkbwbbc vbth yfgjktjybc ob-    lf
 yffqvltu ofhvjt,ekb ,h’jkt,bc /
 lf 
 .dtkfpt eahj lbflb lf fvfqtkdt-
 lf  hjv-
,tkb yfobkbf8
 kbc lhjcfw jcvfktsbc bvgthbf

 cekc qfafdlf8
 tc cbf 'fkbfy uh’tkbf lf 3utythf-

 kbcbvecfl4 ojlt,eksf evhfdkt-
 cj,bc udfh-cf[tkb fhfathc udte,-

 yt,f888


hjv fhf cedjhjdb7 hectsb .b-

   UFUH'TKT,F

13
VT-@ UDTHLPT

LFCFO.BCB
GBHDTK UDTHLPT

hbvc dth lfbg.hj,lf= vbc ufhtit
!*^(-!**$ okt,ib bctdt7 hjujhw

!*()-!*)! okt,ib sehmt,b dth uf-
yfluehlt,jlyty lf hectsbc bv-
gthbf ,fkrfytsib dth vjbgjdt,lf
bv cnhfntubek egbhfntcj,fc7

hjvtkvfw epfhvfpfhb lth;fdbc
,tlb cfereytt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib
ufycfpqdhf8 cedjhjdb wtw[kbsf lf
vf[dbkbs t,h’jlf f]fy.t,ek 
  vfuhfv !*)$

otkc ufcfjwfhb itvo.yfht,kj,f uf-
vjbxbyf gjkjytkb f]fy.t,ekt,bc
vbvfhs7 hjwf lfn.dtdt,ekt,b uff-

sfdbceakf lf fhfdbsfhb cflfvc]t-
kj qjybc’bt,t,b vfs obyffqvltu fh

ufenfht,bf8
rfwvf #% lblb ,h’jkf vjbuj7 vfh-
w[b fhcfl ufyewlbf lf hectsbc ce-

ktkvf7 vfuhfv fvfdlhjekfl ,jhjn-
vf bvgthfnjhvf 

fctsb ljybc v[tlfhsvsfdfhb lf
cnhfntujcb fhvbblfy lfbs[jdf8

hjv fhf byukbctkt,b lf fdcnhb-
tkt,b7  
utythfkbcbvecbc ojlt,bc ufhtit

lfhxt,jlf= cfmvt bc uf[kfds7 hjv
 obyffqvltu vtjht
rjfkbwbbc itrdhbc oby cedjhj-
db fhvbblfy erdt ufult,ekb b.j
kt,sfyfw vfvbc vrdktk bvgthfnjh
lf sfdbc vfvekib bcdtyt,lf7 hj-
htl bvgthfnjh 
 'tukc el-
wf  byukbcbcf
lf fdcnhbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b vb- ereqvfhsb lf eqvthsj gjkb-
dblyty lf cs[jdtc 2 se udbylf7 ufvty7 [jkj uthvfyekb [fkbxt,bc7 nbrbc itltub b.j !((* okbc @$ jm-
ofhvfnt,fc vbdfqobjs7 rjfkbwb- bidbfsb yf[fnt,bcf lf ,hbkbfynt- njv,thc cnfdhjgjkib lbvbnhb
bc vsfdfhcfhlfkb utythfk-atk- ,bc mehl  w[typt .babfybc vrdktkj,f7 hjvtkcfw qf-
lvfhifkb  fv[tlht,ekc ufvjcf[fdty lf vbs sfdib cfcojhbc mdf xffhn.tc lf
 eylf b.jcj= hecs[tkvobat b’e- 3vfhifk gj,tlbc4 eojlt,ty= ge- cekb uffw[t,bytc=
kt,ekb uf[lf7 vjrfdibhtt,bc s[jd- nbyvf o.tekb  fv fv,blfy thsb okbc itvltu7
yfc lf/.jkjlf lf cedjhjdb vjm- lf   !((( otkc7 bvgthfnjhb 
vtl fhvbfib fqtlubyf8 cojhtl fv fq-  vbth ufereqvfhst,ekb
lutyfc vj/.df hectsbc fhvbbc 3bcnjhbf4 cojhtl rhtvkblfy ofu-
,ho.bydfkt bnfkbehb rfvgfybf7 cf- dbrbs[f 2 cfv[hts jctsb hectsc
lfw utythfkvf  !**% otkc itethslfj=
cf[tkb lf lblt,f vjb[dtzf888 vt- hfw itt[t,f fnjveh o.fkmdtif yfd
ht tc .dtkfathb uflfbpfhlf kt-    mesfbcib gbhlfgbh cfl-
utylfhek fkgeh kfimhj,fib7 cf-  se tc yfdb bctsbdt ecf[tkj uehbc oby vlt,fht cfrfstlhj nf-
lfw cty-ujnfhlbc eqtknt[bk- ufvjluf7 hjujhw hecs[tkvobat ’fhc tcnevhf7 cflfw bvthtsbc tgbc-
sfy lf tivfrbc [blsfy hect,vf coj-  vfiby hectsbc rjgjcb  obhdfc
jvbc vfymfyfc ,tdhb fctsb o.fkmdt-
fqfdktylf8 bvgthfnjhvf7 hjvtk-
htl cedjhjdbc vtsfehj,bs xfb-
lbytc cfcofekt,b8 if yfdbc lfvpflt,f vjeotdc=
fb7 fv cf[tkbcf lf lblt,bc gfn-
cfw wf melfl fh vbfxylf lf lt-
bvgthfnjh 
hjyb rfwb hecs[tkvobatt,vf ufob-
lfvbof 2 mfkfvyfl7 fv,bjypt vj-
lhjc hectsb htfmwbbc7 nthjhb-
htc lf hjv fhf mfhsdtkb cnfkb-
byljvf fcdkf7 vfuhfv fv lhjc vfc
cf lf cfibytkb bpjkfwbjybpvbc
yb7 itcf’kjf7 cedjhjdbc cf[tkb oby uflfeluf lblb mfhsdtkb
upfc lffluf7 hjvtkvfw evfqkt-
lqtc bctdt vndthof.hbkb lf vb- tgbcrjgjcb hjvtkvfw
fktmcfylhtc fv,bjypt fcdkbc cf-

dbo.t,ekb .jabkb.j7 hjujhw
fhfthsb uvbhbc mt,f-lblt,f7 hj- iefkt,f fh vbcwf lf cf[fk[jl vb-

vtksf cfakfdt,ptw cfibytkvf bc- vfhsf 2
njhbekvf ebq,kj,fv lf ecfvfh- 3itcltm hecs[tkvobatd=88 xdt-
yb mdt.fyf 2 cfmfhsdtkj7 e’dbh-

skj,fv xfvjbcdtyf8
vstkb fv fv,bc nhfubpvb rb bc uf[- afctcb vfhufkbnbf smdtyc udbh-
kfds7 hjv hjujhw bcnjhbbc ufh-
rdtek tnfgpt cedjhjdb7 cnfkbybw  udbyib lf smdtyufy c[df ufahs[b-
kt,fcf lf vjg.hj,fc bs[jdc lf
bct ufbobhf888 vbcb cf[tkbw lfb-
 fhf bctsc7 hjujhw smdty tg.hj-

dbo.tc7 [jkj cfakfdb yfudbs ffd- ,bs vfc=4
ctc7 vfuhfv itw,eyt,ekvf lf lfhw[dtybkvf


 bvgthfnjhvf 
hjvtkbw genbyvf fv fsbjlt lqbc
  obyfs fnjvehb mj,byt,bs fqzehdf

lf o.fkib xfeidf7 gbhb b,heyf lf
 uf,hbtk tgbcrjgjcc lfvjhxbklf8


  gjkbnbrfv

hectsc 'bhb ufvjes[fhf lf mdt-

.fyf bvltyfl lffpbfyf7 hjv vbcb
 
vtvrdblhtt,b fhfvfhnj lffv[tc lf

[tkbceakt,fc xfvjfijhtc7 fhf-
vtl !)!( okbc bdkbcib ktybybcf
 cb [tkbceakt,bcfrty upf ufe[c- lf cdthlkjdbc ,h’fyt,bs7 ltlf-
 yf ktybyc7 nhjwrbcf lf fsfcb ]e- ,elbfyfl fvj;kbntc=
 hbc ctmnfynehb fphjdyt,bc yf’b- hf es[hf lf hfpt vbfybiyf genby-
vf vcjakbjc 
 hfkfc= bvgthfnjh 
  lf
sfdbcb lblb lf htajhvfnj-
 hb vfvbcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 hjvtkbw


yfhjlybrvf nthjhbcnvf tuyfnt o.fkib xfidt,bs7 'ytkb cfsmvtkbf7
 uhbytdbwrbv !((! okbc !# vfhnc sevwf7 thsb hfv w[flbf 2 mdt.fyf7
 ffatsmf7 mdt.ybc ufhts fhfdbsfhb hjvtkbw afibpvbc vtcfakfdbc 2
 jvb fh eofhvjt,bf8 cfvfubthjl7 vfy utythfkbcbvec cnfkbybc cf[tkc
vbpyfl lfbcf[f jvb cfresfh [fk[-

vbxmvfkfdc7 [jkj vfhjlbjh ubjh-
sfy lf fct lfbo.j hectsbc bvgthb-

ub ;erjdc ufyflblt,c7 utythfkb-
fib lblb vqtkdfht,f lf lfgbhbc- cbvect,bc uvbhek lf cf[tkjdfy
 gbht,f7 hfw 3htfmwbbc4 cf[tkbs bcnjhbfc dth uffuh’tkt,c lf sf-
 fhbc wyj,bkb8 wyj,bcfsdbc7 coj- dbc fhct,j,fc bvgthfnjh fktmcfy-

lht vtcfvbcf lf vbcb elqtehb


vtvrdblhtt,bc vcufdcfl lffche-

kt,c=
rhtvkb bc flubkbf7 hjvkbc rtl-   
2 2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

 
LFCFO.BCB B[8 otht,b bvbc itcf[t,7 hjv !))! bc ufhtvjt,fw7 hjv7 xtvb by-
okbc @ fghbkc vfcsfy uf- ajhvfwbbs7  tresdyj-

3UTYTHFKBCBVECB4
@_@@ OKBC 1$#-$$7 vjw[fllf htlfmwbbc sfyfvi- lf ku,n stvc7 fcts [fk[c rb
@_@# OKBC 1!-@ hjvtkb7 wyj,bkb lf ybzbthb cgtwcfvcf[ehb .jdtk lhjcf
;ehyfkbcnb behb hjcnb lf lf tgjmfib cfsfdbcjl b.tyt,-
cs[jdf 2 cfcohfajl ufvbi- lf lf b.tyt,c7 hflufy tc [fk[b7
cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjc t[t,f behb hjcnc7 bub ) fg-
dbs vbdkbyt,bs s,bkbcib=88 hjujhw otcb7 fldbkfl cfvfh-
wtrfc gbhdtkb vlbdfyb hbkbc nhfutlbfib hf aey-
 xtvb mfhsdtkb vtuj,ht,b erdt sfdbf8 behb hjcnb s,bkbc-
mwbfc fchekt,lf0
2 ) fghbkbc nhfutlbfib

vjtkfgfhfryty cfmfhsdtkjc ib cgtwvbcbbs vjfdkbytc= rth-
 aeymwbf7 xtvb
wtrfc gbhdtk vlbdfy  ’jl7 itdfhlyf’tcf lf bv ueylc7
fphbs7 'fkbfy cfbynthtcj lf
) fghbkbc nhfutlbbc  lf bc sfyf[vff7 hjvkt,vfw s,bkbcib cbc[-
vybidytkjdfyb b.j888 afhsj
lqtvlt ewyj, vfct,bcsdbc lqtvlt wyj,bkbf7
 kbcqdhf lf e,tleht,f lfutu-
bynthdbe vbcwtc= f[kfdt ey- vtc7 czbhlt,jlfs cfthsfij-
ltnfkt,c b[ctyt,c lf sbsmjc  hjvt-
kbw ) fghbkbc lqtt,ib s,b- lf ufdahbylt7 sjhtv vtht gf- hbcj vybidytkj,bc abuehf7
bv vbptpt,c fcf[tkt,c7 nbfidbkc dtqfh dyf[fdj= ;ehyfkbcnb7 hjvtkbw .dtkf-
kbcib bv.jat,jlf7 mfhsdtkb
hjvtkvfw mdt.fyf tybs
thbc lblb vtuj,fhb b.j7 hj- bpbevjdb fv obyflflt,fv athc abhpt fq,tzlfdlf7 vjv-
feothtk vtkvfw s,bkbcib lfnhbfkt- fqfahsjdfyf7 hflufy7 hj- [lfhbc itcf[t, lfothlf lf vt-
dyt,fsfqtkdfvlt ,ekb cfibytkt,bc itcf[t, cb- ujhw sfdfl othc7 htcge,kb- ht cfthsfijhbcj fcgfhtppt
vfhskt lfothf lf bv e,tle- rbc gbhdtkb gbhbc bynthdbe lblb fv,t,b fn.lt,jlf8 coj-
vbb.dfyf5
ht,bc vfv[bkt,tkb ajnjce- yt,bcvbthb ufptsbcsdbc 'dbh- htl fvbcsdbc ufvjupfdytc
2 dblht !)() okbc ) fg- hfst,b gbhdtkvf uffdhwtkf= afcb cfxemfhb b.j8    s,bkbcib ob-
hbkbc nhfutlbbc afhsj cf- cbyfvldbktib cfmvt cek c[dfu-  vfibydt ufeajhvtc vbd- yfcofh7 hjvtkvfw lfrbcht,e-
pjufljt,bcsdbc ewyj,b lt- dfhfl b.j7 hfw rbltd ths[tk kbyt,f lf s,bkbcib ufvjei- kb vbcbf ,ho.bydfktl itfc-
nfkt,bc itcf[t, cfe,fhc uf- flfcneht,c xtvc gjpbwbfc dtc8 wyj,bcfsdbc5 hjujhw hekf=
dfuh’kt,lts7 vbylf7 ufufw- bvbc itcf[t,7 hjv  bpbevjdb fqybiyfdc7  2 ,fnjyj ]ev,th7 behb
yjs cnfkbybc thsb obyfc-  hjujhw ufvjhxte- hjcnsfy bynthdbe vfhskf
ofhvtn.dtkt,f7 hjvtkbw kfl ybzbth ;ehyfkbcnc7 st-

fhct,j,c 3kbnthfnehyfbf umjylfs lfybiyekb0
lqtc sdfkcf lf [tkief w[fl- ufptnfc4 vsfdfhb htlfmnjhbc vt,bc ithxtdfib chekb sfdb- 2 fhfdbsfhb bynthdbe
lt,f= fmdt bvfcfw fqdybiyfd7 vjflubkbc  xfyf- ceakt,f /mjylf8 fqcfybiyfdbf  xtvsfy itsfy[-
hjv ) fghbkbc nhfutlbbc bc- vt,ekb fh /mjybf7 tc cbwhetf=
njhbfib ths-thsb vybidyt- 2 t8b8 behb hjcnvf @ fg-
kjdfyb flubkb ezbhfdc wyj- ]EV,TH GFNBFIDBKB5 hbkc 3kbnthfnehyfbf uf-

,bk ;ehyfkbcncf lf ajnju- ptnfc4 htlfmwbf vjfn.ef lf
hfac hjvtkbw s,bkbcib ufvjujybkb vbpt-
cfmfhsdtkjib fhfths wyj- pbs ofvjdblf 2 gfnbfidbk-
,bk lf ufdktybfy gbhjdyt,fc-

sfy bynthdbe cfcohfajl se
sfy vtuj,hj,lf  fh xfdotht7 vtht dtqfh dyf-
    [fdj0

    2 lbf[7 tc b.j n.ebkb7 fhf-
   dbsfhb bynthdbe 
    itsfy[vt,ekb fh vmj-
 f[kf rb

ybf= [fpufcvbs dfw[flt,5 
vbde,heylts cnfkbybc ob-   
yfcofhvtn.dtkt,fc= !)#)  
okbc yjtv,thib vjcrjdib xf-

  
vjdblf lf rhtvkib cnfkbyc   
it[dlf cf,zjsf rfdibhbc tk-    
xb idtltsib   bujh hjlbjyjdvf

 fhct,j,c vbcb vj- okt,bc itvltu lfothf7 hjv cf-
ujyt,t,b7 cflfw ltnfkehfl mfhsdtkjc eibihjt,bc vf-
fmdc fqothbkb cnfkbysfy uf- ibyltkb vbybcnhb 
vfhsekb cfe,ht,b abytssfy  itdfhlyf’bc ufhtit yf-
vjcfkjlytk jvpt7 ,b]c fh lufvlf8 hjlbjyjdb bm-
 ewbkj,tk lfgbhbcgbht- chekafcjdyfl uflfudb[- dt b[ctyt,c 

 
,fcf lf f8i8 rjkjynfb ptlvb-  lbfy gfnbdbcwtvfc8 bcbyb  lf  it[-
otdybs pecnfl b[ctyt,c cnf-  sfdbfys vjvfdfkc xdtyc  dtlhfc7 cflfw ghbvfrjdvf uev-
kbybc cbn.dt,c7 hjvtkbw ,t-   ofhcekpt ffityt,ty=4 ,fhb’tc es[hf 2 
kflvf vfcsfy cfe,hbc lhjc     dabmhj,7 cnfkbybc tc ob- 
ofhvjsmdf8 fb7 tc cbn.dt,bw5   yfcofhvtn.dtkt,f bidbfsb   uev,fhb’t
3xdtyb gfhnbbcf lf [fk- .jdtkokb- cbpecnbs f[lf7 [jkj7 hfw fluf lf tc .dtkfathb tlefhl
[bc ,tdh cfmvtc lffvf[by]t- ehfl f[fkb sfj,t,b vjd- fh f[ltybkf7 ghjwtct,b bct itdfhlyf’tc es[hf888 eahj vt-
,ty lf itudfaehs[t,ty7 kty lf bcbyb rbltd ths[tk vblbc7 .dtkfathb ptlvbotd- nbw7 fv-
gbhdtk hbuib7 cfpqdfhuf- fqvfhsfdty sfdbfysb vfvt- ybs pecnfl f[lt,f= nrbwt,c7 hjv bc7 hfw !)()
hts lf vtht xdtyc mdt.fyf- ,bcf lf gfgt,bc lhjifc lf 2 ,fnjyj ]ev,th7 hfw it- okbc ) fghbkc s,bkbcib vj[-
ibw8 vcjakbj ,fnjyj- lf7 itdfhlyf’bcf lf fvthbre-
,bcrty vbvfdfkb cbjybpvb kb 3wthtec4 vbth b.j jhuf-
cfcnbrfl iehc b’bt,c xdty- ybpt,ekb= hjlbjyjdb bvfcfw
pt xdtyb ofhvfnt,t,bcf lf othc7 hjv ) fghbkc v’bvt cfu-
vbqotdt,bcsdbc8 cbjybpvb yt,bc7 eahj cojhfl rb hrb-
hectsc rdkfd ,fh,fhj- ybc [tkrtnt,bc lfhn.vbc it-
cek mdt.yfl ufyb[bkfdc7 ltufl !() ]fhbcrfwvf vbbqj
hjvtkcfw vcjakbjcsdbc c[tekbc v'bvt lfpbfyt,f lf
v[jkjl ytlktekbc vb- ndbybc ith.tdf8
ojlt,f ite’kbf8  2 tc cbvfhsktf0
   2 cbvfhsktf bc7 hjv xdtyb

     v[hblfy hfu,bcnt,c7 vjzblf-
   dtt,c7 cfv,bcnt,cf lf c[df 'f-

  kbcvbth cgjhncvtyt,c vfhs-
   kfw lfehbutc hrbybc [tkrt-

 nt,b888  
   fvbc itcf[t, yfobkj,hbd yfs-
 cf,- mdfvb fmdc rbltw7 [jkj fo ufy-

zjsf rfdibhbc cb’kbtht cdtyt,ekvf frfltvbrjcvf7 wyj-
[fk[sf vtuj,hj,fibf8 ,bkvf gfsfyfnjvvf 

,h’jkbc pqdfhb7 egbhdt-  lfqegeksf udf-
ktc .jdkbcf7 vbvfhsekb vt,b hjv itbcofdkf7 bvbc itv-

bmyt,f fv vtuj,hj,bc ufo.- ltu hf lfcrdyfw lfothf7 bvfc
dtnbcrty7 cfpqdhbcgbhf ew[jtkt,vf7 rth’jl7 3obstkb
htubjyt,bc vjcgj,bcrty8 ]dhbc4 ofhvjvflutykt,vf [tkb
eylf dfqbfhjs7 hjv fv vb- fh vjfothtc8 
vfhsekt,bs ]th .dtkf-
athb fh ufudbrtst,bf8 fm
3itdfhlyf’tcf lf bv ueylc7 hjvkt,vfw   
  
]th rbltd ,tdhbf cfveifj888 s,bkbcib cbc[kbcqdhf lf e,tleht,f 
      

  
lfutuvtc7 czbhlt,jlfs cfthsfijhbcj  
  
  vybidytkj,bc abuehf7 ;ehyfkbcnb7   
 
  tht,c hjvtkbw .dtkfathc  xtvsfy hjv vj-
ijhbc ufxylt,bfy yfwbj- dblf7 c[dfyfbhfl lfbo.j kf-
yfkbcnt,bc ]ueat,b lf abhpt fq,tzlfdlf7 vjv[lfhbc itcf[t, gfhfrb 2 vjcrjdib itvfibyt-
gbuvtt,bc ,tdhb ,tkflb8 cj= xtvsfy vjcrjdblfy ghjre-
thbc vjqfkfntt,b sfdc lfothlf lf vtht cfthsfijhbcj hjhb xfvjdblf7 mfhsdtkt,cf
ofvj.jaty= cfthsj ]fvib7 lf cfmfhsdtkjpt it.dfht,e-
vjvfdfkb rbltd eahj 'yt- fcgfhtppt lblb fv,t,b fn.lt,jlf8 kb7 lf  
kb lf wjabfyb upt,bs vf- itcf[t, vbs[hf 2 tc mfkb dby
dfkb ofhvjvblutybf sfdb-
 fhbc7 fvbc ylj,f hjujh itb’-
kt,f7 mfhsdtkt,b sfdc hfnjv

cb cf[bafsj vjcf[dtdt,bs8
cfmvt t[t,f bvfc7 hjv ufy- bqegfdsj0= c[dfsfijhbc7 db-


cfresht,bs fqvjcfdktsb
fajhbfmlt,f=    UFUH'TKT,F
2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

