   WWW.

A
WWW.A SA
.ASA VALI.COM
SAV


N 1475
11 




-3

 
2


26 




 




  

 itdfhlyf'bc ,fyfrib

 10 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc
ufcfyflueht,kfl


veifdlt,jlf
-7


6

20
11


  

 

   8
 


@_@# okbc @ vfhnc
cfmfhsdtkjc


gfhkfvtynib
3ew[jtsbc ufdktybc


futynt,sfy4
lfrfdibht,ekb


rfyjyghjtmnbc
cfrjvbntnj
ufy[bkdfpt fnt[bk
ufotd-ufvjotdfcf lf
vndhtdf-vc[dhtdfc7
hjvtkbw .dtkf
mfhsekb ntktfh[bc
gbhlfgbh tsthib
uflfbwtvjlf7 vstkvf
cfmfhsdtkjv fltdyf
sdfkb7 hbc ufvjw vbc
ltnfkeh fqothfc
fqfh itdelut,bs8
cfvfubthjl7 .ehflqt,fc
ufdfvf[dbkt,s hfvltybvt cbv-
,jkeh lf vhfdkbcvtn.dtk
ufhtvjt,fpt7 hjvtksf itcf-
[t,fw vfcj,hbdb byajhvfwb-
bc cfiefkt,t,c fhfathb es-
mdfvs=
lfdbo.js bvbs7 hjv gfh-
kfvtynbc lfh,fpb7 cflfw rf-
yjyghjtmnbc ufy[bkdbcfc yf-
wjgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt-
,b 'fkbc ufvj.tyt,bs itwdbd-
lyty7 fvfulfhb cf[tkvobaj
lf cfpjuflj vjqdfobc7 cfmfh- 
sdtkjc thjdyekb uvbhbc7 
fa[fptsbc vbofpt vjofvt,hb-

dfl fqchekt,ekb ;bekb
ifhnfdfc cf[tkc fnfht,c8 


@ vfhnc ;bekb ifhnfdfc  
cf[tkj,bc c[ljvfsf lfh,f-  
pb 
  
 



 
 qhbfkbs fbrktc7 vbkto-
 
vjktotc lf kfvbc sfdpt lf-
bv[tc=


  
 hjvtkbw sdfkt,c fq-

upyt,ekb vjpdthbdbs mf-


xfdlf7 hjujhw xfyc7 sfdb ;b-
ekb ifhnfdfc cf[tkj,bc
lfh,fpib rb fhf7 hectsbc
vjmfkfmtt,pt ufmbhfdt,ek keh lf kb,thfkeh 'fkfl vrdktkj,blfy cfvb fstekb dkbidbk-cfvflfidbkt,b lf kbnbrehfl vjeyljvt,l-
cfresfh ,byfib tujyf lf vf- vjfmdc7 cbyfvldbktib ovby- okbc itvltufw rb cfmfhsdt- cfvyb’t-rjh’fbt,b cbc[kc yty lf[dhtnfc=
ublf ob[kbs ff.bhfdf7 hbc lf o.kbc ,jkitdbrehb kj fcts gjkbnbreh zfj,- ufeihj,lyty7 rjveybcneh ghbywbgib7 xfblbytc rbltw
itvltufw vfylfneht,vf uf- ofhvjyfmvybf7 vbcb .dtkfpt ib .jabkb.j lf fctsb vlf- uflvjyfisfl ithfw[fdlyty7 tc cfmvt7 hjwf 
hts uffshbtc8 fuhtcbekb lf ifd,ytkb uf- ,bj gjkbnbrehb rkfcb /.j- rhtvkbc futynfl ufvjfw[f-
fqfhfathc dfv,j,s 

vjdkbyt,bs8 kjlf0= lt,lyty lf mdt.ybc cfvcf[eh- .dbhbk-obdbkbs fbrktc lf
     ib lujvbc cfiefkt,fc fh vbc- ob[kt,bs lffh,btc=
ufe’tdt,tk yfwkb,thfcn mf-      wtvlyty= !))# otkc cj[evib lf[-
kt,pt7 eahj cojhfl7 mfkbc   /j7 #_ okbc obyfs7 !))# dhtnbkb ;bekb ifhnfdf
cf[tlfrfhuek gjkbnbreh      otkc7 cj[evib abpbrehfl @_@# otkc s,bkbcib7 vbcb-
pjv,t,pt 2     2 lqtc ;be- lf[dhtnbkb ;bekb ifhnf- dt cf[tkj,bc lfh,fpib7 [tk-
 kb ifhnfdf wjw[fkb hjv .j-
    2 yese ;b- df lqtc wjw[fkb hjv b.jc7 vtjhtl lf[dhbntc=
abkb.j7 tc rjktmnbehb df- fd,tlbsfl cbv,jkehbf

   ekb ifhnfdfv cbwjw[kt tctyb7 tc ,jkitdbr-yfwkb-
 lf thsb- bvbcfsdbc ufobhf7 hjv vbcb if’tt,b7 [f,tbidbkt,b7 yfw- ,thfcnt,b cekbthfl lf gj- bcbw7 hjv yfw,jkitdbrt,vf
jh c[dfptw7 hjvkt,bw gfh-


kfvtynbc otdht,bdbs rb fhf7
jhqj,bc ltlfrfwt,bdbs bm-


wtjlyty7 bcnthbekfl uf/rb-
jlyty lf [tkt,c bct gfhz.fd-


lyty7 utujyt,jlf7 rheyx[dfv
ofvjefhfj=
.jdtkbdt fvbc itv[tldfht7


rbltd ths[tk lfdhoveylbs7
hjv yfwjgjpbwbehb ctmnf7
hjvtkcfw sfdb ghjlfcfd-



  fh fhbc ghtvbthb7 hjvtkbw if,-






gfhkfvtynfhb

fii-bc .jabkb cf[tkvobaj


cfmfhsdtkjc ghtvbth-
vbybcnhb

vlbdfyb
fii-bc cf[tkvobaj
ltgfhnfvtynbc ghtccgbrthb

kjyeh ufyw[flt,t,c frtst,c dbqfwbc uekbc vjcfut,fl fy bvb-

cfsdbc7 hjv [dfk fy ptu vjvfdfkb vj’t,yjc7 seylfw cfpqdfh-
ufhts fy ktmwbt,bc ofrbs[dbcsdbc8 ew[jtkb gjkbnbrjct,bc
yfobkbc lblb oyt[bc7 jvib xfhsekb xdtyb vtuj,fhb mdt.ybc
sfyfvlt,j,bc gbhsf vjojlt,bc7 ieqkbc ufqdbdt,bc lf lfh-
n.vt,bc vbe[tlfdfl7 ghtvbthvf it’kj lf sfdbc mdt.fyfib ep-
heydtk.j vidblj,f8 cfthsfijhbcj fcgfhtppt dth ufbutc7 hf-
ibf cfmvt7 duekbc[vj, bv tdhjgfhkfvtynfht,bc yfobkc7 hj-
vkt,bw lqtc rhbnbrbs fhbfy lfrfdt,ekb8 bcbyb fh vjt-
xdty tc jvb7 vtjht kjlyty bv afmnc7 hjv okt,bc vfy’bkpt htdthfycbc gjpfib v.jab cfmfhsdtkjc [tkb- ew[jehb futynbc itcf[t, fvthbrfv cfmfhsdt-
ceakt,f hfqfwfpt bn.jlf7 hjv 2 fhf8 vt dbwb7 hf ]j,bf xtvb mdt.ybcsdbc7 vt fct uflfdo.- rfyjyghjtmnc dbyw [vfc vbc-
ahjynb lf ghjdjrf-
dbnt lf fct ufdfrtst8 cojhtl tc vjf[th[f  vbcb [fk[bcf lf ueylbc wtvc7 gfce[bcvut,tkb bmyt,f kjc vbvfhs .ehfl-
wbt,b sfdblfy fdbwb- v[fhlfzthbs8
cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjfnkfynb- qt,f vjfleyf=
rehb vjvfdkbc gjntywbehfl
kts8  ghbywbgekb kblthbf7 hjvtkvfw mdt.fyfib vidblj,f lf cnf,bke- cfahs[bc obyfit lf.tyt,fpt8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 hj,f itmvyf8 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4

2  









cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynib

 @ vfhnc7 fa[f-
ptsib ;bekb ifhnfdfcsfy
thsfl lf[dhtnbkb rbltd th-
sb thjdyekb uvbhbc7 cj[e-
vbc vfibyltkb vthbc 
 lf,flt,bc
lqtc7 lffh,btc=
cbc[kbcfufy lfohtnbk
lbf[7 @_@# okbc @ vfhnc
*^ okbc uf[lt,jlf uehfv
uf,tcrbhbf7 hjvtkvfw !))#
okbc @* ctmntv,thc lfwt-
vek cj[evib fa[fpb ctgf-
hfnbcnt,bcf lf hecb jre-
gfynt,bc obyfit fh lfbxjmf
lf ithw[dtybk cbwjw[ktc
qbhctekb cbrdlbkb fv]j-
,byf=
[dfk rb888 [dfk7 * vfhnc7 ;b-
ekb ifhnfdfc lf,flt,bc
lqtf= !))# okbc @* ctmntv-
,thc lfwtvek cj[evib fa-
[fpb ctgfhfnbcnt,bcf lf he-
cb jregfynt,bc vbth dthlf-
xjmt,ekb lf lf[dhtnbkb $)
okbc ;bekb ifhnfdf @_@#
okbc * vfhnc *) okbc uf[-
lt,jlf=

uf[lt,jlf0
bvfsb itv[tldfht7 dbyw 
 lf,flt,bc
lqtpt ;bekb ifhnfdfc cf-
[tkj,bc lfh,fpb lffh,bf7
uflfzhbs dth bn.db7 fwjw[-
kt,lyty se fhf lqtdfyltk
cfmfhsdtkjib ;bekb ifhnf-
dfc=
bvfsb itv[tldfht7 dbyw ue-
hfv uf,tcrbhbfc lf,flt,bc
lqtpt ;bekb ifhnfdfc cf-
[tkj,bc lfh,fpb lffh,bf7
'ytkbf7 dth lfbyf[j7 hjv lqt-
dfyltk cfmfhsdtkjib ;bekb
ifhnfdfc vrdktksf fxhlb-
kt,b
 cf[bs lf,jhb-
fkj,ty=

 
 

  
t8o8 ew-

s,bkbcbc vthb
[jtsbc
futynt,bc
itcf[t, rf-
yjybc fvt-
hbrekb
dfhbfynb
cfrvfjl
[bcnb lf
v’bvtf7 [jkj mfhsekb dfhbfynb kb,t-
hfkehbf lf v[jkjl ufvzdbhdfkj,fc
vjbs[jdc 2 ufeut,fhbf7 jgjpbwbjyt-
ht,bc lfvjrblt,ekt,f lf gfybrf8
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
 
 




 ;ehyfkbcnb5 2 lfcfdktsb-
lfy lf fhfvfhnj bmblfy lfabyfyct,ekb futynt,b
fhbfy yfwvj’hfj,f7 vbcb cfntkbnb ty]tjt,b lf gfh-
nbt,b7 hjvtksf vbpfybf7 yt,bcvbthb cfiefkt,bs
fhbjy mdt.ybc iblf se ufht gjkbnbrehb rkbvfnb
lf uffnfhjy ew[jtk lfvrdtssf bynthtct,b8
  vfhs-
kvflblt,kehb ;ehyfk 3mdfres[tlbc4 htlfm-
njhb7 cjwbfkeh vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhb5 2 ew-
[jtsbc ufdktybc futynbf ltcnhemwbekb jgjpb-
lf rbltd5 [dfk7 wbbc f,cjkenehb evhfdktcj,f9 vlblfhb ty]tj ctm-
njhb 2 .dtkf7 dbyw bqt,c lfabyfyct,fc ew[jtsb-
* vfhnc7 #! okbc lfy itcf,fvbcb bycnhemwbt,bs7 dbyw wlbkj,c7 t,-
obyfs7 yfgenxfh lf h’jkjc mfhsek vtynfkj,fc lf sfdc vjudf[dbjc xdtyb sdbsv-
'vfsfvrdktkb jvbs .jaflj,bcsdbc vnhekb actdljkb,thfkehb qbht,ekt,t,b
2 mdt.ybc cedthtybntnbc itpqeldf7 tkut,tnt ghjgfufylf7
vfhb[efybc ktufkbpt,f lf ukj,fkbpfwbbc c[df cfwleht,b=
cfmfhsdtkjib   cfmfhsdtkjc sfdlfwdbc
vjcrjdblfy .jabkb vbybcnhb7 utythfkb5 2 f,f7 hf ubs[hfs0
cecb vt fyufhbic fh vf,fht,c=
lf,heylt,f tlefhl
 vothfkb5 2
fv,hjcbc 't 3ufdktybc futynb4 fhbc chekb cbce-
itdfhlyf’t= ktkt8 .dtkf dfhs hfqfw ufdktybc mdti8
vt7 vfufkbsfl7 vb.dfhc ,jlkthb7 fy 2
tc bmyt,f vbcb  hbkrt7 fy 2 /fbltuthb7 fy 2 ahfyw rfarf lf /jvt-
 cfmfhsdtkjc
hjcb7 fy 2 tcmbkt +vfufpt dub;lt,b`7 fy 2 itmcgb-
[tkbceakt,fib= hb888 ufdktybc sdfkcfphbcbs7 !__ ghjwtynbs .dt-
kf vfufsb futynb dfh8 tdneityrjdc 3ne[fc4 t’f[bfy7 sfy7 rf,f-
 kbcnbf7 [jv bwbs0 /jlf7 vfc /.fdc f[kf vsfdfhb mfhsdtkb igbj-
hjvtkbw fvf
yt,b 3lfdth,jdrt,ekb8884 3sfdbceakt,bc bycnbnenbc4 byb-
mdt.yblfy vbcb ufcdkbc wbht,ekb rfyjyt,bc ufy[bkdbc fhfyfbhb cehdbkb fh vfmdc
itvltufw uh’tklt,f=
2 cek [fk[bc lfzthf eylfs8 ]th ,jrthbf frtst,lf fvfc lf7
f[kf 2 cjpfhb8 doe[dfh hjv 3sfdbceakt,bc4 vfubdhfl 3lfzt-
ybifylj,kbdbf7 hjv hj,fyfc bycnbnenb4 ufvjluf8 f[kf vfbynthtct,c7 
 hfc bpfvc 2 bc dbqfc lfbzthc888
cfmfhsdtkjib7 cflfw
  gjkbnbrehb vj’hfj,f
itdfhlyf’bc 3cjwbfkehb cfvfhskbfyj,bcsdbc4 sfdv]ljvfht5
2 ew[jtsbc ufdktybc futynbf .dtkf bc jhufybpf-
gjkbnbrehb cekb
lqtvlt /ubt,c7 ;bekb wbf se abpbrehb gbhb7 hjvtkbw abyfyclt,f cf-
mfhsdtkjc afhukt,c ufhtlfy lf wlbkj,c vfsb
ifhnfdfc bctd rkfdty=  ufdktybc ohbc ufafhsjt,fc abyfyct,bc vtidtj,bs8
 eahj rjyrhtnekfl rb7  lf vbcb fhf-
 cfvsfdhj,j9 fctdt  lf vbc vbth lfabyfyct,e-
kb .dtkf fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf7 ew[j mdt.yt,bc cftkxjt-
,bc uhfynt,bs lfabyfyct,ekb jhufybpfwbt,b7 tdhjrfdibhbc
ajylbc vbth ufvjw[flt,ek rjyrehct,ib ufvfh]dt,ekb abpb-
rehb gbht,b lf fctdt bc flubkj,hbdb kbltht,b7 hjvkt,bw vf-
sb htrjvtylfwbbc ufhtit yf,b]c fh lufvty8
  ntmybrehb eybdthcbntnbc
vjodtekb ghjatcjhb5 2 vsfdfhb 3ew[jtsbc ufd-
ktybc futynb4 3dbdfvtlib4 udbpbc lf .jdtklqt oe-
oeyt,c 2 ufvjvbidbs7 sjhtv fh itdzfvj8 vbcufy uf-
vjvlbyfht7 .dtkf bc7 dbyw cfpqdfhufhtsbc ufdktyb-
fyb 'fkt,bc [tkito.j,bs wlbkj,c fm 'fkfeakt-
,bc vjgjdt,fc7 fhbc ew[jtsbc ufdktybc futynb8 cfpq-
dfhufhtsb rb vfhnj lfcfdktsb fhff 2 xhlbkjtsbwff7 fqvj-
cfdktsbw lf cfv[htsbw8
  yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
.jabkb otdhb7 cfvjmfkfmj vj’hfj,f 3gfnbvht-
,bcsdbc4 kblthb5 2 futynt,b fhbfy yfw-mjwt,b9
cfgfhkfvtynj lfyfhxtyb jgjpbwbfw8
  gjkbnj-
kjub5 2 .dtkf7 dbcfw fh e.dfhc cfmfh-
sdtkj7 t,h’dbc gfnhbfhmc7 aekc b[-
lbc ,ekbyuib7 [jkj lbl aekc bqt,c hectsblfy7
tdhjgblfy lf fii-lfy8 dbsjv eakt,flfvwdtkt,b7
hjvkt,bw wb[bc rflht,pt fh htfubht,lyty7 f[kf rb
qfodt,c b[jrfdty8 .dtkf7 dbcsdbcfw bdfybidbkbc
mdtkvjmvtlt,f vbeqt,tkbf7 [jkj yfwt,bc vbnfwt,ekb mjyt,f
2 vbcfqt,b8
 behbcnb5 2 jgj-
itdfhlyf'bc
pbwbbcf lf fhfcfvsfdhj,j ctmnjhbc !__
xfvjcdkf
ghjwtynb7 [jkj vc[dbk-vc[dbkb xbyjdybrt,bc )_
ghjwtynb ew[jtsbc ufdktybc futynt,b fhbfy=
cfmfhsdtkjib8
!))@ okbc  
abkjcjabbc ljmnjhb7 ghjatcjhb5
* vfhnb 2 .dtkf7 dbyw ew[jtsblfy qt,ekj,c
lfabyfyct,fc lf ufdktyf fmdc mfhsdtkb cfpjufljt-
,bc gjkbnbreh lf bltjkjubeh kfylifanpt8 
  lf .dtkf vtbycnhbvekb ty]tjc otdhb fhf-
cfvsfdhj,jt,blfy7 vtlbblfy7 ufyfskt,bc cbcntvb-
@_@@ ok- lfy7 [tkjdyt,blfy888 fctdt 3mdbfh-cfpjufljt,t,b4 lf s,bkbcb-




ibyfufy cfmvtsf vbybcnhb
3nf,ekfc4 lfvae’yt,tkb
ghfblb futynehff=
bc lfyfif-
  cfmfhsdtkjc vodfytsf
ekbc uf[- gfhnbbc kblthb5 2 .dtkf7 dbyw jregfyn hectspt
cybc vfxdt- veifj,c lf hecek ghjgfufylfc totdf= hfw itt[t,f
yt,tkb t8o8 lfcfdktsbc futynehfc 2 tu cf[tkvobaj eibi-
eghtwt- hjt,bc cfmvtf lf lft7 ufvjfdkbyjy=
ltynjl  fhf-
htubcnhbht,ekb fhfcfvsfdhj,j jh-
vfqfkbf ufybpfwbf 3cfmfhsdtkjc thsbfyj,bc rfdibhbc4
lf ^@ ghj- sfdv]ljvfht5 2 erkt,kbd .dtkf fhfcfvsfdhj,j
wtync fqtvfnt,f8 @_@@ otkc lfrfdt,e- jgjpbwbfc7 ufhlf bvb- jhufybpfwbf7 gjkbnbrehb gfhnbf lf vtlbf7 hjvt-
kbf #_* 't,ybkb gbhb7 vfs ijhbc7 #* cf7 hjv ,jpt,b fhbfy7 sf- kbw ew[jtsblfy abyfyclt,f7 ew[j mdt.ybc futy-
dbcb centybjhb /.fds  nbf8 tc bc ghbywbgbf 2 dbyw b[lbc7 vecbrfcfw bc
gbhb b’t,yt,jlf bynthgjkbc obstkb
 cf[bs8
hjv erdtsc8
wbhrekfhbs8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3BVTLBYBECB4 vjfvpflf 
3
 

 
hf[fybf7 tzdc fqfh bodtdc
bc ufhtvjt,f7 hjv cfmfhsdt-
kjc cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc
jabcb fvthbrbc itthst,e-
kb infnt,bc ghjtmnc ofh-
vjflutyc lf 3cfvjmfkfmj cf-
pjufljt,bc4 cfvfhsfdfl
fhbc itmvybkb8 cfmfhsdtkjc
jv,elcvtybw7 afmnj,hbdfl7
fv eo.t,bc lfmbhfdt,ekb sf-
yfvihjvtkbf7 hjvtkbw lf-
abyfyct,fcf lf bycnhemwb-
t,cfw fii-bc cftkxjcufy qt-
,ekj,c8 cf[fk[j lfvwdt-
kbc jabcbc jabwbfkehb
cgjycjhbf ufthsbfyt,ekb
tht,bc jhufybpfwbf 2 [f-
njdyfl se dbn.dbs7
3dfibyunjybc cfjkmj rjvb-










kbjyb ljkfhbf= pecn cf[fk[j lfvwdtksfy fhct,ekb htkbubfsf lf tsybreh vbqt,f elbltcb pbfybc vjvnfyb bmyt,f vstkb mdt.ybcsdbc8
wbahc vfkt ufdbut,s7 hj- evwbhtcj,fsf cf,zjt,b ufvjd[fnfds erblehtc itiajst,fc rfyjybc vbqt,f gbhlfgbh ufvjbodtdc hfvltybvt eakt,bc
ltcfw 'fkfib itdf rfyjyg- cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynib vbvlbyfht cfrfyjyvlt,kj ghj- thslhjekfl lfhqdtdfc7 rth’jl7 ufvj[fndbc sfdbceakt-
hjtmnb 3ew[jehb ufdkt- wtcsfy lfrfdibht,bs7 hjvtkbw vbpyfl bcf[fdc vstkb cfvjmf- ,bc7 ufthsbfyt,bc sfdbceakt,bc7 htkbubbc sfdbceakt,bc7
ybc futynt,bc4 itcf[t, lf kfmj cfpjufljt,bc lbcrhtlbnfwbfcf lf vbcsdbc vnhekb gbhflb w[jdht,bc [tkite[t,kj,bc itkf[dfc8
sbsjtekb vjmfkfmt it’- ufhtvjc itmvyfc8 rfyjyb itfath[t,c cfmdtkvjmvtlj7 cjwbfkehb7 /evfybnf-
kt,c7 tktmnhjyek httc- ofhvjlutybkb rfyjyghjtmnb tobyffqvltut,f tdhjfnkfy- hekb7 cfufyvfyfskt,kj7 cfvtwybthj-rdktdbsb7 ]fylfwdbc7
nhib vjb’bjc7 dby hf vce- nbreh cnhemneht,ib byntuhfwbfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs cfmfh- reknehekb7 cgjhnekb7 trjkjubehb7 cfcjakj-cfvteh-
sdtkjc vjmfkfmtt,bc vbth ufvj[fnek eh.td yt,fc7 cfmfhsdt-
.t kervfc ufvj/rhf [tkb ytj ufydbsfht,bc ghjtmnt,bc7 fuhtsdt cf[tkvobajt,hbdb
kjc rjycnbnewbbs ufw[flt,ek vbpyt,c lf flfvbfybc ea-
cfmfhsdtkjc thjdyekb
kt,t,c8 vbcb vbqt,f bmyt,f cfufyufij lf lfvfyuhtdtkb mdt.ybc fy cfpjufljt,hbdb vybidytkj,bc ghjuhfvt,bc ufy[jhwbt-
kt,fc7 lffpfhfkt,c cfvjmfkfmj cfpjufljt,bc jhufybpfwb-
ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bcfsdbc8
bynthtct,bc cfpbfyjl8
ufcek rdbhfc tsybreh ev- t,bc ,tytabwbfht,c8
bybwbbht,ekb rfyjyghjtmnb cfvjmfkfmj cfpjufljt,bc jh-
wbhtcj,fsf cf,zjc !%_ otd- ufycfresht,bsff [fpufcfcvtkb7 hjv 3ew[jtkb futynt-
ufybpfwbt,c7 vtlbfc7 cfmdtkvjmvtlj lf htkbubeh ufthsbfyt-
hblfy ahfmwbf 3[fk[bc 'f- ,bc4 itcf[t, rfyjyghjtmnbc +yt,bcvbthb ajhvbs` vbqt,f
,t,cfw rb 3ew[jehb ufdktybc futynt,fl4 fw[flt,c lf fryb-
kbc4 vbth gfhkfvtynbcfsdbc yt,c vfs vstk cfmvbfyj,fc lf hjkc cfpjufljt,fib8 ev’bvtc lfhn.vfc vbf.tyt,c cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc vstk
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
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[dt,b7 se dby sbc futy-
b’f[bfy7 3lf-
ufvjw[fl- fabyfyct,lf nt,c t’f[b-
ltc lf fbr-
ufvsfdht,s
gfnhbfhmbc fy thsvf- lf bvfc db-
h’fkjc ubyt,fc0 f[kf ytsc8 vfiby pfvs47 dth fv-
.dtkf bv [jv vfbyw .d- hfnjv fh sfdht,s7 [jv
gjkbnb- tkfv bwbs7 eylfs7 hjv yf[ts0 nfnf-
rehb gfhnbbc cfmvbfyj,f7 hjvtkbw tob- se hjujh tpbpqt,fs fvfs .dtkf lf .dt- ufdbujs7 dbc f’ktdc lf hfvltyc f’ktdc vpt fdkty7 ufbkf[t,bfy7 xfvjdfhlt,bfy7 rbltd
yffqvltut,f rjycnbnewbbc ghbywb- kfathb7 hfw mfhseksfy fhbc rfdibhib0 hectsb0 ute,yt,bs hf7 hectsbc futynt- fdkty7 rbltd bubdt [lt,f8 tc  hjv
gt,c7 xdtyb mdt.ybcf lf vjcf[ktj,bc vb- lfh,bc7 vtnb fhfathb bwbc lf bvbnjv .dbhbc
tctyb fhbfy thsb thsib7  ,b fhbfy .dtkfyb8 ufycfresht,bs rb bcbyb7
cek fvfc8 flfvbfyt,c fh eylfs mexfib luj-
th fhxtek upfc8  it[tlekt,bc ufv[vjdfyt,kt,b8 dbyw v[fhc fh lfezthc rfyjyghjtmnc8 vf7 c[df ajhvt,b fhct,j,c8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3GFKBNHFYBECB4

 
5
 

 










@_@# okbc ltrtv,hbc vboehekc ghtpbltyn pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,bc cfmvbc ufvjcf’bt,kfl     lf udfhbc lfcf[tkt,f= tc gb-
behblbekfl lflutybkb dflf cf,jkjjl boeht,f8 fvbc itvltu cfmvt [fylfpvekb [lt,f lf pdbfl  hjdyt,f uf[klfs cfmfhsdt-
  kjc eibihjt,bc vbybcnhbc
ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkt,c cfcfvfhskjc 'fkbs dthfdby uffcfvfhskt,c8 c[df cfrbs[bf bcnjhbbc ufyfxtyb lf     vjflubkt7 utythfkb 
vjhfkehb cfc]tkb7 hfw gbhdtkb ghtpbltynbc vrdktkj,bc jhufybpfnjht,cf lf itvchekt,kt,c7 sfdbfysb   itvb’kbf ubs[hfs7
isfvjvfdkt,bc xfsdkbs7 cfereyj o.tdkf-rhekdfc7 fyfstvfcf lf fdflcf[ctyt,tkb rf[f,th .jhqfyfidbkbc 2 ghjrehfnehbc vfqfk- hjv vt vfcsfy dvtuj,hj,lb7
cfvfhw[dbyj ,tlc emflbc8 bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhb7 ghjatcjhb  xbyjcyt,bc ufhlf dby vjuf- 'fkbfy ufojyfcojht,ekb lf
ojlfs byajhvfwbf7 hjv pdb- gfnbjcfyb rfwb b.j lf pdbfl
hjvtkbw pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,bc itcf[t, cmtknfybfy obuyc fvpflt,c7 fw[flt,c7 hjv ghjrehfnehbc fl ufvcf[ehlbf vjrktc0 ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,bc it-
vfqfkxbyjcyt,b lf eibihjt,bc vbybcnhbc .jabkb vjflubkt7 hjvkt,vfw vfc vybidytkjdfyb byajhvfwbt,b 2 bc rfwb ufhlfwdkbkbf lf cf[t, .dtkfathb bwjlf8 
vbfojltc7 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkfl ths[vfl fcf[tkt,ty utythfk  f[kf itb’kt,f vbcb cf[tkbcf  

2 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc

kfathb8 vfs vbs[htc 2 ght- 
w[jdht,f sfdblfydt bct fto.j7 pbltynbc vrdktkj,f ufvj’b-

hjv vbcb sbsjtekb yf,b]b7
cf,zjsf 3rfut,tc4 njnfkehb
ptvjmvtlt,bc o.fkj,bs7 sbs-
mjclf ,eyljdfyb lf its[pe-
kb eylf .jabkb.j8 

   
t,ekbf lf cfmvtc ,jmkjvb v[j- 
kjl lf v[jkjl itdfhlyf’bc
 
  
afmnjhbc ufvj fltdcj8 lbf[7 



  


  
  


  


  jcf’t fv
    ljrevtynt,c xtvsdbc fuhj-
 
 dt,lf888 vjekjlytkfl cfq-cf-
  fmtlfy kfvfsb rfwb vjrdlf=

ufvjvlbyfht7 2 bc vfcfkt,b cfl fhbc0


2 rfwvf fh bwbc= fctdt che-
kbfl vjekjlytkfl vjrdlf



   

pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc ,fdidj-
,f fhw /mjybf8 !( okbc pdb-
flc ]th rbltd !)%* otkc 
  sf-
dblfydt ufyecfpqdhf ,tlb7
hjwf vbcothf 2  
 
wyj,bkbf bcbw7 hjv
rjycnfynbytv pecnfl bob-
yfcofhvtn.dtkf lf ufvjbwyj
idbkbc ,tlb lf gbhlfgbh lf-
othf 2 
   

 tc .dtkfat-
hb ljrevtynt,bf888 hfw itt[t-
,f pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdkt-
kj,fc7 tc fv,fdb ufvjrdkte-
kbf7 itcofdkbkbf lf lflut-
ybkbw7 vfuhfv fv .dtkfahbc
ufw[flt,fcf lf cffirfhfjpt
ufvjnfyfc czbhlt,f gjkbnb-
rehb yt,f=
2 ,fnjyj bujh7 tc xtvs-
dbc flhtw ufmds yfsmdfvb888

eibihjt,bc vbybcnhbc vjfl-
 ubkt  
   hjvtkbw7 hjujhw sf-
dfl ufyfw[flf7 ltdybkj,bcfc


pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc ufhtvjw-


dbc ufhtvjwdfc frjynhjkt,-
 lf= itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 hjv cf-
mfhsdtkjc eibihjt,bc vb-
 ybcnhbc jhb vjflubkt 2 

lf 
  pdbfl ufvcf[eh-
lbfc vrdktkj,bc cfmvtc itt-
 obhyty= bubdt itb’kt,f bsm-
 dfc  itcf-
 [t,fw7 hjvtkbw itdfhlyf’bc
'dtkb vt[jn,t uf[klfs8 ths

vidtybth lqtc vfy vbs[hf 2
 itdfhlyf’bc itcf[t, vt hjv
 dbwb7 bvltyb rfwbidbkvf fh
bwbc7 itd[dlts lf hfw xfblb-
 yf7 .dtkfathc vjub.dt,bj= fv
 kfgfhfrblfy wjnf [fyib 
   hjvtkbw
 vidtybdhfl ufvjb.eht,jlf lf
 ]fyvhstkj,fc cfthsjl fh


exbjlf7 vjekjlytkfl vjr-

dlf=



hfvltyfl cfyljf smdtyb o.f- 2 vb[tbk jcf’t hfc ute,-
yt,jlfs 2 ufvcf[ehlbf
rbltd ths[tk dfw[flt,5
hj bvbc itcf[t,7 hjv pdbfl


ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,f vjrktc se sfdb vjbrkfj0
vfhskfw uf[cybkbf0  2   db-
2 udfht,cf lf cf[tkt,c dth     wb7 hjv itdfhlyf’bc ,fyfrib


lfubcf[tkt,s7 vfuhfv sfdbc    pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc abpbre-
lhjpt ehsbthsj,f vmjylf  hfl ufcfyflueht,kfl veifd-
hjujhw utythfkehb ghjre- lt,jlf cfvb cwtyfhb5 !8 pdbf-

hfnehbc7 bct eibihjt,bc cf-
vbybcnhjc vfqfkxbyjcyt,sfy
lf cojhtl vfsufy dbwb tc .dt-

  
  lbc sdbsvrdktkj,fvlt vb.-
 dfyf7 @8 pdbflbc kbrdblfwbf
    ufhtvjwdbc vtidtj,bs lf #8



 cfmfh- yfwvj’hf-



jgjpbwbjythb
gfhkfvtynfhb


gjkbnbrehb vj’hfj,f
3nhb,eyfc4 kblthb






tmcgthnb-rjyakbmnjkjub
fyfkbnbrjcb

htdjke-
sdtkjc lfvjerblt,tk cf[tk- j,bc kblt- wbfc .j-
vobajl fqlutyfc xfe.fhf cf-
ae’dtkb8  ht,b7 hjv- dtksdbc
 cfthsfijhbcj cfnhfypb- kt,bw bv fo.j,c blb-
nj ghjtmnt,ib xfhsdbs mdt- htghtcbt,c jnb [tkb-
.fyfc f[fkb aeymwbf itc’byf8 fvfhskt,l- ceafkb= [t-
  rb [fy-
vjrkt htajhvt,bc itvltu7 nb- yty lf .dt- kbceakt,f7
geh ghjdbywbtk lbmnfnj- kf jgj- hjvtkbw
hfl xfvj.fkb,lf7 [jkj vbcb ytync futy- rfyjybc xfh-
nbhfyekb vvfhsdtkj,bc v’bvt itltub efvhfdvf xdtyvf vjmf- eahj qhvfl itdlbdfhs
nc t’f[lyty7 wb[tib eidt,lyty7 lqtc [vfc xjib tntdf7 [fk[c gfnbdc cwtvc7 'fkfea- hecek yfhfnbdib8 fct dbm-
kfmtv bodybf8 hf rdfkb lfnjdtc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbfib mdt.-
ybc vtjs[t lf vt[ese ghtpbltynt,vf 2   fh eylf bqt,lyty8 mdt.fyfib ew[j mdt.- kt,fc fh bnfwt,c7 fhfcjltc fcts mdt.- yt,bs7 cfyfv cfpjufljt,f fh
 fvfpt cfe,fhb zbhc7 ybc futynt,b fh eylf b.dyty7 fvfc ,tdhb yt,ib htdjkewbt,b fh [lt,f8 vb[dlt,f7 hjv vbdbltc fhxtd-
eahj pecnfl rb7 e,hfkjl7 ite’kt,tkbf7 vybidytkjdfyb rdf- kfgfhfrb fh eylf= yt,pt lf [vf fh vbcwtc 3mfh-
kbc fhfhct,j,bc ufvj8 sek jwyt,fc48
3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3FKBF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4

6  

pdbflbc kbrdblfwbf eief-
kjl [tkbceakt,bc cgtwcfv-
cf[eht,bc vbth8 eylf bsmdfc7
hjv lqblfy cfmfhsdtkjib
lf,heyt,bcf7 pdbfl ufvcf[eh-
lbfc sbsjtek yf,b]c itdfh-
lyf’bc cgtwcfvcf[eht,b sfdb-
lfy ,jkjvlt frjynhjkt,l-
yty8 vjtytsf cfiefkt,bs7 it-
dfhlyf’tv 'fkbfy rfhufl bwj-
lf7 cfl uflfflubklt,jlf7 hj-
vtk cjatkib b.j lf dbcsfy
fstdlf qfvtc pdbfl ufvcf[eh-
lbf8 cfuekbc[vjf7 hjv vfvfrf-
wt,bc ufhtvjwdfc7 hjvtkbw
ghtpbltync velfv sfy f[klf7
fh ijhlt,jlf jhb mfkb888 fb7
vfufkbsfl7 hjwf 
 j]f[ib b.j
pdbflb lf vtht cfcfrkfjpt of-
b.dfytc7 bc jhb mfkb7 hjvkt,-
cfw   lf
  cb.-
dfhekj,fyfc tsfvfit,jlyty
se hf [lt,jlf7 qvthsvf
eo.bc7 vtpj,tk cf[kib w[jd-
hj,lyty8 pdbflb hjv vjrktc7
eibihjt,f cojhtl bv mfkt,c
vbfluf 2 ghtpbltynbc ufht-
vjwdf cfl fhbcj0
2 smdty abmhj,s7 hjv bc
mfkt,b [tkbceakt,fcsfy
itrhekb b.dyty0
2 w[flbf=  
 
  
  
 
  

 fvbnjv
b.j7 
hjv ufb’f[jlf 2 xdty ghtpb-
ltynbc ufhtvjwdbc ufhtvj-
wdfc dfrjynhjkt,lbsj= vjr-
ktl7



















cojhtl fv ghjwtcc itt-
obhyty lf
 hjvkt,bw
dth uflfb,bhtc lf vjrktc=
2 smdty abmhj,s7 hjv7
dbyw pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc ,j-
kjc itvjhxf7 .dtkf uf.ble-
kb b.j0
2 fhf7 vfufc fh dfv,j, lf
fhw dbn.db7 vfuhfv thsc rb lfd-
c’ty 2

  
 
  
   [fp-


yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
otdhb7 gfhkfvtynfhb
cf[fk[j lfvwdtkj,bc
 rfy-
lblfnehf f[kf fhbc vfi-
dtkb hujkb 3mfhsekb
jwyt,bcsdbc47 vt vfc v[fhc
fh lfdezth8
3BVTLBYBECB4
 






!8 pdbflbc
sdbsvrdktkj,fvlt
vb.dfyf9
@8 pdbflbc kbrdblfwbf
ufhtvjwdbc vtidtj,bs9
#8 pdbflbc kbrdblfwbf
eiefkjl
[tkbceakt,bc
cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc vbth=4
ufcvbs dfw[flt, 2 fhw 
fhw 
  lf7 ufycf-
resht,bs7 fhw 
cbvfhsktc fh kf-
gfhfrj,ty=
vjrktl7 hjwf itdfhlyf’bc
[tkbceakt,fv dth it’kj lf
pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf sdbsvrd-
ktkj,fvlt dth vbb.dfyf7 v[j-
kjl fvbc itvltu uflfo.lf vb-
cb abpbrehb kbrdblfwbf8 vfu-
hfv dblht itdfhlyf’t pdbflc
tchjlf7 vbcvf cgtwcfvcf[eht,-
vf [fk[bc ltpjhbtynfwbbcf
lf lf,ytdbc vbpybs lfbo.tc





3ufthsbfyt,ekb jgjpbwbf 2
rfylblfnb
gfhkfvtynib jgjpbwbbc
yfobkbc v[fhlfzthf vfmdc7
fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwb-
t,bc gjpbwbbc itcf[t, fh db-
wb7 dbvtljdyt,7 itd’kt,7 rjy-
ctycecehb abuehf db.j8
3BVTLBYBECB4
3lf,t]bst,bs
itb'kt,f bsmdfc7 hjv
!))# okbc
#! ltrtv,hbc __5__
vlujvfhtj,bs7
itdfhlyf'bc
cgtwcfvcf[eht,c
pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf
yfvldbkfl
vjrkekb /.fdlfs=4
[vt,bc ufdhwtkt,f8 rth’jl7
 
   
 

 tc [vt,b
dhwtklt,jlf !))# okbc @(
ltrtv,hblfy .jdtklqt7 dblht
cf,jkjjl fh ufbhrdf7 hjv
gbhdtkb ghtpbltynb cbyfvl-
dbktib fqfh b.j wjw[fkb8 .dt-
kfc fdbo.lt,f !))# okbc #!
ltrtv,hbc qfvt lf tlefhl it-
dfhlyf’bc ufvjcdkf wtynhf-
kehb ntktdbpbbs7 hjwf vfy
!))$ okbc lflujvf vbekj-

'fkf thsj,fibfc4 otdhb

3]bgfc4 fcjwbht,ekb
rfwb ute,yt,f7 fh vfby-
nthtct,c ityb rfylblfnbc
cnfnecbj7 fvbc smvfc fh
]j,bf7 wjw[b ufub.fhjy0
3TV GBHDTKB4

 
   






2 frb ]fyceq xfhrdbfyc [vf
c[dfsfijhbc7 bubdt cf,t- fh vbewbfj0=
lbcothj itwljvf vfy !))@ 2 ]fyceqc [vf bvbnjv fh vb-
okbc * vfhnc s,bkbcbc ewbf7 hjv vothfksf rfdibhbc
cffsbc fthjgjhnibw lfeidf7 hjwf bv c[ljvfc cfthsjl fh tco-
vjcrjdblfy xfvjcekvf sdbs- ht,jlf= thsflthsb7 dbyw pdb-
vahbyfdbc nhfgblfy mfhsdtk flbc ufult,fc kbnthfnehbc
byntkbutywbfc vflkj,f uf- bycnbnenblfy v[fhb fh lfe-
lfe[flf 2   zbhf7 mfk,fnjyb 
b.j8 kbfc pdbflvf tc vfh-
   
skfwlf uvbhekb cfmwbtkb
  
 w[flbf7 ptvj[ctyt- lfeafcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc
,ek cfntktdbpbj ufvjcdkf- thjdyek [tkbceakt,fib uf-
ib itdfhlyf’t pdbfl ufvcf[eh- yfskt,bc vbybcnhfl lfybiyf8
lbfc vrdktkj,fc uekbc[vj,- 2 vb[tbk jcf’t lf ghj-
lf888 lbf[7 lf,t]bst,bs itb’- rehfnehbc vfqfkxbyjcyt,b
kt,f bsmdfc7 hjv !))# okbc hfc ute,yt,jlyty 2 pdbfl-
#! ltrtv,hbc __5__ cffsbc vf sfdb vjbrkf se vjrkt-
vlujvfhtj,bs7 itdfhlyf’bc
cj0
cgtwcfvcf[eht,c pdbfl ufvcf- 2 js[bdt vfqfkxbyjcfyb
[ehlbf yfvldbkfl vjrkekb lf7 ufycfresht,bs7 
/.fdlfs=  ths[vfl vte,yt,jlyty7
hjv pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc sfdb
2 lfhoveyt,ekb [fhs7
hjv pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf yfv- fh vjerkfdc lf ghtpbltynb
vjrktc=
ldbkfl rfhkj qehorfbfc
cf[kib vjrktc lf bm pdbf- 2 dby vjrkf pdbfl ufvcf-
lbc udfvb fh vbenfybfs0
[ehlbf0
2 htfkehfl smdty bvfc vt- 2 pdbflbc vrdktkfl .dtkf
rbs[t,bs7 rfhkj qehorfbfc fcf[tkt,lf  lf
cf[kib pdbflbc jhtekb vb- fv,j,lyty7 hjv itdfhlyf’tv
b.dfytc se fhf0 uekef cojhtl fvbc ufvj vjb-
ijhf7 hjujhw 'fkbfy cfibib
2 fct xfsdfkts= vfufkb-
vjovt= .dtkfathb bwbc 
sfl7 ,jhbc rfre,fdfv ufhr-
dtdbs vbs[hf7 hjv rfhkj 

qehorfbfc cf[kib cbyfvldb-

ktib vbb.dfytc pdbflbc jht-
ekb7 hjvtkbw lqtcfw
wjw[fkbf lf cfvtuhtkjib 
w[jdhj,c= 
2 vfufc ufvjdhbw[fd 2 vtu-
htkt,b jhtekc fvfc fh fgf- 
nbt,lyty lf fmfvlt vjrkfdl- 
yty= 

2 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc

vrdktkj,bc cfmvtib .dtkf-

pt vtnfl hf ufjwt,s0
2 itvb’kbf dsmdf7 hjv fv
cfmvtc dbwyj, lf lqtvlt vfj- 
wt,c bc vbpfylfcf[ekj,f7

hjvtkcfw ,tbrthbcf lf he-
ctsbc [tkbceakt,bc vbth 
pehuufvfuht,ekb itdfhlyf’t 
lf vbcb cgtwcfvcf[eht,b pdb- 
fl ufvcf[ehlbfc kbrdblfwb-
wf cfmfhsdtkjc8 vfiby itdfh- bc vbpybs bxtylyty=  
lyf’tv yfhsfekfl lf cfnfybc
qbvbkbs ufyfw[flf 2  tcfe,hf





  
   ufuh’tkt,f bmyt,f
  








 
 


3vjmfkfmtt,bc4 kblthb7
gfhkfvtynfhb

ghjatcjhb
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
otdhb
tc rfyjyghjtmnt,b fhfv[j- fvthbrbc pjubths infn-  eylf des-
kjl fijht,c mdt.fyfc tdhj- [hfs 2 hjujhw gjkbnbre-
ib cbrdlbkbs lfc]fwff 2
rfdibhbcf lf yfnjcufy7 fhf- hb7 bct cfvfhskt,hbdb gfce-
[bcut,f vjeotdc7 hjv fh uf-
vtl fyuhtdc cfmfhsdtkjc lt-
tktmnhjcrfvpt f,fvty lf
vjrhfnbek cf[tkvobajc8 rkfdty 2 bcbw [jv fh ufl- lfluf mvtlbsb yf,b]b lf fh uf-
vjdbqjs0= lffhxbyf vtcfvt ghtpbltynbc
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 cbwjw[kt8 3GBHDTKB FH[B4
7
 
 


sbsmvbc !_% okbc htj cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhj fy mfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f vfc
cftkxj vtjht cf[tkvobajc fhfse fh fofvt,c lf otcbthb


obyfs7 !)!( okbc vbvfhs s[jdybc7 ghjntcnbc7 rdt,bcf lf ]fylfwdbc cfief-
ufahs[bkt,bc fy vemfhbc cf- kt,fc fh epqelfdc7 fhfvtl


@_ ctmntv,thc7
rjynhhtdjkewbjythvf [bs b.tyt,c8 hjujhw tdhjrfd- bvfpt ,tdhfl vtn ghbdbktub-
ibhbc  uf- fc fybzt,c7 dblht tc rfyjybs


tctht,vf lf
yfw[flf7 cfmfhsdtkjc [tkb- fhbc ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb8
ceakt,bcflvb ufvjw[flt,e- vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf7 @* tdhj-


byukbctkvf
bynthdtynt,vf kb ltvfhibc cfae’dtkbf td- gtkb rjvbcfhb vfbyw mfh-
sek cf[tkvobajc e,qdthc


fpth,fb]fybc hjrfdibhbc otdhb @*-bdt cf-
,jkitdbrehb [tkvobajc 'kbthb itiaj- lf eqhtyc=
st,f vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc ]fy- @* tdhjgtkb rjvbcfhb cf-
vsfdhj,bc @^ otdhb 2 vhstkj,bc ufefhtct,fcsfy mfhsdtkjc ltvfhic ew[f-
 lfrfdibht,bs8 lt,c bvbc ufvj7 hjv df;,fnjy
cf[fk[jl lf[dhbntc7 t8b8 @* tdhjgtkb rjvbcf- cffrfidbkc gfnbvhj,f fh vjc-
[jkj  hb cffrfidbkbc ]fyvhstkj- ojyc7 sfdbceakt,bc fqrdt-
,fpt iajsfdc lf qtkfdc= sfc dth tuet,f lf ,flhfusf
 eahj cojhfl7 @* tdhjgt- lfyf[df shueyfdc=
hjvtkvfw kb rjvbcfhb dbsjv cffrfidb- @* tdhjgtkb rjvbcfhb cf-
sfyfvt,h’jkt,c kbc ]fyvhstkj,fpt iajsfdc mfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc
lf qtkfdc= te,yt,f 2 cffrfidbkb wb[b-
eqfkfnf7 cf,zjsf lfy eylf ufeidf7 hflufy cff-
lbf[7 dbsjv=
rfdibhbc rjveybcnehb htfkehfl7 @* tdhjgtk rfidbkc wb[tib ]ljvf fh tgb-
gfhnbbc ptlfgbhpt rjvbcfhc cffrfidbkbc ]fyvh- nyfdt,f=
rbltd lbl[fyc stkj,bc vlujvfhtj,f hjv @* tdhjgtk rjvbcfhc7
fqtkdt,ltc7 cfmfhsdtkjc [t- erfwhfdfl rb dfhs7 cek at-
[t,pt /rblbf cfmfhsdtkjc
nbdnbdt,lf8 cojhtl
kbceakt,fc rb fh ufvjew-
@*-t ,fmjtk rjvbcfh cfmfhsdtkjib tdhjrfdibhbc tkxvf  [flt,lf ltvfhic7 fhfvtl cff- rjycnbnewbf7 cfmfhsdtkjc
cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc rjltmcb7
vbmjbfyc7 hjujhw  lf idtltsbc tkxvf  rfidbkc ehxtdlf lf vjeoj-
lt,lf7 ]fyvhstkj,bc sdbs- cfmfhsdtkjc vfhskvcf]e-
becnbwbbc vbybcnh hfnb ,htuf'tc
[tkblfy ofcek
lfpbfyt,f ito.dbnjc7 vrehyf- kt,f lf cfmfhsdtkjib cfvfh-
skbc fqchekt,f7 hflufy
tdhjrfdibhbc @* mdt.ybc ltvfhib uflfcwtc=
vtlhjdtcf lf
kj,bc rehcc lftvjhxbkjc
rjyajhvbcnc7 lf rfkjhbekb cfrdt,b vbb- vfssdbc cfmfhsdtkjpt7 mfh-
vbe’qdytc wyj,bkb qjc= sek cf[tkvobajcf lf mfh-
aeyfujhbf 2  @*-vf tdhjgtkvf rjvbcfh- sdtk [fk[pt vfqkf thsb rf-
vf7 hjvtkbw gfnbvfh-gfwbty- wb 2 cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc
 nb cffrfidbkbc vlujvfhtj- lfvyfifdt cffrfidbkb lufc=
 ,fc ufvflblt,tkb ieibs fr- fct lf fvhbufl7 cfmfhsdt-
fye dkflbvth bkbx dbhlt,f7 rfhufl bwbc7 hjv cf- kjcfsdbc ltvfhibc ufvjw-
ktybyblfy ktjybl
bkbx ,ht;ytdfvlt


.dtkf vsfdhj,fc
vjthuj lf .dtkfcsfy
utvhbtkfl 'jdfj=

  

fv,fdb fm lf f[kf bvbnjv uf-
db[ctyts7 hjv @* tdhjgtkb
rjvbcfhb cfmfhsdtkjc fd,t-
lbsfl emytdc sbsc=
erts se dbn.dbs7 
  vbth yf-
qfkfntdb 
 lf[dhtnblfy !_%
okbc itvltu7 @* tdhjgtkb
rjvbcfhb mfhsek cf[tkvob-
ajc gjkbnbrehb lf[dhtnbs
tvemht,f=
v[tldtkj,fib udfmdc bc
afmnb7 hjv ufcek rdbhfc td-
hjrfdibhbc otdhvf @*-bdt cf-
[tkvobajv cfmfhsdtkjc [t-
kbceakt,fc jabwbfkehb
ltvfhib ufvjew[flf7 hfw bec-
nbwbbc vbybcnh  
 it[dtlhfpt tdhj-
rfdibhbc tkxvf  
 lf idtltsbc tkxvf
 uff[-
vbfytc8
lbgkjvfnbeh ehsbthsj-
,t,ib ltvfhib uf[kfds cfufy-
ut,j pjvf7 hjvtkcfw thsb
cf[tkvobajc vsfdhj,f7 cfuf-



fii-ib vjmvtlt,c ghbywb-







gfhkfvtynfhb
3ktkjc4 otdhb




trjyjvbreh cfrbs[t,ib
ghtpbltyn tlefhl
itdfhlyf’bc .jabkb
3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb

sfyfitvot

3cnhfntubf fqvfityt,kbc4
otdhb

fh vbylf tdhjgf7 hjvtkbw
vte,yt,f 2 lfvyfifdt eylf
ufeidf7 rjycnbnewbf eylf
lffhqdbj7 rfyjyb euekt,tk-
.j7 vfhskvcf]ekt,fib xft-
hbj8
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
 jh
s[fc dth vbf,fht,c flfvbfyb
2 3[fk[bc 'fkf4 fhbc 
 yt,bc ufvnfhb7 bdfybi-
dbkvf lfothf tc ghjhecekb
ntmcnt,b8
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
gb 2 .dtkf fhfcfvsfdhj,j
jhufybpfwbf fyufhbidfk-
lt,ekbf cfpjufljt,bc ob-
yfit8 tc fhbc cfrvfjl dhwt-
kb7 !@-udthlbfyb ajhvf7 hj-
vtkibw fvthbrekvf fhfcfv-
sfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,vf
ltnfkehfl eylf fqothjy7
dbcufy vbbqtc lfabyfyct,f7
hf jltyj,bs lf hf vbpybs7
tc fhbc o.fkufv.jab7 fv
hfib lf[fh]tc vbqt,ekb sfy[t,b7 hf ghjtmnt,b ufyf[jhwbt- ghtpbltynb fynbcf[tkv-
ktc7 dby fhbfy fv jhufybpfwbt,bc [tkv’qdfytkt,b lf sfyfvi-
rfyjybcsdbc [vbc vbwtvf ybi-
obajt,hbd ufyw[flt,t,c
hjvkt,b sfdbfysb [tkafct,bc vbsbst,bs8 fhfcfvsfdhj,j jh- frtst,c 2 se rjycnbnewbf
yfdc tdhjrfdibhbcf lf yfnjc
obyffqvltu [vbc vbwtvfc 2
ufybpfwbt,b7 hjvkt,bw xfthsdt,bfy rjvthwbek fy gjkb- hjwf lfcfdktsblfy lfab- fh fmdc7 itvb’kbf7 dfxemj lf
nbreh cfmvbfyj,fib7 fdnjvfnehfl rfhufdty sfdbfys cnf- yfyct,ekt,c fhmvtd futync7 ofbrbs[jc sfdbcb aeymwbt,b8
necc8 fmds cfmfhsdtkjib vjmvtl fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpf- ybiyfdc7 hjv hecb [fh=
wbt,c vcufdcb dfklt,ekt,t,b0 3GTMEDIA4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4

8  
 


[flt,bs7  lfeidt,tkb vtsjlbs ittw- sfy vbvfhst,fib rflhekj,c=

 hjujhw
@* rjvbcfhb7 gbhlfgbh te,-
yt,f mfhsdtk [fk[c7 hjv bcb-
yb lufyfy fhf cfmfhsdtkjc7
fhfvtl vrdktkb7 vofvt,tkb lf
ufvfegfnbeht,tkb ht;bvbc
,tkflbc udthlbs9 bcbyb luf-
yfy  

  
  