   VT-$ UDTHLPT
3
LFCFO.BCB 
VT-# UDTHLPT    
 w[flbf7 hfrb fl-
ltjrflht,b fhct,j,c7 !)() ktb,fv fa[fptsbc ufvj.jafc
okbc ) fghbkbc qfvtc  v[fhb lfezbhf7 bc sfyfvlt,j-
hjujh ufh- ,blfy fdnjvfnehfl ufsfdb-
,bc lf hjujh t[vfht,f vfc ufm- ceaklf8 vbc flubkpt cfn.tj
wtdfib gjkbwbtkb888 lfgf- vtehytj,bc lbhtmnjhbc .j-
nbvht,ekb kbltht,b wb[t- abkb vjflubkbc  rfy-
ib thsvfytspt hfc kfgfhf- lblfnehf itdfhxbt8 vjrktl7
rj,lyty7 fvbc itcf[t, vfibydt !)() okbc @(-@) vfhnc s,b-
vmjylf byajhvfwbf7 w[jyt- kbcib xfdfnfhts ctcbf7 vtht
,ekvf  .dt- xfdtlb cj[evib lf itd[dlb mfh-
kfathb bwjlf lf vjvf[ctyt,- sdtk lf fa[fp f[fkufphlt,c888
lf [jkvt7 vfuhfv cbvfhskt lblb c[dfj,f b.j vfs ijhbc
dbyvtc fbynthtct,c cfmfhsdt- 2 fa[fpb f[fkufphlt,b ea-
kjib0 fhfdbc= wyj,bcfsdbc7 hj yfrbs[b lf vjvpflt,ekb
bhfrkb othtskbc vfvf  b.dyty7 dblht mfhsdtkt,b8 vjr-
  rf,bytnib ktl7 cj[evib dbsfht,f xf-
cfufyut,jl vtodbf v[jkjl dfw[ht7 xfvjdtlb s,bkbcib lf
fvbc cfsmvtkfl 2  fv lhjc vjcrjdblfy vbhtrfdc
 cgjhnrjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvf-
 ht  hjvtkbw vte,-
 yt,f 2 # fghbkc smdtysfy ey-
2 ,fnjyj ]ev,th7 ) fghb- lf xfvjdbltj= w[flbf7 uhfvj-
dbc xfvjcdkf fh vbyljlf7 hfl-
kbc nhfutlbfvlt hfnjv vb-
ufy fcts fhtek cbnefwbfib
dtlbs7 hfnjv dth vj[th[-
cfmfhsdtkjib pfvshbc jkbv-
lf bv ghjwtct,bc lhjpt
xfw[hj,f0
gbehb sfvfit,bc xfnfht,fc  
2 cfthsjl7 ityc cfresfh
[fk[c nfyrt,bsf lf n.dbt,bs fhwthsb zrefsfv.jatkb
 
hjv uflfmtkfd7 flfvbfyb fh v[fhc fh lfezthlf8 cfblfy fh
[fh= fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht7 .dt- uf7 vpt fyfst,lf7 lfabamekb
kfpt cfibytk rjivfhib dth athlj,t,b lf vst,b ufcfjwf-
ofhvjdblutylb bvfc7 hfw vf-
]EV,TH GFNBFIDBKB5 hb cfyf[fdb b.j8 vjcrjdtkb

iby vj[lf888 dbcfw f[cjdc7 fg- cnevht,b vjb[b,kyty7 fqah-
hbkbc fmwbt,bc lhjc rbyj- sjdfylyty lf lflt,bsb lfcr-
stfnh 3hecsfdtksfy4 cf[fy- dyf lfothtc8 bmdt [b;byfib it-

’hjc v[jkjl jhb trbgf;b bl- dtlbs cfcflbkjl888 uhfvjdvf
uf888 vlujvfhtj,f hjv lfb’f- vbs[hf 2 
,f7 ,tdhb vte,yt,jlf 2 vjvb-

  
nbyutt,c o.fkb vbdeidfs lf    
lfdifkjsj= rfntujhbekb  
obyffqvltub ofdtlb888 vt erdt bvbs ufsfvfvt,ekvf7

f[kf ufdb[ctyt, 'fkbfy cf- hjv  gbhj,f /mjy-
bynthtcj hfvtc= !)() okbc lf vjwtvekb7 uhfvjdc des[f-
!^ vfhnc vjcrjdib db.fdb hb 2 cjzib fhct,j,c 3bvtht-

8 c[dfsfijhbc7 nbycrfbf ljkbyf47 fct hjv7
fv [esb okbc obyfs ujh,f- cjzbw cfmfhsdtkjf lf se
xjdvf ufvjvbupfdyf sfdbcb obu- jkbvgbflf bm xfnfhlt,f7 xdty
yb7 hjvtkbw thsflthsb tu- obyffqvltub fh dbmyt,bs-vts-
ptvgkfhbf cfmfhsdtkjib8 mb= uhfvjdc fvfpt xftwbyf7 hfl-
obuyib ujh,fxjdc eothbf 2 ufy tivfrj,fc vbvb[dlf8 fb7 fct-
itdfhlyf’tv fct vbs[hf5 hjujhb b.j0 vjdefht uhfvjdc7 hf vbptpb fh dt lfbhqdf= cf[kt eylf ftityt,byfs7 hfl- sb cbnefwbf b.j7 xtvc cb[f-
3  2 vfibydt lfd,heylb s,b- ufvjdbujyt7 hfsf lhj ufvtot- 2 hfpt itsfy[vlbs0 ufy 'dtkb hjv yf[tc7 fh vjt- hekc cfpqdfhb fh /mjylf7 hj-
   kbcib lf lfdehtrt  kf7 vfuhfv fhfathvf ufzhf8 uhf- 2 vt lf ve- ojyfs888 vjrktl7 efvhfdb ghj- wf s,bkbcblfy pfhb ufbcvf lf
 w[f- hjvtkvfw .ehvb- vjdvf gbhlfgbh ufvjvbw[flf 2 cbrfkeh fsoktlib thsfl tmnb b.j888   vjvf[ctytc 2 
lbf7 vt d.fdlb v[tldtkj,fib888 kb fh fbqj8 vtht c[df upt,bs # fghbkc s,bkbcib dbmyt,b7 dcofdkj,lbs888 vthf,b wb[b-  fv cfm- 
cfthsjl7 itdfhlyf’t .jdtk- dwflts byajhvfwbbc vjgjdt- ,tdhb itrbs[df vfmdc7 dbpbnc lfy vt ufvjdb.dfyt= pdbflcf lf vtib sfdblfy ,jkjvlt b.dyty 
sdbc pehuc erfy vjmvtlt,lf7 ,f lf vbs[htc7 flktb,f otdc7 dth uflfdlt,j= uflfdo.dbnts7 vthf,c ,fdidj,blfy dbwyj,lb888 xfhsekb8 pdbflvf tc hjv vj- 2 ,fnjyj ]ev,th7 dby lf-
[jkj vt .dtkfc 2  fdfl fhbcj= erdt ufcfut,b b.j7 hjv uhfvjdc fthjgjhnib lf[- fv it[dtlhfpt gbhlfgbh dsmdb bcvbyf7 ofvjluf lf smdf 2 ,f- bo.j vbnbyub0
lf dbyw ubylf7 .jab- se hfcsfy lf dbcsfy udmjylf dlt,jlf  [j- 2 ! vbkbfhl *__ vbkbjyb cf,- njyb ]ev,thb vfhsfkbf7 vj- 2 vbnbyub lfbo.tc 
kb.j7 cbvfhsktc gbhib dte,- cfmvt888 kj vt itd[dlt,jlb  zjsf vfytsbf ufvj.jabkb pfv- lbs7 tc xdtyb fmwbt,b uflfdb-   lf  
yt,jlb= vjrktl7 !)() okbc 2 cfthsjl7 ,jhbc flkt- shbc jkbvgbflbc xfcfnfht,- nfyjs lf jkbvgbflf xfdfnf-  fct hjv7 cbn.df7 hj-
kfl7 fv jkbvgbflfc ye xfdi- hjsj= fct lfdijhlbs ths-

!^ vfhnc ujh,fxjdsfy dfh it[- b,f mfhsekfl utkfgfhfrt-  lf  vtkbw obyf qfvbs vjvwtc7
dtlhfpt lf dte,yt,b 2 jhb cf- ,jlfs0 kbs7 tc aekb mdt.fyfc vjdf[- vfytsc888 ufn.lf888
2 rb7 f,f7 hf= wjkb mfhsdt- vfhjs7 efvhfdb hfv fitylt,f lbkbs flht vt lf 

rbs[b vfmdc5 cfmfhsdtkjib7 ,f- 2 tc it[dtlhf itluf0 2 rjyrhtnekfl dby lf-
rehbfyib7 eylf xfnfhltc pfv- kb /.fdlf888    2 !))! okbc # fghbkc7 lf lfvidtylt,f-vtsmb= ,frehb-  hjvtkcfw tmcgthnt,b /.fd- fhqdbf gbhj,f lf dby lfbo.j
shbc jkbvgbflf lf vtjht 2  qfvbc sjhvtnbc yf[tdfhpt7 fycf lf s,bkbcc ijhbc f[f- lf xfvj.dfybkb7 jhb dthnva- vbnbyub0
fa[fptsib ctgfhfnbcnt,b     kb upf eylf fityt,ekb.j7 htybs ,frehbfyib ufdahby- 2 tc pecnfl fh dbwb7 vfu-
s,bkbcib f[fkb cgjhnbc cf- lbs8 itcfybiyfdb fvbylb bl- hfv vfiby .dtkf thsfl b.j=

ehtdty-vtsmb= ujh,fxjdb vte,-  

yt,f 2   
 
 lf  th-
   tcfe,hf
svfytsc xtvc rf,bytnib itd- 
    

  fa[f-   
[dlbs lf itdsfy[vlbs7 vfu-
ptsibw .dtkfathb vjudfhlt-  
hfv tc itsfy[vt,f vtjht lqtc-
ufuh’tkt,f
,f7 yehfathpt lfhlj,j= vfh-    bmyt,f
skfw7 vcjakbj jkbvgbehb
rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfht 
  hjvt-
kbw vjcrjdib xdtyb ofhvjvfl-
utykj,bc udthlbs w[jdhj,-
lf lf mfhsdtkt,sfy ,ho.by-
dfkt ehsbthsj,f /mjylf7 it-
gbht,ekb b.j 2 se cf,zjsf
rfdibhblfy pfvshbc jkbvgb-
flbc xfcfnfht,tk flubkfl cf-
mfhsdtkjc lffcf[tkt,ty7 xdty
fewbkt,kfl cfmfhsdtkjc
lfdezths v[fhcj= cf,zjsf rfd-
ibhblfy pfvshbc jkbvgbf-
lbc xfcfnfht,kfl js[b mfkf-
mb tmbigt,jlf thsvfytsc 2
ktybyuhflb7 cjzb7 ,frehbfyb
lf vtltj7 hjvtkbw .fpf[ts-
ibf8 vjrktl7 ujh,fxjdsfy it[-
dtlhblfy uf[fht,ekb ufvjdt-
lb7 itd[dlb  
 hjvtkbw cj[evib vblb-
jlf lf des[fhb 2 

    
  
 
  
flktb,f lfv-


gbhlf 2 
  

!)() okbc !( vfhnc fa[fpts-
ib xfnfhlf wyj,bkb 

 lf fa[fptsbc cfmfh-
sdtkjlfy ufcdkfpt gbhdtk-

vf [tkb cojhtl  vj-
fothf=
2 smdtyb htfmwbf fvfpt
4 2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

ghjatcjhb   itdbohjt,f8 hjujhw it’kt,lyty= vt,byf7  ufvjbhxtjlf cfib-
rb ujypt vjdblf7 'fkfeakt,bc o.eh- 2 hfvltyfl ufvfhsklf vfsb vj- ytkb fynbctvbnbpvbs lf fh,tdlf lf
 !)@! okbc dbkbs itg.hj,bkb ktybyb gfhnb- kjlbyb lf hfnjv dth vje[th[f fyuhtdlf t,hfek cbyfujut,c= bub b.j
bdkbcib s,bkbcib7 ek cnhemneht,ib cnfkbybc ufdkt- cnfkbyc ktybyvf dthfathb0 fynbmhbcntw lf fynbt,hftkbw= wyj-
yf’fkfltdbc rke,ib7 ybc phlfv 'fkbfy uffqbpbfyf lf  2 ktybyvf cnfkbyb jhb vbptpbc ,bk cjdtnjkjucf lf vtwybthc 
 gbhlfgbh cs[jdf 2  ufvj dth uffyfluehf 2 bm-  ufvjrdktekb fmdc7 hjv
vjv[lfhb bywbltynbc itvltu wtjlf 'fkbfy byafynbkehfl lf fv ,jkitdbrehb gfhnbbc ,bhsdbc @_
cfmvtib xfthbf qvthsb= cfmvt bc uf[-

ufydbsfht,ek vjdktyt,c   fb7 cojhtl fv cb- ghjwtync ofhvjflutylf hecekb
b[ctyt,c lf bv cfvfhw[dbyj nefwbfib mfhsdtkvf ,jkitdbrt,vf7 kfds7 hjv !)@# okbc lfcfo.bcib sfdflfpyfehj,f7 [jkj jmnbf,hbc-
 v’bvtl uf[lf fdfl7 [jkj nt,ib7 rfltnt,cf lf c[df gfhnbt,ib
hjvkt,cfw  lf   hjvtkbw vcjakbj ghj-
ghjwtcc fqothc7 hjvtkcfw
 vtsfehj,lyty lf hjv- eahj cnfhjdtht,b czfh,j,lyty8
cnfkbybcf lf mfhsdtkb ktnfhekb htdjkewbbc thsgbhjd- gbhlfgbh eylf bsmdfc 2 bv vhf-
kt,bw vtht 3yfwbjyfk-erkjybcnt- yek kblthj,fpt jwyt,j,lf7 dbohj
,fl4 ithfw[tc7 cwfltc7 cnfkbybcs- dfkgfhnbek ,fhlfuib7 hjvtkbw
,jkitdbrt,bc ehsbthsj,fib gfhnbek cfrbs[t,ib xfhtdfc lfvfv- hectsbc bvgthbfib itbmvyf7 ,jkit-
dbc cfcbrdlbkj lfhn.vf vbt.tyt,b- wbht,kfl vbbxytdlf8 cojhtl fv vj-
mfhsekb iehb rdt,fdlf5
yfs8 vfs gbhlfgbh exbdktc cnfkbyc dbrehb gfhnbf .dtkfpt eahj ufvjr-
nbdbs7 fye fvgfhnfdyj,bc ufvj es[- dtsbkb hecekb 'fkf b.j= cnfkby-
2 [fpufcvbs eylf bsmdfc7 hjv bc vf 3fdnjyjvbpfwbbc utuvf4 cojhtl
gbhjdyt,t,b7 hjvkt,vfw  fv ijdbybcnb hecb ,jkitdbrt,bc

  
CDBVJY VFC[FHFIDBKB5 vbcfv[hj,fl 3itvjfulj47 sjhtv 'f-
   kbfy rfhufl bwjlf7 hjv tc utuvf
  lf  fewbkt,kfl xfdfhlt,jlf7 hflufy
  vtsfehj,bs7


!)@! okbc * bdkbcc yf’fkfltdib7    
ubjhub gkt[fyjdbc cf[tkj,bc hrb-    
ybuptksf rke,ib7 cnfkbyc j,cn-   
hemwbf vjeo.dtc lf   
vjrktl7 !)@! okbc * bdkbcc yf-

eojltc7 bltfkeh eh-
sbthsj,fib b.dyty t8o8 uehek ,jk- ’fkfltdbc rke,ib vjo.j,bkb j,c-
itdbrt,sfy7 hjvkt,bw7 afmnj,hb- nhemwbbc itvltu vjdktyt,b fct ufy-
dfl7 cfmfhsdtkjc htdrjvbc ,bhsdcf dbsfhlf 2 cnfkbyb tcohfajlf kt-
lf rjveybcneh gfhnbfc ofhvjfl- ybybcf lf nhjwrbcsdbc 'fkfeakt-
utylyty= cfthsjl7 cfmfhsdtkjib bv ,bc ofhsvtdfc lf fv cfvrdlhj-cfcb-
lhjc lblb ,fhlfub b.j888 fct7 vfuf- wjw[kj ,h’jkfib mfhsdtkb ,jk-
kbsfl7 mfhsdtkb vtyitdbrt,bc ths- itdbrt,b iehbc ufvj mfhsdtkb cnf-
thsb kblthb   hf vfy ktybyc efhb7 ufv[lfhb.j vbcb kbybc rb fhf7 t,hftkb nhjwrbcf lf
lf mfhsdtkb ,jkitdbrt,bc kblthb vjflubkt lf lftrfdt,byf cf[rjvcf,- yf[tdhfl t,hftkb ktybybc udthlbs
  ,b’fidbkt,b b.d- zjc7 fye vbybcnhsf cf,zjc sfdv]- lfluyty=
yty= tdutybv cfmfhsdtkjib hfw lf- ljvfhbc vjflubkbc gjcnb8 2 hjwf !)@@-!)@# okt,ib mfh-
njdf7 .dtkfathb cfif ututzrjhc lfh-  lfhxf hectsbc cfv[tlhj htdrj- sdtkb ,jkitdbrt,bc ghjntcnvf
xf888 thsb j]f[bc otdht,b b.dyty vty- vbc lhjt,bs sfdv]ljvfhtl888 vjr- itltub fh ufvjbqj lf rhtvkib
itdbrb  lf ,jk- ktl7 gjkbnbrehb cbnefwbf fzhf cnfkbyvf ufbvfh]df7 ,tkflvf f]fy-
itdbrb    nhjwrbc fv,bwbfv7 sjhtv !)@@ okbc .t,ek sfyfvj’vtt,pt iehb b’bf0
 cfmfhsdtkjlfy hjv ufbm- itvjlujvf-pfvsfhib mfhsdtkb ,jk- 2 fhfdbsfhb iehbc’bt,f fh .j-
wf7 vbc cf[kib  lfh- itdbrt,b lf ktybyb cnfkbyc vjfi- abkf lf tc ths-thsb efqhtcfl cf-
xf888  cfmfh- sj,lyty= fvfc lftvfnf  uf- bynthtcj lf cfrdfy’j cfrbs[bf cnf-
sdtkjib ths-thsb gbhdtkb ,jk- sbidfw8 vfy lfrfhuf vtn.dtkt,bc eyf- kbybc ,bjuhfabfib= 
itdbrb uf[klfs7 [jkj vbcb wjkb hb lf ujyptw bidbfsfl vjlbjlf8       
 hjvtkbw7     
fvfdlhjekfl7         
  b.j7 cfmfhsdtkjc         
lfvae’yt,tkb rht,bc ltgenfnbc       
cnfnecc fnfht,lf lf [esblfy ths-   itsmvekt,bc xfdfhlybc
thsb vtyitdbrb mfkb b.j7 hjvtkbw  itvltu7 hjwf ktybyb vjrdlf lf rhtv-
cfmfhsdtkjc evfqktc cfrfyjyvlt,- 2 ,fnjyj cdbvjy7 hjujh fafct,c kib cnfkbyvf bvfh]df7 mfhsdtkb
kj jhufyjib vj[dlf8 bcnjhbf cnfkbybctek 3fdnjyjv- ,jkitdbrt,b7 hjvkt,vfw ghjntc-
hjwf cfmfhsdtkjc ufcf,zjt,f vj[- bpfwbbc utuvfc40 nbc ybiyfl sfyfvlt,j,t,b lfnjdtc7
lf7 mfhsdtkvf ,jkitdbrt,vf vfibydt 2 !)@@ otkc7 dblht cf,zjsf rfd- lfvorhbdlyty lf wtrfib cfvfhw[db-
lfbo.tc lfrjynfmnt,f mfhsekb [t- yjl vb,heylyty8 !)@$ otkc bcbyb

ibhb itbmvyt,jlf7 cnfkbyb 

kjdyt,bcf lf vtwybtht,bc rjhbat-  vbpyfl bcf[fd- rdkfd evfqktc sfyfvlt,j,t,pt b.d-
t,sfy8 !)@! okbc pfa[ekib cnf- lf vjvfdfkb cf,zjsf htcge,kbrt,bc yty888
kbyb vjcrjdblfy hjv xfvjdblf7 * bd- ufthsbfyt,fc hectsbc atlthfwbfib !)@^ okbc lfcfo.bcib cnfkbyvf
kbcc bc mfhsdtksf tkbnfc rb fhf7 fdnjyjvbbc eakt,bs8 tc bltf cnf- sfdbc w[jdht,fib gbhdtkfl fbqj
bv htdjkewbjytht,c it[dlf7 hjv- kbyvf 3itvjfulj4 bv hecekb gfh- [tkib chekb 'fkfeakt,f7 vfc gj-
kt,sfyfw cbzf,erbc cfertstcj okt- nbek-ijdbybcnehb tkbnbc vbcfv- kbn,behjib erdt /.fdlf sfdbcb vjv-
,b lf vupyt,fht htdjkewbehb ofh- [hj,fl7 hjvtkbw hectsbc wtrfib [htt,b 2   
cekb frfdibht,lf8 tc ]ueab cbc[k- .dtkufy evhfdktcj,fib b.j8 se gj-  hjvkt,cfw wjnf vjudbfyt-