  
  

 lf c[df elf-
yfifekj flfvbfyt,bc vrdkt-
ksf v[fhtc9 bcbyb lufyfy rj-
ktmnbehb vtubcmfhlfdfcf
lf stvehe,bhbfcsfy thsfl
lf vpfl fhbfy7 cfmfhsdtkjc
vjvfdfkb cffrfidbkbc sfdb-
ceakt,fc uflff.jkjy=
vfbyw hfnjv bmwtdf fct td-
hjrfdibhbc otdhb 

vfbyw hf h]bc @* tdhjgtk
rjvbcfhc7 hjvtkbw lfvyfif-
dt cffrfidbkbc lfcfwfdfl kf-
vbc yfrthfdpt b[tdf0
cfmvt bc fhbc7 hjv tdhjgt-
kb rjvbcht,b cffrfidbkpt vt-
nfl sfdbfys sfdc bwfdty=








lt,bfy7 cffrfidbkbc vbvfhs
vfhskvcf]ekt,bcf lf rfyj-
ybc eptyftcj,bc fqchekt,f
itfxthjy=
fctsb ,jkitdbrehb ce-
kbcrdtst,f lf vblujvt,b7
hjujhcfw @* tdhjgtkb rj-
vbcfhb cfmfhsdtkjc vbvfhs
fv;qfdyt,c7 
 fh tmyt,jlf=
  
   hj-
vtkvfw lfyfhxty  
 eqfkfnf lf bkbxblfy
bkbxfvlt ebyafhmnjl lf
egfhfkbxjl bw[jdhf7 fk-
,fs7 bvfpt vtnc fh rflhekj,-
lf7 hfcfw lqtc @* tdhjgt-
kb rjvbcfhb cfmfhsdtkjc-
@*-t ,fmjtkb rjvbcfhb fyfcnfc vbmjbfyb7
hjvtkvfw lfyfhxty @^ rjvbcfhc eqfkfnf
lf bkbxblfy bkbxfvlt ebyafhmnjl lf
egfhfkbxjl bw[jdhf7 fk,fs7 bvfpt vtnc
fh rflhekj,lf7 hfcfw lqtc
@* tdhjgtkb rjvbcfhb cfmfhsdtkjcsfy
vbvfhst,fib rflhekj,c=
c[dfsfijhbc7 tdhjrfdib-
hbc @* cf[tkvobajlfy th-
sb 2 eyuhtsb ,jkj oesfv-
lt tobyffqvltut,jlf cfmfhs-
dtkjcfsdbc ltvfhibc ufvjw-
[flt,fc7 vfuhfv itvltu7 ufth- 
sbfyt,ekb lfyfhxtyb @^ 
otdhbc ptojkbs7 b’ekt,e-
kb uf[lf7 erfy lft[bf8 .jdtk 
itvs[dtdfib7 gjkjyehb vtlbf
cojhtl fct beo.t,f 2 cffrfi-
dbksfy lfrfdibht,bs ltvf-
hic eyuhtsb ,kjrfdlf7 vfu-
hfv gjkjytsbcf lf c[df mdt.-
yt,bc ptojkbc itltufl obyf-
fqvltuj,f ito.dbnfj=
ufvjlbc7 hjv eyuhtsbc
ghtvbth-vbybcnhvf 
 @*-t ,fmjtkb rj-
 
vbchbc fyfcnfc vbmjbfybcfufy
ufyc[dfdt,bs7 fh eqfkfnf lf-

yfhxty @^ rjvbcfhc7 vfuhfv
eqfkfnf cfvfhskbfyj,fc lf


cfmfhsdtkjc obyffqvltu ecf-
 vfhskj ltvfhic itethslf=

/j7 tctyb bc tdhjcf[tkvob- cf,jkjj ]fvib7 @* tdhj-
ajt,b lf tdhjrjvbcht,b fhb-

gtkb rjvbchbc vbth lfvyfif-
fy7 hjvkt,bw cffrfidbkc 3lt-
vjrhfnbbc iemehfc4 t’f[lyty dt cffrfidbkbc ufvj cfmfhsdt-


lf nfic erhfdlyty vfiby7 kjcfsdbc ltvfhibc ufvjw[f-
hjwf bub cfmfhsdtkjib cbc- lt,f rbltd thsb vrfabj lfc-
[kbc vlbyfhtt,c f.tyt,lf7
 nehbf7 hjv gjkbnbrehb td-


vidblj,bfy ltvjycnhfwbt,c hjgf vjhfkehb7 pytj,hbdb
fh,tdlf7 vtlbfcf lf cfcfvfh- lf bycnbnewbehb zfj,bc


skjc bvjhxbkt,lf7 ,bpytcc acrthpt afhs[fkt,c7 cfblf-
fnthjht,lf lf wb[tt,ib cbc- yfw7 fk,fs7 dtqfhw fvjfqotdc=


ntveh ofvt,fc ythufdlf888
lqtc rb tdhjgtkb rjvbcht,b


lbktvbc obyfit fqvjxylyty
2 fy eylf fqbfhjy7 hjv
okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib cbc[-
kbfy lfvyfifdtcf lf ltvjr-
hfnbbc vnthc ezthlyty fvbnjvfw7 
v[fhc7 fy .dtkfathb eylf
uffrtsjy vfhskvcf]ekt,bc  hfvltyfl czbhlt,f fv gjkbnbrehb lf
vfhoe[t,blfy vbc lfcf[cyt-
kfl= vjhfkehb zfj,bc otdhj,bc rfylblfnbc
/jlf7 frtst,ty rbltw7 hfw
ite’kbfs= cnfnecb0
@* tdhjgtkb rjvbchbc vb-
th mfhsekb cf[tkvobajcfs-  hfc vjenfyc hbubs rjvbchfl
dbc ltvfhibc ufvjw[flt,f
cojhtl bvbc ltvjycnhbht-
itcdkf rjktmnbehb vbmjbfybc rfvgfybfib0
,ff7 hjv .dtkf lfidt,ekb lf 



3[fk[bc 'f- ltvfhibs






tmcgthnb


gfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrthb

fyfkbnbrjcb


gjkbnbrehb jhufybpfwbf
3thbc4 sfdv]ljvfht

 
kbc4 vbth by- tdhjrfdib-  ab- smdf thsb cf-
bwbht,ekvf yfyct,bc vaf- bynthtcj
hbc mdt.yt,-
rfyjyghjtmn- hdtkj,f sf- hfv7 .dtkfyb
vf vbvfhsjy dbc sfdpt fb-
vf .dtkfathc ufbut,s7 yf-
afhlf f[flf8 cffrfidbkbc qj erhfbybc vf[dfybc ghj-
f,f7 dby lfvf]t- ufhtvjwdfc7 tkbnfv8 lf- ntcnc dby
ht,c7 hjv7 vf- hjv sfdb cfdktsbcs- fabyfyct,-
ufkbsfl7  lffyt,jy cf- dbc yfwbjyf- lfj8 yfvldb-
 hjvtkcfw ,jkj cfpjufljt,- kehb vj’- kfl vfbynth-
tct,c7 vfuhfv hf cfzbhjf fvbcsdbc rfyjyt,bc
frfidbkbc fcts vlujvfhtj,fib .jaybc
hbdb fmnbdj,f ghjabkfmnbrfib cf,ehfdbc itw- hfj,f xfvjothbkbf8 thsflthsb7 hfw fv gfh-
cnhfntubfc 2 v’tdkfl fb.dfytc cffrfidb- nbfc uflffhxtyc7 tc fhbc sdbskecnhfwbf8 uf- vbqt,f0 bct fh itb’kt,f udbs[hfy7 dby fabyfy-
dkbc lhjc 3eabmcbhlt,f47 ufvzdbhdfkj,bc
kb lf vbcb ]fyvhstkj,bs cgtrekbht,ty8 vjdblyty vbcb otdht,b lf cbwhebc ltntm- ct,lf futynt,pt kf-
rfyjyvf fqfiajsf0 rfhubf7 .dtkfathc lfth-
njhbc ufvj.tyt,bs lffvnrbwjy7 hjv fh gfhfrvf ofudzfvf sfdb7 erdt #_ otkbf8
mdf sfdbcb cf[tkb=
fhbfy hectsbc futynt,b8
3BVTLBYBECB4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4

 
9
                 
ybyj fypjhbc fcekvf ,eh]fyf’tv ths[tk cfufptsj
bynthdbeib ufyvbw[flf 2 ,jrthbf lf cffrfidbkb ]th
rbltd @__( okbc fghbkib fa[fptsib jvbc lfo.t,fc
fgbht,lyty lf fvbc ufut,bcsfyfdt obdbk-rbdbkbs
itdedfhlb vbifc rf,bytnib 2 fh uf,tlj7 sjhtv f[kfdt
ghtcrjyathtywbfc vjdbodtd lf .dtkfathc dbn.db-vtsmb=
cffrfidbkb vfiby lhjt,bs
xffw[htc7 sevwf7 fo.dtnbkb
ub;bc cf,jkjjl lfijivbyt-
,f ite’kt,tkb fqvjxylf lf *
fudbcnjc7 cojhtl cffrfidb-
kbc ,h’fyt,bs7 hecekb
3uhflt,bs4 lf,jv,tc w[bydf-
kb7 hjvtkbw vidblj,bfyb vj-
cf[ktj,bcufy erdt rfhuf [ybc
lfwkbkb b.j=
hjujhw nfkbfdbybc lfc-
rdyfcf lf /ffubc nhb,eyfkbc
cf,jkjj dthlbmnib othbf7
hfw itvltu vj[lf7 b.j
v[jkjl hectsbc fhvbbc
3rjynhitntdbc itltub47 hf-
cfw vj/.df mfhsdtkt,bc ut-
yjwblb7 tsybrehb ovtylf
lf7 cfthsj ]fvib7 !#* mfh-
sekb cjakbc jregfwbf7
hjvkt,bw fdflv.javf cff-
rfidbkvf ths-ths ew[jeh
ufptssfy cfe,hbcfc 3mdt,bc
uhjdfl4 ufvjfw[flf8
jvbc lfo.t,fvlt wjnf [ybs
flht7 @__( okbc !_ bdkbcc7
fvthbrbc vfibyltkb cf[tkvob-
aj vlbdfyb 
 cfcohfajl xfvjahbylf
s,bkbcib lf hb.tpt7 vbkbfh-
lth sjhybrt rjgfktbidbkbc
htcnjhfy 3rjgfkfc4 dthfylf-
pt7 cffrfidbksfy thsfl bcf-
lbkf8 hjujhw mfk,fnjyb
3rjylb4 sfdbc vtvefht,ib ot-
hc7 vbif7 hjvtkbw cfvukt uj-
zbdbs b.j fnt[bkb7 3]benfl
efhj,lf lfsvj,fpt ofcd-
kfc4 lf cfvidblj,j [tkitr-
hekt,bc [tkvjothfc7 hfw
w[bydfksfy rjyakbmnbc tc-
rfkfwbfc bvsfdbsdt ufvjhbw-
[fdlf8 vtvefht,bc sfyf[vfl7
itmvybkvf vlujvfhtj,fv
  fb’e-
kf7 eahj rfntujhbekb .j-
abkb.j lf cffrfidbkc gbh-
lfgbh ufyew[flf 2 3,fnjyj
ghtpbltynj7 hfw eylf vjb-
vjmvtljs7 fh lfeidfs7 hjv
hect,vf it’kjy smdtyb ghj-
djwbht,f8 uf[cjds ghtpbltyn
,eibc cbn.dt,b7 hjvtkvfw uf-
ufahs[bkfs7 hjv vjcrjdb it-
twlt,f smdtyc ghjdjwbht,fc
lf obylfe[tlfd yf,b]c uflf-
ufluvtdbyt,s8 fhfdby vjdf
smdtyc lfcf[vfht,kfl lf
smdty lfvfhw[lt,bs=4
vjrktl7 fvthbrek lbgkj-
vfnbfcf lf cfv[tlhj-gjkbnb-
reh tkbnfc @__( okbc fudbc-
njc jvib [tkt,b gbkfntcf-
dbs fmdc lf,fybkb8 frb7 sdbs
rjyljkbpfw rb othc 2 ght-
pbltynb ,eibw lf vtw cff-
rfidbkc dfahs[bkt,lbs7
vfuhfv dthfathc ufd[lbs lf
hf e,tleht,fw mfhsdtkt,c
lfutvfhsfs7 xdty ye lfudf,-
hfkt,sj=
lfdcdfs evfhnbdtcb itrbs-
[df 2 vbkbfhlth sjhybrt
rjgfktbidbkbc 3rjgfkfc4
dthfylfpt cffrfidbkvf lf
rjyljkbpf hfbcvf cbyfvldb-
ktib hf bkfgfhfrtc7 vfs ufh-
lf se bwbc dbyvtv0
bmyt,  
 gbhbmbs7 fmtpt,lf cffrfidb-

@__( okbc
.jabkb gfhkfvtynfhb7
;ehyfkbcnb

jvbc itvltu

lfcwbyjlf
ghtpbltyn

mfhsdtkb
[fk[bc blty-
nj,fc888 yfwt-
,j7 hfnjv [f-
hs kthofvb-
dbs lhtrflt,b7 esfdvj.dfhtjt,b lf eghby-
wbgjt,b7 uflvjbqts ptktycrbc yt,bcvbthb
ufvjcdkf ubyl7 3rdfhnfkblfy4 lf ubyl 2 he-
cekb RDY-blfy lf yf[ts7 htt,c frflht,c
cfmfhsdtkjcf lf vfibyltk vsfdhj,fc8
10 

kblfy4 jykfby-ht;bvib
[tkv’qdfytkj,lyty= tc sf-
dbc lhjpt lfflfcnehtc cff-

rfidbkvfw lf cfmfhsdtkjib
lfrhtlbnt,ekvf tkxt,vfw7
hjvkt,vfw yfw,fylf uffvfhs-
ktc lf .dtkfathb yfwtv-yfu-
dtv ltvjycnhfynt,c uflff,hf-

kc lf yfhsfekfl bvfpt vbf- ktc8 @^ vfbcc lfqdhbk cbc-
ybiyt,lf7 hfcfw  [kcf lf  
   lf
erhfbytkb ytjafibcnt,b 2
   
vrdktkj,fc jgjpbwbfc f,-

  hfkt,lf fvthbrbc cgtwcfvcf-
   [eht,bc yjvhbfyb futynb cf-
 erhf- mfhsdtkjib 
byfib jvbc lfo.t,bc lqblfy  cfvfh-
ybflfu vjudbojlt,ty 2 rfh- skbfyj,f vjbs[jdc7 fqbybi-

ub bmyt,f7 se wjnfc ofudt- yjc7 hjv vfiby ifkdf yfst-
idtkt,bs lf fv jvib erhfb- kfidbkvf vstk mfhsdtk
ytk mfkt,sfy lf ,fdidt,sfy thc vja[fyf uekb7 hjwf fvt-
thsfl mfhsdtkb ,fdidt,bw hbrbc tkx ]jy ,fcc 3if/-f,f-
lf mfkt,bw lfb[jwt,bfyj= cb4 eojlf=
w[flbf7 fhwthsb zrefsfv- se cffrfidbkb fvthbrbc
.jatkb lf7 vbsevtntc7 fvthb- cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc futynb fh
rbc cf[tkvobaj vlbdfyb sfdbc b.j lf @__( okbc fudbcnjc
vtvefht,ib fvfc fh lfothlf 2 jvb dfibyunjybc yt,bc obyf-
cffrfidbkc @__( okbc !_ bd- fqvltu ofvjbo.j7 vfiby @_!!
kbcc sjhybrt rjgfktbidb- okbc @^ vfbcbc egfnbt,tkb
kbc dthfylfpt hjv itd[dlb7 lfyfifekbc itvltu stshb cf[-
jhqj,bc vf.dfkbdbs ifdb kbc flvbybcnhfwbfc /mjylf
sdfkb xfderfhb lf .ehib ,ho.bydfkt ifycb7 yfwabeht-
dexehxekt 2 xdtyj ltvjr- hb cfvfufkbsjl lftcf]f lf
hfnbbc iemehfd lf xbhfq- /ffubc cfthsfijhbcj nhb,e-
lfyj7 vblb7 lf/rfhb7 lft,- yfkbw ftvjmvtlt,byf8 vfuhfv
lqdtyb genbyc lf featsmt fvthbrtkt,vf cffrfidbkb ,j-
;fyubfyb nfyrt,b7 fvthbrf kjvlt f.hjkt,ek vlujvf-
udthlbs ublufc lf .dtkf- htj,fib itbyf[tc7 cfghtpb-
athib lfut[vfht,bs pecnfl ltynj dflf xffvsfdht,bytc7
bct7 hjujhw @__( okbc cfg- mdt.fyfc sfdc rj/f,bnfwbf
htpbltynj lf cfgfhkfvty- vjf[dbtc lf vtht sfdbfysb
nj fhxtdyt,bc njnfkeh uf- futynb7 vstk sfdbc yfpbh-
.fk,t,fcf lf pehf, ;dfybfcf dtpbht,sfy thsfl7 erhfbyf-
lf ,flhb gfnfhrfwbidbkbc ib offshbtc7 cflfw tdhjgbc
3ufce[fht,fib4 lfut[vfht- elbltcb mdt.ybc lfcfmwt-
sj= dfl bltfkehb gbhj,t,b it-
t8o8 3vtvefht,ib4  emvytc lf cfv yf’bhfkfc 2
 lfbmflyf 2
 
wb[tib lbcbltynj,bc ufvj  mdt.fyf lf-
db[lblb cfc]tkcj= f,f7 bvfc fmwtdbytc rbltw=

[jv fh lfothlf 2 cbyfvldb- f[kfw 3dbdfvtlbc4 rkbybrf-
ib ufvjvo.dltekb yfwabeht-

ktib 3vsfdfhb futynb4 db.f-
hbc ufsfdbceakt,fcf lf
 
db lf xtvc 'vfcsfy7 wyj,bk
utb-fmnbdbcn lfdbs ,th’t- cfpqdfhufhts dbsjvlf 3cfv-
rehyfkjl4 uf.dfyfpt sfdc

ybidbksfy thsfl 3rfut,tib4
cojhtl fvthbrbc vbth lfab-

]th vstkb thjdyekb vj’-
hfj,f 3xfdeidb47 [jkj rf- yfyct,ekb lf vjc.blekb
kfvb lf cfothb aehwkt,b
 futynt,b brkfdty7 hfsf vof-

hjv ufvbsfdlf7 'vt,vf ths- vt,kt,b lf rfwt,bc ufvfegf-

vfytsbw xfdfubhfdtsj0= nbeht,kt,b bctd [tkbcea-
xdtyb qhvf hovtybs7 @__( kt,fib vjf,heyjy lf rfdrf-

okbc fudbcnjc jvbc lhjc cf- cbfib hectsbc obyffqvltu

frfidbkb cojhtl fvthbrbc vtjht ahjynb uf[cyfy8
bycnhemwbt,bs vjmvtlt,lf8 fvthbrtkt,vf lf vfsvf futy-
fct hjv fh .jabkb.j7 fvthb- nt,vf cfmfhsdtkjcf lf mfhs-
rbc flvbybcnhfwbf rbltd js- dtk [fk[c dth ufeutc dthfat-
[b okbc ufyvfdkj,fib fh bue- hb7 sjhtv thsb hfv rfhufl
t,lf cffrfidbkbc ufh.dybk ht- bwbfy 2 [tkbceakt,fib hjv
;bvc lf yfwvj’hfj,f sfdbc .jabkb.j7 hjujhw @__(
abehthsfy thsfl bv [tkb- otkc lfbo.j cffrfidbkvf jvb7
ceakt,t,bc ,tlc ufbpbfht,- @_@@-ibw bct lfbo.t,lf=
lf7 hjvkt,bw gkfytnbc c[df-
lfc[df res[tib7 fvthbrbc ght-
pbltynsf ,h’fyt,bs7 sdfkbc
lf[fv[fvt,fib lffv[tc8
hjujhw cnbdty cgbk,thubc rbyjitltdhib vstkb
cffrfidbkb hjv fvthbrbc
.ehvjzhbkb vjyf lf futy-
fvthbrbc cfhlkj,f b,h’dbc vnhbc pehuib
vjmwtekb vtjs[t 'vbc 2 hbubsb hfbfybc
nbf7 tc cf,jkjjl @_!! ok-
bc @^ vfbcc lfvnrbwlf7 hj-
wf hecsfdtkbc ghjcgtmnpt uflfcfhxtyfl7 pecnfl bct .dtkfathpt vblbfy
futyn cffrfidbkbc uflfcfhxtyfl7 hfsf 
vidblj,bfyb vjvbnbyutt,bc
lfh,tdfc7 vrdktkj,fcf lf
uefynfyfvjc vtsjlt,bs of-  ths vidtybth
vt,fc yfwctmnbc wyj,bk vo-
lqtc tivfrc fh vbfaehs[jc lf fh smdfc bc
cbvfhskt7 hfw rjyljkbpf hfbcvf sjhybrt
dfkt,kt,sfy thsfl cojhtl
fvthbrbc tkxb  lf
fvthbrekb cgtwcfvcf[eht- rjgfktbidbkbc dthfylfpt xfc'f[f=
,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b dfyj
vthf,bidbkbc 3ieibc cfcf[- 
@__# ok-



behbcnb
3.jabkb gjkbngfnbvht,b
flfvbfybc eakt,t,bcsdbc4
sfdv]ljvfht


evfqktcb cf,zjc
sfdv]ljvfht
rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfht
gfhkfvtynbc ufyfskt,bc
bc itvltu
mdt.fyfib
ufmhf bc7
hfcfw xdty
lfvjerb-
lt,tk7
fhfgjkb-
fudbcnjc jvpt ,tdhb genbyb ]th rbltd fudbc-  fa[fptsbc
nbpt,ek eakt,flfwdbs cfmvbf-
rbs[df fhct,j,c7 vfs ij- fqbfht,f fh eylf8 xdtyb lfe-
yj,fc dt’f[lbs7 bc xfyfwdklf ty]t-
njc jvbc ufvj eylf uftcf-
vfhskt,byfs7 vfuhfv vfiby abmht,tkb7 pqdfhuflfcekb
jc cf[tkbs vjmvtlb yfwt,bc gfhnb- hbc7 cffrfidbkbc ueylvf cf- cfv.fhj cffvbcjl fh b.j ufy- ufyw[flt,t,bs fh eylf it-
mfhsdtkjc hfnjv lff,hf- o.j,bkb lf fvfy ufyfgbhj,f
ekb e]htlt,bs8 bc7 hfw f[kf erhfbyfib [lt-
deo.js [tkb7 hjv ,tkfhe-
kf jvbc lfo.t,f8 cvf fa[fptsb fqbfhjc8
3BVTLBYBECB4 3FBGHTCB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 ,f8 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4

                 


3tdhjgtkb ufyrfhuekt,f rjljhbc [tj-


cjwbfkbcnt,bc4 ,blfy fsfcb ]fhbcrfwbc ufvj.-
dfybc itcf[t,0 hfnjv lfnj-
kblthb7 cfmfhsdtkjc dtc [tke[kt,kfl rjljhbc [t-
gfhkfvtynbc otdhb j,fib itnfybkb bfhfqbc


  cfo.j,t,b lf hfnjv xfeultc
lf;byt,bs vjbs[jdc vnthc [tkib fvltyb bfhfqb0
    


@__( okbc fudbcnjc    
jvsfy lfrfdibht,bs    hf-
lhjt,bsb cfufvj’bt,j njv lfnjdtc rjljhb lf f[-
fkujhb bct7 hjv thsb n.dbf


fhfdbc ufecdhbf0 vt rbs[dt,b
rjvbcbbc itmvyfc lf
fw[flt,c7 hjv fv [tkbceakt,bc vbcfvfhsb-
cfmfhsdtkjib t8o8 sfw vfmdc=


3vtjht ahjynbc4 2 ,h’fyts=
2 hfnjv uffemvf [tkbcea-
uf[cyfc lqtc cojhtl bc kt,fv @_!# otkc cfc]tkbc
[fk[b tcohfadbc7 itrht,bsj,bc ghbywbgb7 hjv-
kbsfw cffrfidbkb [fk[c fof-


hjvtkvfw bv[fyfl
cfmfhsdtkjc vt,lf0 vstkb fsb okbc ufy-
vfdkj,fib hfnjv fh itmvyf [t-
nthbnjhbt,b kbceakt,fv @__( okbc fu-
lffrfhudbyf5 dbcnjc jvbc lhjt,bsb cfuf-
vj’bt,j rjvbcbf lf hfnjv lf-
2 hjujhw rb gfhkfvtyn- eidf rj/f,bnfwbf0 xtvb fp-


ib itvjdtlbs7 hfvlty]thvt uf- hbs7 fvthbrbc bynthtct,ib it-
df;qtht @__( okbc fudbcnjc lbjlf7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjc ve-


jvbc itcf[t, cfufvj’bt,j rj- lfv lf’f,ekb ehsbthsj,f
vbcbbc itmvybc bybwbfnbdf8 /mjyjlf hectssfy7 fvbcfsdbc
,jkj lhjc mdt.fyfib itmv- rb @__( okbc fudbcnjc jvb


ybkvf gjkbnbrehvf cbnef- cfertstcj cfiefkt,f b.j=
wbfv fv rjvbcbbc itmvybc fewb- 2 v[jkjl fvthbrbc by-


kt,kj,f eahj fmnefkehb nthtct,ib itlbjlf @__(
uf[flf8 cfmvt bc uf[kfds7 hjv okbc fudbcnjc jvb0
2 @__( okbc fudbcnjc jvb


  
 hectsbc ufhrdtekb ohtt,bc
bynthtcibw b.j8 wyj,bkbf7


 
    rfnfcnhjabs lfcheklf8 hjv @__* okbc xfsdkbs7 cf-
 lbf[7  frfidbkvf hectsc cnhfntub-


       ekb j,btmnt,b sbsmjclf
      3xfkbc afcfl4 vb/.blf7 vfuhfv
fv 3xfkbc afcbc4 erfy cbyfv-


 
     ldbktib elbltcb sfy[t,b bl-
uf=


2 ,fnjyj ahbljy7 lfho- 
veyt,ekb [fhs7 hjv @__(  2 fye jabwbfkeh ljre-
okbc fudbcnjib cffrfidbk- qvthsvf eo.bc7 hfc tkfgfhf- vtynt,ib c[df afcb vbesb-


vf hectsbc obyffqvltu jv- rt,jlyty cffrfidbkc cfmfhs- stc0
ib cfmfhsdtkj vbpfyvbvfh- dtkjib xfvjcekb fvthbrtkb 2 lbf[7 cffrfidbkvf cfmfh-
vfqfkxbyjcyt,b8 sdtkjc cnhfntubekb j,b-


sekfl xfhsj0
2 rjvbcbf lf ufvj’bt,f fvfc 2 smdty tzdj,s7 hjv bcbyb tmnt,b hectsc ufwbkt,bs 'db-
pecnfl lfflutyc7 vfuhfv vt fcb cffrfidbkc cfjvhfl fmtpt,- hfl vb/.blf7 dblht tc ljre-
ghjwtynbs dfh lfhoveyt,e- lyty0 vtynt,ibf vbsbst,ekb lf lf-
kb7 hjv cffrfidbkvf @__( 2 vfmdc cthbjpekb tzdb7 yfhxtyb aekb ]b,tib xfblj=
okbc jvib mdt.fyf vbpfyvbvfh- hjv bcbyb cffrfidbkc jvbcrty fm 'fkbfy lbl sfy[t,ptf kf-
sekfl uf[dbf= fmtlfy ufvjvlb- e,b’ut,lyty= fvbnjvff7 hjv fvt-


gfhfrb lf tc .dtkfathb ufvj-
yfht7 c[df cfc]tkb fh vfbynt- hbrf lf vstkb vbcb cfvcf[eht- ’bt,fv eylf ufvjffirfhfjc=
htct,c7  ,b .jdtkyfbhfl wlbkj,ty7 cf- fvthbrfcf lf vbc ujibt,c cb-


    frfidbkb hjujhvt wb[blfy uf- vfhskbc lflutyf bvbnjv fh
  lbf[7 vjfshbjy8 fhct,j,c ibib7 hjv eylfs7 hjv cbvfhskt7 hj-


cffrfidbkb7 egbhdtktc .jd- cffrfidbkvf fudbcnjc jvbc it- ujhw otcb7 ithbut,bcf lf mdt.-
kbcf7 jvbc lfo.t,bcf lf vbcb cf[t, cbvfhskbc kfgfhfrb lf- ybc lfo.yfht,bc cfae’dtkbf7
rfnfcnhjaekb itltut,bc bo.jc7 hfw fvthbrtkt,c [tkc [jkj vfufs cehs velvbdb mf-


ufvj eylf vbtwtc gfce[bc- fh f’ktds= fhflf7 cffrfidbkc jcb lf fhtekj,f=
ut,fib7 sjhtv fhf;ybc rjynt- @__( okbc fudbcnjc jvb hjv


2 hjujh abmhj,s7 @__(
bythib hfvltyb lqt b]lf lf obyfcofh /mjylf lfutuvbkb7 okbc fudbcnjc jvbc itcf[t,
cfmfhsdtkjib hjujh itvjfu- seylfw bmblfy xfyc7 ]th rbltd lhjt,bsb cfufvj’bt,j rjvb-


pfdytc7 tc7 xtvb fphbs7 yfrkt- @__* otkc ,jrthbfcsfy cbbc itmvyfc [tkbceakt,f
,fl cfbynthtcjf= thsfl cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc rj- v[fhc lfezthc0
ltmcblfy 3cfvij,kjc qfkf- 2 pecnfl dbwb7 hjv @__(


2 hjujh abmhj,s7 cff-
rfidbkb @__( okbc fudbc- nbc4 ve[kb hjv fvjbqj=  okbc fudbcnjc jvpt cbvfhs-
njib lfvjerblt,kfl vjm- kbc lflutyf cfmfhsdtkjc by-



vtlt,lf se c[dbc rfhyf[c  nthtct,ibf8 bvtlb vfmdc7 tc rj-
tvjhxbkt,jlf0     vbcbf itbmvyt,f8
2 cffrfidbkb lbmnfnjhb



b.j lf7 w[flbf7 mdt.ybc ibu-


ybs fhfdbc vjecvtylf8 thsf-




lthsb 'fkf7 hjvtkcfw vfcpt 2 vfbyw hf eylf uffhrdb-
ptvjmvtlt,f itt’kj lf ite’- jc lf ufvjrdtsjc cfufvj’bt- 


kbf7 fvthbrbc itthst,ekb

,j rjvbcbfv0
infnt,bf8 vjut[ctyt,fs7 @__% 2 vt7 hjujhw mfhsdtkcf lf
otkc cfmfhsdtkjib xfvjdblf cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbc 


  hjvtk- otdhc7 vfbynthtct,c 2  
cfw cffrfidbkvf ufycfresht- 


  
,ekb lf[dtlhf vjeo.j7


cojhtl tc uf[klfs bv sfyfv-   
ihjvkj,bc obyfgbhj,f7 hj-     tcfe,hf
vtkbw @__( okbc fudbcnjc   dby ufcwf 



vbifc [t- fh ufvjd-










3ktkjc4 otdhb7
gfhkfvtynfhb


hjyltkbc wtynhbc
vrdktdfhb
acbmjkjub

rbyjht;bcjhb

gfhkfvtynfhb

kbceakt,f- hbw[fd7 rf-

ib .jaybc gbnekfwb-
lhjc thsvf bc itvs[dt-
hecvf tmc- dfib genb-
gthnvf7 hj-
yb vfbyw lf-
vtkbw genb-
ybc vjv[ht fh hxtc hect-
b.j7 xtvc sbc [tkb-
rbs[dfpt5 dby ceakt,fib8
ubhxtdybfs cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fib 2 vfufkbsfl7  hjltcfw me- xdtysfy vidblj,f cfmfhsdtkjc obyffqvltu hfcfw  ij-
[jhwbtklt,f wbkbcofvt,bc7 ekj,lf7 hbsbw fv flfvbfyt,-
cffrfidbkb se dbyvt c[df7 fct vbgfce[f5 hf dtbsib itbzhf lf itvltu bc fvthbrfv ufy- fhbc bvbnjv7 hjv lq- vf [tkb vjbs,tc7 fv cfibyt-
ubs[hfs7 vbifv bvltyb uffrtsf hectsbcs- ltdyf medtbsblfy7 fvbc vtht rbltd !# ot-
tc erhfbytkt,b b,h’-
itehfw[.jabcf lf gjkbnb-
kb rjheawbekb cmtvt,bc
kb b.j [tkbceakt,fib8
rehb ptojkbc eghtwtlty-
cfsfdtib .jdtksdbc 
dbc7 genbyb hjv lftcdfs vbc flubkfc7 fv-
ltyc dth it’kt,lfj= dbfy8 nj rfvgfybf 2 FREE MISHA==
 bluf8
3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4 3TV GBHDTKB4 dth tqbhct,bs= 3NDBNTHB4 3TV BVTLB4
3FOR.GE4

 
11
 
vfc itvltu7 hfw
tdhjgfhkfvtynfhsf
,by'eh vjs[jdyt,c
evhfdktcj,fv
3ew[jehb ufdktybc
futynt,bc4
rfyjyghjtmnb
lfegbhbcgbhf7 ths
[vfib frhbf[lyty t8o8
kb,thfkt,b lf vfsb
yfc.blb lfvmfit,b8
gjkbnjkjub lf
gbfhntmyjkjub


sdkbc7 hjv yfvldbkfl
fh qbhc sfdbc ufub;t,f
bv tdhjrfdibhib
itcfcdktkfl7 hjvtkbw
erdt lfikbc gbhfcff5
2 #_ okbc vfy'bkpt dabm-
hj,lbs7 hjv fvthbrf lf td-
hjgf udt[vfht,jlf7 htfkj,f
rb c[df .jabkf 2 .dtkfathc
frtst,lyty bvbcsdbc7 hjv uf-
vjtpfhlfs cfpjufljt,hbdb
rkfcb7 hjvtkbw mfhsek rek-
nehfc7 vtynfkbntncf lf
pytj,fc lfbvjyt,lf8 vfsb ufs-
dkt,bs7 xdtyb mdt.fyf v[jkjl
tdhjgbcf lf fpbbc lfvfrfd-
ibht,tkb lthtafyb eylf
.jabkb.j7 hfptw itdfhlyf'tv
]th rbltd #_ okbc obyfs lf-
bo.j veifj,f lf vjudbfyt,bs
cffrfidbkvf ufyfuh'j8 .dtkf-
athb cwtyfhbc vb[tldbs of-
hbvfhsf lf











2 [fk[c c[dfyfbhb tdhj-
gf lf fvthbrf ofhvjelutybf7
hjvtkbw )_-bfyb okt,blfy
vj.jkt,ekb sbsmjc mdt.-
ybc ufydbsfht,fib udt[vfht-
,f888
2  





  
 se dby-
vtc e.dfhc tdhjgf lf vbcb zti-
vfhbnb afctekj,t,b7 vt lf
xtvb vtuj,ht,b dfhs7 hjvkt,-
vfw tdhjgfib dbcofdkts7 vfu-
hfv fhwthsb rfgbrb fh vbudb-
qbf bvbcfsdbc7 hjv mfhsekb
vtynfkbntnb lfudtyuhbf8


  



 

2 vjlbs7 gbhlfgbh urbs-

uthvfyekb ajylt,bc ae-


ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc
kblthb
kb7 hjvkt,bw #_ otkbf7 fm
ufb[cyf7 vblbc 
 
 ufvjp-
hlfpt8 3th/fhlbc ajylbf4
uf[cybkb8 rbltd fsfcb c[df
uthvfyekb ajylt,b8 fo.j-
,bkb fmds tc 3fnrfnbc4
cbcntvf7 fvfs fm vbcwtvty aekc7 yfobkb bv uthvfytk
vfabjpt,sfy hxt,f7 vblbc uf.jaf-ufvj.jaf8 hfvltybvt
j]f[bc [tkib fqvjxylf tc uhfynt,b 2 
 #_ otkbf7 j]f-
[t,b zfvty fv uhfynt,c8
12 
 
[fds7 fh eylf itdblts td-
hjrfdibhib0
2 cfl eylf itdblts7 bv
tdhjrfdibhib7 hjvtkbw bi-
kt,f0= 

   
 fv cfmvbc gbjythb 
 uf[klfs7 hj-
vtkvfw @_@_ otkc ,hbnfyt-
sb tdhjrfdibhblfy ufvjb.df-
yf lf vfc 3vj,tht,ekb7 fhfa-
hbc vfmybcb4 rfdibhb eojlf8
lqtc vcjakbjc lbl mfkfmt,-
ib tdhjrfdibhblfy ufvjcdkbc
vjs[jdybs vhfdfkfsfcbfyb
vbnbyut,b bvfhst,f7 cflfw
vidblj,fc7 jvbc ito.dtnfc lf
erhfbybcsdbc bfhfqbc vboj-
lt,bc itxtht,fc bs[jdty8 vhf-
dfkfsfcbfy vbnbyut,c uthvf-
ytkb gjkbnbrjcb7 mfk,fnj-
yb  [tkv’q-
dfytkj,c7 hjvkbc smvbsfw7
uthvfybfv ths[tk erdt lfes-
vj cfh,btkb afibcnt,c lf tc
fqfh eylf ufyvtjhltc8 
  
 
 .dtkf tdhj-
gtkb [dlt,f7 hjv ]j,c7 sfdbc
ae’tc lfe,heyltc7 sfdbcb
mdt.ybc ufydbsfht,fpt bphe-
yjc7 dblht cfthsj ,be]tnb-
lfy erhfbybc itbfhfqt,fpt
lfb[fh]jc aekb8 vjrktl7
xdty sdfkoby bwdkt,f vcja-
kbj lf7 hjujhw xfyc7 cf,j-
kjjl vbdbqt,s uf[ktxbk td-
hjgfc 2 uthvfybf lf cfahfy-
utsb ths lf]ueat,fib bmyt-
,f7 gjkjytsb rb ,hbnfyek
fyrkfdib vjtmwtdf8
ndbyufvjhtw[bkb flfvbfyt-
,bc fphbs7 cfmfhsdtkj tdhj-
gfpt efhc fv,j,c7 cbyfvldb-
ktib rb bv tdhjrfdibhib itc-
dkfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs dcdfvs
rbs[dt,c7 hjvtkbw lfikbc
gbhfcff8 cf,tlybthjl7 xdty 'f-
kbfy cojh upfpt dlufdfhs 2
udbylf vidblj,f rfdrfcbfib lf
vbnfwt,ekb nthbnjhbt,bc
lf,heyt,f=
2 ufvjlbc7 hjv cfmfhsdt-
kjc [tkbceakt,fv fh ey-
lf ufbsdfkbcobyjc tdhj-
gfhkfvtynfhsf vjs[jdyf0
2 tc fhbc ifynf;b7 hjvtkbw
hjvtkbvt tdhjgekb mdt.yblfy
rb fh vjlbc7 fhfvtl lfikbc
gbhfc vlufhb tdhjrfdibhblfy
lf fh eylf bmytc ufsdfkbc-

flvbybcnhfwbbc .jabkb
3FKBF4



 
obyt,ekb=   
  
  
  

 fctdt lfeidt,t-
kbf cffrfidbkbc ufysfdbcea-
kt,f7 vtnbw7 bub xdtekt,hbd
cfrfyib eylf bmytc uflf.dfyb-
kb7 cflfw cfc]tkc c[df gfnbv-
ht,b b[lbfy8 fv itvs[dtdfib
wb[bc flvbybcnhfwbfpt bmyt-
,f vbcb rdt,bc gfce[bcvut,kj-
,fw8 fb7 yf[fds7 ths rdbhfib
sehfifekbc dfikbdbs bmyt-
,f=
cffrfidbkbc mvtlt,f7 ibvi-
bkj,fl hjv fw[flt,ty7 fhbc









ghtpbltynbc
eahjcb

 gfnbjcf-
yb rfwbdbs
hjv ufb’e-
hof thsbfyb
yfwbjyfke-
hb vj’hfj-
,blfy7 fk-
,fs7 bvtlb
fmdc7 gfhkfvtynib lfhxt,f8 fhfdbc eylf
itdfhujs tu [tkafcb7 dbyw sfdc jgjpb-
wbjythc eojlt,c8 .dtkfv eylf lfnj-
djc gfhkfvtynb fy jabwbfkehfl ite-
thslyty 3jwyt,fc4 lf vjqfkfntt,bc cb-
fc=






2 fye rfyjyghjtmnb 3ew-
[jehb ufdktybc futynbc4 it-
cf[t,7 hjvkbc ufvjw fhyf[e-
kb f;bjnf;bf fnt[bkb7 fh
lfudfijht,c tdhjgfcsfy0
2 gbhbmbs7 dbsjv eakt,f-
lfvwdtkt,cf lf fhfcfvsfdhj-
,jt,c7 hjvkt,bw okt,bc ufy-
vfdkj,fib brdt,t,jlyty ew-
[jtkt,bcufy lf fyuhtdlyty cf-
mfhsdtkjc7 ybqf,b xfvjt[cyt-
,fs8 fv rfyjybc vbqt,bs ufbh-
rdtdf7 dby hjvtkb ew[jehb
ajylblfy abyfyclt,jlf lf
dbcb vtcb],jmcbs [tkv’qdfyt-
kj,lf8
c[dfsfijhbc7  
xdtekt,hbdb fdfynbehf8  

 


  
 
 sfdbc lhjpt bubdt
   

vtsjlc vbvfhsf 
  

  
 dbsjv wjw[fk-vrdlfhb


ufvjb.dfytc bydfkblbc cfdfh-


’kbs7 lqtc rb @_ okbc ujuj-

 
yfcfdbs lfreynheij,c8 cff-

rfidbkc bct e.dfhc sfdbcb sf-
db7 vthoveyts7 cbwjw[ktc fct  


fldbkfl fh lfsvj,c=

  
rbltd ths[tk dfv,j, 2 hfw vsfdfhbf7 fvfc itybq,dbs
  frtst,ty7 sbsmjc ghjhec [t-
  kbceakt,fc t,h’dbfy8 lqtc
vsfdfhbf7 itxthltc tc 
 
 

kecnhfwbbc rfyjyb lhj-
pt hjv vbudtqj7 !)#* otkc of-
[fkbct,ekb ,jkitdbrt,bc idb-
kbidbkt,b7 ktybybc gjhnht-
nbc itvmvytkt,b lf vkjqyt-
kt,b fh udt.jkt,jlf ty]tj-
t,ib7 jgjpbwbfcf lf gfhkf-
vtynib= 

   

2 lf vfbyw7 itcf’kjf7 fv
rfyjyghjtmnc ghtpbltynvf
dtnj lffljc888
2 ghtpbltynbcfufy7 hjvt-
kbw @( ltrtv,thc sfdbc fvjv-
hxtdtkc it[dlf cbn.dt,bs 2
 2 .dtkf-
athbf vjcfkjlytkb8 se rf-
yjyghjtmnc dtnjc lfflt,c7
[tkbceakt,fv cfpjufljt,fc-
sfy thsfl vbcb bvgbxvtynbc
cfrbs[b eylf lff.tyjc lf
rfhbthf lffchekt,byjc fhf
ghtpbltynbc7 fhfvtl cfmfhs-
dtkjlfy ufult,ekb ahfyub
tvbuhfynbc hfyuib=
rbltd ths[tk vbdvfhsfd [t-
kbceakt,fc7 tc rfyjyghjtm-
nb ecfsejl vbcfqt,bf=
fmdt ub[lbs vflkj,fc7 hjv
fudfwbkts jvb7 hfcfw vjvfdf-
kb sfj,f fewbkt,kfl lfub-
afct,s= erhfbytkt,vf qbfl
fqbfhtc7 hjv ,fylthfc upbs
vblbfy7 xdty vjkfgfhfrt,bc
upbs eylf dbfhjs8 


  

tcfe,hf


ity hjv


.jabkb otdhb
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
3ktkjc4 ltgenfnb
ufb’ehot7
qdbybc ,bp-
ytcc eylf
vbd[tljj7
hjujhff
cfmvt qdbyj-
ib0 gfhnb-
blfy uf’eh-
rfyjyghjtmnb7 hjvtk-
oekb hjv c[dt,c fveyfst,7 ]th itvjlb
cfw /mdbf 3relbfyt,pt yf-
gfhnbfib8 bct7 cbvfhskt bcff7 hjv ufufu-
lbhj,bc4 ghjtmnb7 cfmfh-
ltc vbifc ,b,kbjstrblfy7 hjujhw
sdtkjc cfthsfijhbcj
ecfmvehb8
bpjkfwbfc emflbc8
3FKBF4 3FKBF4 3HTPJYFYCB4


ew[jehb ufdktybc
futynt,bc ufvjvpteht,f
fhbc xdtyb mdt.ybc
ecfahs[jt,bc lfwdbc
fewbkt,tkb gbhj,f lf
.dtkfathb eylf
ufrtsltc vbc vbcfqt,fl8
tc bmyt,f thsudfhb
cfpjvb bvbcf7 ,jkj #_
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib7
ufbpfhlf se fhf
cfpjufljt,f lf ittvfnf
se fhf cbvobat xdtyc
cf[tkvobajc 2 fct
lfbo.j xdtysfy cfe,fhb
cnhfntubekb
lfutuvfht,bc wtynhbc
[tkv'qdfytkvf

 5
2 rfyjybc vbqt,f ew[jehb
lfabyfyct,bc frh’fkdfc fh
uekbc[vj,c7 e,hfkjl7 vybi-
dytkjdfybf bvbcfsdbc7 hjv cf-
pjufljt,fv bwjltc7 hjvtkb
mdt.fyf hf vbvfhsekt,fc fab-
yfyct,c lf fhbc se fhf cf-
mfhsdtkjcsdbc cfahs[bc
itvwdtkb8
2 cfpjufljt,bc jgjpbwb-
ehfl ufyo.j,bkb yfobkb
fw[flt,c7 hjv rfyjyb hece-
kbf lf 'bhc es[hbc cfmfh-
sdtkjc tdhjfnkfynbreh
byntuhfwbfc8
2 lffrdbhlbs7 dby ufvjlbfy
fv rfyjybc obyffqvltu 2 sdb-
sjy cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvty-
nb lf vfs vbth lfabyfyct,e-
kb ]ueat,b8 fh eylfs7 hjv
ufvzdbhdfktyb b.dyty lf cfpj-
ufljt,fv bwjltc7 hf rjyrht-
nek lfdfkt,fsf itcfche-
kt,kfl abyfyclt,bfy8
















ufb[ctyts7 hbcsdbc lffrfdtc
tdhjgfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrt-
hb   .fnfhblfy
sfy[t,b bv fhfcfvsfdhj,j
jhufybpfwbt,bc vtidtj,bs bm-
yf vbqt,ekb7 hjvkt,bw vbcb
tublbs b.j xfvj.fkb,t,ekb7
fye .fnfhbc vbth lfabyfyct-
,ekb fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,bc vti-
dtj,bs [lt,jlf tdhjgfhkf-
vtynfht,bc vjc.bldf lf bv uf-
lfo.dtnbkt,t,bc vbqt,f7 hj-
vkt,bw .fnfhc czbhlt,jlf8
fvbc ajypt ufvjdblf tdhjgfh-
kfvtynbc cf[fk[j gfhnbbc
ofhvjvflutytkb 2 rfyjyb ey-
gfhnbf 3mf-

gfhnbf 3cfvfhskbfyj,bc4
sfdv]ljvfht
hsek jwyt-
,fc4 hjltcfw
dmvyblbs7 hfw
'fkbfy cf[b-
afsj cfmvt
b.j vfiby7

 


 lf tc [fk[b bv lhjc
b.dyty cojhtl vtjht v[fhtc7 bv ,fyfrib7 cflfw
vjrfkfst,ekyb b.dyty vtlhjdtyb lf rjyajh-
vbcnt,b8 lqtc tctyb lftgfnhjyyty 'fkfeakt-
,fc8   gfce[bcvut,kj,f
vfhnj bvfibf7 hjv fvfs lfenjdf mdt.fyf cf]b]-
uyfl7 fvltybc eakt,fc f’ktdc8
 





  

 vfc tib-
ybf fv cbfib vj[dtlhbc8 se

ghtpbltynb rfyjyc dtnjc lf-
flt,c7 rbltd ths[tk vjf[ltyc
cfresfhb sfdbc kecnhfwb-

fc=
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv lf-
abyfyct,ekb ]ueat,b .dtkf-

athc uffrtst,ty lf .eht,ptw
rb ufbdkbfy7 tc rfyjyb fewb-
kt,kfl eylf vbdbqjs= lbf[7
lfcfdktsbw7 hectsbw lf yt-

,bcvbthb c[df mdt.fyfw xdty vb-
vfhs gfhnybjhek lfvjrblt-
,ekt,fc eylf vbdfxdbjs=





lfcfdktscfw xdtyb vtnb gf- 

nbdbcwtvf tmyt,f= 


2 vjbcvtylbs cfkjvt
 pehf,bidbkbc ufyw[flt,fc
fv rfyjyghjtmnpt dtnjc 

lflt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs8

vbbxytdc7 hjv lfcfdktsc
udfijht,c888
2 sdbsjy tdhjgf wlb- 2 hfw itt[t,f tdhjgfhkf-
kj,c vcufdcb rfyjybc vbqt- vtynfht,bc vjs[jdyfc cff-
,fc lf xdty udfijht,c tdhj- rfidbkbc ufysfdbceakt,fc-
gfc0= cfvoe[fhjl7 cfmfhsdt- sfy lfrfdibht,bs8 dbc
kjc ghtpbltynbc v[hblfy fo.j,c tc lf hfnjv0
dth db[ctyt, bcts uflfo.dt- 2 tdhjrfdibhb7 afmnj,hb-
nbkt,fc7 hjvtkbw cf[tkvob-
dfl7 gbhlfgbh udte,yt,f 2 uf-
ajc bynthtct,c tvcf[eht,f8
lfstkts rjycnbnewbf7 rf-
 yjyvlt,kj,f lf cffrfidbkb
    uffysfdbceaktsj8  
 
lf vbdbqjs7 hjv tdhjgfib

  
itvjcekb .dtkf lfabyfyct-  
,f ufvzdbhdfkt uf[ltcj7 fye


pecnfl bubdt cfrbs[b lff.t-    

yf7 hfw lqtc xdtysfy lufc8 hf 
ufvjlbc 2 vfssdbc vbcfqt-

vjvfrdlfdb cffrfidbkbc cf-

,bf fctsb rfyjybc vbqt,f lf
xdty udfdyt,c0= [t sfdfl czbhlt,fs8 vbcb ufy-
rehyt,f rb fhf7 ufvj.tyt,f

2 lf vfbyw7 vfdfysfsdbc
cehs bctd=
bub fcjwbhlt,f kecnhfwb-

bc rfyjysfy7 hjvtkbw lqt- 2 [jv fh utwjlt,fs0
vlt ,tdhc fibyt,c888 2 ctynbvtynt,bc ufyo.j,f
cffrfidbkbc vbvfhs yfvldb-
2 se  [dlt,fs .eh-
ib7 c[df cf[tkb lffhmdfy7 hf kfl fh vfmdc8 xtvvf j]f[vf 'f-
vybidytkj,f fmdc0 bct rb7 f,-  kbfy ,tdhb uflfbnfyf vbc uf-
vj8 eahjcb sfj,bc rfwb fh
cjkenehfl c[dflfc[df hfv 
lfhxf j]f[ib7 hjvtkbw ht-
uf[kfds  
 lf  ;bvc fh ittobhf8 lqtc fv lbl
 sfvfiib bc zfyzbrbc hjkibf8
cfvfhw[dbyj cgtmnfrkt,c fl-
rbltd ths[tk dfv,j, 2 tc rf-
uvtdbyt,ty8 ghtpbltync7 .j-
yjyb t[t,f qbf ufdktybc ]ue-
at,c7 fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,c7 vt- abk vsfdfhcfhlfkc ytryt,bc
lbfcfiefkt,t,c lf f8i8 dbyw xdtyt,f lf kjubyblfy uflvj-
wjwt,f eotdc8 vfhskfw wj-
cfpqdfhufhtsblfy @_ ghj-
wtynpt vtn lfabyfyct,fc ljf=  
bqt,c8 
kecnhfwbbc rfyjyb cgt- 
wbabrehbf lf cbc[kbccfvfh-  vhw[dtybf7 cf-
skt,hbdb lfyfifekbc ybi- frfidbkc ths lhjc vsfd-
yt,c itbwfdc8 tc bv flfvbfyt,c fhcfhlfkb lf ghtpbltynb
cffrfidbkc

itt[t,fs7 hjvkt,bw c[df mdt.- hjv thmdf=
cffrfidbkc !))@ okblfy
yt,pt veifj,ty7 vfs lfpdth-
dfc tvcf[eht,bfy8 xdtyb cfpj- dbwyj,8 vfibyfw fctsb b.j8
hfvlty]th des[fhb 2 ofdb-
ufljt,f fctsb gbht,bsfw
fhbc uflfntybkb lf kecn- lts cfub;tsib7 thsfl itd-
hfwbbc rfyjybw fewbkt,kfl vjovlts-vtsmb lf ntktdbpb-
eylf vbdbqjs8    blfy ufvtmwf8 
      
   
  
  
ths lhjc vsfdfhcfhlfkb 

hjujhw rb fv rfyj- tcfe,hf
yt,c vbdbqt,s7 yfrkt,b cfa-
hs[bc obyfit lfdlut,bs lf
lf ghtpbltynb hjv thmdf=4 


fmnbehj,ty bcbyb7  se fmfvlt pj-



tmcgthnb
gjkbnbrjcb
bltbc4 sfdv]ljvfht
jhufybpfwbf 3cfvjmfkfmj
 vvfhsdtkj,bc ubthsb vtlbf
futynt,fl v[j-
gbhj,t,ib ibibs xbhudt,ib kjl [fk[eh
bvfkt,jlf lf ghtpbltynbc
cbn.dbtht,fib
rfywtkfhbfib rf,bytnblfy vjudb[ctybt,l-
rf,bytnib mfqfklt,c lffnf- yty7 fvbc itvltu
ht,lf  ktubnbvehb
 3mfhsekb
cfae’dtkb tm-
yt,fs7 hjv fv cb-
jwyt,f4 fv rfywtkfhbbc dbh- n.dbs fhfvfh-
s[t,bs fhbc cfdct8 f,f7  nj vjudb[ctyb-
jy7 lfcfdktsblfy lfabyfyct,ekb jhufybpf- lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkjpt
wbt,bc zbirht,sfy fmwbt,bw ufvfhsjy8 se fct

 uft,tlfs lf ths[tk cf]fhjl uftrhbnbrt,byfs cffrfi- efhc fh lf dth bn.dbc7 hfl-
vj[lt,f7 cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,fc ghj,kt- ufy lqtc elbltcb vybidyt-
dbkb8 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7  'fkfeakt- vt,b itevwbhlt,f7 hfw 'fkbfy czbhlt,f8 eahj
kj,f fmdc tdhjgbcsdbc cf-
,bc .dtkf ,thrtnc hjv lfrfhufdc7 bctd tc [fk[b ufkfy'qfdc vtnfl rb cehs7 .dtkf obyffqvltuj,hbdvf 'f- mfhsdtkjc7 ifdb pqdbc gj-
bdfybidbkc f[fkb [tkbceakt,bc cffvt,kfl lf sfdbc uflf- kfv lfdnjdjs mdt.fyf7 vfuhfv bvtlbf7 tc fh vj[- kbnbrfcf lf7 cfpjufljl7 ht-
cfhxtyfl8 lt,f8 ubjyc8
3FKBF4 3FKBF4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
13
             