[jhwtekfl b.j lfrfdibht,ekb  kbn,behjc t,hfek ahfmwbfc v[tl- ,bs itethslyty  lf 
 lf  dtkj,fib fh vbdbqt,s7 hjvtkcfw  fb7 fcts cbnefwbfib
 hjvkt,vfw cfmfh-     ,tkflc itt’kj7 lfhtjlf sfdbc gj-
sdtkjib 3obstkb fhvbf4 itvjb.df- ofhvjflutylyty7 c[df .dtkf ijdbybc- kbnbreh vnht,c lf thsbfyfl uft-
ytc= fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht7 dabmhj,7 nb hecb b.j 2  ;e;f7 vfuhfv bc cfgbhbcgbhjl vjbm-
!)@! okbc * bdkbcc cnfkbyc yf’f-  lf  c[dfsfijhbc7 wf8 vfufkbsfl7 sfdbc ,fdidj,bc vt-
kfltdbc rke,ib j,cnhemwbf vty-  lf  uj,fhcf lf itvltu lfe’byt,tk
itdbrt,vf lf t8o8 3gfnhbjnt,vf4 rb  fqt,ekb /mjylfs 'dtkb vnthc   cfief-
fhf7 cbyfvldbktib htdrjvbc vbth vfh- hecekb udfht,b lf fvbs wlbkj,l- kt,f vbcwf7 cfpqdfhufhts ofcekb-
sekvf ghjdjrfnjht,vf7 fye mfhs- yty7 ijdbybcnehb hecekb gfhnb- .j7 [jkj   
dtkvf ,jkitdbrt,vf vjeo.dtc= ekb tkbnbcsdbc sfdb vjtojyt,b-  lf vstk bv ueylc7 hj-
2 ,fnjyj cdbvjy7 vfbyw hf b.j yfs8 vtksf ofmtpt,bsfw vfc !)@! okbc
fv uf[vfeht,ekb j,cnhemwbbc vb- bvbc ufvj7 hjv dbyvtc vbcsdbc cbj- * bdkbcc yf’fkfltdbc rke,ib 3.jh-
ptpb lf hfnjv dth bnfylyty mfh- ybcneh ohtt,sfy rfdibhb fh lftof- qfyfidbkb4 t’f[tc7 [tkb fh f[kj lf
sdtkb ,jkitdbrt,b lf ufycfres- evfqktcb gjkbnbrehb gjcnt,b
ktybysfy lf nhjwrbcsfy8 bcbyb vj-
ht,bs htdrjvbc otdht,b cnfkbyc0
bs[jdlyty cf,zjsf rfdibhib cfmfh- lfenjdf8 fvbc itvltu dbyw efhb smdf
2 hjujhw vjudbfyt,bs ufbhrdf7 cnfkbybc obyffqvltu ,h’jkfpt7 .dt-
fvbc vbptpb b.j v[jkjl lf v[jkjl sdtkjc wfkrt htcge,kbrfl ufthsb-
fyt,fc7 hfw vjudbfyt,bs vj[lf rbltw8 kfv itbyfhxeyf cbwjw[kt lf sfyfv-
mfhsekb iehb= cfmvt bc uf[kfds7 lt,j,f7 vfuhfv !)@! otkcdt lfbo.j
hjv cfrfdibhj hecekb vfcinf,bs7 2 rbltd hfc bs[jdlyty bcbyb0
bvfsb htghtcbt,b7 dbyw !)#$-!)#*
mfhsdtk ,jkitdbrt,c ijhbc .dtkf- 2 bcbyb cnfkbyc ,hfkc clt,l-
yty 'fkfeakt,bc uflfvtnt,fcf lf okt,ib cnfkbybc obyffqvltu
pt vfqfk gjcncf lf fqbfht,fc vbfq- vjo.j,bk fhfths itsmvekt,fib vj-
obf v[jkjl 8 thsflthsb sdbsyt,j,fib7 eahj vtnbw7 ktyb-
ybcf lf nhjwrbcufy vjbs[jdlyty vbc yfobktj,lf lf vtht lfb[dhbnf8 coj-
mfhsdtkb ,jkitdbrb7 hjvtkbw @_- htl fv fhvjikbk vnhj,fc ittobh-
bfyb okt,bc lfcfo.bcib itcf’kjf7 vjijht,fc= ktybyb afmnbc obyfit
hjv lft.tyt,byfs lf sfdbfysb yty    
cnfkbyc sfdbcb ufdktybsf lf sf-
yfvlt,j,bs uf]b,ht,jlf7 b.j  vjs[jdyt,bcsdbc vtnb cbv’faht it- 
 hjvtkcfw !)@# t’byfs7 vfs htdrjvbc itvflutykj,f    
lf evfqktcb gfhnbekb sfyfvlt,j-  lf c[df mfhsdtkb ,jkitdb-
otkc  vjflubkbc7 fye cf[- rt,b8 hfw itt[t,f  
rjvcf,zjc sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkbc ,t,b ghjntcnbc ybiyfl lfnjdtc8
w[flbf7 bcbyb fvfc fhfdbsfh itvs[dt-  vbcsdbc cnfkbyc 'dtkb vnhj-
gjcnbw rb tzbhf7 vfuhfv gjkbn,b- ,f fh ufe[ctyt,bf7 vfuhfv bkbf zfd-
ehjc otdhb lf otdhj,bc rfylblf- dfib fh uffrtst,lyty7 yf[tdfhb ghj-
wtynbw hjv /mjyjlfs bvbc vjkj- zfdf’bc vrdktkj,f lf  
nb fh .jabkf8 ufhlf fvbcf7   xdtyt,t,b ,tkflc fb’e-
 uf[klfs fhbcnjr- lbyb7 hjv fv yf,b]c vfsb gjkbnbre-
hb rfhbthf lf cbwjw[kt ittobht,j- kt,lf7 cfcfvfhskj abkbgt vf[fhf-
hfnbekb udfhbc ofhvjvflutytkb8 ’bc gthcjybsfw lfbynthtct,ekb-
cnfkbyb b.j gjkbn,behjc otdhb7 lf8 mfhsdtkb ,jkitdbrt,bc )) ghj-
wtynb lfhoveyt,ekb b.j7 hjv fv .j8 fvbc ufvj abkbgtv bythdbekf lf
hfw yt,bcvbth gjkbnbreh sfyfvlt- !)$! okbc !_ ltrtv,thc ufhlfbw-
,j,fpt vtnb b.j8 fb7 cojhtl tc cnf- upbs bcbyb cnfkbybc ufytbnhfkt-
,fc lf sfyfvlt,j,t,pt lf,heyt,fc dfkf8 ekfvfptcb  
necb uf[lf vbptpb lblb lfgbhbcgb-  hjvtkbw 'fkbfy ufdktybfyb
ht,bcf lf jhjvnhbfkbcf7 hfcfw bc

f[fkufphlf b.j hectsib7 cnfkb-
itltub vj/.df7 hjv !)@! okbc * bd-
ybc obyffqvltu vjo.j,bk .dtkf its-
kbcc vjo.j,bkb j,cnhemwbf !)@@

otkc cnfkbybc obyffqvltu lfo.t- mvekt,fc sfyfeuh’yj,lf7 hfcfw it-
tobhf rbltw888  
,ek cfvfhw[dbyj rfvgfybfib uflfb-

pfhlf7 hjwf fghbkib ktybyb    
lffdfllf7 [jkj cnfkbyb gfhnbbc     

utythfkehb vlbdfyb uf[lf8 
!)@@ okbc itvjlujvfvlt ktybyb  

ufsbiekb b.j7 fvfcj,fib cnfkbyvf
tcfe,hf
gfhnbek tkbnfib lbl ofhvfnt,t,c


vbfqobf7 hflufy lfbf[kjdf 
 lf hfw ufuh’tkt,f
bvbc cfae’dtkb uf[lf7 hjv lfbo.j
2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

bmyt,f
5
   !)#* okbc gbhdtkb bfy-
dhbcsdbc mdt.fyfib erdt
[bidbkbc vteqkbc bynt-
htct,pt sdfkbc ltdyt,f7
lfo.t,ekbf htghtcbt,b7 cfmvt gbhfl rjynhjkpt
by;byth   fb.dfyf lf fqvjxylf7 hjv
 fbdyblfy  ]fdf[bidbkbc vteqkt 
 erdt itubyt,e-  ,byfib b.-
kb /.fdc kfdhtynb ,t- eht,jlf8 hjwf ,thbf cfm-
hbf7 uflfo.dtnbkbf bv vtib ufthrdf7  wjk-
fbdfypt bv lqtc v.jasf idbksfy thsfl cek[fy-cf-
,tlbw 2 !)#*-ib .dtkf ,fc mexfpt uffcf[kf7 [j-
vfsufyb lf[dhbntc7 ufh- kj ,byfib vbcb ltlf lf
lf   lf lfnjdf8 fctsb b.j cb-
 vb[tbk ]fdf- nefwbf8 tc b.j bc gthb-
[bidbkb bv lqtc ]bmbfc jlb7 hjltcfw vb[tbk ]f-
fbdfypt fh bv.jat,jlf7 df[bidbkc mdt.fyfib fh-
sevwf7 vtpj,kfl w[jd- ct,ek vlujvfhtj,fcf lf
hj,lf lf ]bmbt,bc fbdfy- kfdhtynb ,thbfpt ]th
cf lf rbltd c[df fbdyt,c rbltd yfsmdfvb fh /mjy-
sfdbcb ,bybc afy]ht,blfy lf5    
frdbhlt,jlf8 fv,j,ty7   
hjv fctdt bmwtjlf ]f- othbkib 3fb7 hfc dfgb-
df[bidbkbc vteqktw7 hj,4 vb[tbk ]fdf[bidbkb
hjvtkbw c[dbcb cf[kbc vrbs[dtkc f[fk otkc ek-
afy]ht,ib leh,bylbs jwfdc lf sfdbcb cb[fhe-
b.eht,jlf lf  kbc vbptpc fcf[tkt,c5 uf-
 fybiyt,lf8 cek otkc cnfkbyc it[-
hjltcfw abkvb  dtlhbf lf jhltybw vb-
  ufvjdblf eqbf8 vothfkb rvf.jab-
lf ths-ths cwtyfib leh- kbf7 hjv cf[tkufvb vbc hj-
,bylb ufvjxylf7 vb[tbk vfyc 3mfkbc ndbhsb4 wfk-
]fdf[bidbkbc w[jdht,bc rt obuyfl lf,tzlfdc 2
vwjlyt flfvbfyt,c fv lbl vjhfkeh rvf.jab-
leh,bylvf cojhtl vb- kt,fc ufydbwlb7 lfvlt-
[tbkbc vteqkt uff[ct- ub otkboflbw ecfsejl
yf lf qfkfnpt vbybi- yf.jabthb eylf b.jc7 jm-
yt,fl xfsdfkf8  njv,hbc htdjkewbbc @_
 gbhdtkb okbcsfdcfw qbhctekb
mvfhb   yfofhvjt,b eylf vbde’-
 fv,j,lf7 3]f.jc [bp- qdyfj8
yt,ib4 sfdfl fdnjhbc fv lhjbcfsdbc vothfkb
,tlb ufvjczdbdbcj8 erdt %^ okbcff lf vbcb fv
  fh cff[fkokj othbkblfy db-
lfpfht,bf vb[tbk ]fdf- ut,s7 hjv vtvefht,bc ot-

hbc lfo.t,fc fgbht,c7 hfl-
ufy lfhoveyt,ekb fh
 fhbc7 hjv *_ otkc vbfq-
otdc +vtvefht,bc othfc vt-
uj,ht,b *_ okbc fcfrb-
lfy vbhxtdtyj`8

  
     
   
 sehvt7 cfg.-
hj,bktib ofvt,bc lhjc
vb[tbk ]fdf[bidbkc ,thbf

vfhskfw sfdpt lfclujvbf
3utythfkbcbvecbc4 tc yjvthb lf esmdfvc 2 f[kf rb ufl-
vbvlbyfht okbc ) bfydfhc ufc xtrbcnb sfdptj=
ufvjlbc7 ) bfydfhb rb bc

 ]fdf[bidbkbc it-
lqtf7 hjltcfw !)_% otkc vjmvtlt,fc rfhufl bw-
vtabc hectsvf7 vqdltk yj,lf7 3]f.jc [bpyt,c47
ufgjybc qfkfnbc vbc vjs[hj,t,c7 3fhctyf
rdfklfrdfk7 cbc[kib xff[ij vfhf,ltkc4888 vjcojylf7

veifsf vidblj,bfyb fmwbf ]fdf[bidbkbc vcufdcfl7
cfymn-gtnth,ehuib7 pfvshbc gtycytc hjv fnfht,lf8
cfcf[ktcsfy lf tc lqt !)#_ otkc7 hjwf 
bcnjhbfib 3cbc[kbfyb  mfhsekb
kbnthfnehbc rkfcbrf fr-

rdbhbc4 cf[tkojlt,bs
itdblf8 lhjv sfdbcb cf[tkb h’fkf lf 
lffhmdf (% okbc obyfs7 lfegbhbcgbhlf7 
gbhdtkb b.j7 dbyw vot-
!)#* okbc ! bfydfhc
hfkc ufvjtmjvfuf lf vbcb
lfo.t,ek gthbjlcfw7 obuyt,bc [tkvtjhtl uf-
hjltcfw ufptsvf vjwtvbc yt,f lfhsj8 fb7
3rjveybcnvf4 cf,zjsf

cfmfhsdtkjc f[fkb otkb
cnfkbybc cbn.dt,bs
vbekjwf5 

 
  

  
  

  fvfdt
ufptsbc vtjht udthlpt7

3rjveybcnbc4 cff[fkokj
fyrtnfib7 wyj,bkvf

vtwybtht,vf lf cfpjuflj
vjqdfott,vf vbcfkjwb
ntmcnt,b ufvjfmdt.ytc7

hjvtksf ijhbcfw
.ehflqt,fc bmwtdc 

 othbkb
   cflfw
vrbs[dtkc itvjmvtlt,bs
utuvt,c epbfht,c8
6 2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)






xfbpt rb vothfkb dthfahbs abmht,ekb8

vbbgfnb;f7 vbsevtntc7 hjv (^ okbc itvltu dtwyj- 
,jkj okt,ib ,thbf lf ]f- ,bs !)#* okbc ! bfydhbc 
df[bidbkb vtpj,kt,b b.d- ufpts 3rjveybcnc47 hjv-
yty= 
kbc vtjht udthlptw
!)#* okbc gbhdtk bfy- sdfkib cfwtvbf v[twbc yb- 
dfhc   ifyb ths-thsb othbkbc 
 ufhlf7 3rjveybcnib4 cfsfehib5   
f[fkb okbc vbcfkjw othb-  !)#* otkb cf-
kt,c ,tzlfdty ghjatcjht- mfhsdtkjib cfvb tmdcbf-
,b ybs lfbo.j lf cbc[kb lf
 lf   w[tlht,b vjbnfyf8 ite’-
 sfdlfwdbc cf[fk[j kt,tkbf7 hjv 
rjvbcfhbfnbc cfv[tlhj  fv cfvb wbahbc-
cf,zjc otdhb   sdbc .ehflqt,f fh vbtm-
 ufhrdtekb wbf8 cbv,jkehb fqvjxy-
lhjbc vtht7 ,tlbc bhjyb-
bs7 hbw[dsf vbcnbrfv fv
lf vothkbc othbkbc cf-
flfvbfyt,bc ,tlb thsvfytsc
sfehbw 2 
 tc cbn.dt,b sbsmjc
lferfdibhf8 pecnfl bvfdt
bvfsb yfsmdfvb b.j7 dbcfw
cfmfhsdtkjib ]th rbltd uf-
otkc7 !)#* okbc !$ fu-
eujyfhb cbcfcnbrt eylf
dbcnjc7 fgfnbvht,ty 
lfto.j 2 fb7 hfc fgbht,-
 @) ctm-
lf !)#*= sevwf7 rfwj,hb-
ntv,thc ufvjfmds vbcsdbc
j,fc erdt ufdkbkb /mjylf
lf[dhtnbc ufyfxtyb7 [dht-
nty vtjht lqtc 2 #_ ctm-
ntv,thc8 !)#* okbc bdybc- sfdbcb #* 2 rfkbuekfc
ib fgfnbvht,ty  cfcnbrb vvfhsdtkj,bc
 lf[dhtnfc ec- lfcfo.bcb8 tc hbw[db cbv-
]bfy thsb okbc itvltu 2 ,jkehbf vtlbwbybc sdfk-
@) bdkbcc7 [dhtnty #_ bd- cfphbcbsfw 2 flfvbfybc
kbcc8 pecnfl @_ okbc itv- c[tekbc vfqfkb ntvgt-
ltu7 !)%* okbc @) bdkbcc7 hfnehbc cfo.bcbw #*-bf8
bqegt,f ghjatcjhb  vb[tbk ]fdf[bidbkvf sf-
  dbc gfnfhf vbvfhsdfib vjr-
pecnfl #* okbc itvltu7 ktl xfvjf.fkb,f7 hfc fgb- !)#* okbc #! ltrtv,thc ufpts
!)*$ okbc @) ltrtv,thc ht,lf7 vfuhfv bc fh uf[ct-
2 ghjatcjhb  yt,bf7 hjv vfcsfy vbvfh- 3rjveybcnbc4 vt-#__ yjvthb
 [jkj !)#* st,fib w[jdht,fcfw sfdb- ufvjdblf8 !)#^ okbc #! ltrtv,thc
okbc @) bdybcc [dhtnty  cb gbhj,t,b /mjylf8 !)#*
  lf vfcsfy okbc ! bfydfhb cfmfhs- cj[evib  
thsfl hecsfdtkbc stfn-
hbc [es vcf[bj,c 2 
dtkjib b.j .bydbfyb7 vb-
lfrh’fktc7 hjvkbc vrdktkj,fibw
  vjbfpht,ty8
yec ! uhflecb wtkcbe-
 cbs7 odbvf fh vjcekf7
   vfuhfv vjdblf cbc[kbc
   odbvf lf vbofc itthbf8 bv cfv[tlhj nthvbyjkjubfc se
 sbs- lhjbc nfkf[b lqtvlt lfdtctc[t,bs7 3uhep #__4 lfzhbkb
mjc tc .dtkfathb cflqfw
vtjvhbc uflf.dfyfc ybiyfdc8 !)#*
dth xfvjbhtw[f cfmfhs-
w[jdht,bc vbqvf b.j xf- dtkjv8
lfzhbk okfl itdblf cfmfhsdtkjc
bcnjhbfib7 hjvtkvfw uflfbnfyf
3uhep @__4-bw lf 3uhep !__4-bw 2
vrdlht,bw lf cbrdlbkbc itvjmvtlb
cfv[tlhj bfhfqt,bc cfibytkt,fw8
) okbc ufyvfdkj,fib mfhsdtkb
[fk[bcsdbc
#* okbc vjvo.j,b eyjvhj 3uhepbw4
ifhify fhf;yt,bc uflfvnfyb cfndbhsj
vfymfybs itvjdblf cfmfhsdtkjib lf
v’bvt njmcbreh 3uhepfl4 udtmwf888
hf yjvthc vbfybzt,ty7 hfc egbhj,ty7
]th fh dbwbs===