vfiby7 hjwf z rkfcbc
mfhsdtkb
gjkbnbrjct,b
thsvfytsbc hbut,ib
hectsbcf lf
lfcfdktsbc futynt,c
t’t,ty7
utjgjkbnbrbc lbl
cfzflhfrj lfafpt
vybidytkjdfyb
cdkt,b rtslt,f7
hfw [ibhfl
mfhsdtkb
cfpjufljt,bc
cfsfyflj
.ehflqt,bc vbqvf
hxt,f7 hflufy
mfhsekb
ntktcbdhwt
bfaafcbfyb
gjkbnbrehb
cfyf[fj,t,bs fhbc
ofktrbkb8
vfufkbsfl7 z rkfcbc mfh-
sdtkb gjkbnbrjct,bc vbth
fnt[bkb uybfcbcf lf ufvbidb-
ufvfnfhtc ajypt7 mfhsek vt-
lbfcbdhwtib lhj lf flubkb
fqfh lfhxf bvbcfsdbc7 hjv cf-
ae’dkbfyfl uffyfkbpt,ekb-
.j7 se hfnjv xfdblf vjcrjd-
ib xbytsbc vvfhsdtkb 'fkbc
2 rjveybcnehb gfhnbbc wty-
nhfkehb rjvbntnbc cfuf-
htj ehsbthsj,fsf rjvbcb-
bc fgfhfnbc eahjcb lf cf-
ufhtj gjkbnbrbc cfrbs[t,-
ib xbytsbc ghtpbltynbc vsf-
dfhb vhxtdtkb hjvt-
kbw genbycf lf kfdhjdc it[-
dlf8
[fpufcfcvtkbf bc ufhtvjt-
,fw7 hjv erhfbyfib jvbc
lfo.t,bc itvltu xbytsbc [t-
kbceakt,bc vfqfkb hfyubc
ofhvjvflutytkb hectsc jab-
wbfkehb dbpbnbs gbhdtkfl
todbf7 hfw7 ,tdh hfvtcsfy th-
sfl7 bvbc ltvjycnhbht,fw
uf[kfds7 hjv vcjakbj kb-
ltht,bc vbth ufhb.ekb ge-
nbyb vskfl ,jkjvlt ufhb-
.ekbw fh .jabkf lf hect-
sb7 hjujhw cfv[tlhj fuht-
cjhb lf bynthdtynb7 cfthsf-
ijhbcj bpjkfwbfib vskfl
,jkjvlt fh vjmwtekf8
vjut[ctyt,fs7 z rkfcbc mfh-
sdtk gjkbnbrjct,c7 ufycf-
resht,bs rb7 yfwkb,thfcn
jgjpbwbjytht,c7 vcjakbj
gjkbnbrbc fhcsf ufvhbutl
v[jkjl fvthbrf lf vbcb ght-
pbltynb7 htbyrfhybht,ekb
xthytyrj 2 vb-
fxybfs7 [jkj ltlfvbobc
pehupt .dtkfpt vpfhlb trj-
yjvbrbc vmjyt epfhvfpfh xb-
ytscf lf vbc gjkbnbreh kb-
ltht,c cfsdfkfdibw fh fult-
,ty8
rb7 z rkfcbc mfhsdtkb gj-
kbnbrjct,b lf vfsb .dtkf-
pt eahj ,jufyj mdtrfntuj-
hbf 2 yfwkb,thfcnt,b abm-
hj,ty7 hjv vpt dfibyunjyb-
lfy fvjlbc7 ,hbectkib xflbc
lf lfyfhxty cfv.fhjc fh tab-
yt,f7 vfuhfv ujybthb [fk[b
itcfybiyfdfl fwyj,btht,c7
se hfc ybiyfdc hectsbcf lf
xbytsbc thsvfytssfy rbltd
eahj lff[kjt,f lf hjujhb
f[fkb utjgjkbnbrehb htf-
kj,f itb’kt,f7 itmvyfc fv jh
vjycnh cf[tkvobajc ijhbc
cnhfntubekb gfhnybjhj-
,bc ufqhvfdt,fv8
cojhtl xbytscf lf he-
ctsc ijhbc cnhfntubekb
gfhnybjhj,bc vybidytkj,fc
ufecdf [fpb vjcrjdib xfcek-
vf  hjvtkvfw fqybi-
yf7 hjv xbytsb vpflff7 hects-
sfy sfyfvihjvkj,f uff’kb-
thjc8 vbcbdt smvbs7 xbytsbcf
lf hectsbc ehsbthsj,f
c[df mdt.yt,bc v[hblfy ptoj-
kfc fh lftvjhxbkt,f8
sfdbc v[hbd7 hectsbc ght-
14 




pbltynvf 
 cfufhtj gjkbnbrbc cfrbs-
[t,ib xbytsbc ghtpbltynbc
vsfdfh vhxtdtk 
it[dtlhfpt ufyfw[flf7 hjv
hects-xbytsc ijhbc ehsb-
thsj,f f[fk tnfgpt uflflbc
lf lfc’byf5 3xdtyb ehsbth-
sj,f cojhtl bct dbsfhlt-
,f7 hjujhw ufcekb okt,bc
ufyvfdkj,fib dutuvfdlbs8 bc
oby vbbotdc8 hectsbc atlt-
hfwbfcf lf xbytsbc cf[fk[j
htcge,kbrfc ijhbc sfyfv-
ihjvkj,f7 hjujhw fhfth-
s[tk fqdybiyts7 'fkbfy
vybidytkjdfybf cfthsfij-
hbcj vlujvfhtj,bc cnf,b-
kbpfwbbcsdbc48
vfhsfkbf7 
  sf-
dbfysb dbohj gfhnbekb vbp-
yt,bcf lf s,bkb cfdfh’kt,bc
vjgjdt,bc ufhlf fhfathb



fqtkdt,s7 vfuhfv xbytsbcf lf
hectsbc ,jkjlhjbyltkb
gjkbnbrehb iehb-vehb
vcjakbj vjsfvfitt,ib iti-
ajst,fcf lf ibic bodtdc8 bcb-
yb dfhfelj,ty7 hjv hects-
erhfbybc jvib7 hfw7 htfke-
hfl7 hectsbcf lf rjktmnb-
ehb lfcfdktsbc7 fye hect-
sbcf lf yfnjc jvbf7 xbytsb
ytbnhfkeh gjpbwbfpt lfh-
xtyfc fqfh fgbht,c lf rjya-
kbmnbc v[fhtl lfabmcbhlt-
,f7 w[flbf 2 hectsbc cfcfh-
ut,kjl8 itcf,fvbcfl7 tdhj-
gbc iefuekib vbvlbyfht
jvb7 hjvtkbw ajhvfke-
hfl ]th rbltd byfhxeyt,c
hecek-erhfbyekb lfgb-
hbcgbht,bc cf[tc7 vfkt it-
cf’kjf7 qbfl uflfbpfhljc
ufwbkt,bs lbl vfcinf,ib5
    

 ,f rbltw 2 se hectsc cfv-
fvbnjvfw fhbc7 hjv fii-bc [tlhj lf[vfht,fc fqvje-
[tkbceakt,f ufyufibc pf- xtyc7 fvbcfsdbc htfkehb af-
ht,c fhbc[t,c 2 xbytsb he- cbc uflf[lf vjeotdcj=
ctsbcfsdbc cfv[tlhj lf[vf- ufhlf fvbcf7 hjwf xbytsb
ht,bc ufotdfcf lf ktnfke- erhfbyfib vbvlbyfht jvbc
hb bfhfqbc vbojlt,fc utu- rjyntmcnib uffmnbehlf7 xb-
vfdcj=  ytsbc ghtpbltynbc vsfdfhb
vhxtdtkb ecfahs[jt,bc cf- vhxtdtkb  vjcrjdib xf-
rbs[t,ib   dblf lf genbysfy thsfl xb-
gtrbybc vbcfvfhsbs bvemht- yeh-hecekb ehsbthsj,t-
,bc ufqhvfdt,fpt fkfgfhfrlf7
fvthbrbc itthst,ekvf inf-
nt,vf evfk uff[vbfyf f[fkb
,hfklt,f jabwbfkehb gtrb-
ybc vbvfhs8 rth’jl7 fvf okbc
! vfhnc fii-bc ufvj’bt,bc
atlthfkehb ,behjc lb-
htmnjhvf 
 ufyfw[flf7 hjv rjhjyfdb-
hecbc f[fkb infvb 2 rjdbl-
!)7 hjvtkbw cfvb okbc ob-
yfs vstk vcjakbjc gfylt-
vbehfl vjtlj7 cfdfhfeljl7
xbytsbc vsfdhj,bc vbth rjy-
nhjkbht,fl kf,jhfnjhb-
fib b.j itmvybkb8
hfqf ,tdhb ufdfuh’tkjs7
cfyfv cfmfhsdtkj z rkfcbc
gjkbnbrjcsf ljqc itcwmt-
hbc7 dbsfhwf eafcj cfyf[f-
j,fc7 vcjakbj f[fkb7 che-
kbfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb lf cf[b-
afsj htfkj,bc obyfit lut-
,f7 hfw ecfsejl bmjybt,c
ufdktyfc mfhsekb cf[tkvob-
ajc ,tlcf lf vjvfdfkpt=
vcjakbjc f[kt,ehb uflf-
yfobkt,bcf lf cfthsfijhb-
cj otchbubc ajhvbht,bc
ghjwtcib cfmfhsdtkjv fhfv-
[jkjl ghjuhfvf vbybvevbc
itchekt,f7 fye vidblj,bcf
lf cnf,bkehj,bc ityfhxe-
yt,f eylf it’kjc7 fhfvtl vfm-
cbvfkehb cfhut,tkb vbbqjc7
hfw7 vfufkbsfl7 nthbnjhb-
ekb vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc
res[bs vybidytkjdfyb yf,b-
]t,bc uflfluvfib itb’kt,f7
ufvjb[fnjc=
fvbnjvfw7 cfmfhsdtkjc [t-
kbceakt,fv z rkfcbc gjkb-
nbrjct,sfy ufesfdt,tkb
rbyrkfj,bcf lf 
 vjuthbt,bc yfwd-
kfl7 vstkb sfdbcb lhj lf
htcehcb bvfpt eylf lf[fh]jc7
hjv mdt.fyf f[fkb utjgjkb-
nbrehb mfhnt[bkblfy fhfv-
[jkjl uflfhxtybkb7 fhfvtl
uf’kbtht,ekb ufvjb.dfyjc=













 



 vtuhek tyfib7 hjvtkibw
thsfcjbfyb cbn.dt,b vhfdkfl
ud[dlt,f7 z yfokfdc ybiyfdc8 lft7
z rkfcbc mfhsdtk gjkbnbrjct,c
thsvfytssfy 'b’ubkfj,fib
 
vjcdkbfs7 vsfdfhbf7 cfmfhsdtkj fh
ufb[kfhsjc utjgjkbnbreh
f,kf,elfib7 hjvtkbw lqtc
bmcjdt,f7 vfs ijhbc7 thsfcjbfyb
udfhbc vmjyt xbytkb gfhnveifrbc 2
 vjyfobktj,bs=




ueiby7 pecnfl *_ okbc obyfs7 
reywtdjc cfvsfdhj,j fufhfrpt7 jabwbfkehb dthcbbs7
@!5%_ cffspt7 lqtvlt ufehrdtdtk dbsfht,fib fqtchekf
ghjktnfhbfnbc lblb ,tkflb lf sdfkeodltytkb
cf,zjsf bvgthbbc vtcf’bhrdkt7 afibpvbc lfvcfvfht,tkb7

 ufhlfwdfkt,bs lf-
bo.j rjveybcnehb bvgthbbc yuht-
df7 hjvtkbw !))! okbc ltrtv,thib
cf,jkjjl ,tkjdt;bc [tkitrhe-
kt,bs lfcheklf7 hjwf 

 [tkb vjf-
othtc cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikfc lf
lfvjerblt,tk cf[tkvobajsf sfyf-
vtuj,hj,bc itmvyfc8
se % vfhnb thsb bvgthbbc ufh-
lfwdfkt,bc lfcfo.bcbf7 bubdt lqt
egbhj,jl eylf vbdbxybjs vtjht
ptv’kfdhb lf r,bkt,fvlt itbfhf-
qt,ekb bvgthbbc lfae’yt,bc sf-
hbqfl8 rth’jl7 
   
 uthvf-
ybfib ufvfhsek hfb[cnfubc fhxtd-
yt,ib7 afmnj,hbdfl7 vj[lf abeht-
hbc rjhjyfwbf7 hjwf fljka /bn-
kthbc uthvfybbc veifsf yfwbjyfk-
cjwbfkbcnehvf gfhnbfv [vfsf $#7)
ghjwtynb vbbqj lf !* vbkbjy @**
fsfc !(_-vf uthvfytkvf afibcnt,c
lfezbhf v[fhb8 fv fhxtdyt,bs uthvf-
ybbc gfhkfvtynib @(( flubkb lf-
bcfreshf fljka /bnkthvf7 hjvt-
kbw !)## okbc #_ bfydfhc ghtpb-
ltyn  .j-
dtkudfhb fhxtdyt,bc ufhtit erdt bct-
lfw lfybiyekb /.fdlf uthvfybbc
rfywkthfl lf sfy evlblhtcb vfu-
yfnt,bc 2   lf
 obyfit vbcsdbc gbhj,fw
/mjylf xfvjhsvtekb 2 [tkbcea-
kt,fib vjcdkbc itvs[dtdfib uthvf-
ybfib rjveybcnt,bc gfhgfic fqdr-
dtsj= fhflf7 wyj,bkbf7 hjv 
 cf,zjsf rfdib-
hb cojhtl uthvfytkt,bc bvtlfl
itmvytc= rth’jl7 uthvfytkb rjveybc-
nt,b fsfifyubfy dfkjlbfcfw lf ;b-
ljvfcjy ktb,fcfw fhoveyt,lyty7
hjv7 se ,fdfhbbc cf,zjsf htcge,-
kbrbc gjkbnbrehb o.j,f vstk
uthvfybfpt ufdhwtklt,jlf7 vfiby
rjveybcnehb uthvfybf fewbkt,-
kfl ufotdhbfylt,jlf cf,zjsf rfd-
ibhib7 hfw bvbc ufhfynbf bmyt,j-
lf7 hjv bfab lf fvjeoehfdb hece-
kb ytlktekbs epheydtk.jabkb
uthvfyekb vhtodtkj,f vstk vcja-
kbjpt uf,fnjylt,jlf lf lfxmfh-
lt,jlf vcjakbj ghjktnfhekb
htdjkewbf7 hfw ktybybcf lf ufy-
cfresht,bs7 ktb,f ,hjyintby-
nhjwrbc fdflv.jaehfl frdbfnt,e-
kb bltf-abmcb uf[klfs=
vjrktl7 ueibyltkb lqt 2 %
vfhnb cnfkbybc cbrdlbkbcf lf
/bnkthbc ptj,bc lqtf8 cojhtl
!)## okbc % vfhnc vjbgjdf abe-
hthvf htfkehb 'fkfeakt,f7 hj-
wf ghtpbltyn 
 thsfl rjfkbwbf itrhf
lf rjveybcnt,c bctsb ]j]j[tsb
vjeo.j7 hjv !)## okbc !$ bdkb-
cbc vlujvfhtj,bs7 uthvfybfib th-
sflthsb ktufkehb gjkbnbre-
hb 'fkf v[jkjl 
 b.j=
bcnjhbf flfcneht,c7 hjv .dtkf
lblb vvfhsdtkb lf lbmnfnjhb 'f-
kfeakt,bc [tkib xfult,fcf lf gj-
kbnbrehb vnht,bc ufyflueht,fc
lff[kjt,bs thsb lf bvfdt vtsjlbs
wlbkj,c8 vfufkbsfl7 !)## okbc
@* st,thdkbc qfvtc cojhtl fct
vj[lf ,thkbyib7 hjwf /bnkthbc

cfblevkj ,h’fyt,bs7 uthvfybbc
hfb[cnfubc ityj,fib [fy’fhb uff-
1953
1933





xbytc lf vtht tc .dtkfathb rj-
veybcnt,c lff,hfktc= uthvfytkvf
cfvfhsfklfvwfdt,vf fkvjlt,ek it-
yj,fib vfhskfw bgjdtc /jkfylb-
tkb rjveybcnb7 dbyvt 
 hjvtkbw cfcfvfhskj
ghjwtct,pt yfhrjnbrt,bs bct /.fd-
lfs ufz.tgbkb lf 3lfveifdt,ekb47
f[fkufphlf rfwb ljh,kc dth brf-
dt,lf8
!)*# okbc ) vfbcc s,bkbcbc jgt-
hbc stfnhib ufxtybk [fy’fhc7 hjv-
kbc erfyfw7 cfdfhfeljl7 

 


 
 
 bluf7 elbltcb vjwtr-
dfdbc 2 df[nfyu zf,erbfybc rfhb-
thekb ufyflueht,f lf mfhsekb cf-
[tkjdyt,j tkbnbc 3vjsdbybtht,f4
vj/.df8 fvbthblfy .dtkf uf[lf itdfh-
lyf’bc vjyf lf vt[jn,t7 hfw tle-
fhl fv,hjcjdbxvf vstkb sfdbcb [fy-
uh’kbdb7 vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc
lfvfyuhtdtkb gjkbnbrehb rfhbt-
hbc ufyvfdkj,fib mdt.ybc byntht-
ct,bc obyffqvltu lf cfresfhb by-
nthtct,bc lfcfrvf.jabkt,kfl fhf-
ths[tk ofhvfnt,bs ufvjb.tyf=
/bnkthvfw7 itdfhlyf’bc vcufd-
cfl7 hfb[cnfubc [fy’hbc itvltu7
vstkb uthvfybbc cfpjufljt,hbd-
gjkbnbrehb lf reknehekb
tkbnf lfbvjyf8 dbyw uthvfybfib
lfhxf7 uf[lf abehthbc gbhbcaf-
htib7 [jkj7 dbyw uffcohj7 lfbo.j
,h’jkf lf lftkjlf !)$% okbc
ufpfa[ekc8
cfbcnjhbj ,tlbcothbs se e,-
hfkj lfvs[dtdbs7 cojhtl !)!*
okbc @* st,thdfkc batsmf [fy-
’fhvf gtnhjuhflibw7 hjwf sdf-

keodltytkb hectsbc bvgthbbc
ltlfmfkfmib itbfhfqt,ekb lfgb-
hbcgbht,f lfbo.j lf [tkvobat-
bvgthfnjhb  
nf[nblfy uflffultc=
hfb[cnfubc [fy’fhc vj/.df /bnkt-
hbc gjkbnbrehb fqvfcdkf lf af-
ibcnehb vj’hfj,bc uf’kbtht,f
pecnfl bct7 hjujhw yf’bhfkf cf-
frfidbkbcf lf ptktycrbc vbth fnt-
[bk jvt,c 2 vfsb lfvgfkb ht;bvt-
,bc ufv.fht,f lf ufaehxmdyf8 
    
   


   
   [j-
kj ,jhjnvf vfc[fhfv 2 
 mdt.fyfib .dtkf jgjpbwbehb
gfhnbf frh’fkf lf hects-erhfbybc
jvpt cbvfhskbc kfgfhfrb7 afmnj,-
hbdfl7 cf[tkvobaj qfkfnfl ufvj-
fw[flf8
cojhtl fct7 hfb[cnfubc [fy’hbc
itvltu abehthb vstkb mdt.ybc vfc-
inf,bs rjveybcnt,c lfthbf lf7 afm-
nj,hbdfl7 jgjpbwbf vjcgj8 lff[-
kjt,bs bubdt cwtyfhb ufsfvfilf
cf,zjsf rfdibhibw7 hjwf !)#$ ok-
bc ! ltrtv,thc ktybyuhflbc cfjk-
mj rjvbntnbc ityj,fib .jabs yb-
flfupt vjv[lfhb cf,tlbcothj ufc-
hjkf lf  vrdkt-
kj,f cnfkbyvf sfdbc cfcfhut,kjl
ufvjb.tyf lf mdt.fyfib bc htghtcbt-
,b lfbo.j7 hjvkbc ufhtitw7 vcja-
kbjib fqbfht,ekb .dtkf cthbjpe-
kb vrdktdfhbcf lf bcnjhbrjcbc
itafct,bs7 cf,zjsf rfdibhb vtjht
vcjakbj jvib dthfdbsfh ofhvfnt-
,fc dth vbfqotdlf=
itcf’kjf7 ,tdhvf fh bwbc7 hjv
 hj-
vtkbw cf.dfhkbc mvfhvf tzdbfyj-
,bc ybflfupt vjrkf7 cbyfvldbkt-
ib udfhfl  b.j lf
!)@_ okbc @) vfbcc cf,zjsf he-
ctsbc chekeakt,bfy ofhvjvfl-
utykfl lfbybiyf cfmfhsdtkjc
ltvjrhfnbek htcge,kbrfib8 tc
bc rbhjdbf7 hjvtkbw uflfudfht,ek
cthuj jh]jybrb’tcsfy thsfl7 !)@!
okbc bfydfhib lfe.jdyt,kbd bs-
[jdlf cfmfhsdtkjc jregfwbfcf lf
mdt.ybc ufobskt,fc8
c[dfsfijhbc7 
bctdt7 hjujhw 
vcjakbjc .dtkf lhjbc elbltcb
vvfhsdtkt,bcufy thsb hfv ufyfc[-
dfdt,s 2 fhwthsb vfqfk cjwbf-
keh atyfc fh tresdyjlf lf cf-
vbdt kblthb [fk[bc obfqblfy b.j
ufvjcekb= /bnkthcf lf yfgjktjy-
pt hjv fhfathb dsmdfs7 !)_* otkc
cnfkbyc bvbc aekbw rb fh /mjy-
lf7 ,fmjc hrbybupbc cfluehib cf.-
dfhtkb vteqkbcsdbc nbabc uf-
vjvodtdb ,fmnthbf cfkvjytkfsb
lf,by’eht,ekb o.fkb fh t.blf8
hjujhw vrdktdfhsf evtntcj,f df-
hfelj,c7 cnfkbybc gbhdtkb lf erf-
yfcrytkb cb.dfhekbc cbwjw[kt
cojhtl bv o.fkvf itbobhf8
fhw /bnkthc7 fhw cnfkbyc lf
fhw yfgjktjyc gbhflb rjvajhnb
w[jdht,bc cfphbcfl fh ufe[lbfs=
cfvfubthjl7 jhvf ]b,bc /bnkthvf
2  bv-
ltyb vjb[dtztc lf zfvtc7 thsbc vbth
uflfvfkekb vbkbfhlt,bcf lf fvt-
hbrfcf se tdhjgfib yf.blb chf-cf[-
kt,bc itcf[t, .jdtkrdbhtekfl
f[fk-f[fk fv,t,c dut,ekj,s7 [jkj
vtjhtv erdt bvltyb bfhfqb 3uffce[f-
hf47 fvthbrbc rjyuhtcib rjvbcbf itm-
vytc lf erhfbybcsdbc ufvjupfdyb-
kb cfv[tlhj lf[vfht,bc lfybiye-
kt,bcfvt,h ufvj.tyt,fc cfufyut,jl
cofdkj,ty=
cnfkbyc7 hjvtkbw hectsbc
[tkv’qdfytkj,fv fh lffafcf lf
vbc cfakfdc yfufdb vbf.fhf7 /bn-
kthb lblfl fafct,lf lf qbhct-
ek vjobyffqvltutl vbbxytdlf888
c[dfsfijhbc7 sfdbc v[hbd7 cnfkb-
yb 3lbl flfvbfyc4 eojlt,lf ve-
cjkbybc8
/bnkthbc gjkbnbrehb rjhjyf-
wbblfy cnfkbybc vrdktkj,fvlt @_
okbc cfdfkbf888
@_ otkb udfijht,c 3dfhlt,bc
htdjkewbfcfw47 hjvtkcfw ths
lhjc nhbevafnjhb cffrfidbkb
ufw[flt,ekb cbub;bc pqdfhpt [dlt-
,f 2 nhecbrbs7 rbnhbs7 atrfkbt-
,bcufy lfvpflt,ekb 3,ehst,bs4 lf
ubekb fkfcfybfc vbth vjvpflt-
,ekb cnfabkjbfyb oevgbs=
 15

ghjatcjhb 

cnfkbybc lfrh’fkdbc
lqtc fqothc lf
cfufyut,jl fw[flt,c7
hjv cnfkbybc
vrdktkj,bc itcf[t,
chekb lf j,btmnehb
cehfsbc itmvyf
vjvfdkbc cfmvtf5
2 bc afmnb7 hjv cnfkb-
ybc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu 'f-
kbfy vfkt7 ufehrdtdtk dbsf-
ht,fib ufhlfbwdfkf ,tkflbc
gbhflb lfwdbc cfvcf[ehbc
eahjcb 
 lf ufmhf vjvdktkb mfkb
  vhfd-
kbcvsmvtkbf8 [hecnfkbjdb
bc rfwbf7 hjvtkvfw7 ufdhwt-
kt,ekb byajhvfwbbs7 !)%#
okbc ! vfhnc reywtdjc fuf-
hfrbc vwbht cfcflbkj jsf[-
ib bfnfrpt lfult,ekb cnf-
kbyb yf[f8 vstkb !@ cffsbc
vfy'bkpt bub dth ,tlfdlf cnf-
kbysfy it[t,fc lf ufyufibc
ufvjw[flt,fc7 [jkj7 hjwf vb-
bqj uflfo.dtnbkt,f7 hfqfw
vjtvjmvtlt,byf7 tmbvt,c rb fh
lfehtrf7 sfdpfhlfvwtvb fv,f-
db gjkbn,behjc otdht,c fv-
wyj8 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7
  yfwd-
kfl cnfkbybc gbhflb lfw-
dbc eahjcb 
 hjv .jabkb.j7 cnfkb-
yb !)%# okbc vfhnib fh vj-
rdlt,jlf8
2 hf uf’ktds fvbc smvbc
cfae’dtkc0
2 fvfc vfkfgfhfrt,c 
 ghjatcbjyfkbpvb lf
cnfkbybcflvb thsuekt,f8
fvfcsfyfdt7 hjwf dbyvtc bwfd7
tmcnhtvfkeh cbnefwbfib
dfklt,ekb [fh7 lfbdbo.j cb-
vjhw[dt7 vjhblt,f7 [fshb7
seylfw phlbkj,f lf bphe-
yj lfcfwfdb j,bmnbc uflf-
cfhxtyfl8 lt,ekt,bc sfyf[-
vfl7 
   
 dfklt,ekb b.dyty7 cnf-
kbybc vfmcbvfkehfl lbcnfy-
wbht,f vjt[lbyfs bv gbht-
,bcufy7 hjvkt,bw hfyubht-
,bs ,tkflsfy .dtkfpt f[kjc
bluyty8 egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7
tc t[t,jlf 
 fhflf7 bv cf,tlbcothj
lqtt,ib cnfkbybc gbhflb
lfwdbc cfvcf[ehbc vjmvtlt,f
dthfyfbh rhbnbrfc dth e’-
kt,c= c[dfsfijhbc7 cnfkb-
ybc vrdktkj,blfy cek hfv-
ltybvt lqtib7 !)%# okbc !$
vfhnc7 ufehrdtdtk dbsfht,f-
ib ufhlfbwdfkf rjveybcne-
hb xt[jckjdfrbbc kblthb
 ths-
thsb dthcbbs7 vfy reywtdjc
fufhfrpt7 cflfw c[dt,sfy th-
sfl bv.jat,jlf7 sfdbcb w[-
dbhcf[jwjs cnfkbyc bc le-
;b vjovbylf7 hjvtkbw vjvfr-
2 82
CDBVJY VFC[FHFIDBKB5








dlfdc gbhblfy uflvjclbjlf8
 tc w[dbhcf[jwb
lfrtwf lf ]b,tib xfblj7 hfw
cfrvfhbcb uf[lf bvbcfsdbc7
hjv ,tkflbc lfrh’fkdblfy
vt[est lqtc vjekjlytkfl
ufhlfwdkbkb.j=
2 ujndfklsfy lfrfdib-
ht,ekb tc bcnjhbf dthcbff
se lflfcneht,ekb afm-
nb0
2 afmnbf7 hjv 
 cnfkbybc ,eyt,-
hbd cbrdlbkc tzdbc sdfkbs
e.eht,lf lf fh vfkfdlf7 hjv
,tkflb vjrktc= bubdt tzdt,b
/mjylf 
2 fvbnjv fh xfvjdblf cnf-
kbybc lfrh’fkdfpt0
2 rjveybcnehb xbytsbc
kblthbc fphbs7 ,tkflb vjr-
ktc= vfjv cnfkbybc lfrh’fk-
dfpt ufvjupfdyf sfdbcb vfh]-
dtyf [tkb7 xbytsbc cfufhtj
cfmvtsf vbybcnhb  
 vtjht vbptpb7 hbc uf-
vjw   cnfkbybc
lfrh’fkdfpt fh xfvjdblf7 vb-
cb fv,bwbf b.j 2 bub .jdtk-
sdbc abmhj,lf7 hjv cnfkb-
ybc itvltu vcjakbj rjveybc-
nehb vj’hfj,bc kblthb
*__-vbkbjybfyb xbytsbc vfvf
eylf .jabkb.j8 

 
  
  



  
  
 vjudbfyt,bs xbytscf lf
cf,zjsf rfdibhc ijhbc dbsf-
ht,f erblehtcfl lfb’f,f8
fmdt bvfcfw dbn.db7 hjv 
 sfdbcb hfy-
ublfy ufvjvlbyfht7 ,tkflc
vjcfrkfdfl dth vbef[kjdlt-
,jlf7 vfuhfv vfy uflfvo.dtnb
lf elbltcb hjkb itfchekf
hjujhw ,tkflbc vjhfkeh
lf gjkbnbreh vrdktkj,f-
ib7 bct vcjakbj rjveybcne-
hb vj’hfj,bc lfyuhtdf-lbc-
rhtlbnfwbfib=
2 vfi7 dby vjrkf cnfkb-
yb7 ubjhub vfktyrjdvf0
2  
sfdbcb cnfnecblfy ufvjvlb-
yfht7 'fkbfy ,tdhb welbc uf-





rtst,f itt’kj7 vfuhfv vfc fh
/mjylf bvbc ufmfyt,f7 cf[tk-
vobaj sfdbc sfdpt vjthuj8
bc fh b.j kblthb7 vfuhfv
b.j rfhub itvchekt,tkb8
kblthb hjv fh b.j7 evfk
ufvjxylf7 hflufy !)%# okbc
ctmntv,thib 'fkfeakt,f
ufeyf[tdhlf7 [jkj !)%%
okbc lfcfo.bcib 
 [fdthljdfyb uf-
lfnhbfkt,f vjeo.j lf 'f-
kfeakt,f vskbfyfl lff-
rfhudbyf8
cnfkbybc ufhlfwdfkt,bc


2023 wlis 6 marti 114 (1
(182
vjvtynib .dtkfpt eahj lf-
,jqvbkb lf xfcfaht,ekb 
  b.j7 hjvt-
kbw !)%@ okbc % jmnjv,thc
,tkflvf f[kflitmvybk @%-rf-
wbfy ghtpblbevib itb.dfyf8
 bsdkt,jlf bv cat-
hjc fcfl7 hjvtkibw cbyfvl-
dbktib 'fkbfy welfl thrdt-
jlf= vjut[ctyt,fs7 ceckjdb
cf,zjsf rfdibhib bltjkjub-
bc ahjync e'qdt,jlf lf ]b-
,tt,b ufvjntybkb /mjylf
 ,kjryjnt,bs7 hjvkt,bw
 c[dflfc[df vjfphjdytt,bc uf-
vjyfsmdfvt,bsf lf wbnfnt-
,bs b.j cfdct8 ceckjdb b.j
fcrtnehb gbhjdyt,f7 hjvtk-
vfw vjf[th[f7 sdbs cnfkbybc-
sdbcfw rb itt.fhf sdfkib yf-
wfhb lf ,tkflbc cbwjw[kt-
ibdt bltjkjubehb vbvfhse-
kt,bc ufy.jabkt,bc ufvut
uf[lf8 fvfcsfy7 ceckjdb uf[-
klfs 'fkbfy vpfrdfhb gb-
hjdyt,f bctdt7 hjujhw 










82))




bhrdtdf7 hjv bv fhtekj-
,t,bc vsfdfhb fdnjhb7 hjvt-
kbw cnfkbybc cbrdlbkbc
itvltu uthvfybfib lfbo.j7
cojhtl  
b.j=
2 fvbs hbcb smvf ucehs0
2 bv afmnbs7 hjv cnfkb-
ybc ufcdtyt,fib ofhvjmvybkb
z.ktnbc itltufl cbyfvldb-
ktib !@^ rb fhf7 lff[kjt,bs
fsfcfvlt flfvbfyb lfbqegf7
 .ehflqt-
,f dth vjfleytc7 vfuhfv 

 !)%# okbc bdybc-
ib ,thkbyib ufvjbodbtc fht-
ekj,t,b7 hbc ufvjw vjcrj-
dblfy uthvfybfib cfcohfajl
ufahbylf kfdhtynb ,thbf8
fb7 fm vjleylf vbcb .ehflqt-
,f lf !)%# okbc @^ bdybcc
,thbf fy cfresfh cf[kib lf[-
dhbntc fylf uthvfybblfy xf-
vjcekb sdbsvahbyfdbc
nhfgpt lffgfnbvhtc= c[df-
sfijhbc7 !)%# okbc % vfhnc7
cnfkbybc cbrdlbkfvlt hfv-
ltybvt cffsbs flht7 rhtvk-
ib ufvfhsek cfcohfaj sfs-
,bhpt cojhtl ,thbfcsdbc it-
bmvyf vbybcnhsf cf,zjc sfd-
v]ljvfhbc vjflubkbc thsf-
lthsb sfyfvlt,j,f9 ,thbfc
bybwbfnbdbs vbybcnhsf cf,-
zjc sfdv]ljvfht uf[lf 
 lf thsflthsb wt-
rfc vlbdfyb7 hjvtkcfw sfyfv-
lt,j,f iteyfhxeytc7 b.j

2 hjujh bmwtjlyty cnf-
kbybc lfrh’fkdbc lqtc vb-
cb idbkt,b 2 dfcbkb lf
cdtnkfyf0
2 dfcbkb zbhbceafksf
obyf hbuib fh .jabkf7 hfl-
ufy lflfcneht,bs itb’kt,f
bvbc smvf7 hjv reywtdjc fuf-
hfrblfy vj.jkt,ekb7 cflfw
eujyj vlujvfhtj,fib v.jab
vfvf yf[f7 cbwjw[kbc erfyfc-
rytk oesfvlt fvnrbwt,lf7
hjv cnfkbyb vjrktc= coj-
htl tc b.j vbptpb7 hjv vfvbc
ufhlfwdfkt,blfy wjnf [fy-
ib dfcbkb lffgfnbvhtc888 hfw
itt[t,f  bc cnf-
kbybc re,jcsfy bluf7 cfv’b-
vfhcfw bqt,lf lf wlbkj,-
lf7 cbnefwbfc vjhut,jlf8
cfvoe[fhjl lf cfe,tlehjl7
cdtnkfyf7 hjvtkbw cnfkbyc
ufvjhxtekfl e.dfhlf7 vfvbc
vrdktkt,bc udthlbs lfluf
lf pytj,hbd rjvghjvbcpt of-
dblf8 dfcbkbcufy ufyc[dfdt-
,bs7 vfc [vf fh fvjeqbf lf
,tkflbc etwfhb cbrdlbkb fh
ufeghjntcnt,bf8 fhflf7 .dt-
kfpt vtnb cfkfgfhfrj vfc
/mjylf=
2 hfc uekbc[vj,s0
2 ths-thsb dthcbbs7
!)%# okbc ! vfhnc cdtnkf-
yf vfvfv ,fdidt,sfy thsfl
reywtdjc fufhfrpt lfgfnb;f8
! vfhnc cdtnkfyf vfvfc eht-
2023 wlis 6 marti 114 (1
82
82))
(182
vfkt uflfnhbfkt,f vjf[lbyf
lf 'fkfeakt,f [tkib fbqj=
3ths-thsb vsfdfhb sfyfvtlhjdt hecb bcnjhbrj-
ct,b 2 
othty lf fvnrbwt,ty7 hjv uth-
vbptpb7 hbc vfybfib fynbcf,zjsf ufvjcd-
kt,bc jhufybpt,f 
ufvjw cnfkbybc  cnfkbybc ufh-
lfwdfkt,bcsfyfdt lfbo.j8
ufcdtyt,fib 2 cfreshbd cnfkbybc
lfrh’fkdbc wthtvjybfkb
hjujh lf hf ufyhbubs xf-
vfj 'tleyb nfhlf0
2 !)%# okbc ) vfhnc7 lb-
kbc * cffsblfy erdt ufrtslf
fh xfvjdblf7 lfwdbc ]fzdb bv upbc ufcod-
hbd7 hjvtkbw rfdibht,bc cf-
bc uf[klfs7 hjv cf[kblfy ufvjcdtyt,bc lhjc
cnfkbybc w[tlfhc vfdpjkt-
evfvlt eylf uftdkj8 ( cffs-
rjveybcnehb xbytsbc pt obstk vjtlfypt erdt
vjo.j,bkb b.j $$__ ]fhbc-
kblthbc fphbs7  rfwb cfcekt jhrtcnhbsf lf
 cfgfnbj tcrjhnbs8 ) cffspt
lff[kjt,bs !@ fsfcb vihj-
,tkflb vjrktc=4 vtkb obstk vjtlfypt erdt
bluf7 [jkj vfdpjktevbc sfd-
pt jhb cf[tkb tothf 2
 htghj-

lemnjhblfy bcvjlf cfvukj-
 dbfhj vecbrf lf ktutylfhe-
 kb  [vf 2

3kfgfhfrj,c vjcrjdb7 rfdib-
ht,bc cfcf[kbc cdtnt,bfyb
lfh,fpb8884 !_5!% cffspt 


   

  

  

   
 cnfkbybc
re,jc iteluyty7 hjvtkbw cb-
yfvldbktib ]fyvfufh jabw-

ht,c tzbhfs lf ytkb cdkbs
lfb’hyty ufcfcdktkbcrty8

!_5@# cffspt re,j cfv[tlhj
kfatnpt lfltc8 fct lfb’hf
ghjwtcbf vfdpjktevbcrty8
ghjwtcbfc vbfwbkt,lf erd-
lfdb /fyut,b 2 ijgtybc vtj-
rfdlf7 vfuhfv vstkb lqbc ht cjyfnbc 2 3cb-,tvjk vb-
ufyvfdkj,fib cnfkbyc .eh-  yjhbc4 vecbrf8
vbkb fh feqbf888 fvbc ufvj

2 cnfkbybc jhltyt,b lf
cdtnkfyfc fhfdbsfhb ghj-

vtlkt,b dbc vj/mjylf0
2 wyj,bkbf7 hjv vfhikt,-
ntcnb fh ufvjesmdfvc lf fh
cf lf utythkt,c fnkfcbc ,f-

erbs[fdc 2 ! vfhnc fufhfrpt
hf [lt,jlf7 .ehvbkb dbyvtv kbit,bs vj/mjylfs cnfkb-

ybc jhltyt,b lf vtlkt,b8 vf-
hfnjv fh fbqj7 vfvfxtvb hfc
ufkbsfl7  vj/mjylf

frtst,lfj0 cdtnkfyf [tbhbc
vfhikbc dfhcrdkfdb9 
mfkb b.j lf vstkb w[jdht,f
fct bw[jdhf888 
  
2 3ufvfh]dt,bc4 jhltyt,b9

2 !)%# okbc ) vfhnc7
  
 2 ktybybc cf-

cnfkbybc lfrh’fkdbc lqtc7
dby bmwtjlf .dtkfpt cftz- vb jhltyb9 
djl0    2
2 cnfkbybc lfrh’fkdbc obstkb lhjibc cfvb jhlt-
lqtc rhtvkib .dtkfpt vpfrd- yb7 [jkj fhvbbc utythfk 
hekfl bmwtjlf bc7 dbyw cek  2 cedjhjdbc gbhdt-
kb [fhbc[bc jhltyb8 vtlkt-
,b vj/mjylfs 2 dbwt-flvb-
hfk  vfhifk 


 re,jc
 erfy vb/.dt,jlyty ghtpblbe-
 vbc otdht,b7 itltu cnfkbybc

 j]f[bc otdht,b7 [jkj itvltu
wtrfc otdht,b7 otdhj,bc rfy-
 lblfnt,b7 evfqktcb cf,zjc
ltgenfnt,b7 vtuj,fhb mdt.yt-
,bc rjvgfhnbbc otdht,b lf cf-
gfnbj cfv[tlhj tcrjhnb8
!_5$% cffspt cnfkbybc re-
,j cfv[tlhj kfatnblfy ufl-
vjlutc lf vfdpjktevbc oby7
obstk gjcnfvtynpt lflutc8

lfbo.j cfvukjdbfhj vbnby-
ub8 ,tlbc bhjybbs7 cnfkbybc

lfvrh’fkfdb rjvbcbbc sfdv]-
ljvfht  

b.j=

pecnfl !@ cffspt rhtvkbc
sfdpt ufeidtc cffhnbkthbj
cfkent,b7 [jkj cfvukjdbf-
hj vecbrbc ajypt fh o.lt-
,jlf vjcrjdbc af,hbrf-mfh[-
yt,bcf lf cfofhvj-lfotct,e-
kt,fsf cf.dbht,bc [vf8 fvbc
itvltu vstkb cf,zjsf rfdib-
hbc vfcinf,bs xfvjluf vlevf-
;erjdb ybyf ututzrjhc ht,bc % oesb8 !@5!_ cffspt
vfdpjktevbc oby xfbfhf ]fh-
vf7 [jkj obstkb vjtlybc sfd-
fn.j,byt,lf7 hjv ,thbfc pt vo.j,hfl uflfbahbytc cfv-
[tlhj sdbsvahbyfdt,vf8
vjrdkfc egbht,lyty lf
tcfe,hf
 
 ahs[bkfl .jabkb.j=4 ufuh’tkt,f
bmyt,f
3







bcnjhbrjcsf evhfdkt-
cj,bc fphbs7 
vsfdfhb itwljvf uf-
[klfs !)#) otkc cchr-
cf lf uthvfybfc ijhbc lf-
lt,ekb sfdlfec[vtkj-
,bc gfmnbc lfehqdtdkj-
,bc hovtyf7 
jvbcsdbc vjevpflt,kj-
,f7 jvbc lfcfo.bcib cfv-
[tlhj jgthfwbt,bc e[t-
bhj [tkv’qdfytkj,f7 hbc
itltuflfw uthvfytkt,vf
vjcrjdfvlt lf cnfkbyu-
hflfvlt vbfqobtc8
xdtyb fphbs7 tc cojhb
fh fhbc8  vfhs-
kfw lfhoveyt,ekb b.j7
hjv uthvfybf !)$! okbc
pfa[ekib cchr-pt sfdlf-
c[vfc dth uf,tlfdlf7 vfuhfv
fhf sfdlfec[vtkj,bc gfm-
nbcflvb thsuekt,bc ufvj8
 vfiby byukb-
csfy jvj,lf lf 
chekbfl cfae’dkbfyfl
abmhj,lf7 hjv fv jvbc lf-
vsfdht,fvlt bub f[kbc lf-
o.t,fc fh ufhbcrfdlf8 hfw
itt[t,f jvbcfsdbc vjevpf-
lt,kj,fc7 tc 
fhfrtsbkvjcehytsf vbth
uf,emekb vbsbf8 !)$!
okbc bdybcib cchr-bc cf-
v[tlhj ’kbtht,f fhfahbs
xfvjedfhlt,jlf +se fh
ecoht,lf‘ uthvfybbcfc7
[jkj wjw[fkb ’fkbs ,t-
dhfl c]j,yblf vfc8 c[df cf-






 
!)#* okbc !( st,thdfkc
cfresfh ,byfib n.dbbs vj-
bcohfaf cbwjw[kt8 thsb
dthcbbc sfyf[vfl7 vfy tc cf-
,tlbcothj yf,b]b s,bkbcib
sfdbcb ’vbc 2  lf-
gfnbvht,bc ufvj uflfluf8 vt-
jht dthcbbs7 fvbc vbptpb
uf[lf bc7 hjv v’bvt vhtodt-
kj,bc cf[fk[j rjvbcfhbf-
nib7 hjvtkcfw bc [tkv’q-
dfytkj,lf7 ibycf[rjvtkt,vf
3nhjwrbcnt,bc ,elt4 uf-
vjfdkbytc vjflub-
kbc  vtsfehj-
,bs8 fhct,j,c vtcfvt dthcbfw
2  
hjvtkcfw uekbc fcsvbc vo-
dfdt itntdt,b nfy]fdlf7 sfdb
fv ofvt,bcfufy sfdbc lfcfq-
otdfl vjbrkf8 cfdct,bs it-
cf’kt,tkbf7 hjv 
 sdbsvrdktkj,fvlt cf-
vbdt afmnjhvf vbb.dfyf8
 eahjcb ’vbc 
 lfgfnbvht,fc 
 ,bjuhfab ybrjkfb
he,byb fct [cybc8 
hjvtkcfw bv lhjc fvbthrf-
drfcbbc hrbybupbc gjkbn-
ufy.jabkt,bc [tkv’qdfyt-
kbc gjcnb trfdf7 eotchbuj
w[jdht,fc totjlf7 ,tdhc cdf-
vlf7 cf]fhjl kfy’qfdlf erf-
yfcrytkb cbn.dt,bs 
 lf sfdbc evwhjc ’vfc8
fv ybflfupt ’vt,c esfy[vjt-
,f /mjylfs8 cfrvfhbcbf
bsmdfc7 hjv s,bkb-
cib xfvjcdkbcfc  ,b-
yfib w[jdhj,lf lf fhf
 fctf se bct7
18 

mvtf7 hjv tc ’fkf lhjekfl
fh bmyf vj,bkbpt,ekb7 hfvfw
jvbc cfo.bc gthbjlib uthvf-
ytksf ofhvfnt,f ufyfgbhj,f8
vfuhfv7 hjujhw wyj,bkbf7
!)$! okbc ltrtv,thib bcb-
yb vjcrjdblfy ufhtrtc7 [jkj
cnfkbyuhflbc itvltu /bn-
kthtksf fhvbf otkib dt-
qfhw ufbvfhsf8
     

bcnjhbrjcb lf cjdtnjkj-
ub 
 sfdbc obuyib 3’fkfeakt-
,bc ntmyjkjubf4 
3’fkfeakt,bc elbltc
jcnfnc4 eojlt,c lf fv,j,c7
hjv vfy fv [tkjdyt,fib bcnj-
hbbcfsdbc wyj,bkb .dtkf vvf-
hsdtkb erfy xfvjbnjdf8 fhf-
lf vsfdfhb7 vt dbn.jlb7 cf,t-
lbcothj itwljvf 
cojhtl tcjlty rfhufl fsdb-
ct,ek [tkjdyt,fib lfeidf8
fvfpt bubdt fdnjh[fyjdb othc
sfdbc erfyfcrytk yfihjvib
3cnfkbybc cbrdlbkbc cfb-
levkj84
  
 
eahjcb ’vbc lfgfnbvht,f 
 vfbyw ’fkbfy bvj-
mvtlt,lf8 vfuhfv fvfib v[jkjl
 fh eylf lfdflfyfife-
kjs8  
+ibyfufy cfmvtsf vfibyltkb cf-
[fk[j rjvbchbc‘ vjs[jdybs
lfgfnbvhtc7 hjvtkvfw tc cf-
rbs[b  itesfy[vf8
f[kf  c[df
yfstcfdt,pt dbcfe,hjs8 pjub-
ths yfihjvcf lf vtvefhib drb-
s[ekj,s7 hjv  mdhb-
dbw rb htghtcbht,ekb b.j8
vfuhfv tc fct fh fhbc8 

 htght-
cbf fh it[t,bf7 bctdt7 hjujhw
vfs yfidbkt,c 2 
+lfb,flf !)@# otkc‘8 
 lf[dhtnbc itvltu vbcb md-
hbdb vfhskfw lffgfnbvhtc lf
uflffcf[ktc8 vfc !_ otkb vb-
tcf]f7 hjujhw [fk[bc vnhbc





3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 cfufvjvwtvkj cf[kb8 dt,-udthlb bynthytnib5 www. asavali.com tk-ajcnf5 mail@asavali.com
wyj,bkbf7 hjv 
+bctdt7 hjujhw .dtkf lbmnf-
njhb‘ gjkbnbrehb kblt-
hj,bc vstkb gthbjlbc ufy-
vfdkj,fib [fyufvjidt,bs
itf]fy]qfht,lf [jkvt 3cf[t-
kbceakj lthtayt,c4 lf
gfhnbekb se cf[tkvobaj
yjvtyrkfnehbc .dtkf titkj-
yib cfrflhj ovtylfc fo.j,lf8
jvbc itvltu vjhb-
ub ovtylf7 eahj cojhfl7 cf-
rflhj htdjkewbf ufybphf-
[f8 vbcb xfyfabmhbs7 3vj[e-
wt,bc4 flubkb [tkbcea-
kt,fib f[fkufphlf rflht,c
eylf lftrfdt,byfs8 sfyfw tc
gjkbn,behjc .dtkf 3vj-
[ew4 otdhc itt[t,jlf 2 
 

 lf f8i8 vbpybc ufycf[j-
hwbtkt,kfl jhb cfdfkfkjl
wyj,bkb cfmvt itbs[pf 2 3vr-
dktkb tmbvt,bc4 lf t8 o8
3vtuhtksf cfmvt48 gbhdtkb
rhtvkbc vtlbrjct,c t[t,jlf7
hjvtksf evhfdktcj,f gj-
kbn,behjc otdhsf gbhflb
tmbvt,b uf[klyty8 vtjht rb 2
bv lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc rg wr-
j]f[bc otdhc8 vfsb js[b idb-
kb ,fdidsf cf[kib fqvjxylf8
pjub vjyfwtvbs7 
  xh-
lbkjts .fpf[tsib7 uflfcf-
[kt,fib ufhlfbwdfkf8 !)#(
otkc htghtcbht,ekb bmyf 
 rbltd thsb ’vf 2 
 vbcb vteqktw uflffcf-
[ktc8 !)$! otkc lffgfnb-
vhtc lf lf[dhbntc vtcfvt ’vf
2  htghtcbht-
,ekb b.j fuhtsdt 
lbcidbkb7 vfrttdjc vtnfke-
hubekb mfh[ybc lbhtmnjhb
  hfw itt-
[t,f smdty vbth lfcf[tkt,ek
wbahc 2 $_ flfvbfyc7 vbcb
fhw efh.jaf itvb’kbf7 fhw
2 lflfcneht,f8 fctsb vjyf-
wtvt,b fh ufvfxybf8 etzdtkbf
v[jkjl7 hjv fv ,jhjnvjmvt-
lt,fsf vskbfyfl 
 uflf,hfkt,f fh
itb’kt,f7 fctsb uf[klfs bv
ekvj,tkb tgjmbc 3sfvf-
ibc otct,b48 cfrvfhbcbf
bsmdfc7 hjv ij-
htek ,fyf-
rt,ib b.-
atbc,emb5 www. facebook.com/Asavali.com ufvjlbc @__# okbc * fghbkblfy8







bc vtjht vlbdybc 
 ]ueac7 hjvtkbw sbsmj-
clf vtmhsfvtj,fc vbcltdlf lf
vtuhek ctgfhfnbpvc mflfut-
,lf8 gbhdtkb cfmvt gjkbn-
,behjc .dtkf 3vj[ewb4 ot-
dhbc obyffqvltu b.j vbvfh-
sekb7 vtjht 2 gbhflfl
 obyffqvltu8 lfgfnbvht-
,ek 3tmbv-vrdktkt,c4 +hj-
vkt,bw dbsjvlf ew[jtsbc
lfpdthdfc tvcf[eht,jlyty`
lf ctgfhfnbcn vtuhtkt,c7
hjvkt,bw jhufyjt,ib 3lf-
fveifdtc47 sfdbfysb vafh-
dtkt,bc obyffqvltu eylf vb-
twfs xdtyt,t,b8 lfyfhxtyb xt-
rbcnehb ntmybrbc cfmvt b.j8
vfuhfv  lf lfyfhxt-
yb 3vj[ewt,b4  xf-
yfabmhc vbe[dlyty8 bcbyb [jv
vbcb vjofatt,b lf vcufdcb cf-
rflhj 3sfvfit,bc4 fctdt uf-
ofaekb jcnfnt,b b.dyty8 lf
fb7 !)%# okbc bfydhbc ,j-
kjc 3ghfdlfv4 ufyfw[flf7
hjv 3tmbvsf cfmvt4 ef[kj-
tc [fyt,ib lfcheklt,f7 s,b-
kbcib lfcfchekc ef[kjd-
lt,f 3vtuhtksf cfmvtw48
dyty ufvotct,ekb cf,zjsf
3ghtpbltynbc4 
 lf 1 @ rjveybcnbc
 wjkt,b8 [f-
k[bc vnht,fl ufvjfw[fltc
 sfyfvjcfuhbc 2
 jhbdt ’vf8
hf smvf eylf7 
 sdbsvrd-
ktkj,f +hfcfw eylf
ufvjtodbf bub‘ 
 cfibytkb lfhn.vf
b.j8 dbohj ohtib vfy fv fm-
nc 3qfkfnb4 eojlf8 it-
cf’kjf7  yfstcfdt-
,bc obyffqvltu htghtcbt,b
ufhrdtekobkfl 
 fv ufyhbc[t,fv ufvjbo-
dbf8 fk,fs7 fvbsdt itb’kt-
,f fb[cyfc mfkfm 
 +f[kfyltkb
dkflbrfdrfpb‘ 

 2  rbltd ths
mfkfm 
 2  [jkj
mfkfm  2 
 lfhmvtdf8 sevwf7
vfufkbsfl7 cfmfhsdtkjib
 rdkfd 
c cf[tkc fnfht,lf8
vbcb cf[tkj,bcf b.j mdt-
.ybc ,tdhb mfkfmbc mext,b7
cfofhvjt,b7 jhufybpfwbt-
,b8 sfdfl cthuj rb cf,zj-
sf [tkbceakt,bc vstk
gthbjlib ths-ths vsfdfh
,jkitdbr ,tkflfl lfhxf8
yfsmdfvc bvfcqf lfdfvf-
nt,s7 hjv 
 lf  gfge-
kbfc lfgfnbvht,fvlt cfe-
w[jj ehsbthsj,f /mjyl-
fs8 ,thbf  velfv
eahjc vtuj,hfl lf lfvhb-
ut,kfl sdkblf lf sfdbc
thsflths df;c cojhtl vbc
gfnbdcfwtvfl lffhmdf 


bvfdt okbc % vfhnc rb 
 vjekjlytkfl byce-
knbs ufhlfbwdfkf8 fdnjh-
[fyjdb lfhoveyt,ekbf7 hjv
,tkflb gjkbn,behjc 3uf-
cfovtylvf4 otdht,vf vjof-
vktc8 ,eyt,hbdbf7 fvbc gbh-
lfgbhb vnrbwt,ekt,f fh fh-
ct,j,c8 vfuhfv  lf-
rh’fkdblfy vwbht [fyib tm-
bvt,c chekb htf,bkbnfwb-
bs fsfdbceakt,ty8 ghtcfib
mdt.ylt,f icc-c rjveybrt7 hj-
vtkbw beo.t,f7 hjv vfs vb-
vfhs 3’bt,bc lfeidt,tkb
vtsjlt,b47 c[dfudfhfl hjv















 ltlf 
  !(%(
otkc lfb,flf cjatk ufv,f-
htekib8 vbcb vfvf .vf ukt-
[b 
b.j8 ltlf7 hjujhw smdty
,h’fyts7 fctdt ukt[b 
 vbcb cf[tkb7 lf-
,flt,bc lf ufhlfwdfkt,bc
okt,b +bctdt7 hjujhw vbcb
mvhbc‘ ewyj,bf8 ltlbc v[hb-
lfy  ,t,bbc mfkbi-
dbkj,bc udfhvf gbhdtkfl fvt-
hbrtkb ;ehyfkbcnbc 
 cnfnbfib ufbt-
kdf7 hjvtkvfw !)#! okbc it-
vjlujvfpt   
 bynthdbe xfvjfhsdf8
!(^$ otkc7 ,fnjy.vj,bc uf-
lfdfhlybc itvltu7 
 j]f[b m8 ujhib uf-
lf,fhulf8 fm !(*^ otkc 
wjkfl
uf/.df vtofqt  
 vfs cfvb df;b t.jkfs
2  lf
 +jhb idbkb gfnfhf-
j,bcfc lftqegfs‘8 t8 ]eqfi-
dbkb !)#* okbc $ bdybcc uf-
hlfbwdfkf8
hfw itt[t,f  
 ltlbc mfkbidbkj-
,bc udfhc7 pjubthsb vjyfwt-
vbs7 bub  b.j8 cf-
[tkb ewyj,bf8 ofhvjij,bs
+fctdt7 cfdfhfeljl‘ cjatk
uthblfy b.j7 cfblfyfw vbcb
vij,kt,b lbl kbkjib uflf-
cf[klyty lf bub bm vw[jdht,
   