2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172) 7


 itybidyfc 3ekdfibfyb rfwbc
#_ fsfcb gjhnhtnbc4 itcf[t,
ltynbcf lf vbcb j]f[bc otd-
ht,bc ajnjt,b bojyt,lf
yb b.j8 gbhdtk udthlpt
 ajnj +thsflt-
 ,tkflvf qbvbkbs egfce[f7 sfdc8 erkt,kbd .dtkf vfcfkf7 hsb‘ lf vbc sfyfvjfphtsf
    hjv cf[fk[j cb.dfhekbc uf-
vjdktyfcsfy ,h’jkbs erdt
gbhdtkblfy vt-!^ udthlfvlt7
be,bkfhc t’qdyt,jlf8 itlf-
vbkjwdff8 lfyfhxtyb vfcf-
kt,b rb vbvlbyfht vjdkt-
   lfbqfkf8 3xtvb fphbs7 vtn- ht,bcfsdbc vfdfyc fh fo.tylf7 yt,c t’qdyt,f8 dabmhj,7
 obkfl tc uekbs rtslt,f7 2
smdf vfy7 2 gfhnbbcflvb vfl-
!)$) okbc @! ltrtv,hbc
3ghfdlf4 uflftifkf8 bub7 hj-
smdtyc lfcvek itrbs[dfc tc
itlfht,fw egfce[t,c8
 kbtht,bc uh’yj,f [fk[c7 pj- ujhw .jdtksdbc7 $-udthlbf-
 u]th lfevcf[eht,kflfw7 xt-
vpt uflvjfmdc84 [jkj7 hjlt-
 cfw  feo.f7
hjv htv,hfylnbc yf[fnt,bc uf-
fv rbs[dfpt hecb vot- vjatyfpt cnfkbybc epfhvfpf-
hkbc vb[tbk ijkj[jdbc hb lf eutvjdyj ,becnb b[b-
wyj,bkb cbn.dt,bs ubgf- kf7 ,tkflb vjbqeif5 3relmb-
ce[t,s5 3b.j reknb7 vfu- wbyf lf mktcf ,hb.db vnthpt
hfv b.j gbhjdyt,fw84 cb.- efhtcbf47 2 smdf vfy8
dfhekb vfhskfw e,hfkj lfutsfy[vt,bs bvfibw7 hjv
[fk[bcfufy vjvlbyfhtj,lf7 3gbhjdyt,bc reknbc lfuvj-
reknc rb cojhtl bcbyb fq- ,fv4 lfsdehb cfvcf[ehb ufe-
dbdt,lyty7 dbyw ,tkflbc uf- obf vskbfyfl rjveybcneh vj-
hlfwdfkt,bc itvltu ’hfj,fc8
ehw[dfl fvjcdfhf kfaib vfuhfv hjujhbw eylf .jab-
vbcb cf[tkbw lf cfmvtw8 cf- kb.j cnfkbybc reknb7 
uekbc[vjf7 hjv fv reknbc
egbhdtktcb vcf[ehb lf uf-
  
 lf eahj udbfyltk 2
vnfht,tkb  
 uf[klfs7 hbcsdbcfw
[heixjdbcf lf ,ht;ytdbc re-
knert,sfy vbcb itlfht,fw fh
fhfths[tk lfevcf[eht,bf
itb’kt,f8 fm7  gt-
cnfkbybc itybidyf8
vgbc iemb  itcf- e[tifl itfo.dtnbyf  hbahfpbs7 cfvfhskbfyb bmyt-
,jlf7 udtsmdf5 3b.j reknb7
eylf bsmdfc7 hjv cnf-
kbyb cfthsjlfw tobyffq- ybiyfdvf 3,fsevvf47 hflufy7 ,t-  cbn.dt,b 3xdty lbflb
vltut,jlf vbcb vbcfvf- kflbc ufyw[flt,bs7 3bm vtnb- cnfkbybc vjofatt,b dfhs4 vfuhfv fh b.dyty gbhjdyt,t-
hsbs [jn,fe[dj,fc8 wyj- cvtnfl b.j ofvjotekb cnf- lf lfc’byf5 3xdty .dtkfyb ,b84
,bkbf7 vfufkbsfl7 hjv vfy kbybc hjkb84 obuyib  ktybybc vjofatt,b dfhs48 fb7 vfufkbsb ef[kjtcb of-
frh’fkf obuyb cnfkbybc ,f-     vfufkbst,bc vj.dfyf ecfche- hcekblfyfw8 !))( okbc bfy-
didj,bc okt,pt lf vbcot-  vjrkt ,bjuhfabf4 cnfkb- kjl itb’kt,f8 dfhib tlefhl itdfhlyf'bc *_
hf fdnjhc7 hjv vbcb ,fdi- yvf .dtkufy cfresfhb [tkbs fvfcsfy7  ufut,bs okbc be,bktcsfy lfrfdibht-
dj,f c[dt,bcufy fhfahbs uf- fvjifkf cbn.dt,b 3lbflb4 lf trblt,jlf [fk[bc vbclfvb cb- ,bs7 htcge,kbrbc ths-thsb
yc[dfdlt,jlf8 cnfkbybc uf- 3utybfkehb48 .dfhekc8  ofv.dfyb ufptsb !^ udthlpt uf-
yrfhuekt,bs dth b[bkf hf- wr-bc ths-ths gktyevpt vfy it[dtlhbcfc vothkbc vjdblf8 .jdtk udthlpt ghtpb-
     hbibc ufsfyf,ht,f7 # uj- 

     kb cf[tkjdfyvf 
  ufbnf- 
   yf8   
  
vfiby gbhdtk ufnfybk 
   
ujkfvlt lfvfnt,bsb lhj-
bc lf gtyfknt,bc cthbbc   
  
otcb fh fhct,j,lf8 cf.fb-    
vj itltubc itvs[dtdfib [t-   
      kf[fkb vfnxb bybiyt,jlf8
bub thsb lqbc itvltu ufb-  
    vfhsf8 sfdblfy bq,fkb cf-   
    ,zjsf cgjhncvtyt,c o.f-


kj,lf8 gbhdtkb ujkb
 ufbnfyf7 vfuh-  
abytsbc ltlfmfkfm /t- itb’kt,jlf7 ueylt,b thsvf- kfl ofhbvfhsf8 vtjht nfb- fv cf,jkjjl cf,zjsf at-   
kcbyrbib jkbvgbehb sf- ytsc fhw it[dtlhjlyty7 vfvbc iefvlt beujckfdbtkt,b [,ehstkt,vf vtnjmtt,c   
vfit,b !)%@ okbc bdkb- uhfv888 vthdtlabyfkib cf,- %5! but,lyty8 !% oesbc ufy- !5# lfesvtc8 tc fhw fhbc
ufcfrdbhb8 fhvbtkt,b ufe-  
cib ufbvfhsf8 tc gbhdtkb
jkbvgbflf b.j7 hjvtkibw
zjsf yfrht,b beujckfdbbcfc
lfegbhbcgbhlf8
vfdkj,fib cf,zjsf at[,eh-
stkt,vf ’fk-qjybc fhfflfvb- sfdt,tkb dfh]bibs lf yt-  
cchr-v vbbqj vjyfobktj- gbhdtkb vfnxb lhfvfne- fyehb lf’f,dbs it’ktc fyuf- hdekb cnhtcbs fhfmfsuf-
vjwkbkt,b b.dyty7 sfyfw
  
,f8 ,eyt,hbdbf7 cgjhncvt-
beujckfdbbc yfrht,b vfiby !)$! okbc jmnjv,thib vjcrjdbc ,tlb ,todpt trblf8 uth-
yt,c thsb lbhtmnbdf /mj-
cgjhnekb rfhbthbc vodt- vfytkt,b ltlfmfkfmbc wtynhblfy !%-jlt rbkjvtnhib
ylfs 2 cgjhnbc .dtkf cf-
hdfkpt bv.jat,jlf8 bub bluyty8 ,eyt,hbdbf7 bcbyb lfhoveyt,ekb b.dyty7 hjv vjcrjdc
[tj,fib uftvfh]dfs8 fv,j- lqt-lqtpt fbqt,lyty8 fvbnjv * yjtv,hbcfsdbc obstk vj-
,ty7 hjv  abp- abyfkibw rb ufdblf lf v[j-
reknehbcf lf cgjhnbc kjl eyuhtkt,sfy lfvf- tlfypt dthvf[nbc vjobyfdt yfobkt,bc fqkevb lfbybiyf8
hw[lf _5@8 hjujhw bwbs7 bub fh itluf lf cnfkbyvf nhflbwbekb fq-
rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfhtc kevb xffnfhf7 cfblfyfw vt,h’jkt,b gbhlfgbh ahjynbc [f-
ufvjvidblj,t,bcfc es[hf5 hf smvf eylf7 tc lfvfh-
w[t,f rhtvkbcsdbc lblb ppt vbtvfhst,jlyty8 wyj,fv fv fqkevbc itcf[t, yfwbcneh
3se /tkcbyrblfy jmhjc
lfhn.vf uf[klfs7 sfyfw [tkv’qdfytkj,fib yfvldbkb ijrb ufvjbodbf8 itb’kt,f bs-
ufhtit xfvj[dfks7 vbc mdfc7 hjv bub sfdbcb vybidytkj,bs cnfkbyuhflsfy fy re-
beujckfdbbc ltlfmfkfmib
vjcfgjdt,kfl rjkbvfib hcrsfy ufvfh]dt,fc enjklt,jlf8 vtjht ijrb /bnkthvf 
fqvjxylt,bs84 etzdtkbf7 ufvfh]dt,f pfh-ptbvbs fq-  lf vbcb inf,bc lfn.dtdt,fpt uflf-
tc t8 o8 ifdb bevjhb b.j7 ybiytc8 vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf lf qt,ekb rbyjabhbc yf[dbs ufybwflf8 fv abkvvf vstkb vcj-
hjvtkbw ,tkflc e.dfhlf8 vbe[tlfdfl 3rjkbvbc jm- akbj vjbfhf8 lf,jkjc7 cnfkbybc vtcfvt lfhn.vf 2 n.dt-
ufycfresht,ekb vbsbst- hjc4 itcf[t, vemfhbcf7 at- t,bc 3fqkevb4 obstk vjtlfypt8 bub jvbc lfvsfdht,fvlt
,f at[,ehsbc yfrht,c vb- [,ehstkt,b htghtcbht- sbsmvbc thsb okbs flht itluf7 !)$$ okbc bdkbcib8 uj-
cwtc +bub vskbfyfl ,ekb fh .jabkfy8 tc hrbc mexfpt fsbfsfcj,bs /bnkthtkb ]fhbcrfwb7 jabwthb
3wlrf4-c7 mdt.ybc vhfdf- v[jkjl zjhbf8 hjltcfw lf utythfkb uffnfhtc mdtbsb lf w[tyjcfyb obstkfhvbtkt-
kupbc xtvgbjybc vjsfvf- rhtvkib vfnxbc itltut,pt ,bc ,flhfubs8 mexfib ufvjvfdfkb .dtkf afy]fhf ,jkjvlt
itt,bcfufy itlut,jlf` 2 vc]tkj,bcfc  /rb- uftqjs7 vstkb vjcrjdb fltdyt,lf sdfkc fv exdtekj fq-
beujckfdbbc yfrht,sfy s[tc7 hjujh vjmwtjlyty kevc7 hjvkbc bltf7 ,eyt,hbdbf7 cnfkbyc tresdyjlf8 vbcb
it[dtlhf yt,bcvbth afcfl 3lfvyfifdt4 ueylc7 vfy obyflflt,bs7 n.dtsf rjkjyt,c cfho.fdb vfymfyt,b vb/.-
vjtujs8 fv sfvfic gjkb- egfce[f5 3hjujh tmwtdbfy dt,jlyty lf ltlfmfkfmbc vsfdfh mexfc htw[fdlyty8
nbrehb vybidytkj,f tyb- gjkrc7 hjvtkvfw lhjif tc fqkevb rbyjabhpt uflfbqtc lf /bnkthvf7 hf smvf eylf7
zt,jlf7 hflufy be- itfhw[dbyf04 3wlrf4 lfif- bub yf[f8 bm lfvcoht utythkt,b othlyty7 hjv abehthb wj-
ujckfdbbc [tkv’qdfytkt- ktc7 vjsfvfitt,b rb c[df at,c .hblf8
,b 2  rke,t,ib uffyfobktc8
 lf c[dt,b7 hjv-  
$ okbc itvltu7 vtk,e-
kt,bw ,jkj lhjvlt rj-  hybc jkbvgbflfpt7 cf,zj- 
veybcnt,fl lf cchr-bc vj-  sf yfrht,vf htdfyib fbqj 
rfdibhtt,fl bsdkt,jlyty7  lf beujckfdbtkt,c @5! 
afibcneh [hjdfl ufvjw-  vjeuj8 vfuhfv tc erdt c[df
[fllyty lf jh mdt.fyfc ij- 

ueylb uf[klfs lf cnf-
hbc ehsbthsj,f ito.lf8 kbybw wjw[fkb fqfh b.j8

3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 cfufvjvwtvkj cf[kb8 dt,-udthlb bynthytnib5 www. asavali.com tk-ajcnf5 mail@asavali.com
20 

atbc,emb5 www. facebook.com/Asavali.com ufvjlbc @__# okbc * fghbkblfy8


hjvtkcfw lfzthbc itvltu .j-
  
3se xtvb idbkb fqfh
dtkudfhb vrehyfkj,bc ufht-
 
bmyt,f7 cfmfhsdtkj
it7 3vihfkfl4 uflffult,bytc
cf[tkvobajt,hbj,fc yfhrjnbrb lf bc 'fkbfy vfkt
lfrfhufdc lf
  ojyfib ufyf[tdhlf888 dfqbf-
   

ofbikt,f=4 2 ufyfw[flf hjs7 hjv


f[kf[fy cffrfidbkbc


ltlfv 
 fhflf7 
dblht ubek-[fyevb
  
  
,hbabyut,c fnfht,c lf


cfmfhsdtkjc ,tlpt

 
3oe[c74 vbcb yfibthb7

hjujhw thsvf
vtlveifrvf fqbfhf7
  
  
cfresfh atrfkbt,c
  

fvhudfkt,c lf
cfvtlbwbyj gthcjyfkc


tcdhbc7 sfy ufb’f[bc 2

fenfytkb7 idbkj7 lfvb]t-
rfkfs,ehsc dsfvfij,j=

ht,s7 ]th gfnfhf ,fdidbdbs

hfcsfy udfmdc cfmvt0 ufyphf[ cfojkib ifhlfdc7
vfhskfw ufub;lf itvltu cfresfh atrfkbt,c 

fvhudfkt,c lf udtcdhbc7 rf-
yfghtpbltynfkb se

kfs,ehsc dsfvfij,j888 jh-
ub;bc hjkb vjbhuj0 vf vtllfv efhb ufyfw[flf fv tc ctyb sfdc ufycfresht-
dtcfe,ht,bs vjycnhsfy itcdkfpt7 dbwb7 ,bs vfiby bxtyc7 hjltcfw flf-
vbfybc cekb ibidklt,f8 fvb-

cffrfidbkbc ufhtvjwdbc hjv vcufdcb byajhvfwbbc
ufv;qfdyt,f fh itb’kt,f7 njv7 gbhdtk hbuib7 vfs ey-
vbth yjvth gbhdtk vfuhfv xdtyw [jv flfvbfyt,b lf vjdrbs[js7 dbyw fcts
vnhfl ithfw[bk wb[bc dfhs0 mfk,fnjy ybyjc efq- vlujvfhtj,fib v.jab gfwbty-

crfylfkehb rflht,bc htc gfnbdc hjv fh dwtvlt7 nb mfhsdtk [fk[c sfdc ght-
fdnjhc7 gtybntywbehb vtw ufyw[flt,fc lfdothlb pbltynfl vjf[dbf=
lf thsb oesbs fh dbveif- 2 cffrfidbkbc ltlf fw[f-
cbcntvbc .jabk

dt,lb bm84 lt,c7 hjv7 se cffrfidbkbc
vfqfkxbyjcfyc  2 hfw wb[tpt dsmdb7 bvfdtc cbwjw[kt lfcheklt,f7 cf-
 dbn.db cffdflv.jajc gfkfnf- mfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajt,-
pt7 cflfw cffrfidbkb cfc]tkc

hbj,f xfvjbikt,f=
2 cffrfidbkb fhfcjltc .j- b[lbc7 sevwf7 bc %-dfhcrdkf- 2 vfhnj ltlfvbcc rb fhf7
abkf lfkfut,ekb8 dbcfw vbc dbfyb cfcnevhjc yjvthc ea- fct cofvc vstk vbc v[fhlfv-
udthlbs ufhrdtekb lhj uf- hj vj/ufdc7 hjvtkibw ht;b- zth ctmnfc7 sevwf7 cfmfhsdt-
enfht,bf7 efvhfdb fhffltrdf- vbc itvmvytkvf gfnbvhj,bc ! kjc cf[tkvobajt,hbj,f lf
nehb mvtlt,f lfeabmcbht,bf7 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib !%__-vlt
mfhsdtkb cfpjufljt,f ite-
sevwf7 c[df cfrbs[bf7 fvfc fqb- cnevfhc evfcgby’kf8 fcts gb-
lfht,kfl ertstc vlujvfht-
fht,ty se fhf8  hj,t,ib .jayf dth itafclt- yfvldbk stfnht,c=
,f gfnbvhj,fl7 vbsevtntc7 j,fib bmyt,jlf7 cffrfidbkb
cfthsjl hjv fh lf,flt,e-
 2 fv stfnhbc ltrjhfwbf-
f[kjcfw dth vjdf bv gbhj,t,- ib rtltkpt bc sjab se /rb-
kb.j=
 
  sfy7 hjvtkibw cffrfidbkb fv- lbf7 hjvtkvfw flht se
   .jat,lf necfqt,c8  udbfy fewbkt,kfl eylf uf- 2 cfpjufljt,fib fhbc
 cfpjufljt,bc fv yf-   bchjkjc0 vbsmvf-vjsmvf7 hjv wb[bc
obkc fh c]thf7 hjv cffrfidb-     2 vbub[dlbs yfhsfekc8 rflht,bc ufdhwtkt,bs lb-
kbc ht;bvbc lhjc flfvbfyt,c    lbf[7 sjab yfvldbkfl /rb- lb aekb bijdt888 htfke-
mexfib [jwfdlyty7 elfyfife-   lbf7 sevwf7 fv sjavf itcf’- hfl7 hfcf bmvc7 hjujh w[jd-
kjl fgfnbvht,lyty7 wb[tt,-  kjf7 cekfw c[df vbvfhsekt- hj,c kflj ,tlerf’t7 hj-
ib fofvt,lyty7 fbydfkblt,l-  vt ,bs ufbchjkjc7 dblht cff- vtkcfw cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc
yty7 cfhxj-cf,flt,tkc fhs- fh vf[ctylt,f7 cffrfidbkbc rfidbkb utuvfdc8 vt rfhufl vtc- cfyfudtpt uflfult,fib kj-
vtdlyty8 fv ctmnbc vtjht yfht;bvbc lhjc hjvtkbvt7 vbc7 hjv f[kf cffrfidbkc vfh- vbc obkb vbe’qdbc0
obkb eahj vfhubyfkeh gj- seylfw tkbnehb gfnbvfhb skf ezbhc7 hflufy7 fhw yfh- 2 hf cbvlblht0 htfkehfl7
pbwbfptf lf bcbw rb fh c]t- vcufdc gbhj,t,ib vjtsfdct,b- rjnbrt,bcsdbc sfdbc lfqot- eveitdfhb dfh8 fh vfmdc fhw
hf7 hfcfw ljrevtyneh rfl- yjs= lbf[7 b.dyty bctsb gfnbv- dff fldbkb7 vbsevtntc7 se vfymfyf7 fhw 2 fufhfrb7 cfre-
ht,ib yf[ekj,c 2 .jdtkbdt ht,b7 hjvkt,cfw [tkbcea- flfvbfyb @_ okbc ufyvfdkj- sfhb ,byf fh ufvfxybf lf cf-
its[pekb lf lfvjynf;t,e- kt,blfy ofvjcekb ,h’fyt,t- ,fib vjb[vfhc8 vf[ctylt,f th- resfhb rfnfw rb fh v.fdc=
kb /ujybf= ctmnfib vtcfvt7 ,bc itcf,fvbcfl7 qfvtc cfg.hj- sb wyj,bkb gfnbvfhb  lqtvlt vtuj,ht,bc vwbhtjlt-
eahj epytj yfobkb fhct- ,bkbc lbhtmnjhbc vjflub- yb itvjobhekj,t,bs dfhct-
,j,c8 bcbyb fh efh.jaty lj- kbc rf,bytnib fstdbyt,lyty7 ,j,8 fh dfgbht,7 xtvb vlujvf-
revtyneh byajhvfwbfc flf- vfuhfv tc rf,bytnb vfbyw wb-
vbfysf ofvt,bcf lf vrdktkj- htj,bc itcf[t, devnrbwj db-
[tib b.j lf fhf rjvajhnek qfwt,c7 dbyw xtvb 3cbvl-
,t,bc itcf[t,7 vfuhfv enba- lfotct,ekt,fib= vfibyfw b.j
hfl bvtjht,ty7 hjv cffrfidb- blhbc4 itcf[t, zjht,c fdh-
itlfht,bs rjvajhnekb cfr- wtkt,c7 vfsb fphbw fh vfby-
kbc v[hblfy cfresfhb vjmf- yt,b7 cflfw bv.jat,jlyty [t-
kfmtt,bc fvudfhfl ufvtnt,f nthtct,c8 ufzbhdt,bc ;fvc
kbceakt,fcsfy lff[kjt,e- bctsvf flfvbfyt,vf lfvbhtrtc
cf[tkvobajc bynthtct,bs kb gbht,b7 vfufkbsfl7 cff-
b.j yfrfhyf[tdb lf7 lbf[fw7 lf sfyflujvf ufvjvbw[fltc7
rfidbkbc fldjrfnb 
eylf lftzbhf7 tofvt,byf7 vj- dbcfw cfthsjl fh dbwyj,8 uf-
 hjvtksf ecfa-
trkf7 t’fhwdf= otek cbrtstc fhfdbc dfvfl-
hs[jt,fc cfrybc rfhc vbqvf
vhfdfkb okbc vfy’bkpt kb7 vfuhfv 
cgtwbfkehfl vbxtybkb ,fl-
bcts flubkfc lf bcts dbsf-
hfut,b lfhf]j,lyty= fvbc vb-
  
ht,fib vjvbobf .jayf7 hjv
 
e[tlfdfl7  ,ekb fhfthsb gfnbvfhbw7

w[jdht,bctekvf ufvjwlbkt-
vfuhfv hjujhw acbmbfnhb7

   
,fv7 ufydkbkvf upfv lfvfyf[f7 vtqbvt,f vfspt7 dbcfw aeae-
  
se hfc ofhvjflutyc rjyrht- acbmjsthfgtdnb7 vtlbwbybc yt,f lf sfyfvlt,j,f vfhflb-

  
nekb flfvbfybc ,eyt,f7 hf
 vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhb7 he-
ekb /ujybf8 dfuh’tkt, flf-
wdkbc vfc 'bhtekfl7 cflfv- ctsbc ghjatcbekb ufyfs-

   
vbfyt,pt lfrdbhdt,fc lf dfcr-
kt,bc cfvtlbwbyj frfltvbbc

lt itb’kt,f fqptdltc fy lft-   
dyb7 hjv mfhsdtkb cfpjuflj-
wtc8  acbmjsthfgbbcf lf ctmcj-
t,bc yfobkb vfhskfw bvcf-
thsb vfufkbsbs fh dvc]t-  kjubbc ufy.jabkt,bc ghj-  [eht,c cffrfidbkbc ht;bvc=

atcjhb7 lfvjerblt,tkb
kj,7 cfvoe[fhjl7 fsfcj,bs7  acbmbfnhbekb fcjwbfwbbc fvbc vbe[tlfdfl7 hjwf vt-
eahj cojhfl7 fstekfsfcj-
,bs vc]fdhlt,eksf ufyfxt-  otdhb   bynth-   rbs[t,bfy7 vjdktyt,b sfdblfy

hjv lfnhbfkltc7 c[dfyfbhfl
yt,ib7 gbhfl cfmvtt,ib7 vfs  dbeib fw[flt,c7 se cffrfi-
[jv fh vjdbmwtjlb0 2 dgfce-
dbkb ub;bc hjkc sfvfij,c7
sdfkt,cf lf cekibw xfvb[t-
lfdc7 it’kt,bclfudfhfl it-
 fldbkfl vjcfkjlytkbf7 fv  [j,5 fhf7 bvfdtc vjdbvjmvtlt,-
vbwybf lf fvfdlhjekfl dth  hjkblfy ufvjcdkf dtqfh  lb7 sevwf7 eahj zrdbfyehfl
itvbwybf flfvbfyb=  vjf[th[jc lf cfvelfvjl vfc-
 
lf itwljvt,c sfdblfy fdbhb-
lt,lb= gtybntywbeh cbcnt-
 ib lfhxtc= fvthbrtkb acbmb-
 