 ,f,efpt ufs[j-
dlf8 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib7 fvt-
hbrtkb bcnjhbrjcb  
 sfdbc obuyib 3he-
cekb udfht,b4 fcts vjyfwt-
vt,c udfodlbc bv afmnpt lf.-
hlyj,bs7 hjv 
  udfhbc
,b’fidbkt,b /.fdlf8 fvfcdt
othc sfdbc obuyib 

c[dfsfijhbc7 fv udfhbc

dsmdfs7 ofvt,f ufvjb.tyt,j-
lf8 fsfdbceakt,ty lfgfnb-
vht,ek vtuhtkt,cfw8 [j-
kj ths-thsb vfsufyb +fk-
bjif vbhw[ekfdf‘ 
 yfwdkfl cfmfh-
sdtkjc rg wr-bc gbhdtkb
vlbdybc gjcncfw brfdt,c8
fct gfce[j,c fdnjh[fyj-
db itrbs[dfc 2 hf b.j 
 vsfdfhb itwljvf0
itudb’kbf7 dthoveyjs fy fh
dthoveyjs vfc7 vfuhfv vbc
vbth itvjsfdfpt,ekb dth-
cbf kjubrehbf8
ths-thsb ofhvjvflutytkb
  +lf-
b,flf !)$_ otkc‘ lqtvlt
lbl kbkjib w[jdhj,c8 vfc
cfvb idbkb /.fdc5 ubjhub
+lfb,flf !)^$ otkc‘7 vf-
yfyf +!)^% otkc‘ lf rj,f
+!)*% otkc‘8 yeupfh fh-
cjidbkbc cf[kb pecnfl
bv flubkfc lufc7 cflfw
jltcqfw ]eqfidbksf j]f-
[bc cfudfhtekj cf[kb
bluf8
 utytfkj-
ubehb [bc fut,f vtnbcvtnfl
hsekb fvjwfyff8 cfmvt bc
fhbc7 hjv  +ghj-
ktnfhekb ,tkflt,blfy
thsflthsb‘ vfhskfw ovb-
ylf ghjktnfhekb ofhvj-
ij,bcf uf[klfs8 
it’kt,ekb fldjrfnbc
idbkb b.j7  2
vlblfhb af,hbrfynbc7
 2 yfvldbkb cnf-
ncrb cjdtnybrbc +cfvj-
mfkfmj utythkbc‘8 
 obyfght,b rb jhbdt v[-
hblfy e,hfkj ukt[t,b
b.dyty7 hjvkt,cfw7 hj-
ujhw wyj,bkbf7 cfudfhte-
kj yec[f fh uffxybfs8 fvb-
njv mhjyjkjubehfl sdf-
kbc vbltdyt,f v[jkjl 
 ,f,efvlt
2 
itcf’kt,tkb8 fv flfvbfypt
wjnf hfv fhbc wyj,bkb8
bdfhfelt,f7 hjv bcbw uj-
hbc vfphbc cjatk uthib
lfb,flf8 !(_% otkc ukt-
[sf f]fy.t,fib vjyfobkt-
j,bcfsdbc lffgfnbvhtc lf
nabkbcbc vtnt[bc wb[t-
ib xfcdtc8 jhb df;b
/.fdlf 2  +b8 ,8 cnf-
kbybc ,f,ef‘ lf 
 vbcb ufhlfwdfkt,bc sf-
hbqb ewyj,bf8 v[jkjl bc
dbwbs7 hjv fvbc itvltu vb-
cb idbkt,b uthblfy lbl
kbkjib uflfcf[klyty8
 

vcf[bj,b  2 ,jkj byajhvfwbbs7


gjkjytkb tmbvt,b fgbht,ty
cffrfidbkbc vjyf[ekt,fc888
hjvtkbw cffrfidbkbc 2 cffrfidbkc 'fkbfy rfh-
ht;bvbc ths-thsb ufl vrehyfkj,ty mfhsdtkb
vc[dthgkbf7 vbbxytdc7 tmbvt,b7 fm vfhskf cfzvkbc vb-
qt,f-fhithut,fpt rb fh fhbc
cfe,fhb7 gfnbvfhc ufsfdbce-
hjv lhjf7 cffrfidbkb
cffdflv.jajlfy akt,f lf 'dtkt,ehfl gfhgf-
cfg.hj,bktib ib eylf8 
uflfb.dfyjy7 hflufy     
  
[fk[c erdt fv lfluvek  ufb[ctyjy7 hjujh
cgtmnfrkt,pt u+b`ekb lffcf[bxhtc 
thtdf5  hjvtkbw cf,jkjjl
itbobhtc8 'fkbfy rfhufl udf[-
2 @_!! okbc @^ vfbcc cff- cjdc7 hjujht,b b.dyty cffrfi-
rfidbkbc ht;bvbc vbth lfh,t- dbkbc lhjc yfofvt,b7 lfcf[bx-
eksfufy ths-thsb vtw ht,ekb lf vjofvkekb gfnbv-
uf[kfdfhs lf fhfcjltc lfvf- ht,b8 eahj vtnbw7 cfvfhw[-
dbo.lt,f7 [fk[bcfsdbc lflbyt- dbyjf7 lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib lt-
,ekb cbc[kb hjujh uflfhtw- lf hfvlty]thvt hjv frbs[fdc8
[tc fqkevbc xfcfnfht,kfl8 fb7 yese tc b.j cfmfhsdtkjc ght-
fv lfvyfifdt rfwpt7 hjvtkbw pbltynb7 hjvtkcfw vfvfrfwe-
lqtc rth’j rkbybrbc gtyn/f- hb qbhct,bc fhfathb cw[bf=
ecbc jh jsf[ib yt,bdhj,c lf vbvfxybf7 hjv cffrfidbkvf
tktmnhjyek cbufhtnc totdf7 bctdt eylf vjb[fljc cfc]tkb7
fv,j,ty 2 tmbvt,b fofvt,ty7 xfu- hjujhw c[df lfvyfifdt ghtpb-
hfdty lf rkfdtyj888 fhflf7 vfc ltynt,vf7 bcbw ufb[ctyjc7 [fk-
sfdpt tdkt,bfy lf bctsb vjpq- [b hjujh c]blf lbmnfnj-
dfdt,ekb tythubf fmdc7 hjv tmb- ht,c8


vt,c c[dflfc[df ybdst,c tcdhbc8 2 3dbdfvtlib4 cffrfidbkbc
lfcrdyf thsflthsbf5 cffrfidb-


cgtmnfrkbc gfhfktkehfl
kb eylf uflfb.dfyjy cfg.hj- gfhkfvtynib vjo.j,bkb
,bktib7 [jkj7 se rkbybrf tcf- wbhrbw dyf[ts7 hfw t8 o8 futy-
zbhjt,f7 v[jkjl 2 acbmbfn- nt,bc itcf[t, rfyjyghjtmnt-
hbekb8


,bc ufy[bkdbc lfo.t,fc vj/-
2 ubekb fkfcfybfv ufyfw- .df8 sdkbs7 hjv fv ghjwt-
[flf7 hjv vbcb idbkb rfnfc- ct,c itb’kt,f cf[tkvobaj
nhjaek vlujvfhtj,fibf uflfnhbfkt,f vj/.dtc0
2 tutyb7 vujyb7 cfojkibw


lf fvfpt efhtcb v[jkjl
vbcb ufhlfwdfkt,ff888 rb dtqfh nhbfkt,ty8 thsflth-
2 ubekb fkfcfybf kfvbc sb7 hfw ite’kbfs7 tc fhbc7 .f-
otkboflyf[tdfhbf7 fv,j,c 2 dbc lfktdbc itvltu zbmf uflf-
xtvb idbkb rdlt,fj7 vfuhfv fnhbfkjy7 bmyt, dbyvtv evrbs-


rdlt,f0 afmnbf7 hjv rfhufl [fjc8 tctyb lfrfdt,ekb fhbfy
fhbc lf v[jkjl bvfc te,yt- [fk[bc itwljvfib it.dfybs7
,bfy7 hjv zfvjc= sevwf7 fkf- !_ rfwb 'kbdc uf/.fds fmwbf-
cfybfc idbkbcsdbc hf cfzvt- pt lf fsfcb vjdblfj7 fv,j,ty8
kbw vbfmdc7 fhf vujybf7 bvfc f[kf fv kecnhfwbbc rfyjyc
vjvfrdlfdbc vjcfcekbtht,t- tobyffqvltut,bfy8 fhflf7 [fk-
kb cfrdt,b thmdfc8 gbhdtkfl [vf eylf bwjltc7 dby dby fhbc7
dyf[t7 fdflv.ja lf gfnbvfh hecek aekpt uf/.dbhbfy lf
idbksfy vbcek ltlfc mexf- vtht bhrdtdf7 hjv cojhtl he-
ib fct cfsbsfjl fvjtkfut,b- 3yese tc b.j ctsblfy thbw[t,f aekb 
yjc cfzvtkb lf [fk[bcsdbc tx- cfmfhsdtkjc  
dtyt,byjc8 bc vobhb cfrdt,b7  hectsc kfy'qfdc7 vfu-
s[tkb ceab se cfkfsbc ghtpbltynb7 hfv ,byf hect,bcsdbc vbemb-
aehwtkb7 wb[bc ufhts v.ja- hfdt,bf8 gfhkfvtynfhb mfk,f-
vf ]fyvhstkvf flfvbfyvfw hjv hjvtkcfw
njyt,bw7 hjvkt,bw c[dt,c
zfvjc7 ojyfib cfcnbrfl lfbr- vfvfrfwehb eoeyt,ty cfmwbtkc7 .jdkfl
kt,c8 tn.j,f7 dbqfwfv lfeybi- iteatht,tk ahfpt,c bcdhb-
yf tc hfwbjyb7 hjv fhw vjrd- qbhct,bc fy8 tctyb .dtkfyb eylf ufvjv;-
ltc lf fhw ufvjv]j,byltc8 qfdylyty 2 dbcsfy fmds rfd-
fhfathb
 ibhb7 hjvtkb jhufybpfwbf
 cw[bf=4 cfblfy abyfyclt,f888 hjujhw
 ubekb fkfcfybfc vbth kj,bc-
 [fk[c vj,tp- nt,bcfsdbc uflf[lbkb vbkb-
hlf cffrfidbkbc zfvfpt cfe- jyb ufvjfmdt.yf fvthbrekvf v[f-
,fhb7 uekb thtdfs fv cbnef-


htv7 fctdt eylf ufcf]fhjdltc
wbfpt lf erdt ahsbfy ahf- byajhvfwbt,b cfmfhsdtkjib
pfl bmwf ufvjsmvf u+b`ekb


vjmvtlb jhufybpfwbt,bc lf-
udthtdfj= abyfyct,fpt8 
cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc lhjc


,tdh ufvofht,ek ltlfc ht;b-
  
vbc vbth ufvofht,ekb sfdb-
  


fysb idbkt,bcsdbc erfyfcr-
   
ytkb sfy[t,bs vjvpflt,ekb

tcfe,hf


cfzvtkb vb/mjylfs lf v[j-
kjl bvfc fv,j,lyty7 jqjyl 



idbkt,b wjw[kt,b lfudb,-
heylyty lf cfrdt,c fh vjdfr-
kt,sj8 fv mfkc rb7 [fk[bc ,b- 
e]tnbs ufvlblht,ek ltlfc7
hjvtkcfw ghjlemnbc itcf-  



’tyb sfy[f fh ezbhc7 gehbc

jhb yfzthb vbfmdc gfnbvfhb
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
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  
 
   
  

fmdt lfdfvfnt,5 cfmfhsdt-
kjcsdbc itvjsfdfpt,ekb tc
ljrevtynb tae’yt,f fvthb-
rek rfyjyc lf fhf hecekc8
fii-ib ew[jtkb futynt,bc
htubcnhfwbbc fmnb vjmvtlt-
,c !)#( okblfy lf cfdct,bs
yjhvfkehb vjdktyff8 lqtc7
hjltcfw 'fkbfy ,tdhb aekb
itvjlbc vtlbfib lf fhfcfv-
sfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,ib7
hjvkt,bw htdjkewbehb
nfkqbc fujht,fc wlbkj,ty7
tc rfyjyb cojhtlfw hjv vb-
coht,ff8 fvfsb vsfdfhb vbpf-
yb [jv aekbc zfvff7 gjkbnb-
reh cfmvtt,ib xfhtdf7 itvltu
ghjtmnt,bs vfybgekbht,f lf
uhfynt,bc vjgjdt,f8 pjubth-
sb vfsufyb 'fkbfy f[kjcff
ew[jehb lfpdthdbc cgtwcfv-
cf[eht,sfy8
2 vfkt cfmfhsdtkjib
fvthbrbc f[fk tkxc db[b-
kfds888
2 vybidytkj,f fhf fmdc7 fm
 bmyt,f7 se f[f-
kb tkxb  


ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc
rjycnbnewbjyfkbcnb
3mfhsekb jwyt,f4
cf,zjsf rfdibhib lfu-
df,heyt,c8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4
 

 gfhfrc bo.t,c ew[j vnthpt lf
sfdb fvbs uffmdc8 .ehflqt,bc

ufafyndbc vbpybs itb’kt,f
 ffatsmjy af,hbrt,b7 hjujhw
 tc vj[lf fv hfvltybvt lqbc
obyfs j/fbjc infnib8 


   




  

 
-
 

  
 htrjhlekb byakfwbff
hjujhw rb [fk[bc ufvjq- uthvfybfibw7 tdhjgbc vfcinf-
db’t,fc buh’yj,c7 vfibydt kf- ,bs ufphlbkbf afct,b tyth-
ujhtcehct,ptw lf fm rbltd

erdbhs7 hfnjv cehc fvthbrfc
cfmfhsdtkjib vtjht ahjy-

nbc uf[cyf7 hjvtkbw7 afm-
nj,hbdfl7 erdt uf[cybkbf7
e,hfkjl7 jabwbfkehfl fh

fhbc ufvjw[flt,ekb8
2 bmyt, lfcfdktsbc vbth

rjynhjkbht,flb jgjpbwb-
bc kbltht,b fvbnjvfw bs-
[jdty fct ufvfkt,bs cffrfi-

dbkbc ufsfdbceakt,fc lf
tc .dtkfathb [lt,f fvthb-

rfcsfy lf tdhjrfdibhsfy it-
hflufy bubdt sfvfit,b ufuh- sfy[vt,bs0
’tklt,f8 f[kf dveifj, lfyb- 2 fv qfkfnib vjyfobktj-
ufybc fhfjabwbfkeh ,bju- ,fc bqt,ty mfhsekb ktubj-
hfabfpt lf ltnfkehfl ub- ybc otdht,b7 hjvkt,bw vsfd-
fv,j,s vbcb cfmvbfyj,bc it- hj,bc lfv[j,bs bvemht,bfy
cf[t,8 ghjatcbjyfkb lbgkj- lf pjubthsb fhfcfvsfdhj,j
vfnb fm v[jkjl  jhufybpfwbf8 bvtlb vfmdc7 cf-
 b.j7 hjvtkbw rfhufl mfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekfl
fchekt,lf sfdbc cfmvtc7 bvbc fhxtekb vsfdhj,f lf 
itvltu fvthbrfibw lfb’f,f cb-   ufbsdf-
nefwbf lf 'fkbfy v’bvt kbcobyt,ty bvfc7 hfcfw f[kf
itltub vbdbqts8 dfv,j,8 e,hfkjl7 dbwb7 hj-
2 hfc uekbc[vj,s0 ujh veifj,ty ew[jtsbc
 cgtwcfvcf[eht,b lf hf fhte-
 kj,bc itmvyf ite’kbfs c[df
mdt.yt,ib8


2 vbe[tlfdfl vhfdfkb
vwltkj,bcf7 jgjpbwbfc [f-
 k[bc v[fhlfzthf fhf fmdc8

evhfdktcj,fc fhw cffrfidb-

kbc ufsfdbceakt,f cehc888

 
 























hfw itt[t,f cffrfidbkc7 vb-
cb j]f[bc v[hblfy lfabyfyct-

,ekb kj,bcnt,b rdkfdfw tw-
lt,bfy vbc uf.dfyfc rkbybrb-
lfy7 vfuhfv vsfdhj,f v.fhfl

eylf blutc8 uf[cjdlts7 ]th
rbltd ufvje'bt,tkbf cffrf-
idbkbc lfyfifekb @__(

okbc fudbcnjc jvib=
tcfe,hf









erhfbybc cfufhtj cfmvtsf
vbybcnhb
3cnhfntubf fqvfityt,kbc4
kblthb
vodfytsf gfhnbbc kblthb
eakt,flfvwdtkb
lfvjerblt,tkb
otdhb
ufvjda[bpklts7 sj- cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbcea- ptktycrb ghtpbltynbc
cfmfhsdtkj tdhjrfdibhib xdtyb fvjwfyff7 vjqfkf-
kt,f ytk-ytkf rkfdc er- nt [tkbceakt,bc ufht-
htv bctd  ufotdhbfyt,bcrty vbbcohfa- hjkc lfcfdktsbc vbth
dbc lf fhf fii-ib7 cflfw fvu- hfbybc vjmfkfmt  it lfdbo.js vjkfgfhfrt-
vjdf sfdbcb 
lfothbkb cwtyfhbs sf-
dfhb htuekfwbf7 cbn.df 3fut-  2 vt vbcsdbc vfij,c7 sfy 2 'fkbfy rfh- ,t,b lfcfdktssfy8
 ynbs4 fh fhct,j,c8 db,h’jkt,8 ufl8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
21
 

vfnt,bs lfbwdf cfljmnjhj
3ufpfa[ekbc itvjcdkf7 ltlbc lqt lf ( vfhnb lbcthnfwbf *) okbc fcfrib
vbylf7 mfk,fnjyt,c % exdtekj mfhsdtkb lf fvthbrblfy %@ ufvj[vfeht-
,f vbbqj8 rbhmdbfy pjyfib vb-
vfylbkjcybc ofhlutybs vbdekjwj7 hjvtksf
obcmdtif o.kt,bc mbvbehb lf
abpbrehb vjmvtlt,bc vtmfybp-
vbqotdt,b itcf’kjf7 cek vfkt ubytcbc htrjhlt,bc
vb tktyt f,fib’bc lfcrdyt,fv-
obuyib xfbothjc=42 fv cbn.dt,bs lfbo.j xdtysfy
lt v[jkjl stjhbbc ljytpt
cfe,fhb ;ehyfkbcnvf7 rfhnjuhfavf lf trjkjuvf
b.j wyj,bkb7 fhflf7 /blhj-
7 hjvtkbw erdt ## otkbf7
tktmnhjcflueht,bc rfi[kt-
cfmfhsdtkjc vcjakbj vbqotdfsf lf vjupfehj,fsf ,bc fvjewyj,b vbptpt,bs
[tkitvo.j, rfdibh 3ubjhubc4 [tkv’qdfytkj,c5 yuhtdfc cojhtl tc afmnjht-
,b ufyfgbhj,t,lf8 tktyt f,f-
ib’t sfdbc lhjpt wyj,bkb
2 xdtyb jhufybpfwbf cf-
mfhsdtkb fkgbybcnbc 
mfhsdtkjib exdtekj ybzbs
 vbth rfw[bc
lf]bkljt,ek flfvbfyt,cf lf
vfs vbqotdt,c brdktdc7 hfsf cdtncf lf [dfvkbc vsfpt
vjo.j,bk tmcgtlbwbt,ib vj-
itvltu vfs ijhbc .dtkfpt
yfobktj,lf8 vfy itbcofdkf
ofhvfnt,ekt,b ubytcbc vcj-
akbj htrjhlt,bc obuybc rfdrfcbjybc rbhmdbfyb pjybc
lbhtmwbfc ofhelubyjc8 ubyt- mbvbpvb lf mfyt,bc itvfluty-
kj,f7 itbcofdkf mfyt,ib yfg-
cbc obuyb vcjakbjc !_ mdt-
hfkt,bc lhjib ufafhsjt-
.fyfib @% tyfpt ufvjbwtvf8 nb-
hf;bc vb[tldbs7 vfc ,b,kbbcf ,bc ghjwtcb8 sehvt7 svbc
,todbc pjvbc yfghfkb %_
lf .ehfybc itvltu gbhdtkb
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib @7% cfy-
flubkb erfdbf8 fv obuyib jh-
nbvtnh cbufytc fqotdc7 hfw
ufybpfwbf 3ubjhubc4 vbth of-
hlutybkb mfhsdtkt,bc vbq- itb’kt,f rfnfcnhjabc vbpt-
otdt,bw fhbc itnfybkb8 jh- pb uf[ltc8
ufybpfwbf 3ubjhub4 v[jkjl tktyt f,fib’bc yfihjvt,cf
cbrtsbc vjvnfy7 fvfqkt,ekb lf lfcrdyt,pt lf.hlyj,bs7
stvt,bcf lf vybidytkj,bc vcjakbjib fv ghj,ktvbc
vbqotdt,bc ufvjdktyfptf jhb- lfhtuekbht,bc vtmfybpvt,b
vfuhfv rfdibhb 3ubjhub4 vj-
vfdkbcsdbc fgbht,c7 tktyt
f,fib’t ubytcbc htrjhlt,bc
obuybc rbltd ths yjvbyfwbf-
pt ofhflubyjc5










2 dby fhbc smdtyb [est-
ekbc vtjht yjvbyfynb0
2 vtjht yjvbyfynbf ghj-
atcbbs ;ehyfkbcnb7 
   hjvt-
kbw okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib tv-
cf[ehf cfvij,kjc hjujhw
;ehyfkbcnb lf vsfhuvytkb7
vfuhfv cfresfhb htfkbpfwb-
bc ufvjcfdktyfl v[fndhj,f
lf sfyfw7 [tkjdyt,bc fv lfh-
uib vcjakbjib yfrkt,fl
wyj,bkb vbvfhsekt,f 2
v’bdt,bs athothf fbhxbf8 fv
ljcnfnb mfk,fnjyb mvybc
gtbpf;bcf lf yfnehvjhnbc
jhbubyfkeh rjvgjpbwbt,c7
hfw bvfdlhjekfl mhbcnbf-
yekb rfyjybrehb [fnothbc
e,flkj ybveit,bwff8 vfc itc-
hekt,ekb fmdc ovbylf mfh-
sdtkb vtatt,bc 2 sfvfhbcf
lf lfdbs fqvfityt,kbc7 cf-
mfhsdtkjc gfnhbfhm bkbf vt-
jhbc7 vjcrjdbcf lf hectsbc
gfnhbfhm rbhbktc7 byukbcbc
ltljafk tkbcf,tl vtjhbcf
lf c[df wyj,bk mfhsdtk cf-
pjuflj vjqdfotsf gjhnht-
nt,b888 cek f[kf[fy hecsf-
dtkbc stfnhbc cfufvjatyj
lfh,fpib vbcb yfveitdht,bc
ufvjatyf vjto.j8
2 htrjhlb hfib vlujvf-
htj,c0
2 vsfdfhb bc uf[kfds7 hjv
  sfdbc itltd-
ht,c athflb v’bdt,bc cfief-
kt,bs mvybc7 sbsjtek vbc
yfveitdfhib !_-@_ fsfcb fct-
sb v’bdb7 fye ,bcthbf lfnf-
yt,ekb= ]fvib7 vbc vbth itc-
hekt,ek .dtkf yfofhvjt,ib
ytkb ,thfbfv # vbkbjyb at-
hflb v’bdb ufvjb.tyf= mfk,f-
njyb vpfl fhbc7 ubytcbc ht-
rjhlt,bc obuybc lbhtmwbbc

 
ufvjbrdtsf= vbcb vtwybthekb mfk,fnjybc itvjmvtlt,fc vt sfy[vj,bc itvs[dtdfib sfdb-


tynbht,ekb7 hfsf vcjakb-
jib cfmfhsdtkj f[fkb res- vbqotdf bvcf[eht,c ubytcbc lf  vjpf- cb yfveitdht,bc ufvjatyf
[bs ofhvjfxbyjc9 xdty yfrkt, htrjhlt,bc obuyib itnfyfc7 brehb athothf deojlts8 lb- kjyljyib vjfo.jc8 cfbynt-
.ehflqt,fc desvj,s fhcbs
epytj tgbpjlt,bc itvwdtk
htrjhlt,c7 sevwf7 ubytcbc
obuyib fctst,bw vhfdkfl
fhbc fqothbkb8
   
  
  
 hjvtksf fc-
frj,hbdb ]fvb lff[kjt,bs
$%_ otkbf= vfs ijhbc .dtkf-
pt fcfrjdfyb uf[kfds by;b-
yth-utjkjub 
hjvtkcfw !@ vfhnc !_!
otkb echeklt,f9 [jkj 
  cojhtl mfksf
lqtc7 ( vfhnc7 [lt,f )# okbc=
ufpfa[ekpt7 ! fghbkc7 bpt-
bvt,c sfdbc (!-t lf,flt,bc
lqtc  
sevwf7 fv]thfl fcfrb fhfath
iefibf7 vfs vbqotdt,pt vby-
lf7 vjubs[hjs7 bvbc vbe[t-
lfdfl7 hjv tktyt f,fib’t7 fk-
,fs7 vcjakbjib .dtkfpt [fy-
lfpvekb ntktofv.dfybw uf[-
kfds7 hjvtkbw ths-ths mfh-
sek ntktdbpbfib cfbyntht-
cj cffdnjhj uflfwtvfc e’q-
dt,f=

2 hf ufcfrdbhb cfmwbtkb
xfblbytc fv mfk,fnjyt,vf0 htcjf vbc vbth vjojlt,ekb
2 vfs w[jdht,fcf lf vjq- byajhvfwbf7 hjv v[fndhj,bc
dfotj,fib vcjakbj vybidyt- ybzvf vfcib %_ okbc fcfrib
kj,bc cfhtrjhlj vjyfwtvt- ufbqdb’f +fv;fvfl )# okbc
,b abmcbhlt,f8 by;byth-utj- ,h’fylt,f‘7 sfyfw vfc itvltu7
kjub  bvfd- hfw qdsbcvij,tkb ufvjtw[f-
lhjekfl7 vecbrjcb lf vot- lf= 
hfkbw ,h’fylt,f8 vfy %_-okb-   
fyb ihjvbc lf !#8@__ tmcgt-    
hbvtynbc itltufl uffcojhf 
bc itwljvf7 hjvtkcfw utj-   
kjubf-/blhjkjubbc lfhuib  fvfc vj/.df c[df lb-
vcjakbjc ofv.dfyb vtwybtht- lt,ekb rjvgjpbwbt,bw8 xdt-
,b eidt,lyty8 vfy fqvjfxbyf yb dfkbf7 mfk,fnjyb ytkb
vcjakbjc vtwybthsf vhfdf- vcjakbjc ufdfwyjs=
kb sfj,bc vbth buyjhbht,e- 2 vtcfvt yjvbyfynptw udb-
kb o.kbc vj’hfj,bc cbxmf- s[fhbs8
hbc afmnjhb7 hfw erdt fqbf- 2 bc uf[kfds gbfybcnb 
htc vcjakbjc vtwybthekvf
ohtt,vf= fv mfk,fnjyvf ofh-
   hjvt-
kbw @ okbc fcfrblfy vqthbc



tc b.j xt- ]tvfkc .jdtklqt  uf-









bnfkbfib vw[jdht,b
mfhsdtkb ;ehyfkbcnb
vcf[bj,b
]tvfk ]f]fyb’bc idbkbidbkb7



at[,ehstkb
vcf[bj,b

vb be,bktw hecsfdt- dfh]bit,bc vjxtyfv 'f-

lf ufvj- kbc stfn- itvltu #-$ cf- kbfy itu-
cfs[jdfhb hbc sbkbc- fsb bctd at[-
cfqfvjw8 db- vfc t’f[lyty ,ehsc dsf-
dbvce,emf
wb7 vtn.dbs7 lf vfc tc cf- vfij,lb8 vf-
vlujvfht-
fvbc smvf fh [tkb ,fnjy- iby hfc ofh- j,f tvbu-
itb’kt,fj7 vf hj,thn- vjdbluty- hfynt,c
vf itfhmdf8 lf7 hfw vs-
vfuhfv flf- lb7 hjv gh-
,jkjc erdt dtqfh lflbjlf lf vfhnj jatcbjyfkb at[,ehstkb ufd[lt,jlb7 fdfhbf7 bynthtcb uffxbyf fhfvfhnj vb-
vbfyb .jdtksdbc abmhj,7 hjv vbvoe[-
hbc ;fvb vfkt lflut,f8 fctf fcfrbc vj-
bvbnjv eyljlf at[pt ofvjlujvf7 hjv hflufy bctsb gfnfhf mdt.yblfy7 hjujhbw cb gthcjybc7 hjujhw mfhsdtkbc7 fhf-
stfnhib lf,heyt,ekb.j8 des[fhbs7 bm- cfmfhsdtkjf7 upbc ufrdfkdf fldbkb fh
f[kjt,bc itvltu8 tc htfkj,ff7 hjvtk-
yt, tnkbs vbub.dfyjs-vtsmb lf fhf7 vt
vtl .dtkfathb bvbc vbvfhs7 hfw mfh-
cfw dth uftmwtdb8 fhbc8 xtvb cf.dfhtkb wbahb fhbc  fvb- sekbf8
stfnhc fvfc dth drflht,j7 udbgfce[f8 njvfw fdbhxbt 
3CFHRT4 3S,BKBCTKT,B4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4