2 hfc abmhj,s cffrfi-
fnht,bw fh efh.jaty7 hjv vfib ahsbfyb fyutkjpt,b fh
 
dbkpt7 hjltcfw vbc f[fk
rflht,c evpths0 hfc abm- flfvbfyvf itb’kt,f fct jcnf- veifj,ty7 vfuhfv7 hjwf qvth-
hj,s vfc vtht7 hfw cjwbf-  nehfl ufbsfvfijc zreblfy

svf fhxtdfybc obyfit lfvf.t-
yf7 vlevfhtl ufvtuh’tkt,byf
 itikbkbc hjkb8 fv vjcfp-
 
keh mctkt,ib ths-thsb
ht,fc sfdflfw dbpbfht, lf gbhflb rfhbthf se ecfvfh-

cfvtlbwbyj gthcjyfkbc rj-
vtynfhb ufdhwtklf0 2 3bv cffrfidbkbc ufhitvj lfnhb-  skj,f cfresfhb cbwjw[kbc


ybdst,bc chjkf7 hfw cfpj- fkt,ek vjdktyt,c  hbcrbs vtv[bkt,byf7 vt erf-
  dfaf- yfcrytkb fdbhxbt lf fvfc fhw
 
ufljt,fv b[bkf7 fhfathbf8
ct,7 bv ufyc[dfdt,bs7 hjv fv f[kf dyfyj,=

[fy sfs,bht,c fnfht,c7 [fy
3stfnhc4 ufwbkt,bs vtnb vf- 
bwdfvc lf cfvbnt,pt ufidt- tcfe,hf
,fc bs[jdc7 vfuhfv .dtkfpt vbyf[fdc cekbthfl lffdflt- .eht,tkb /.fdc7 dblht c[df7 
 
21


kt,bc vc[dthgksf rfnt-
ujhbfc8 cfmfhsdtkjc [t-
kbceakt,bc vbth xflt-
ybkbf cfthsfijhbcj vf-

cinf,bc lfyfifekb7 hj-
vtkbw ufsdfkbcobyt,e-
kbf hjvbc cnfnenbc vt-
* ve[kbc 3f4 mdtgeym-
nbs8 fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht7
us[jds7 lfbo.js ufvj’b-
t,f cfmfhsdtkjc ccr-bc
itvltub ve[kt,bs 2
ufyphf[ vrdktkj,f7 of-

vt,f888 +xfvjsdkbkbf @_-pt
vtnb ve[kb` lf vbtwyty
gfce[bcut,fib cfmfhsdt-
kjc ghtpbltynb vb[tbk
cffrfidbkb7 pehf, flt-
bidbkb7 dfyj vthf,bidb-
kb7 ubjhub ,fhfvb’t7 lf-
sf f[fkfbf7 ,fxj f[fkfbf7
jktu vtkybrjdb lf c[df
gbht,b7 hjvtksf ,hfkt-
 
ekj,fw ufvjbrdtst,f uf-
vj’bt,bc lhjc48
lqtc rb  fw[f-
lt,c5
.dtkfc udf[cjdc bc lhj7 [bc lf t8 o8 3ghjatcbekb qbh- 3vt-!) cfereybc lf-
hjltcfw cffrfidbkbc ct,bc4 ityfhxeyt,fc8 cfo.bcblfy lqtvlt fhw
tc gfce[t,b sbsmjc kjub- ths vsfdfhvfhst,tkc7
lqtdfyltkb fldjrfnb rehb b.j7 vfuhfv cffrfidbkbc fhw ths ghtvbth-vbyb-
 ,jkj cfcfvfhskj c[ljvfpt cnhc7 fhw ths wtrfc gbh-
okt,bc oby [fzfgehb’tv iefvlujvkj,bc dtk vlbdfyc lf fhw ths
[vfkfvjqt,ekb vhfdfkcffsbfyb ofhvjlutyb- ghtpbltync bvltyb cbrt-
cfc bctsb hfvtt,b brflhf7 hjv st fh ufertst,bf cfresf-
b,h’jlf vbcb ht;bvbc
chekbfl ufcfut,b uf[lf vbcb hb thbcf lf cf[tkvobaj-
obyffqvltu8 bc uf[kfds  vbptpt,b8 cfsdbc7 hfvltybw vb[tbk

/ffubc cfcfvfhskjib fv cfcfvfhskjpt b[bkt,f cffrfidbkvf it’kj48
.jabkb ghtpbltynbc fhf cffrfidbkbc lfvyfifdtj- hfvltybvt okbc oby [fzfge-

,bcf se elfyfifekj,bc cf- hb’t fw[flt,lf5
3cfyfv ,jkj yfwbjyfkb
obyffqvltu itnfybkb
rbs[b7 fhfvtl v[jkjl bc7 hfv-
bmyt,f cfmfhsdtkjib7 vf-

gthcjyfkehb cfxbdhbc
ltyfl v’bvtf vbcb ]fyvhstkj-
fdnjhb lf ,bc vlujvfhtj,f lf frvf.j- yfvlt fh ufdxthlt,b7 cfyfv
gthbjlekfl bvfibw abkt,c se fhf cffrfidbkbc ,jkj yfwbjyfkb b,jub-
udfhoveyt,lf 2 lqtc cfc]tkbcufy ufsfdbceakt- yt,c fv nthbnjhbfpt7 bvb-
,bcfsdbc cfzbhj vjs[jdyt,c8 njv7 hjv tc fhbc afibc-
se fhf [dfk7 cffrfidbkc
fvbc vbe[tlfdfl7 iefvlujv- nehb ht;bvb7 hjvtkbw
/ffubc cfcfvfhskj eylf lfvsfdhltc= .dtkfv
eylf fujc gfce[b bvbcs-
kj,bc yf[tdfhpt vtnb [fzf-
,hfkc ofe.tyt,cj8
dbc7 hjv itvltuvf vsfdhj-
gehb’tv vbe’qdyf fhf cfvt-
hjujhw xfyc7 tc .dtkfathb lbwbyj7 fy seylfw cfvfhs-
,t,vf fh ufbabmhjy xdtyb
ifkdf [fzfgehb'tc 3jwyt,bc4 kt,hbd7 fhfvtl gjkbnbreh
lf xdtyb idbkt,bc mexfib
kbltht,bc .ehflqt,bc vbcfm- cfrbs[t,c lf hjv bn.dbfy7
fct egfnhjyjl xfw[hbk-
wtdfl czbhlt,jlf7 vfuhfv7 hj- rfyib uf’dhf vbcb .dtkf lf- df lf itvltu vb.hf fv flf-
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hjujhw rfghbp eakbcoekc8 fy c[df ajhvbs ufvjidt,f=
hj,fpt7 utjgjkbnbrf rb 2 ltvjrhfnbfpt
bc7 hbcb qbhcbw fhbc8
vybidytkjdfyb8
3HTPJYFYCB4 3FKBF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3FBGHTCB4
 
23



wyj,bkb /jvtjgfsb lf
tmbvb 

  

bv cfibihjt,bc itcf[t,
udfahs[bkt,c7
hjvtkcfw
cflqtcfcofekj
ceaht,b lf7
ufycfresht,bs7 f[fk
otkc ufxfqt,ekb cvf-
zfvf qdb’kc emflbc5
2 f[fkb okbc lqtt,ib7
hjwf mfhsdtkt,bc f,cjke-
nehb evhfdktcj,f lblb
jltyj,bs w[bvbfy cfzvtkcf
lf fkrj/jkeh cfcvtkc
bqt,c7 .dtkfpt lblb lfndbh-

sdf lf pbfyb qdb’kc flut,f8 qdb’kb foe[t,c= 
'dtkb xbytkt,b qdb’kc
3uekbc vtuj,fhc4 eojlt,l-
  

yty lf bmdt fqybiyfdlyty7 hjv
  
bc 3vstkb jhufybpvbc lt-
   
lff48  
  

  
     
   


 w[flbf7

tc fh uf[kfds uflfzfh,t,e-

 qdb’kb
kb fphb7 hflufy qdb’kc [e- thsflthsb jhufyjf7 hjvtk-
sfcfvlt aeymwbf uffxybf lf
D
cfw htutythfwbbc7 fye fql-
.jdtk ths oesib vfcib vb- utybc eyfhb fmdc8 f[fkufph-
kbjyfvlt mbvbehb htfmwbf lf7 ]fyvhstkvf flfvbfyvf sf-
[lt,f8 qdb’kb jhufybpvbc dbcb qdb’kbc yf[tdfhb ljyj-

abknhbf lf .dtkf zez.b7 vbr- hbc hfyuib hjvw ufcwtc7 jh
hj,b se ,fmnthbf7 hjvtkbw sdtib bub gbhdfyltk vluj-
ceysmdbcfc lf cfzvkbc vfhtj,fc lfe,heylt,f lf

vbqt,bcfc jhufybpvib [dlt,f7 chekfl fqlut,f7 hfw fh-
]th qdb’kc ufbdkbc8 fvbnj- wths c[df jhufyjc fh f[fcb-
vfw fh fhbc itvs[dtdbsb7 hjv fst,c8
    2 hjujh eylf vbd[dlts7
   udfmdc se fhf w[bvjdfyb /t-
   gfnjpb0
     2 zfh,b ojyf lf w[bvbfyb
 cfrdt,bc [ibhfl vbqt,f 
qdb’kbc aeymwbt,bc itcf-   hbcrc
[t, cfe,fhb ecfchekjl it- fkrj/jkb vtcfvt flubkptf7 cfuh'yj,kfl phlbc= fctsvf
b’kt,f ufdfuh’tkjs7 vfuhfv vtjht flubkc  flfvbfyt,vf fewbkt,kfl ey-
fv]thfl dbn.dbs v[jkjl  brfdt,c7 [jkj gbhlf xfbnfhjy qdb’kbc ,bjmb-
thsc 2   dtkb flubkb egbhj,jl vbehb athvtynekb fyfkbpb8
   tresdybc   qdb’kc ufycfresht,ek rf-
  cfmvt bc uf[kfds7 nfcnhjafc emvybc t8o8 
 hjv w[bvbfyb cfrdt,bc [ibhb  vwtyfhtekb w[bvt-
 vbqt,bcfc w[bvt,b qdb’kbc ,b7 fye ptst,b7 ufhlf mjmj-
 e]htlt,ib 2 /tgfnjwbnt,- cbcf lf rfrfjc ptsbcf7 .dtkf
   ib kfult,f7 vfsb uflfveif- s[tdfl vlujvfhtj,fibf7 [j-
 dt,f dth tcoht,f lf bo.t,f kj w[jdtkehb w[bvt,b7 std-
   qdb’kbc fyst,f8 cf,jkjj ]fv- pbc mjybc ufhlf7 .dtkf v.f-
 ib fctsb qdb’kbc e]htlt,b hbf8  
   w[bvjdfyb vfcbs bwdkt,f7 hf-
cfw  
 

 tc vfxdtyt,tkb  fye  
   

vybidytkjdyfl fqtvfnt,f yt-   tojlt,f8 fk-
    
,bcvbthb gfyltvbbc itltufl ,fs7 [ibhfl udbyf[fdc cfmjy-

ufhlfwdkbksf hbw[dc7 vfs kbc qdb’kb7 hjvtkcfw mjyb-   

ijhbc7 tcgfyehb uhbgbc7 fye fyb xfyfhst,b f[kfdc8 cojhtl 
t8o8 3bcgfyrbc4 vc[dthgksf fct ufvjb.eht,f w[bvjdfyb / 
hfjltyj,fc7 hjvtkvfw !)!(- tgfnjpbs lffdflt,ekb flf-  hfw itt[t,f nhfycw[b-
vt,c7 hjvkt,bw qdb’kc fyfl-

!)@! okt,ib vcjakbjib vbfybc qdb’kb8 se fv ghj,-
!__ vbkbjyfvlt flfvbfyb vjr- ktvfc .ehflqt,f fh vbdfmwb- ueht,c lf vfsb [ibhb vj[vf-
kf8 ts7 qdb’kbc mcjdbkb itbwd- ht,f rb,jcfw bodtdc7 vfsb

2 ,fnjyj rf[f7 vfbyw hf kt,f yfob,ehbfyb7 eaeym- ths-thsb .dtkfpt eahj ufd-
dyt,c .dtkfpt vtnfl qdb- wbj mcjdbkbs7 hjvtkcfw hwtkt,ekb ghjlemnbf 
’kc0   tojlt-  hjvtkbw lf,fkb [f-

2 ,tdhc vbfxybf7 hjv qdb’- ,f8    hbc[bc vwtyfhtekb ptsbc
kbc yjvth gbhdtkb vnthb fk-  /blhjutybpfwbbc itltufl vb-
rj/jkbf7 fhflf7 fhbfy flfvb- vstkb e,tleht,f bvfib bqt,f8 

fyt,b7 hjvkt,cfw fkrj/jke- vlujvfhtj,c7 hjv qdb’kc   
hb cfcvtkb w[jdht,fib fh lf- nrbdbkbc eyfhb cfthsjl    
ektdbfs7 vfuhfv qdb’kbc wb- fhf fmdc lf cfyfv cfmvt wbhj-   
hjpb fy rb,j vfbyw lftvfh- pfvlt fh vbdf7 itcf’kjf7 flf- 
sfs= qdb’kbc vnht,c ijhbc vbfyb dthw rb vb[dltc7 hjv 

[ibhfl




ubnfhbcnb7 bevjhbcnb

vcf[bj,b

trjyjvbrbc tmcgthnb
ubceh-
vjlbc tmcgthnb
vjvqthfkb
fhbc fctsb dt,s7 hfw

htgkbrt,b itb’kt,f
2 hf lhjc wjnf gh-
cbvqthffj= j,ktvfc
vfs fdbo.lt- w[jdht,f-
,fs7 hjv tc ib lf se vf-
xtvb cfvcf- byw itu[d-
[ehbf8 [ib- lfs7 vfsb
ifhify f[fk otkc hfw ]lt- dwlbkj,7 cfwbdbw vt ufdf- hfl /ujybfs7 vjvqthfkb cwtyfpt hjv qbvbkbsf lf bevjhbs uflfzhfc8 vf-
rtsj7 ujpbyf.bw lf j]f[b uf-
.dtkfc vjdeojlt,7 fh db-
,jlf cfiefkj cnfnbcnbre- lufc7 thsj,f7 htfkehfl rb xdty dveif- .js dekufhekb888 fhfdby dfhs
hfl cff[fkokj ceahf7 lqtc dfyt,bdhj8 xtvvf vteqktv fct ufkbsfl7 vjubdblf ufpbc uflfcf[flb
chek.jabkb7 .dtkfc udfmdc yfr-
vbojlf 2 ity [fh xtvb vjyf- j,s lf vcvtytkb thsj,f8 [fylf[fy cek $__ kfhb 2 vjrdlb cbwbkbs7 f,f7 vtkbw lf gkecbw8 fvbnjv eylf
pecnfl bubdt ]lt,f (% ghj-
wtynbs 'dbhb8 gjdfhbj8 vt uflfdsfhuvyt7 tct fh vtvqtht,f7 vfuhfv hf dmyf7 tc xtvb nb hf eylf myf888 xfdbwdfs bct7 hjv yfrkb lfd-
bub7 vjyfwf dfh lf gjdfhbw- cfmvtf8 vfkjs lf xdtyc gkecc [fpb uf-
3F[FKB SFJ,F4
vtsmb8
3S,BKBCTKT,B4 3CFHRT4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 decdfs8 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
24  


      

      
 fv   = cojhtl tc

vtsjlbc fqvjxtybcsdbc yjhvff vbqt,ekb hectsib7
ahfyuvf mbvbrjcvf   [jkj cfmfhsdtkjib fv v[hbd
 !)!@ otkc yj,tkbc chekb ufyerbs[fj,ff8 sev- 

ghtvbf vbbqj lf sbsmjc rf- wf7 thsb cfcbrtsj hfv ,jkj
wj,hbj,fvfw uflfkf[f ghj- lhjc xdtyibw vj[lf lf7 ,j-
lemnt,bc vfkaezt,flj,bc kjc lf ,jkjc7 rfyjybc 'f-
kbs ufybcfpqdhf 2 hf fhbc
E

ghj,ktvf8 vjut[ctyt,fs7
 lf hf fhbc 


vofhvjt,tkb cfmfhsdtkjib
ghjlemnc  dth lf- 
  fothc7 se vbcb w[bvbfyj,f
 lf,fkbf=  fye 3E-^@!4-c7 ybiyt,c8 ufhlf fvbcf7 


 2 fv,j,ty7 hjv qdb’kc hjvtkbw qdb’kbc lfe’byt-   

fhf.pt eahj kelb dyt,c7 ,tkb vnthbf8 yfnhbevbc   
 vfhsfkbf0 ukenfvfnb fhqdtdc qdb’kbc


2 vfhsfkbf7 kelb qdb’kc e]htlt,bc rtlkt,c7 vbc fl-

 
fhf.pt vtnfl dyt,c= kelbc ubkpt dbsfhlt,f itvfthst-
 

ofhvjt,bc ntmyjkjubfib7 bi- ,tkb mcjdbkb7 itvltu yfob- 
dbfsb ufvjyfrkbcbc ufhlf7
 ,ehb lf ,jkjc wbhjpb888

 
fkfjc athvtynfwbbcfc ufvj- udf[cjdltc7 hjv cbw[bc lfv-

 
 
b.tyt,f fpjnbc yfthst,b7 otdb wyj,bkb ghtgfhfnbc 2

 
hjvkt,cfw   fkrj/jk- se tc cbvg-

tojlt,f8 fctsb ntmyjkjub-
 bs vjvpflt,ekb kelb
sfy thsfl vbqt,f qdb’kc njvt,b udfmdc7 fewbkt,kfl
ikbc= eylf xfdbnfhjs qdb’kbc ct-


 qdb’kc gbhlfgbh fyuhtdc8
eahj vtnbw7 itcf’kjf7 qdb’-
2 ,fnjyj rf[f7 hjvtkb hbjpekb ufvjrdktdf=

ghjlemnt,b 3vtuj,hj,ty4 qdb’kbcsdbc fhfxdtekt,-
kbc rb,jw rb ufvjbodbjc7 qdb'ksfy0 hbdbf vwtyfht 

hflufy ybnhjpfvbyt,b rb,jc

2 .dtkf bc ghjlemnb7 hj- hjvtkbw itbwfdc cbkbvf-
ufvjvodtdb rfywthjutybf=
  
vtkbw hrbyfc7 sesbfc lf 3l4 hbyc lf qdb’kbc e]htlt,bc
    hjvtk- dbnfvbyc itbwfdc7 qdb’kbc- hjujhw lfvwfdb7 fctdt fqvl-
  cfw kelb c’eklf7 f,cjke- sdbc 'fkbfy cfcfhut,kjf=
nehfl vfhsfkb b.j7 hjwf vfc utyb aeymwbf uffxybf8 ,f.f.e-
 'fkbfy ,tdhbf [,jc
  
  fvbnj-   eojlt,lf= hfcufy lfvpflt,ekb /jvtjgf-
vff7 hjv t8o8 cfw[j,t,ib yf.b- qdb’kib7  2 ujuhbc sbehb ghtgfhfn 
cojhfl vjvpflt,ekb kelb stckib7 [jkj 
lb kj,bfyb lf [fzfgehb7 hjv-  wbhjpbcrty vb-

kt,cfw rfhfmbc yfwdkfl sfd-  2 crev,hbfcf lf mfif.ib8 vfdfkb fhfthsb cf[bafsj
pt vfhufhbyb fmds uflfcve- qdb’kbc cfertstcj 3vtuj,f- ghjwtcb ufvbytbnhfkt,bf8

kb7 cfibytk uek’vfhdfc bo- hbf4 mfnjw5 lqtib #_ uhfvb vcjakbj afhvfwtdnekvf vf-
mfnjc vbqt,bs yfokfdt,bc abfv hfnjvqfw udthlpt ufc-
dtdc= vbptpb vfhnbdbf 2 re-

rtlkt,c welb mjktcnthb- obf lf vbxmvfkf eybrfkehb
zbc odtyc vfhufhbybc7 hj-
ybc7 rfywthjutyt,bc7 ikfvt- fynbvbrhj,ekb7 yfqdkvltyb
ujhw nhfycw[bvbc uflfveif-

,bcf lf fsfcb vfdyt ybdsbt- lf rez-yfokfdbc vjmvtlt,bc
dt,f 'fkbfy ezbhc= fhfathc
ht,bcufy ufdovtyls lf vfsb ufvf’kbtht,tkb cfiefkt,f
dbn.dbs bvbc itcf[t,7 se hfc

uflfveifdt,f qdb’kc fqfh
epfvc vfhufhbybfyb cfrdt,b  hjvtkbw f,cj-
vjeotdc8
qdb’kc8 kenehfl ,eyt,hbdb itvfl-
utykj,bc ofvfkbf8 bub itb-
 
2 cff[fkokj ceahfpt
ufycfresht,bs zfh,j,c vf- lf bcbw lqtib #__ uhfvbc   
wfdc w[jdtkbc yfqdtkc7 ybj-
bjytpbfyb ghjlemnt,b8 dy- jltyj,bs7 ]fyvhstkj,bcs-    
hbc tmcnhfmnc7 zbyzfhcf lf
t,c se fhf vfbjytpb qdb- dbc 'fkbfy cfcfhut,kjf7 vfu-   
uffmnbeht,ek yf[ibhc8
’kc0 hfv fctsb kelb lqtc sbsm-   
3fkj[jkb4 fhbc ebfatcb lf7
2 bc afmnb7 hjv vfqfpbf- vbc fqfh vpfllt,f8 wyj,bcfs-   
fvfdlhjekfl7 'fkpt tatmne-
ib yf.blb vfbjytpb lbl[fyc dbc7 kelb thsflthsb fkrj- 
hb ghtgfhfnb7 hjvtkbw sf-
byf[t,f7 erdt firfhfl bvbc vf- /jkehb cfcvtkbf7 hjvtkbw  
dbc 'dbhflqbht,ek fyfkj-
ybiyt,tkbf7 hjv nhfycw[b- vwbht hfjltyj,bs jhcekb 
ut,c ,tdhfl c]j,c8 bub bltf-
vt,c itbwfdc8 fmtlfy ufvjvlb- lf vt’e’ehb ltlt,bcsdbc ht-  kehbf vewkbc it,thbk-
yfht7 vfbjytpb w[flbf7 qd- rjvtylt,ekbf=  j,bc7 gfyrhtfnbnbc7 mjkt-
qdb’kc 'fkbfy dyt,c 
b’kc dyt,c8 ]fycfqb vfbjytpb
 hjvtkbw fctdt cff-
 wbcnbnbc7 itue,t,bsb ghj-
j]f[eh gbhj,t,ibw itb’kt- wtct,bc cfvrehyfkjl lf
,f vjdfvpfljs .jdtkudfhb [fkokj ceahbc ufye.jat-  qdb’kbc htutythfwbekb eyf-
vfhufhbybc ufhtit8  kb yfobkbf8 hjwf 't[dc7 cfh-  hbc fqcflutyfl8 qdb’kbcsdbc
   ltkcf lf cjcbcc d.ble-  fctdt cfertstcjf 'dtkb byle-
kj,s7 fewbkt,kfl vbdfmwb- hb vtlbwbybc 2 3fbehdtlfc4


js .ehflqt,f7 itbwfdc se ghbywbgt,bs itmvybkb vwtyf-

  
  fhf rjycthdfyn  htekb ghtgfhfnb 
 hjvtkbw e’kbthtcb yfqdk-
 
   
 vltyb lf /tgfnjghjntmnj-

hbf8 cfthsjl7 3fbehdtlehb4


 

   vtlbwbyf chek sfy[vj,fibf
    'dtkmfhsek7 rth’jl7 rjk-

 [eh vtlbwbyfcsfy8 ghtgfhf-
  
 nb  byljtsib
vfuhfv tc fh eylf vj[ltc
   sbsmvbc !__ otkbf7 fhct-
 vfufkbsfl7 rfyflfib7 ibvibkj,bc upbs7 hflufy
,j,c8 cfe,tlehjl7 xtvb rj-
crfylbyfdbfcf lf cbyufgehib ibvibkj,f qdb’kc dyt,c=
ktut,b7 fkj[jkbc vcufdcfl7
nhfycw[bvt,bc cfrdt,fl ufvj- 2 hjujh eylf vbd[dlts7
fhw 3kbd-%@4-c o.fkj,ty lf
.tyt,f cfthsjl frh’fktc7 [j- hjv qdb’kc cthbjpekb
gfwbtynt,c vbc 'dbhflqbht-
kj fvthbrbc itthst,ek ghj,ktvf fmdc0
,ek fyfkjut,c eybiyfdty7
infnt,ib erdt vbbqtc rfyj- 2 se vfh]dtyf athlmdti
hfw bctd lf bctd vcjakbj
yb7 hjvtkbw vofhvjt,tkc cbv’bvt7 gbhib cbvofhbc itu-
afhvfwtdnekb vfabbc ifd-
fdfklt,ekt,c7 ghjlemnpt h’yt,f7 vewkbc it,thdf7 ifh-
,ytkb gjkbnbrbc ufvj’f[b-
vbesbsjc nhfycw[bvt,bc lbc athbc itwdkf7 ahx[bkt-
kbf=
itvwdtkj,bc itcf[t,8  ,bcf lf rfybc it.dbskt,f dbu-
   h’tybs7 tc erdt qdb’kbc ct- tcfe,hf
   hbjpek ghj,ktvfpt vbudf- 

lfdbqfkt7







ht;bcjhb
gjtnb
vcf[bj,b
jgthbc vjvqthfkb
cfpjufljt,hbdb ]fylfwdbc
tmcgthnb
xtvc wjkc
hfvltyb ot- [vfvfqkf
kbf7 vtcvbc 2 de[lb vfl-
yfwb7 mjwb8 kj,fc cb.-
vbylf7 c[df dfhekbcs-
w[jdht,bs dbc7 j]f[bc-
dfw[jdhj idb- sdbc7 ths-
kt,b8 vbylf7
uekt,bcs-
cfyfv f[fk-
dbc8
dthfclhjc ofhvjdblutylb7 hjv 
thsvfytsbc cb.df- ufphlf dfh lf ]th rbltd itvb’kbf ,tdhb  uf[lt,jlf xtvb vtuj,fhb8
.dtkf flfvbfyb sf- xbytsblfy ahtyf ey-
hekb lfudf,tlt7 hfvbc ufrtst,f7 ofdblt lf bctd xtvb mdt.- cbpvfhibw hjv tsmdf dbyvtc7 lflut,f lhj7 dbcb yfw[jdht,b lf fbrh’fkjc hfw it-
b’kt,f vfkt8 gbh,flt-
lfehtrfds thsvfytsc7 itt[vbfyt,bs7 hxt- w[jdht,bc itltubf8
ybcsdbc7 xtvb mdt.ybc cf[tkbcsdbc dbv-
f[fkj otkj= qthj= dfc /rbs[fdj7 cfcfwbkjl fh vt.jajlf8 t,b vjbvfhfuts=
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3CFHRT4 3CFHRT4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3HTPJYFYCB4
 
25





LFCFO.BCB B[8 3F-L47

@_@@ OKBC 1)-%@7
@_@# OKBC 1!-@


3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4 fuh’tkt,c


vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc mfhsek

tyfpt lfcnfv,ekb vtvefht,bc

vbvj[bkdfc8 tc obuyb yfwsf
abehthvf ]th rbltd erhfbyfib
w[jdht,bcfc ufvjcwf lf bvltyfl
vf eahjcvf   lf etwfhvf cbrdlbkvf .dtkfathb 77]th rbltd vsfdhj,bc ajhvbht-
fhbc cfbynthtcj7 hfvltyflfw itvjvsfdfpf gbhdtkb dbwt-ghtvb- feh-lfehbf 2 cfzbhj uf[lf c[df fd- ,fvlt abmhj,lyty7 utythfkeh
cojhtl fv yfihjvbs utuvfdlf thbc sfyfvlt,j,f4 +bmdt7 ud8 @%)‘8 njhbntnekb ew[jtkbc ithxtdf4 ghjrehjhfl  
cfmfhsdtkjib cfhtdjkewbjl cffrfidbkb fv lhjc ybe-bjhrib w[jd- +bmdt7 ud8 @%)‘8 lftybiyfs8 jmnjv,thib 
3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,fc47 hjujhw hj,c lf eahj vtnc cfmfhsdtkjib 'f- erhfbyfib mfhsdtkt,c vbybcnht,fl vjflubktv  erhfbybc
kfeakt,bc lf,heyt,fpt abmhj,c7 dbl- vskfl cffrfidbkbc yt,f-cehdbkbsfw mfsvt,bc jkbufhmvf7 pehf,bc xf-
fljka /bnkthb sfdbcb 3vfby ht erhfbyfib gjkbnbreh rfhbthfpt= vfu- hjv fh ybiyfdlyty7 tc vtvefhbcnbc fv gf- vjcf.dfyfl fk,fytsib7 cflfw pe-
rfvgabs47 fye 3xtvb ,h’jkbs4= hfv vbcbdt uflvjwtvbs7 vfibydt ufmfylf cf;blfyfw rfhufl xfyc5 hf ghtvbth   vhxtdkfl
erhfbyfib5 77ybe-bjhrblfy xtvb htbcbs vja- f[fkb lfybiyekb b.j7 sdbsvahb-
vb[tbk cffrfidbkb sfdbc vtvefht,ib7 77xfvjdahbylb ybe-bjhrblfy rb- hbyfdlf  ]fylfwdbc yfdbw rb ufupfdyf8 cfrbs[c uflfo.-
ghfmnbrekfl7 fh cfe,hj,c7 hjujh uf- tdib7 itd[dlb vhfdfk gbhjdyt,fc8 vbybcnhfl vbcb lfybidybc bltbc dtnbkfl vbbxytdlyty +pehf,b of-
bmwf cfmfhsdtkjlfy cfghtpbltynj ea-  hjvtkbw jgjpbwbfib vjv[ht vt fh db.fdb7 hflufy fv sf- vjdblf fk,fytsblfy7 hfvfw hfvfc cf-
kt,fvjcbkt,bc fvjoehdfvlt hfvltybvt .jaybc lhjc vfmt,lf lf vflblt,- yfvlt,j,fpt cfmfhsdtkjib .jayb- vfhskbfyb uf,hfpt,f ufvjbodbf‘7
lqbs flht= fye7 hjltcfw @_!# okbc lf cf]fhjl se gbhflfl7 cfibykfl cfc vfy dthfahbs ufvjbxbyf sfdb8 hf vfuhfv itvltu .dtkfathb itath-
jmnjv,hbc ief hbw[dt,ib7 cfmfhsdtkj- vtgbhatht,jlf7 tobyffqvltut,jlf rhbnthbevt,bs itfhxbtc bub7 fh [lf4 +bmdt8 ud8 @^_‘8
lfy ufahbylf7 bc ]th rbltd ghtpbltynb xtvc lfybidyfc lf it[dtlhfpt efhb vtcvjlf8 vfc 'ytkfl se ufydb[bkfdlf,jkjc7 cffrfidbkb b[ctyt,c7 hjujh
b.j7 hflufy vjvltdyj ghtpbltynb vfhu- ufyfw[flf8  smdf7 hjv vfs lb ztivfhbn htajhvfnjhfl4 +bmdt7 ufvjcn.ef  jltcbc jk-
dtkfidbkb v[jkjl @_!# okbc @( jm- itt’kjs7 xtvc rfylblfnehfcsfy ud8 @%)‘8 mbc ue,thyfnjhj,f5
njv,thc bmyf fhxtekb= fhflf7 cffrfidb- lfrfdibht,bs 77sfdbcb uftnfyfs47 fhflf7  cff- 77vsfdhj,bc ajhvbht,bc lfche-
kbc vtvefht,bc rbs[dbcfc7 dbyw vbcb cf- vfuhfv vsfdhj,fib ghtvbthbc ceh- rfidbkc sfdbc vsfdhj,fib rfhuf [ybc vfy- kt,bc itvltu ufxylf thjdyekb fy-
mfhsdtkjlfy ufmwtdbc itcf[t, fhfathb dbkbc ufhtit hfbvtc itwdkf fhfc- ’bkpt /.fdlf ]fylfwdbc vbybcnhfl lf fhw nbrjheawbekb ,behjc [tkv’q-
bwbc7 tmvyt,f isf,tzlbkt,f7 hjv vtvef- ojhfl vjvtxdtyf lf itdfn.j,byt bvbc smvf itb’kt,f7 hjv dbyvtc eotdlf fy- dfytkfl xtvb lfybidybc bltf8 cf-
hbcnb ghtpbltynj,bc itvltufw bctd kj;rbyc7 hjv efhc dfw[flt, 4 +bm- ufhbic lf dth [cyblf sfyfvlt,j,blfy= f[- yfv vbvlbyfhtj,lf fv fv,fdsfy lf-
77cfmfhsdtkjc fqvityt,kj,fibf4 xfhse- dt7 ud8 @%)‘8 kf rb7 vtvefht,ib vskfl [fpb uflfecdf rfdibht,ekb rjyceknfwbt,b7 vt
kb5 fb7 fct uflfehxf erhfbyf cffrfidbkbc lf fct cf[fk[jl ufvjfztyf 2   hfvlty]thvt dtcnevht jltcfc8 vf-
77xtvb cfghtpbltynj eakt,fvj- ufdbwtghtvbtht,fc 2   cf- iby jltcf bodtdlf ,tdh dyt,fsf-
 fh lf/.df   frfidbkb b[ctyt,c bvfcfw7 hjv  qtkdfc7 dbsfht,f bm atsmt,flfl
rbyfqfv erhfbybc utyghjrehjhfl lf-
cbkt,f fvjboehf @_!# okbc itvjl-
 cehdbkc lf fh xffcvtdbyf sfdbc hxt,jlf8  cehlf7 it-
bybiyf5
ujvfpt8 ghtpbltynj,bc itvltu hf
eylf frtsjc ]fyqjybsf lf tythub- vsfdhj,fib ghtvbthbc vj- twdfkf  gfhnybj-
hb 2 ue,thyfnjhb  vfu-
bs cfdct flfvbfyvf0 .jabkb ght-

hfv fh bwjlf7 dby xftyfwdkt,byf
pbltynt,b [ibhfl mdtkvjmvtlt,fc vbc vfubdhfl8 bctd 

totdbfy [jkvt8 vhfdfkb ,bpytcvt-  vbeotdlfs uekb7 hflufy kt-

yb7 dbcfw .jdtksdbc dt[vfht,jlb dfyb 'fkbfy ofhvfnt,ekfl vfhsfd-
lf fhfathc ds[jdlb gfce[fl7 vfs

lf fzfhfc8 cf,jkjjl7 tc bltf efh-
ijhbc ew[jtkt,bw7 vsfdfpj,lyty .dtc bvbc ufvj7 hjv ktdfyc fh /mjy-
xtvsdbc cfahfyutsbc cfv[htsbs cf[- lf ufvjwlbkt,f ecfahs[jt,bc
kbc .bldfc8 vt degfce[t7 hjv fhf- cathjib7 jltcfib rb tc 'fkbfy
athb vzbhlt,f7 sevwf7 cfghtpb- vybidytkjdfyb b.j8 jltcblfy vj-
ltynj ,b,kbjstrbc uf[cyf vidtyb- hbub xfvjcdkbc itvltu vt itdfn.j-
thb bltff4 +v8 cffrfidbkb7 77’fkbc uf- ,byt ghtpbltync7 hjv7 se ue,thyf-
vjqdb’t,f4 ud8 @$)‘8 njhb ]th rbltd lfybiyekb fh fhbc7
fb7 fct ufxylf s,bkbcib vb[tbk cff- vpfl dfh7 bm ofdblt lf dbveifj-vts-
rfidbkbc cf[tkj,bc cfghtpbltynj ,b,- mb8 gjhjityrjv evfk uflvjvbhtrf
kbjstrf= hf smvf eylf7 cffrfidbkb bctd lf cflbkpt lfvgfnb;f8 xdtyb it[-
xdtekfl sdfksvfmwj,c7 yf[ts7 xtvb vfl- dtlhbc lfchekt,bcsfyfdt7 @$ cf-
kbthb ,bpytcvtyt,b ahfyuek hbdbthf- fsib vjvwtc vjmfkfmtj,f lf lfv-
ybiytc jltcfib8884 +bmdt7 ud8 @^_‘8

pt cf[kbc .bldfc vsfdfpj,lyty7 vfuhfv
efhb des[fhbj7 sevwf7 xtvb cf[tkj,bc 77@$ cffsib vjvwtc vjmfkfmtj,f rb fhf7

,b,kbjstrf cbfvjdyt,bs fdfityts thsf- jltcbc ue,thyfnjhj,bcsdbc ofvib
lj= fhflf7 cffrfidbkvf bvltyb vjmfaf ght- lfdsvt cfmfhsdtkjc vjmfkfmtj,fj 2
pbltynj,bcfc7 hjv7 hjujhw wyj,bkbf7 fb7 tc fhbc cbvfhskt= hfnjv jltcf0= bvb-
cfahfyutsbc [vtksfiefpqdbcgbhtsibw njv7 hjv jltcf cnhfntubekb gjhnbf

fmdc cf[kb lf fvthbrekb vfbfvbc vek- lf bm epfhvfpfhb aekb nhbfkt,lf= /j-
nbvbkbjythsf cfyfgbhjptw888 itvltu lf7 fb7 fct uf.blf cffrfidbkvf cfmfhsdt-
kjc vjmfkfmtj,f lbl aekpt=

vtvefhbcnb sfdbc erhfbyekb tgjgtbc

fqothfpt uflflbc8 hjujhw udbvnrb-
wt,c7 @_!$ okbc st,thdkbc 77vfblybc

htdjkewbbc4 itvltu itvs[dtdbs vj[- ufuh’tkt,f bmyt,f
dlf erhfbybc [tkbceakt,fib7 hjlt-

cfw erhfbyfib ghtpbltyn 
[tkbceakt,f lffv[tc lf dfreevb
 ufghtpbltynt,bs itbd-
 45
cj5
77b.j vjkjlbyb7 hjv @_!$ okbc
itvjlujvbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc
itvltu erhfbyekb htajhvt,b hj-

ujhvt lfb’dht,jlf flubkblfy8 sfd-
lfgbhdtkfl mfhsdtkt,b ueylib
vbbgfnb;f becnbwbbc vbybcnhvf
gjhjityrjc vj-
tojyf f[fk vsfdhj,fib ew[jtkt-
,bc vbgfnb;t,bc bltf8 fv upbs vfc flubktl lf 77ueuekbc ,fhn.fl47 cffrfi-
dbkb b[ctyt,c7 hjv  ghfm-
nbrekfl7 lfybiyekb b.j erhfbybc trj-
cehlf7  uf-
yjvbrbc vbybcnhfl5
tpfdt,byf fhf gfhnbekb rdjnbs7
fhfvtl eahj lfvjerblt,tkb ab- 3trjyjvbrbc vbybcnhfl utuvfd-
ueht,bs8 ghtpbltynbc flvbybcn- lyty7  lftybiyfs8 cfmfh-
hfwbf lferfdibhlf  sdtkjlfy afmnj,hbdb uf’tdt,bcf
 lf itcsfdfpf vfc gbhdt- lf fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb ufywlt-
kb dbwt-ghtvbthj,f8 77vbif hfc abm- ,bc itvltu bc fvfc ufyb[bkfdlf7 hj-
hj,c fvbc itcf[t,0 2 brbs[f kt- ujhw f[fk ifycc w[jdht,fib8 bc
dfyvf8 2 bmyt, sdbsjy lfsfy[vt,j- uekbsflfl tvpflt,jlf7 xdty th-
lf fv hjkc04 vt lfvbhtrf ghtpb- svfytsc sbsmvbc .jdtklqbehfl
ltynbc flvbybcnhfwbbc vfibyltk- derfdibhlt,jlbs8 sevwf7 vbcvf
26  


 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkvf

s,bkbcc ufelj lf mfkfmbc
'dtksf’dtkb e,ybc fhmbntmnehf
sfdlf.bhf lff.tyf7 erfyfcrytk
[fyc vbcb wyj,bkb vjv 

 vbtxdbf=
hjujhw ,jhjnb tyt,b fv-
,j,ty7 [blbc sfdib sf[xbs
[tkib rytbyf ubekb fkfcf-
ybf lufc lf dbyw eahj [vf-
 
vfqkf b.dbht,c fy bvqtht,c 2
3ahbb vbif=4 fye 
 2 bvfc sehmek kb-
ht,c ehbut,c= hfw itt[t,f lj-
kfht,c7 tzdj,ty7 hjv rytbyf
ubekbc ljkfht,b dbjkf rhf-
vjybc7 rebkbecbc7 fyf ajnb-
ufcf lf vbcsfyf ufhtofhb td-
hjltgenfnt,bcsdbc fmdc uf-
lfyf[ekb=
 hjvtkvfw tc
[tkbceakt,f dth lffv[j lf
rfpbyjib cfsfvfij aekb dt-
hf lf dth bijdf7 ,jkjc bctd
genbybc 3rfhveirfc4 vbewew-
mlf lf cfmfhsdtkjc fcfhtdfl
sfdbcb erfyfcrytkb fhbf rdkfd vjxylf7 chekbfl eitltujl= 3ufvfwflbyt,ekbf47 2 dbc lf-
hectsib ofvjbo.j9 sevwf7 rfhub b.j7 ,ehzekf’tc cf- t’uthjc lf thsb-jhb vbkb-
hjujhw tn.j,f7 fhw fv]thfl mfhsdtkj vfiby uf[ctyt,jlf7 jyb ofqkbnjc=
ufevfhskf lf b’ekt,ekb hjwf 3rjk[eh rjirib4 w[j-   hj-
uf[lf7 vjhbub bctd lf hfcfw yt,ek pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc wf cffrfidbkbc [blpt luf-
bctd cffrfidbkbc  itvl- ifvgfyehbs cfdct ae;thc ezf- [fh7 thsflthsb 3[jlb4
ufhc twflf8 ubekb fkfcfybf [eyt,lf lf [jn,fc fc[vlf7 [j- ufmdc 2 cffrfidbksfy thsfl
3fvfpt uh’tkb7 fvfpt lb- kj fv fv,blfy cek wjnf [fy- eylf 3vjb[jlj4=
lb7 rbltd udtyf[jc s,bkbc- ecbhw[dbkjl ib tlefhl itdfhlyf’tc ervbf [jkj se hfc ybiyfdc vtu-
ib [blb=4 2 smdf obyf cfere- ueylherb8 hekfl 3vj[jlbkb47 
ybc ief okt,ib bjct, uhb- ufb’f[bc7 gffnf vjrktl7 gffnf ,ehzekf’bc  /rbs[t fy cffrfidb-
ifidbkvf8 cf[bs xdty obyfitf nbgehb vt- kbc #%-kfhbfy pjylthufvf-
vfhsfkbf7 cffrfidbkvf tyfr- ,ehzekf’tw bvfcdt egfnbeht,tk 
lhjdt 2 t’udthf’t ,fhyf,f7
dbvfnb gjtnbc bvtlb dth uff-  lf bcbyb .dtkfathib lf-
hjvtkbw lfdbs rklbfidb- ufrdfkbfyt,ty=
vfhskf lf cfmfhsdtkjib fhf- bvtjht,c888 kbc fpyfeh cthfgbjy ujhlt-
se f[fkb [blb dth ffityf7 fhf- kf’bc 'fqk recbfcfdbs 
vtl hfw udmjylf7 @__( okbc
fudbcnjib bcbw lfodf lf lff-

yf[ibhf7 vfuhfv7 cfvfubthjl7
3fvfpt uh’tkb lf fvfpt lb-

lb4 ghtpthdfnbdbfyb [tkrtnt-
,b se wjw[t,b 

  
 se c[df
vofvt,kt,cf lf vfybfrt,c vbc-
wf [tkib8 ofhothbs 2 3vbifc cbwjw[-

hfw 'dtk s,bkbcib cffrfi- kbcfsdbc=47 [jkj vcjakb-
dbkvf uflj7 cfdct,bs cfrvfhb- jc hfvltybvt mdt.fyfib7
cbf bvbcsdbc7 hjv vstkb yfw-

 cffrfidb-
ctmnf lf vfcsfy ufsfyf,ht,e- kbc ew[jtsib uflf.dfyfpt
kb gjkbnbrehb cfv.f.tsb qyfjlyty=

lfbnbjc8 cojhtl fct vj[lf hfw gffnf ,ehzekf’tv cff-
@_@# okbc $ bfydfhc7 hjwf rfidbkpt smdf7 fctsb hfv vbc
sfyfvtlhjdt mfhsdtk bcnj-

3vbifc gfvgthcfl4 ojlt,ek
ieibc [blpt tktyt [jinf- hbrjcc fqvfityt,tkptw rb fh
hbfcsfy lf lfyfhxty mfhs- esmdfvc 2 lfdbsc se lfd-
dtk se erhfbytk vodfkt,- rfhufds7 cfmfhsdtkjw lfb-
kt,sfy thsfl gffnf ,ehze- rfhut,fj=
kf’tw ufvjudtw[flf lf vjrktl7 hfcfw ghjatcjhb
cbn.dfcbn.dbs fctsb hfv ubekb fkfcfybf ecbhw[db-
udbs[hf 2 kjl ufb’f[bc 2 vbifv mdt.f-
3vt vbylf dsmdf7 hjv yf oevgblfy fvjfshbfj= gff-
lqtc dbc e.dfhc vbif7 dbc nf ,ehzekf’tw bvfcdt bvtj-
fh e.dfhc vbif7 fh fmdc ht,c 2 vbif se lfdrfhuts7
vybidytkj,f8 cbnefwbf cfmfhsdtkjw lfudtrfhut-
fhbc tutsb 2 uflfdfhxtys ,fj=
vbifc7 uflfdfhxtys cfmfh- fhflf7 fv lhjc mfhsdtkt-
sdtkjc= dth uflfdfhxtys ,bc f,cjkenehb evhfdktcj-
vbifc lf lfdrfhufds cfmfh- ,f c[dfudfhfl abmhj,c lf vb-
sdtkjc= lqtc xdtyb vnht- fxybf7 hjv7 se cffrfidbkb
,b fvbnjv fh fsfdbcea- f’fqklt,f7 fvbs cfmfhsdtkjc gffnf ,ehzekf'bc cf[bs xdty obyfitf nbgehb
kt,ty vbifc= uflfvo.dtnb rb fh lfdrfhufds7 fhfvtl mdt-
vjvtynbf lf fvbnjv .dtkfv .fyf lfrfhufdc ths lbl vj- vtlhjdt 2 t'udthf't ,fhyf,f7 hjvtkbw lfdbs
eylf vbdbqjs vjyfobkt- qfkfntcf lf ufv.bldtkc7 [j-
j,f=4 kj [jybcf lf cehfvbc cgtwb- rklbfidbkbc fpyfeh cthfgbjy ujhltkf'bc
  tc fkbpt,ekb acbmbfnhbekb
cbn.dt,b ofhvjsmdf vfiby7 hj- lfotct,ekt,t,b 2 vqtkdfht 'fqk recbfcfdbs 3ufvfwflbyt,ekbf47 dbc
wf ieibc [blpt mfhsdtk lf gfwbtync7 hjvtkcfw ubekb 
erhfbytk ctmnfynt,c gkfrf-
nb /mjylfs uflvjatybkb
fkfcfybf ,fdidj,blfy vrehyf-  lft'uthjc lf thsb-jhb vbkbjyb ofqkbnjc=
kj,lf7 vfuhfv7 hjujhw fq-

[ibhfl vf[- ths[tk ufyut,fv hjlt-






e[ewtcb vjwtrdfdt
fycfv,k 3ce[bidbkt,bc4

cfmfhsdtkjc yfrht,bcf lf
3yfgjkbc4 at[,ehstkb

vcf[bj,b
vcf[bj,b
ctylt,f xtvb fvthbrfib bct vjf[lbyf7

cneltynj,f7 hjv .dtkf cfw vfhf-
hjwf gkt[f-
;ehyfkbcn- flfvbfyc7
yjdpt7 t8o8 vf vrbs[f7 dbcsfyfw
ljyfc cf-
bnfkbeh smdtyc mf- x[e,b vjvcd- [tkbc
tpjib dw[jd- kt,c rf,t- kbf7 cfyfv seylfw
hj,lb7 cflfw ,bc mdti ufhlfbwd-
mfhsdtkt,b7 kt,jlyty7 vwbht yf-
cjv[t,b7 he- ,jh,kt,b thsb se cf-
fwdbfs lf vb sdbs fl-
obkb ity-
sfy fcjwbhlt,f7 tc lblb gfnbdbf8
ct,b7 t,hft-
kt,b 2 .dtkf thsfl db.fdbs lf cfjwfhb cb.- fvbnjv lfwehfdty cwtyfptj0 lhjt,bs ht7 cflqfw itd[dtlhbdfh itvs[dtdbs lf itd-
hbut,ekdfhs8 tc vfvidblt,c7 fh vbylf7 dby-
dfhekb udmjylf8 .dtkfpt vtnfl vfibyltkb ofcdkf rbltd itb’kt,f7 vfuhfv okj,bs vtc welfl lfdijhlt8 dbqfwt,b mehlj,ty lf cfmfhsdtkj xtvb mdt.fyff lf vby-
s,bkbcb vtyfnht,f8 lqtc c[dflfc[df thjd- hjv fh yf[ekj,ty cfvij,kjc7 tu fh thut,fs7 vfuhfv vt d[dlt,b7 hjv hfvt bctsb se lf7 .dtkfv bwjltc7 hjv cfmfhsdt-
vtcvbc8 fh vtcvbc lf hf dmyf=
yt,bc [fk[b rb fhf7 mfhsdtkt,b fh bylj,ty
thsvfytsc8 fdbqt7 hfw fh vtresdybc7 ufvjhbw[ekbf7 it-
vthujc8 kjib afynfcnbrehb [fk[b w[jd-
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3S,BKBCTKT,B4 hj,c= 3F[FKB SFJ,F4
 
27

!8 itvjlujvbc sdt9 ^8 rehjhnb sehmtsib9 *8 vttmdct yjnb9 (8
lfyf[fh]b fy hbcbvt afcb7 hjvtkbw itvltu eylf uflfb[fljy 2 dfkb9 !!8 uf-

hb;hf;b9 !@8 ctkbc vj[fhiekb ptsb7 hjvtkcfw b.tyt,ty ptsbc cfqt,fdt,bc
lfcfvpflt,kfl9 !$8 kfndbbc ltlfmfkfmb9 !%8 abhybib9 !^8 yfut,j,f sdbsva-
hbyfdt,bc lfcf.tyt,kfl9 !(8 fvbthblfy7 fvbc itvltu9 !)8 mfkfmb tcgfytsib9 @_8

nb,tnehb [fhb9 @@8 cfv[tlhj ajhvbc mehserb9 @#8 ahfyub vothfkb7
3rjycetkjc4 fdnjhb9 @^8 fmktvt,bc j]f[bc w[jdtkb9 @*8 cfakj,b nfkf[b9
@)8 nhbujyjvtnhbekb aeymwbf9 #!8 kfj 888 #@8 bnfkbtkb rbyjht;bcjhb7
3fvfhrjhlbc4 fdnjhb8
@8 eltlvfvj9 #8 vpbc cbcntvbc hbubs vtjs[t gkfytnf9 $8 ,jhjnb7
fdb cekb9 %8 vfymfybc7 vtmfybpvbc lfpbfyt,f7 hfw cf[bafsjf flfvbfybc cbwjw[-
kbcfsdbc9 (8 hsekb cbn.dbc gbhdtkb itvflutytkb yfobkb7 fqybiyfdc f[fkc9
)8 rhbdib udthlekb lfhn.vf ijhb vfy’bkblfy9 !_8 gfnfhf nfybc9 !#8 'dbhaf-
hf thmdf
flubkc 'dtk
1
cb sdfkb7 ofhvjbmvyt,f vjkecrbc c[tekib9 !$8 vfhjrjc ltlfmfkfmb9 !*8 vit- cf,th’ytsib7
yt,kj,fib vpblb rjycnhemwbbc /jhbpjynfkehb +fy lf[hbkb` tktvtynb7 cflfw
hjvtkbw fthst,c cf.hltyt,c lf rjkjyt,c9 !)8 bfgjybbc bvgthfnjht,bc nb- tgftmht,jlyty
nekb9 @!8 ahfyuekb fhf.b9 @$8 hjvfek vbsjcib qdbybc7 lhjcnfht,bc qvth- cbvqthfib7
sb9 @%8 hbcfvt lf,tudhbc fy fyfpqfeht,bc ufyfrdtst,bc w[hbkb9 @(8 mvfhb vecbrfkeh
wjkbc yfstcfdt,bcsdbc9 bycnhevtynpt
lfrdhfcf lf
jhfnjhj,fib0

hjltcfw byukbctkvf
    vtpqdfehvf ahtycbc
 lhtbrvf vbfqobf fvthbrbc
f8 ne-
 lfcfdkts cfyfgbhjc7 vfy
hbyib9 ,8 vbkfyib9 u8 hjvib8 bm ths flubkc sfdbcb
     cf[tkb eojlf8
f8 y8 lev,f’t9 hf /mdbf lqtc fv 2
,8 r8 ufvcf[ehlbf9 u8 z8 fvbht]b,b8 flubkc0
 
  
 
    

f8 vytvjcbyt9 ,8 gfhcbatf9 u8 vbythdf8
 3
f8 vfhcbc9 ,8 cfnehybc9 u8 begbnthbc8

  
 f8 byukbcbc9 ,8 cfa-
     
hfyutsbc9 u8 bfgjybbc8    

f8 inbkc9 ,8 injhvc9 u8 ,hbpc8
    
  

f8 t8 htpthajhlvf9 ,8 f8 fbyinfbyvf8
f8 dfibyunjyib9 ,8 ybe-bjhrib9 ,8
u8 f8 aktvbyuvf8 uflvjwtvbc sfyf[vfl7 /jkfylbtkt,vf bylbtkt-
kjc-fy]tktcib8
,bc ths-thsb njvb uffwehtc lf f[kfyltkb vfy/t-
    
    
ntybc +ybe bjhrb‘ nthbnjhbf hfvltybvt ueklt-
  f8 ,hfpbkbbc9 ,8
 
f8 !**^ o9 ,8 !*** o8 u8 !**( o8 ybc qbht,ekt,bc v’bdt,bc afcfl b.bltc8 sevwf7
abytsbc9 u8 trdfljhbc8
fv,j,ty7 hjv sdbsjy bylbtkt,vf uffwehtc /jkfy-

   
lbtkt,b8
  f8 gfhbpib9 ,8
 dbmnjhbybc gfce[t,b5
f8 cfv[hts fahbrfib9 ,8 hectsib9
vflhblib9 u8 akjhtywbfib8 lf .dbstkb9 @#8 ]bv vjhbcjyb9 @$8 kjc-fy]tktcib8 hjujh vjf[th[tc tc vfs0
u8 ,hfpbkbfib8
      cfv[hts fahbrfib9 !)8 j7 /tyhbc9 @_8 rfnfb9 @!8 ltaj9 @@8 keh]b
!$8 begbnthbc9 !%8 injhvc9 !^8 t8 htpthajhlvf9 !*8 !**^ o8 !(8
   
f8 g8 ythelfc9 ,8 c8 ,trtnc9 u8
 lfytkbf9 !_8 vjhufyvf9 !!8 aj,bf9 !@8 f8 vtnhtdtkb9 !#8 ,fv,erb9 4 hjvtkb [fk[b
cwtvlf sf.dfyc 5
 bjhrib9 ^8 trdfljhbc9 *8 akjhtywbfib9 (8 cjk;tybwbyc9 )8 u8
7
f8 ebkbfv ajkrythbc9 ,8 j /t-
f8 cjk;tybwbyc8 !8 nehbyib9 @8 z8 fvbht]b,b9 #8 vytvjcbyt9 $8 byukbcbc9 %8 ybe- rec7 hjujhw

 yhbc9 u8 vfhr ndtybc8 gfce[t,b55
gbhdtkb rhjcdjhlbc gfce[t,b
cfv.fhjc
f8 t8 ityutkfbf9 ,8  vbrflj9 @!8 fhvfybfrb9 @$8 ,f[ecb9 @%8 nfhbab9 @(8 cb’t8 vjltkbc
h8 tcf’t9 u8 u8 lfytkbf8  f8 ,ehle[fyb9
 cdbyub9 !_8 xbf9 !#8 vfhufkbnb9 !$8 hf,fnb9 !*8 hbutkb9 !)8 cbv,jkjc0
 ,8 sfvfhb9 u8 rfnfb8
@8 j,jkb9 #8 vfhcb9 $8 tivf9 %8 fdfhbf9 (8 ytj9 )8
f8 ytbcvbnvf9 ,8 vjhufyvf9 ,8 njvgcj- cbyecb9 #!8 'b9 #@8 atkbyb8 hf /mdbf 'fqkbc ]bic7 hjvtkbw fh .tac0
 vfkfuf9 @_8 bfrb9 @@8 rbntkb9 @#8 cfylb9 @^8 kfvf9 @*8 kbf9 @)8
yvf8  f8 ;bek dthyb9 ,8
  fbcb9 !@8 jkbaf9 !$8 hbuf9 !%8 f,hf9 !^8 fyufhb9 !(8 fob9 !)8
fv ufvjujyt,bc fdnjhbf
 fhneh rjyfy ljbkb9 u8 lfybtk ltaj8  !8 yjtv,thb9 ^8 ,jlhevb9 *8 kf9 (8 ybcbf9 !!8
,hbnfytkb crjkbc vfcofd- 6
     gfce[t,b byntktmnefksfsdbc5 kt,tkb hjektyl /bkb8
f8 abkbf9 ,8 aj,bf9 y8 ajkbj8 f8 keh]b lf stshb9 ,8
 pt9 !_8 abkfltkabf8
vbcb ufvjujyt,f ,hbnfyts-
    keh]b lf .dbstkb9 u8 keh]b lf obst- xbytkt,b9 ^8 cfajcnj vfhrf9 *8 .dbhbkbs9 (8 rkjylfbrb9 )8 idbk-
ib !($_ okbc ^ vfbcc uf-
kb8
 rfybfyt,b hfvtc b’ktdbfy7 eylf ufvjfhsdf9 $8 ,fcty]b9 %8 'dtkb
 njvc tresdyjlf7 e,hfkjl7 vfs xfsdfktc7 hjv7 se ,hb.db stsh- vjxylf8 gbhdtkb mfhsekb
@#8    DOORS  !8 stfnhb9 @8 cfy ahfywbcrj9 #8 rey’ekb vfy/tntyb bylbtksf c[df tuptvgkfhb rb !*%* otkc

   f8 ]tybc ]jg-
   s,bkbcib lfvpfllf8
kbyb9 ,8 ]bv vjhbcjyb8 u8 ]bv /tylhbmcb8
f8 s8 rfrekbf9 ,8 f8 vtnhtdtkb9 u8 vtjht rhjcdjhlbc gfce[t,b5
;frj9 @)8 uehe9 #_8 zfrb8
u8 kf,f’t8 rfcgb9 !)8 cnf;b9 @#8 xfemb9 @$8 /j,jb9 @%8 rjk,f9 @^8 /blhf9 @(8 hf ufvjbujyf hjektyl
 (8 vfubf9 !@8 kbv,b9 !#8 rjfkf9 !$8 cfknj9 !%8 ,bh;f9 !*8 nfyrf9 !(8 /bkvf7 hbcsdbcfw vfc
    
     @8 nbnf9 #8 gbrb9 $8 htnb9 %8 ujuhf9 ^8 ifhab9 *8 xbhmb9 cthbc ojlt,f vbtybzf0
f8 vjcrjdib9 ,8 kjc-fy]tktcib8

 gfsjkjubf9 #!8 vfhekf9 #@8 jmnjv,thb9 ##8 ajrecb8
u8 ctekib8 lffchekts
 mcb9 !^8 bpjkfwbf9 @_8 ,fkfcnb9 @!8 ,tktnf;b9 @@8 trbgf;b9 @*8
f8 tdrfkbgnb9 ,8 ,fj,f,b9 u8 ,fv,erb8 !8 cnjgthb9 )8 ,jnfybrf9 !_8 tnbrtnb9 !!8 ghtab-
ktjyfhlj lf dbyxbc 7
 !8 wtynhfkehb vwdt- ahfpf5 3flfvbfyt,b
kb at[,ehsib9 )8 vwtyfhtsf itvcofdkt- [ibhfl vc]tkj,ty7
kb vtwybtht,f9 !_8 bfhkb.b9 !!8 cbn.dbc vf- rfvfsj,ty7 [jkj
hnbdb ae’bc oby vjsfdct,ekb obycfhsb9 hjwf sfdbfysb
!^8 wfkrt ufvj.jaf7 ufvb]dyf9 @_8 ptlvtnb7 vjcfpht,bc lfcfvn-
ecfhut,kj ndbhsb9 @!8 gbhdtkb bfhecb fv- rbwt,kfl cfrvfhbcb
abstfnhcf lf ,tyefhc ptdbs stfnhib9 @@8 fhuevtynt,b fh
utvbc7 sdbsvahbyfdbc7 nfyrbc vjvcf[eht gt- fmds7 vc]tkj,fc
hcjyfkb9 @*8 fdflv.jaehb uflf[hf yjhvb- wdkbfy8884
lfy7 cbvf[by]t9 #!8 w[tyt,bc it]b,ht,f ztyt-
,fib uh’tk vfy’bkpt7 ljqb9 #@8 otkbof-
lbc sdt9 ##8 [tkbc cbvfhltpt7 vjmybkj,f- dbcpt fv,j,lyty
pt lfv.fht,ekb vfh]dt bktsb7 nhberb8 8 bylbtkt,b7 hjv vfc
 @8 ltrjhfnbekb ,jkmdbf-
sfdlfgbhdtkfl bct
yb vwtyfht ihjifybct,hsf j]f[bcf7 brtst,c eylf vjtmwt7
vtnobkfl obstk .dfdbkt,c9 #8 vsbc ofo- hjujhw vtatc7
dtnt,ekb vodthdfkb9 $8 sfd,he9 %8 ,fqxt- itvltu 2 hjujhw
ekb reknehf9 ^8 sfdpt fy .tkpt vjcf[- vjyfc7 itvltu rb 2
dtdb dbohj7 vjuh’j mcjdbkb9 *8 cbs[t7 hj- hjujhw vtuj,fhc0
vtkbw ufvjb.jaf w[jdtkehb jhufybpvbc
mcjdbkt,bc kgj,bc7 fyst,bc itltufl9 (8 9
]fljmhj,f7 vbcyj,f9 !@8 res[cfpjv bfhfqt-
,ib5 kbsjybc ,hn.tkb hujkb7 hjvtkpt-
lfw bhudkbd fqybiyekbf lfyf.jat,b9 !#8 hf /mdbf vlbyfhtcf
xfysjcfyb lfsdb9 !$8 frhj,fnekb yf[nj- lf htubjyc
vb7 hjvkbc lhjcfw /fthib vfkf.c frtst- rfyflfib7 cflfw vt-
,ty9 !%8 lfotct,ekt,f7 cflfw [lt,f vc[db- !) cfereybc
kb abyfycehb lf cfdfzhj ufhbut,t,b9 !*8 ,jkjc gbhdtkfl
bfgjyehb gjtpbbc ths-thsb ’dtkb ;fyhb9 vjbgjdtc jmhj0
!(8 hfbjyekb wtynhb cfmfhsdtkjib9 !)8
hfbvt lfhuib veifj,bc fy hfbvt jhufybpf-
wbbc hbut,ib .jaybc [fyuh’kbdj,f9 @#8 vf- 10
hlb7 vfvfwb9 @$8 xfcf,thb vecbrfkehb cfr-
hfdb9 @%8 vbybc vfqfk.tkbfyb zehztkb7
b.tyt,ty kf,jhfnjhbt,ib9 @^8 ,th'yek vb-
sjcib5 o.kbc vhfdfksfdbfyb udtkb7 hjvt-
kbw vjrkf /thfrktv9 @(8 gfnfhf sesb.e- hjvtkb mfkfmb b.j fii-bc ltlfmfkfmb
ib9 @)8 cekbthb vj’qdfhb7 vfcofdkt,tkb !*)_-!(__ okt,ib0
byljtsib9 #_8 ltlfkb w[tyb7 afifnb8
28  
 

   vftkbcf8
vjwbmekbcf7 gbhdtkvjofvb-  ob-

cf lf vsfdfhlbfrjybcf cnt- yflfwdtsf eakbcf xdtyb-
afytcb9 qbhcbcf cntafyt cf btce mhbcntcb8 [ctyt,f
[bhctkbcf9 qbhcbcf lf fqv- ,fcbkb lblbcf7 rtcfhbf-rf-
cfht,tkbcf stjljhtcb9 st- gfljrbbc vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb-
jljhtcb7 rjycnfynbyjgj- cf9 ovblbcf tvtkbfcb7 ,fcb-
ktkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbcf8 kb lblbc ltlbcf9 uhbujk
bynthbthbcf lf fdt]bc    eahjcbcf7 yfpbfyptkb
 2 vb.dfhc vjofvtsf jhsf ,tdhsf7 yb- tgbcrjgjcbcf7 ovblf uhbujk
.dfdbkt,b7 .dtkfpt vtnfl rb atha- rjvblbfc lfvodfhsf5 ukbrt- qvhsbcvtn.dtkbc vfvbcf9
lbpfbythb 
 wyj,bkb kbcathb .dfdbkb bhbcb-b,thbrf8 hb [ewbcf7 ptyjybcf7 stj- qbhcbcf stjljcbcf7 nhbu-
vjmfylfrt  mfk,fnjyb7 dbcfw cbfvjdyt,bs vb- abkt lbfrjybcf7 ljhjst- kbtkb bqevtybcf9 vjofvbcf
vcf[bj,t,b 2  dfhsvtdlb lqtc fv .dfdbkt,c7 fhbc cb7 vfhljybcf7 vbuljyb lb- gtnht nhbgjkbctkbcf9 ov8
lf   ltlfxtvb  hjvtkbw frjybcf7 bylbctcb7 ujhuj- gtnht fqvcfht,kbcf8
vjvqthfkb  ufhlfwdkbkbf7 [jkj7 dbcfw f[kf ybcf7 gtnhtcb7 tmdsbvtcb7    cb-
 +gfyxj‘ cbfvjdyt,bs vbdfhsvtd sfbuekc7 tc vjofvt mfkoeksf5 fufsbfcb7 kb,bcnhj hjvbc gfgbcf9
fcf[tkt,ty bv mfk,fnjyt,c7 fhbc xtvb lbc idbkbidbkb7 gfnfhf ljvyfcb7 stjabkfcb lf c[df- vqdltkvjofvt stfutyjcbcf7
 hjvtkbw cek hfv- sf9 vjwbmekbcf ybrfyjhbcf7  /tktcgjynjc gfhjcbc tgbc-
ltybvt lqtf7 mdt.fyfc vjtdkbyf lf *_-sfufybcf8 rjgjcbcf9 qbhcbcf cthfab-
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fh fvjvlbcj8 ityf[ekb /mjylf [tkcf[jwb7 hjvkbsfw ,jkjc hfvfpc sdfkblfy
 lhj f[kj,kt,c7 cf[kc lfesvts8 rfhub lqtf
abpbrehb lf byntktmnefkehb fmnbehj,bc-
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qt,t,c v[fndhek abkv 3vfyfyfib48
vpt bv.jat,f s[bc hmbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj- sdbc7 vtuj,hekb rjynfmnt,bcsdbc7 itvjmvt- hjkbc vbcfqt,fl ht;bcjhb fhfcjltc iteoe[t,bf7 cfresfhb qbhct,bc lfv-
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mjib7 fvjlbc @#8%( cffspt7 xflbc !$ bfydfhc lfcecnt,ekbf .tkb7 tyljrhbyekb cbcntvf7 jsf[b uffmbhfdf lf c[dbcufy lf[vfht,f fh bs[jdf8 fv,j,lf 2 fh vbylf7 dbyvtc
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kb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf _#8_^ cffsblfy _^8#( dth’bcsdbc7 cfcojhbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf rbh- hfc itybidyf vbewbf 2 vt cfo.fkb fh dfhj lf vstkb w[jdht,f fv ghbywbgbs bfhf8
cffsfvlt8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc lf [dfk vtnb x[b,bcsdbc7 mfkoekbcsdbc8 [ibhfl b[ctyt,lf qfhb,ek ,byfc fdkf,fhib7 cflfw #_ otkpt vtnb uffnfhf888
j]f[b fh itemvybf7 vfcpt fv,j,lyty 2 erfht,ffj7 sevwf7 rbyjcnelbfib ths-
thsb ht;bcjhb e.dfhlf8 idbkb fh /.jkbf7 vfuhfv ,fdidt,pt ub;lt,jlf7 f[kj,kt-
vpt bv.jat,f s[bc hmbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-  ,bc idbkt,cf lf idbkbidbkt,bcsdbc .jdtksdbc ityf[ekb /mjylf nr,bktekb8
lbc _(8@^ cffspt7 xflbc !*8%$ cffspt8 vsdf- sdbc8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb fkthubekb ghj- /.fdlf cf.dfhtkb rfnf 2 abrj7 hjvtkbw vfhnjj,fc edct,lf8 fv,j,lf 2 fhcfl
ht cfcojhbc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc __8!_ cf- lemnt,bc ufvj.tyt,f8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcec- fhfdby v.fdc lf xtvb vfhnjj,f itvb.dfhlfj8
fspt7 xflbc !@8!! cffspt +vsdfhbc @@-t lqt nt,ekbf .tkb7 tyljrhbyekb cbcntvf7 sbh- ,jkj okt,ib sfdbc ,byfc lblb fbdfyb vbfityf7 fv,j,lf 2 vstkb w[jdht,f dyfn-
uh’tklt,f8 vt-# afpf‘8 ubkjwfds 'dtkb cnb- rvkt,b7 rfyb8 mdt,b5 ytahbnb7 kfpehbnb7 ;f- hj,lb7 fbdfyb ufvtafhsjt,byf lf lbkbs xfb bm lfvtkbf7 ,b’byf bdfybidbkbc vbth
kbs f[fk otkc8 ntyltywbt,b5 rfhub lqtf ltbnb7 cfabhjyb7 cthljkbrb8 gjpbnbehb lfybiyekb cnbgtylbbs ufdfrtstj8 ufpfa[ekblfy udbfy itvjlujvfvlt .dtkfpt lbl
mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 vtuj,hekb rjynfmnt,bc- lqtf n.egbcsdbc7 kjvbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf lhjc cojhtl fv fbdfypt fnfht,lf8 vpt e.dfhlf8 fv,j,lf 2 v[jkjl vfvfv bwjlf
sdbc7 reknehek-ufcfhsj,b qjybc’bt,t,bc- rehjcsdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8 xtvb [fcbfsb7 vte,yt,jlf 2 kfvpbhf7 ity v[jkjl vptpt [fh it.dfht,ekb lf
cek vptc tfkthct,bj8 tfvf.t,jlf7 hjv ,byf7 cflfw w[jdhj,lf7 hecsfdtkbc st-
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 frjynhjkts7 rfhubf f[fkb isf,tzlbkt,t,bc kt,bw ,bybc ufvj.jafib lft[vfhyty8 b.j .jdtksdbc uekf[lbkb lf vfhsfkb7 uf-
vbqt,f7 cfcbrtsjf dfh]bib8 rfhub lqtf mjhob- ojyfcojht,ekb7 fh e.dfhlf vkbmdytkt,b lf afhbctdkt,b7 [ibhfl b[ctyt,lf ,ek-
vpt bv.jat,f s[bc hmbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj- yt,bcsdbc7 itvjmvtlt,bcsdbc7 fh fhbc cfceh- ufrjdbc 3afhbctdtksf itsmvekt,fc47 cflfw  hjkb itfche-
lbc _(8@^ cffspt7 xflbc !*8%% cffspt8 vsdf- dtkb vwtyfhtt,bc lfhudf-uflfhudf7 ctc[bc fqt- kf8 fvbnjvfw e.dfhlf  hjvtkcfw .dtkfpt vfhsfk fhnbcnfl sdkb-
ht uflfbyfwdkt,c +!%8%@‘ qhbfyrfkbc pj- ,f8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf .tkb7 tyljr- lf7 'fkbfy ufybwflf vbcb ufhlfwdfkt,f7 rf[b bctsb tythubekb b.j7 bvmdt.yfl ecfm-
lbfmjib8 fvjlbc _!8!% cffspt7 xflbc !@8## hbyekb cbcntvf7 rfyb7 sbhrvkt,b7 ifhlcfc- vjl hf uffxtht,c7 dhoveylt,b7 hjv bm vfhskf stfnhb fhbcj8
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vfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf pbnbehb lqtf vidbkljcybcsdbc7 vtho.e- cfrflhbcb stfnhb tkjlt,f=
!@8$_ cffsblfy !%8%@ cffsfvlt8 utjvfuyb- kbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7 s[bc
nehb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc tvjwbt,b hmbcsdbc8 
 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 htlfmwbf cfv'bvfhc

$8 athbf9 (8 cfvevb9 !!8 gfhfcjkb9 !@8 hfvgf9 !#8 yjlbf9 !$8 ythjyb9 !%8 rfkfgjnb9
!^8 mdtkb9 !*8 i[fvb9 !(8 nfbvb9 @_8 lbhb;jhb9 @$8 cfbuf9 @^8 kbcb9 @(8 htgbyb9 @)8 lthvfnbyb9 #_8 ew[flt,c cjaj rthtctkb'tc ltlbc
lblb9 #@8 hflbj9 ##8 rhtvb9 #^8 jhbubyfkb9 $!8 ktdb9 $@8 rbdb9 $$8 ,tkuf9 $%8 ,ehblfyb9 $^8 vf[f9 $*8
vfynbcf9 $(8 sjkbf9 %!8 lbkb;fyb9 %%8 hjnf9 %*8 rjktuf9 ^_8 rkbj9 ^!8 ktuhfyb9 ^@8 vjhbtkb9 ^$8
dbltj9 ^^8 ,fylbnb9 ^*8 yfhbyb9 ^(8 xbhb9 ^)8 cbjyb8 
ufhlfwdfkt,bc ufvj8
 !8 vfhfyb9 @8 mfkfmb9 #8 ,jhjnj9 $8 abybib9 %8 hflbfyb9 ^8 fhfmbcb9 *8 bv,twbkb9 (8
cfybnfhb9 )8 vth[b9 !_8 vjylb9 !)8 v’bvt9 @_8 lblhj9 @!8 hehrb9 @@8 ;qfkb9 @#8 hrbyf9 @%8 nbdb9 @^8
kbhb9 @*8 cblhb9 #_8 ljkb9 #!8 lfdkf9 #$8 hft9 #%8 vfusb9 #*8 h]ekb9 #(8 utbvb9 #)8 ybfcf9 $_8 kfbvb9
$@8 rjyuj9 $#8 dfbvt9 $$8 ,fsf9 $^8 vfhfj9 $)8 kfkb9 %_8 fyjf9 %!8 ljkf,b9 %@8 kfueyf9 %#8 ;dfybf8 %$8 lfrh'fkdf ) bfydfhc7 jhif,fsc7 @ cffspt9
vbcfvfhsb5 lbqvbc vfcbdb7 vt-% rdfhnfkb7
yfbdb8 %^8 nfb9 %*8 rflhb9 %(8 kbjyb9 %)8 uvbhb9 ^_8 rkeyb9 ^#8 hjyf9 ^%8 dby8
 vt-) rjhgecb7 vt-@ cflfh,fpj7 vt-( cfhsekb


 
31
   
    
    
      

    
     
 $8 pqfghekb uh’ytekb mfkb9 (8 vihfkb7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 w[tkb mfhb fahbrbc elf,yjib9 !!8 vpbc mjkuf9 !@8 cwtybc
ufcfyfst,tkb vjo.j,bkj,f9 !#8 at[,ehstkb9 !$8 hjvbc
11 12 bvgthfnjhb9 !%8 vlbyfhbc cfltyb xfqhvfdt,f9 !^8 vjo.fkt9
!*8 cfofvkfdb9 !(8 at[,ehsbc vfnxbc yf[tdfhb9 @_8 jhrtcn-
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dtkb9 @^8 zfj,bc vwtyfht9 @(8 hecb v[fndfhb9 @)8 [tkjd-
yehb n.fdb9 #_8 mfhsekb abkvb 3888 vodfyt dtkb49 #@8 vf-
15 16 eo.t,kj,bc ths-thsb cfiefkt,f9 ##8 njhnbc vjcfhsfdb
vfcf9 #^8 ltlfyb9 $!8 aekbc thstekb ,ekufhtsib +’dt-
17 18 19 kfl‘9 $@8 f[fkptkfylbehb ahbydtkb9 $$ ybiyj,bc ,tzt-
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20 21 22 23 24 25 $*8 fkujhbsvbc obkflehb yfobkb9 $(8 f8 xt[jdbc gbtcf9
%!8 mfkfmb cjv[tsib 9 %%8 bnfkbtkb rjvgjpbnjhb9 %*8 fv-
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26 27 28 kb vepf9 ^!8 ahfyub rjvgjpbnjhb9 ^@8 pjlbfmjc ybifyb9
^$8 de.eht,7 d[tlfd kfsbyehfl9 ^^8 .fxfqb7 v’fhwdtkb9
29 30 31 ^*8 hecelfybc 't lfdbs 8889 ^(8 ufv[vfhb [bkb9 ^)8 nf’fhb
s,bkbcib8
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lblb lfcf[kt,ekb geymnb9 #8 y8 ,fhfsfidbkb 2 3cekj88849
$8 it]b,ht,bc lfcfchekb9 %8 cbdhwbsb res[bc cfpjvb th-
36 37 38 39 40 41
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66 67 ib9 ^%8 hjvtkb flfvbfyb0
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    

      
 
       

       
 

cfcbfvjdyj7 cfcbrtsj lqt8 htrjvtylt,ekbf bybwbfnbdbcf lf fu-
 gkfytnt,bc ptufdktyf fhfrtsbkcfceh- htcbekj,bc ufvjdktyf8
dtkbf8 vybidytkjdfyc yehfathc vjbvjm-
vtlt,s lf yehw f[fk cfmvtc ofvjbo.t,s8 ihjvbceyfhbfyj,bc fvfqkt,f8 itltub lb-
lfl fhbc lfvjrblt,ekb smdtyc ihjvbc-
vjsvbyt,f7 sfditrfdt,f lf ufyc]bc eyfhb
vj.dfhtj,fpt8
 ufvjbxbyts8
yehfdbc tylj,bs7 itb’kt,f vjufn.ejy8 rfhub cbf[ktyb7 cfertstcj gthcgtmnbdf lf
cbahs[bkt ufvjbxbyts vtuj,ht,sfy lf cfcb[fhekj vjdktyt,b utkbs8
,fdidt,sfy ehsbthsj,fib8 vjthblts rfvfscf lf rjyakbmnt,c8 ef-
vjbo.dts gbhflb w[jdht,f7 lf[dtots by- hb smdbs fkrj/jkeh cfcvtkt,pt8 
nbvehb ehsbthsj,t,b7 .dtkfathc it- ofhvfnt,fc ubmflbs yt,bcvbthb cf[bc vu-
vjmvtlt,bsfl vbeltmbs8 pfdhj,f8 tylts cfresfh bynebwbfc8
vjdktyfsf etwfhb itvj,heyt,f7 ahbfl cjkbleh7 wyj,bk [fk[sfy lf eahj-
gthcgtmnbekb obyflflt,t,b utkbs8 cj,fcsfy rjynfmnb cfhut,tkc vjubnfys8
vfnthbfkehb vlujvfhtj,bc ufev]j,tct- ye ufubnfwt,s gbhflb w[jdht,f lf it-
,f7 ghjatcbekb ofhvfnt,t,b8 vjmvtlt,f8 eahs[bklbs bvtlufwhet,fc8
vjthblts ehsbthsj,fc eahjcj,fcsfy it’kt,bclfudfhfl uflflts vupfdhj,f8
lf bv flfvbfyt,sfy7 hjvtksfw lblb pt- vjthblts /bgyjpbjht,sfy lf tmcnhf-
ufdktyf fmds smdtypt8 ye ittwlt,bs7 ctyct,sfy ehsbthsj,fc8
eahj cjkblehfl ufvjb.eht,jlts8
itub’kbfs wjnf uflf/rhfs rbltw8
hsek vjvtynib lf[vfht,bcfsdbc vtuj- cfcbfvjdyjf ghtptynfwbt,cf lf ghtvbt-
,ht,c7 sfyfnjkt,cf lf f[kj,kt,c vb- ht,pt lfcoht,f8
vfhsts8
ufahs[bklbs rjktut,sfy7 yfstcfdt,sfy
ye ufhbcrfds8 ufeahs[bklbs ]fyvhst- lf vtpj,kt,sfy ehsbthsj,bcfc8
kj,fc8
bmjybts rjynfmnb ,eyt,fcsfy7 vjefhts
itcf'kjf7 umjylts cfcbfvjdyj lf ibyfeh w[jdtkt,c8 b.fdbs rtsbkyb lf ue-
cfzbhj ityf'tyb8 kvjo.fktyb8
 mediakorporacia "asaval-dasavali". sagamomcemlo saxli "asaval-dasavali"

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fphb lfwekbf f,cjkenehb ghbdbktubbs8 afmnt,bc cbpecntpt gfce[bcvut,tk fdnjhsf
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ufyo.j,f uflfvjovt,fc fh tmdtvlt,fht,f8 vfcfkbc lfe,tzlfj,f fh vjnbdbhlt,f8

       
 othbkt,b ufvjupfdyts vbcfvfhspt5 s,bkbcb7 _!^_7 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb48
ntktajyt,b5 @!%-@%-@%9 @!%-#%-#%9 ++))%‘%*_-%_-%_-%_9 ++))%‘%*_-%_-%_-*_
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 dt,-udthlb bynthytnib5 www. asavali.com
tk-ajcnf5 mail@asavali.com jabwbfkehb udthlb atbc,empt5
www. facebook.com/Asavali.com ufptsb lf,tzlbkbf 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 cnfv,fib8

WWW WWW WWW WWW Www.A .A .A .A .Asa SA SA SA SAV V V V: CFMFHSDTKJ Itelfht, KFL Ertstc Vlujvfhtj, Fib Bmyt, jlf7

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WWW WWW WWW WWW Www.A .A .A .A .Asa SA SA SA SAV V V V: CFMFHSDTKJ Itelfht, KFL Ertstc Vlujvfhtj, Fib Bmyt, jlf7

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   WWW.

cfmfhsdtkj itelfht,kfl  

  

  

 9  

  4 

vb[tbk cffrfidbkc  lfdc lf [dlt,f7 hjv vbcb lqtdfylt-

vidtybthb bmyt,jlf 2 vb[tbk fh-

cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f7 vfs ij-

tmbvb7 ybrf vtkbfc vfvf

,tdhc /ujybf7 hjv ufycfw-

cfylhj ubhudkbfybc vfvf

,ty mdt.fyfc 2 [tkbceakt,fv cfre-

  

ufcek rdbhfc ubekb fkfcfybfv cfmfhsdtkjc

cfwehfj fepbc lf,heyt,f itd- thsb cfwjlfdb rf- c]thf 

fv jhbjlt sdbc obyfs

lfczbhlf8 ,eh]t,b4 yfwvj’hfj,bc 3itb[t,bcfufy4 fh kjy= vtd lf sfyfw lblb ybx,bs=

 vfbyw sfdbceafkb eylf d.j-

nfy]ekb fy fvjbqts7 hfc

yfdc cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc htubj-

ktsc [tk- jwyt,bc4 ybc chek lf ifdb pqdbc ht-

vbwhedlf7 kehvf vj’hf- otkc 'fkfib itdblf7 se gb- eylf vbdvfhsjsj=

cfmfhsdtkjib lt se ufvjeidtc7 fvfc yfwbj-

,enf hj,fmb’bc ltlf

cek[fy vjkfidbkbc 'vf

dfhs fhfxdt- ht,ek  lfds7 hf [l-

  obyfs fnjvehb mj,byt,bs fqzehdf

rhtvkb bc flubkbf7 hjvkbc rtl-   

2 2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

4 2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

ibhb itbmvyt,jlf7 cnfkbyb 

2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

6 2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172)

xfbpt rb vothfkb dthfahbs abmht,ekb8

2023 wlis 9 ianvari 1 3-4 (171-172) 7

     hbibc ufsfyf,ht,f7 # uj- 

   

  

gbhdtk ghjwtcpt7 hjwf lfbrbs[f 

vjrktl7 ifkdf [fzfgehb’t

lfbvf[- hjv fhf bc

  

fhbc fctsb dt,s7 hfw

 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkvf

[ibhfl vf[- ths[tk ufyut,fv hjlt-

ctylt,f xtvb fvthbrfib bct vjf[lbyf7

2 .dtkfpt 'fkbfy vb.dfhlf cehytkjdfyb dfh-

 2 mhbpfystvt,b vb.dfhc7 ,fdidj,fc vf[ctyt,c7 hj-

 f[fkb cfvcf[ehbc lfcfo.t,fl7 sfyfvlt,j,bc

vpt bv.jat,f s[bc hmbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-

obyt,f7 e’hfdb mjyt,bc .bldf-uf.bldf8 rfhub

 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 htlfmwbf cfv'bvfhc

 vt-) rjhgecb7 vt-@ cflfh,fpj7 vt-( cfhsekb

      

68 69 rhjcdjhlbcf lf ktyndjhlt,bc gfce[t,b b[8 #!-t udthlpt

    

       

 mediakorporacia "asaval-dasavali". sagamomcemlo saxli "asaval-dasavali"

ufyo.j,f uflfvjovt,fc fh tmdtvlt,fht,f8 vfcfkbc lfe,tzlfj,f fh vjnbdbhlt,f8

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