22  
 

lf wtrdfdc8 vfvf cfv[tlhj
vahbyfdb7 mesfbcbc fthjgjh-
nbc lbhtmnjhbc vjflubkt
/.fdlf7 hjvtkbw [tlfdlf hf
idbkbc ufnfwt,fc7 vbcb ybzbc
htfkbpfwbbcsdbc7 hjltcfw7
dsmdfs7 lbl stfnhib vybid-
ytkjdfyb rjywthnb bvfhst-
,jlf7 idbkcf lf vbc vtuj,-
ht,c vjcrjdib uflffahtylf7
rjywthnc f.eht,byt,lf lf
bvfdt lqtc cf[kt,ib f,heyt,-
lf8 fctsvf vblujvfv sfdbcb uf-
bnfyf8 vfyjy .e,fytbidbkvf
ofhvfnt,bs lffvsfdhf cfmfh-
sdtkjc rjycthdfnjhbbc cf-
ajhntgbfyj lf djrfkehb
afrekntnt,b8
2 vfuhfv fvfib hf fhbc uf-
cfrdbhb0
2 ubytcbc htrjhlt,bc obu-
yib itcdkfc  
sfdbcb ufycfresht-
,ekb vt[cbtht,bc ufvj bvcf-
[eht,c8 wyj,bkbf7 hjv vcja-
kbjib ufysmvek vftcnhjsf
htgthnefht,b7 vfmcbvev7 !__
yfofhvjt,bs itvjbafhukt,f7
vfsufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 

  
    

tc mfk,fnj-
hehubbc vtabc7 frfltvbrjc tu-
yfnt ababfc eqfkfnj sfyfv-
ihjvtkb ,h’fylt,jlf7 vfuhfv
ybzb7 hjvkbc ufvjw itcf’kjf7
tc mfk,fnjyb ubytcbc vcja-
kbj htrjhlt,bc obuyib it-
dbltc7 vtlbwbyfc fh erfdibh-
lt,f8 
sfdbc v[fndhek yfofhvjt-
,t,c7 hjvtkbw mfhsek [fk-
[eh nhflbwbt,c tae’yt,f7 ytv-
cbs lf f,htievbc yfbh-yfbhb
athbc 'fat,bs mvybc8 itb’kt-
,f7 sfvfvfl bsmdfc7 hjv bc
,h’fylt,f ovbylf sfvfh vtabc
nhflbwbt,bc ufvuh’tkt,tkb7
hjvkbc ufnfwt,fcfw [tkcfm-
vt7 mfhudf lf mcjdf ofhvjfl-
utylf8 tc ybzb fcvfs .ehifdbi-
dbkvf )_-bfy okt,ib ufvjfd-
kbyf lf itvjcfdkbc thsudfh
o.fhjlfw uflffmwbf7 hjltcfw
cfmfhsdtkjib vfnthbfkehvf
cble[zbhtv lfbcfluehf8 vfy fv
gthbjlblfy vj.jkt,ekb7
itmvyf eybrfkehb rjvgjpbwb-
t,b7 vfs ijhbc7 [fnt,b7 hjv-
kt,bw cfmfhsdtkjc vfhsk-
vflblt,tkvf trktcbfv rfyjyb-
rehfl wyj8 gbhdtkb fctsb yf-
veitdfhbf zbfsehbc hfbjybc
cjatk hufyib fqvjxtybkb
cftrktcbj ufy’tekbc ths-th-
sb tmcgjyfnbc7 hufybc
[fnbc ltajhvbht,ekb lf uf-
athvrhsfkt,ekb rjyneht-
,b fcvfs .ehifdbidbkvf sf-
dbcb cfjwfhb ybzbc o.fkj,bs
3uffwjw[kf4 lf f,htievbc 'f-
at,bs atht,ib ffvtn.dtkf8
vbcb lfmfhuekb ovbylf cfvt-
,bc [fnb rb rfsjkbrjc-gfn-
itdfhsf hfjltyj,f jhfcc fqt-
vfnt,f8 vfs vbvfhs 'fkpt lb-
lbf bynthtcb hectscf lf td-
hjgbc mdt.yt,ib8
2 cfbynthtcjf7 dbc lffcf-
[tkt,s vt[est yjvbyfynfl0
2 fqvjcfdktsvwjlytc7 gj-
tncf lf 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4
cfpjufljt,f rfhufl bwyj,c7 ,f cgfhcek gjtpbfc8 cfzbhjf7
vfuhfv ,tdhvf fh bwbc7 hjv  hjv vfcib qbhctekfl ofhvj-
 dfxbyjs abhljecb= bmdt lf-
 edfkt,bf7 hjv cfwltkfl gj-
   tvbc thsb yfobkbc7 cf[tkfl
 3,t;fy vfyb;tc4 sfhuvfyb fu-
 dbcnjc ,jkjvlt7 fye ( sdt-
  ib ittchekt,byf lf vbcsdbc
  vbtnfyf8 ,tkfc fv hsekb lf-
   dfkt,bcsdbc sfdb ofhvfnt-
    ,bs ufehsvtdbf lf ghjat-
 fqcfybiyfdbf7 hjv tc gjt- cjhbc s[jdybs sfhuvyf uf-
vf chekfl ]th vcjakbjib euh'tkt,bf8 2 
fhfvwse mfkc7 cfthsjl    
fhwths vsfhuvytkc fh esfh- 
uvybf8 hf smvf eylf7 c[dflfc[- 
df tyfpt7 seylfw7 hecekfl 2   esmdfvc
vjbgjdt,f fv gjtvbc chekb vbcsdbc df[einb rjntnb-
sfhuvfyb7 vfuhfv fhwthsb idbkc8 #% okbc ufyvfdkj,f-
sfhuvfyb fh itechekt,bf th- ib sfhuvyblf ,tkf ifkdfi-
sflths vsfhuvytkc7 sfyfw7 dbkb7 xdtyb otksfqhbw[dbs
mfkc= fhct,j,c v[jkjl )#$ otkc lf,flt,ek7 3abh-
 ]f- ljecbc4 actdljybvbs wyj-
vehb yfihjvt,b= ,bkb elbltcb cgfhcb itvjm-
2 hfvltyb [fyb lfczbhlf vtlbc lfothbk fv lblt,ek7
mfk,fnjy ,tkf ifkdfidbkc vcjakbj kbnthfnehbc it-
3if/-yfvtc4 uflvjmfhsekt- ltdhfl fqbfht,ek yfofhvj-
,bcsdbc0 t,c7 hjvtkibw uflvjwtvekbf
2 !)*_ okbc bfydfhib ,t- bhfytkb [fk[bc bcnjhbf7 vf-
kf ifkdfidbkb lfe,fht,bf sb vtatt,bc sfduflfcfdfkb8
  lf
!___ okbc ufyvfdkj,fib cf-
esmdfvc5 ifdktu +fct t’f[lf bub
mfhsdtkj abhljecbc 3if/-
ybzbth cneltync‘= cfmfhsdt-
yfvtc4 uflvjmfhsekt,bc cfm-
kjib ufvjlbc vcjakbj kb-


yb xdty @_!! otkc fqvjdfxb-
yts lf vfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs
qdsbcvij,kbc ztlehb [fnbc
v[fndhekb vjlbabrfwbf8 fv
hbfhmsfy byf[t,f8 fcvfs .eh-
ifdbidbkbc eybrfkeh yfve-
qdfokvjcbk ;ehyfkbcn 
 mfhsdtkb
vtc dth vjthbf7 hjvtkbw th-
nthfnehbc js[vjwnjvte-
kb7 hjvtkibw ! njvb tsvj- svfytssfy ito.dbkt,ekb cf-
[bs xfvj.fkb,t,ek %_ fsfc
,bsc7 fye !__ fsfc cnhbmjyc
ofhvjflutyc7 hfw ) njvibf
sfdvj.hbkb8  


  
 



 


  

  
 


    


yfihjvvf lfbvcf[ehf bhf-

ybc cf[tkvobaj ghtvbf8 rfd-
rfcbbc tht,ib fmfvlt fhwths
thc fh esfhuvybf tc itltdhb
lf mfk,fnjyb ,tkf ifkdfi-
dbkbc qdfokb etzdtkfl fbcf-
[t,f ubytcbc vcjakbj htrjh-
lt,bc obuyibw=
 tcfe,hf


itdbveifdts # okbc ufyvfdkj-

,fib ltlfvbobc ufhitvj7 ##
mdt.fyfib vfyjy .e,fytbidbkbc
cjkj rjywthnt,bs ufcnhj-
kt,bc ghjtmnb8 *^ okbc mfk-
,fnjyb vpfl fhbc fv vbcbbc it-
cfchekt,kfl7 hjvtkbw ubyt-
cbc htrjhlt,bc obuyib ese-
jl vj[dlt,f7 sevwf7 cfvoe[f-
hjl7 fv ofvjo.t,bc lfvabyfy-
ct,tkb ]th]thj,bs dth ufvj-
byf[f8
2 dby fhbc vtjs[t yjvb-
yfynb0
2 vtjs[t uf[kfds ghjat-
cbbs vtlbwbybc lf 
 hjvtkbw #
fstek otkpt vtnb [ybc ufy-
vfdkj,fib hrbybupbc vtjht
cffdflv.jajib mfhsekb mb-




fy td- bvbc smvf7












3ubhxbc4 otdhb7
gfhkfvtynfhb
3ubhxbc4 otdhb7
gfhkfvtynfhb
gjtnb



]fylfwdbc vbybcnhb
gjkbnbreh cfrbs[t,ib
tmcgthnb cfv[tlhj-

hjgekb dbm- hjv cfdfk-

yt,bs7 fy lt,ekj
sehme- cfv[tlhj
kb7 fy  cfvcf[ehb
hecekb7 fy fh udbylf7
cjv[e- ltvfujubf7
hb7 fy f- gjgekbpvb
lf hfqfw
pth,fb]fye- vt v.fdc !@ okbc idbkb7 rjc- c[df bynthtct,bf8 rfyjybs7 @_@% okblfy ]fhib flfvbfyt,bc htathtynekb afcbc lf-
kb7 vfuhfv vt fhwthsb 3ghjcb4 fh v]t- nf8 @_@( otkc smdty fgbht,s7
c[df eo.t,t,ib cfdfklt,ekj cfv[tlhj otct,bc itvltu pjubthsb
hf7 v]thf v[jkjl mfhsekbc8 se hjv rjcnf 'fkbs ofb.dfyjs
smdtyc lfcfwfdfl ]fhib8 tc fv- cfvcf[ehb fqfh bmyt,f7 hjujhw b.j8 vjv- b’ekt,bs of.dfyf vj-
fcts ufthsbfyt,fib ubylf it[dblt7 vfiby ,fdb fh ufvjdf8 v[jkjl xtvc pflt,fc v[jkjl sfdlfwdbc cfvbybcnhj- yj,bc cf[tj,ff8
vtlbrfvtynb vrdtshfl
uf’dbhlf7 cf[tkvobajc gj-
cflqf ufh,b[fh0= udfvpt uflf,b]t,bs7 c[dfyfbhfl
ib ufbdkbfy7 hfw 'fkbfy vybidytkjdfybf8
ufvjhbw[ekbf tc fv,fdb8 pbwbf bmyt,f vrfwhb8
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3HTPJYFYCB4 3HTPJYFYCB4

 
23
 






 
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4 fuh’tkt,c
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc mfhsek
tyfpt lfcnfv,ekb vtvefht,bc
vbvj[bkdfc8 tc obuyb yfwsf
abehthvf ]th rbltd erhfbyfib
w[jdht,bcfc ufvjcwf lf bvltyfl
fhbc cfbynthtcj7 hfvltyflfw
cojhtl fv yfihjvbs utuvfdlf
cfmfhsdtkjib cfhtdjkewbjl
3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,fc47 hjujhw
fljka /bnkthb sfdbcb 3vfby
rfvgabs47 fye 3xtvb ,h’jkbs4=
 vtvefht,ib wfk-
rt sfdc esvj,c ctyfnjh ]jy vfrrtbyc7
hjvtkbw fudbcnjc jvbcfc  htc-
ge,kbrehb gfhnbbc cfghtpbltynj rfy-
lblfnb uf[klfs lf ,tdhb lqtvlt vbbx-
ytdc7 hjv cffrfidbkb @__( okbc bv fd,t-
lbs lqtt,ib hecek ghjdjrfwbfc vb-
pfyvbvfhsekfl cojhtl vfrrtbybc cfg-
htpbltynj rfvgfybbc cfcfhut,kjl of-
vjtuj=
sfdbc s[hj,fc  cffrfidbkb
thsj, fvfqkt,ekb njybs7 vbcb lfcfa-
kfdt,bc fqothbs bo.t,c5
3@_!( okbc ctmntv,hbc ybckbfy
lqtc dfibyunjyib7 yfwbjyfkeh rf-
stlhfkib7 fvthbrbc vsfdfh mhbc-
nbfyek nf’fhib7 fqtchekf obhdf
  lfcfvidblj,t,-
kfl8 vt xfdahbylb /jkfylbehb
vjmfkfmtj,bc fhvmjyt gbhbc ljre-
vtynbs8 rbltd rfhub7 hjv ufahtyfv-
lt jhbjlt lqbs flht fvthbrtkt,-
vf xfvbhn.tc dbpf fv ljrevtynib888
nf’fhib sfdb vjt.fhf fvthbrbc
vstk gjkbnbreh tkbnfc8 vfs ij-
hbc b.dyty utythkt,b7 hjvkt,bw
vfrrtbybc re,jcsfy vblbjlyty lf
v[tlhek cfkfvc f’ktdlyty8 bub
erdt b.j uvbhb7 hjvtkbw fvthbrbc
bcnjhbfc tresdyjlf7 hjvtkcfw
.dtkf fmt,lf7 flblt,lf888
vt nf’fhib lfvcdtc vfrrtbybc j]f-
[bc otdht,bc erfy7 fctsb .jabkf
vbcb ,jkj cehdbkb7 hjv dv]lfhb-
.fdb vbc j]f[sfy thsfl4 +v8 cffrfi-
dbkb7 3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,f47 ud8 #^!‘8
fye tc .dtkfathb  bvb-
njv fqothf fct isfujyt,bs7 sfdbc ctm-
ntv,hbc dfibyunjybc ybckbfyb atht,bs7
hjv tsmdf 2 fb7 hjujhb vybidytkjdfyb
abuehf dfh7 sdbs vfrrtbybc erfyfcryt-
kb cehdbkbs7 ufcdtyt,fib vbcb j]f[bc
erfy db]tmbj=
fhflf7 'ytkb vbcf[dtlhb fh b.j7 hjv
   
   
     

   
    

lf cffrfidbkb rbltd eahj frdytct,c
ctynbvtynfkeh yjnfc5
3ths,fifl ufvb.jkf abmhvf7 se
dby b.j xtvsdbc  vt-
nfl exdtekj lf cfbynthtcj b.j
xdtyb ehsbthsj,f8 bc ufdbwfyb !))$
otkc7 hjltcfw rjkev,bbc eybdth-
cbntnib db.fdb rjyuhtcbc cnbgty-
lbbs7 hfw bsdfkbcobyt,lf fuhts-

dt fvthbrbc rjyuhtcib ctyfnjht,bc
jabct,bc lfsdfkbtht,fc8 db.fdbs
]jy vfrrtbybc jabcib7 cflfw ufsdf-
kbcobyt,ekb fh .jabkf vfcsfy
it[dtlhf7 lfud[dlf v[jkjl vbcb
fgfhfnbc eahjcb8 vfuhfv ief it[-
dtlhbc lhjc itvjdblf  
 yfew,fstdb cfe,fhb ufvju-
dbdblf lf7 hjujhw fqvjxylf7 lf-
dfvf[cjdhlb4 +bmdt7 ud8 #^!‘8
vfrrtbypt s[hj,bcfc cffrfidbkb bctf
f;bnbht,ekb7 hjv bfaafcbfy ctynbvty-
nt,cfw dtqfh sjrfdc lf7 vfufkbsfl7 fcts
pqfgfhc udb.dt,f5
3vf[cjdc7 ths[tk7 vfcsfy it[-
dtlhbc itvltu7 rjyuhtcblfy ufvj-
dtlb7 ufdfxtht nfmcb8 v’qjkb ifd-
24 
LFCFO.BCB B[8 3F-L47
@_@@ OKBC 1)-%@7
@_@# OKBC 1!-@7#-!_
rfybfyb b.j8 vfy vrbs[f 2 hfc dfrt-
st,lb rjyuhtcib8 hjwf des[fhb7
db.fdb vfrrtbysfy7 vbs[hf 2 tu fhbc
rfwb7 hjvkbc o.fkj,bsfw f[kf
wjw[fkb dfhj8 hjwf vfrrtbyb n.dtl
xfbultc7 xdtyb cfv[tlhj yfobkb fk-
.fib b.j7 vnhbc [fpbc bmbs lf he-
ct,c czbhlt,jlfs xdtyb rjjhlbyf-
nt,b7 hjvtkbw vfy bwjlf7 hflufy
xdtyc lfcf[vfht,kfl vjlbjlf8 bc fof-
vtc7 fb’ekt,lyty7 uftsmdf xdtyb yf-
obkbc rjjhlbyfnt,b8 vfrrtbyb fh
ufn.lf lf vjudtwf lhj7 fk.blfy
ufvjdcekb.fdbs8 vt hjv lqtc wjw-
[fkb dfh7 v[jkjl vbcb o.fkj,ffj7
rdkfd ufbvtjhf8








.jabkb gfhkfvtynfhb
hfw cffrfi-
dbkb lffgf-
nbvhtc7 yfw-
vj’hfj,fib
c[dt,vf fbo-
.dbntc8 gfh-
nbbc rjynhj-
kb7 gfhnbfib
'fkfeakt,bc
[tkib xfult,f
vjbyljvtc vt-
jht[fhbc[jdfyvf lf vtcfvt[fhbc[jdfyvf gj-
kbnbrjct,vf8 bcbyb njhnc byfobkt,ty7 sfdbc-
rty tmfxt,bfy lf sbsjtekb vfsufyb lblb yfz-
hbc 3lfshtdfc4 wlbkj,c8 vfs fhw gjkbnb-
rehb cfmvbfyj,f fbynthtct,s lf fhw 2 [fk-
[bc ghj,ktvt,b8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4
fb7 tc fhbc hbubsb fvthbrtkbc7 bv- mdfvbc rdfkj,fpt7 
[fyfl erdt fcfrib v.jab fvthbrtkb     
nfmcbcnbc yfvldbkb bcnjhbf4 +bm-

dt7 ud8 #^@‘8 cffrfidbkb b[ctyt,c7 ]th rbltd @__^
fye cfyfv  fofvt,lyty7 vfs lhj otkc hjujh uflfehxf cfmfhsdtkj vfr-
b[tkstc lf fk.f uffhqdbtc0= rtbybc ufvj hecek-fvthbrek lbl lf-
lf  ofvt,bc ufhtit hjv ufth- gbhbcgbht,fc5
qdbfs fk.f7 dthf0=
3ths-thsb dbpbnb b.j @__^
vjrktl7 gfnfhf ,fdidt,c hjv e.dt,bfy otkc7 hjwf erdt tvpflt,jlf fvt-
jvpt ghbvbnbek pqfght,c7 cojhtl fvfc
hbrbc ghtpbltynfl rtyzbc cf.ht-
frtst,c cffrfidbkb7 hjvtkbw7 hf smvf ey- kfl8 bc vt fvbc itcf[t, ufvtylj7
lf7 fhw fcf[tkt,c bv nfmcbcnbc +hjvtk- sevwf7 cf]fhjl ]th fh fw[flt,lf
cfw7 c[dfsfijhbc7 lbcrhbvbyfwbekb lf xdty ufdahbylbs thsfl w[by-
3ifdrfybfyb4 lf fhf 2 3fahjfvthb- dfkib8 ctgfhfnbcnt,vf efhb smdtc
rtkb4 eojlf‘ cf[tk-udfhc7 bv e,hfkj xtvb dthnvahtybc vbqt,fpt7 vfuhfv
vbptpbc ufvj7 hjv vfrrtbybc uvbhj,bs uf- fvthbrtkb ctyfnjht,b iteidtc8 xt-
lfhxtybkb fhfdbsfhb nfmcbcnb fh fhct- vb dthnvahtyb lf]lf w[bydfkbc vb-
,j,lf=
cflujvt,sfy7 bcbyb hjwf ufvj,hey-
vtvefhbcnb gbhlfgbh fqbfht,c7 hjv lyty7 erdt hfvltybvt dthnvahtybs
 fmnbehfl b.j xfhsekb 3dfh- utpb cdfytsbcrty fdbqts8 hjltcfw
lt,bc htdjkewbfib45 fdahbylbs7 ctyfnjht,bc dthnva-
 xtvb vtuj,hj,f ea- htyb xdtyb tujyfs7 ittifkfs lf
hj ufyvnrbwlf7 hjltcfw 3dfhlt,bc cojhtl vfc tchjktc .ev,fhvn.jh-
htdjkewbbc4 lhjc lblb tysepb- wyblfy8 ctyfnjht,bc dthnvahtyc
fpvbs lfudbzbhf v[fhb8 bub fhfths-
.ev,fhfv 'fkbfy f[kjc ufefhf8 uf-
[tk xfvjdblf cfmfhsdtkjib 3dfh-
lfhxyty7 vfuhfv cfahs[t 'fkbfy ht-
lt,bc htdjkewbfvlt4 lf 3dfh- fkehb b.j8 fvthbrbc tkxvf lfhtrf
lt,bc htdjkewbbc4 itvltufw8 vfc lf rfntujhbekfl lff.tyf cfrbs-
'fkbfy e.dfhlf bv fv,bc uf[ctyt,f7 [b7 lfe.jdyt,kbd lf,heyt,ekb.-
se hjujh fqvjvfxbyf hjujhw cne- dyty s,bkbcib7 hflufy vupfdhj,bc
ltynb lf vfibydt hjujh lfdvtuj,- itvlujvb ufuh’tkt,f cf[bafsj b.j4
+bmdt7 ud8 #^#`8
hlbs8 fvfc fvf.fl e.dt,jlf sfdbc
vfuhfv  f,f7 hbcb uvbhb b.j7
vtuj,fh rjyuhtcvtyt,c7 ctyfnj-
hjv vjupfehj,f itto.dbnf lf vfbyw ufa-
ht,c7 ghtpbltynt,c8 sfy lfc’tylf
hbylyty cdfytsbcrty= vfuhfv tc uvbhb vfr-
2 rfhub cfrflhj uevfyb lf fkqj
vfmdcj4 +bmdt7 ud8 #^@`8 rtbyb bct itfibytc cdfyt,vf7 hjv bmblfy
tc cffrfidbkbc gbhlfgbhb fqbfht,bsb cfcohfajl ufvjtwfkf5
xdtyt,ff7 fb7  .dtkfc e.dt,jlf7
3vfrrtbyvf ]benfl vjbs[jdf7
vbif xdtyb rflhbfj=
vupfdhj,f ufudtuh’tkt,byf lf ufd-
fye thsb wyj,bkb fvthbrekb ufvjyfs-
ahbylbs vtcnbbc rjirt,bc lfcfs-
dfkbtht,kfl8 fdtlbs eiuekibw8
vt-$ cfereybc nf’hbc itcfcdktk-
sfy vfc ufeifktc ceahf eutvhbt-
ktcb nhflbwbekb rth’t,bs8 c[df
[es ctyfnjhsfy thsfl bc b]lf lf
bk[tylf8 nf’fhsfy cdfyehb7 vtc-
nbbc [fk[ehb wtrdf-cbvqthbc
ueylvf lfedbo.fhb cfyf[fj,f ofh-
vjflubyf7 sfyfw lhjlflhj uflb-
jlyty nf’hbc erfy7 vfssdbcfw cea-
hf uftifkfs lf bm hf[cfw uflf/r-
hfdlyty sehvt lf ufvjlbjlyty [f-
kbcbfyfl8 vfuhfv hjv de.eht,lb
vfs7 sfylfsfy dfvxytdlb7 cf[tt,b
hjujh twdkt,jlfs lf wjnfsb fu-
htcbekt,b [lt,jlyty8 firfhf b.j7
.dtkfathb cfcvtksfy b.j lfrfd-
ibht,ekb8
hfqfw gthbjlbc itvltu 
 uflvjb[fhf xtvrty lf xevfl7 yf-
[tdhfl [evhj,bs vbs[hf5 vbif7 vt
fh dfh vibifhf rfwb7 vfuhfv fv [fk-
[bc cf[tt,b fh vjvojyc lf vjlb7
f[kf lhjpt ofdblts fmtlfy7 cfyfv
hfqfw fh lfeifdt,bfs xdtysdbc lf
53
sfdbfyssdbcfwj8 fluf7 3djhubk-
djbcfc4 hbnvbc mdti twtrdf vfs lf
dthnvahtyc vbdfiehts4 +bmdt7 ud8
#^#‘8

ufuh’tkt,f bmyt,f
yfwvj’hf-


gjkbnbrjcb

.jabkb gjkbngfnbvfhb
j,f rfhu
lqtib hj-
ujh bmyt,f0=
]th thsb7
hfw tc f[f-
kb [tkv’q-
dfytkj,f
fbhxbtc7 fv-
bs bcbyb vjv[htt,c v[jkjl lfrfhufdl- udf[cjdc7 udf[cjdc
yty lf fh vjbvfnt,lyty8 vfsb fctsb hf- lf dthfclhjc lfdb-
lbrfkehb lfvjrblt,ekt,f7 hjv7 fhbmf7 dbo.t,s bv lfo.td-
[dfkdt uffsfdbceakjy cffrfidbkb7 vfh- kbk w[hf otkc8
w[bcsdbc fhbc ufyobhekb8
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4


zfh,b ojyf7 hjvtkbw
flfvbfybc w[jdht,bc
cnbksfy lf
vfqfkrfkjhbek
cfrdt,sfy gbhlfgbh
rfdibhibf7 @!-t
cfereybc vcjakbjc
ths-ths evsfdhtc
ufvjodtdfl fhbc
vbxytekb8 hf
ufycfpqdhfdc cfrdt,bc
rfkjhbekj,fc lf dby
hfvltyb rfkjhbf
cfrdt,b eylf vbbqjc
lqbehfl7 fvbc itcf[t,
mfhsdtkb vtwybthb7
/jvtjgfsb lf tmbvb


udtcfe,ht,f5
2 .dtkf ghjwtcb7 hjvtkbw
jhufybpvib vbvlbyfhtj,c 2
cfzvkbc vjytkt,f7 uekbcwt-
vf7 ceysmdf7 reyst,bc vj’hf-
j,f7 athvtynt,bc ufvjveifdt-
,f lf abmhbw rb 2 ufhrdtek
tythubfc vjbs[jdc7 hjvtkcfw
flfvbfyb v[jkjl lf v[jkjl
cfrdt,blfy bqt,c8 pjub cfrdt-
,b vfqfkb tythutnbrekb qb-
ht,ekt,bcff7 pjub 2 lf,f-
kb7 hbc itcfafct,kflfw fh-
ct,j,c 3rfkjhbbc4 wyt,f8 
   


  
   

 
 
   
   
 
 
2 vfbyw hf ufyfgbhj,t,c
cfrdt,b ghjlemnbc rfkj-
hbekj,fc0
2 cfrdt,b ghjlemnbc rf-
kjhbekj,fc vbcb mbvbehb
itvflutykj,f7 rth’jl7 wbkt-
,bc7 w[bvt,bcf lf yf[ibho.kt-
,bc [dtlhbsb obkb ufyfgbhj-
,t,c8 
    
 
fctsbdt rfkjhbekbf ! uhf-
vb wbkfw7 [jkj 


   

2 cfbynthtcjf7 hfvltyfl
rfkjhbekbf o.fkb7 hjvt-
kvfw vfdfybc fphbs7 itb'-
kt,f ufudfcemjc0
2 tc n.ebkbf7 o.fkb fh
fcemt,c7 hflufy vbcb rfkjhb-
ekj,f yekbc njkbf= cfth-
sjl7 ojyfib vfnt,f se lfr-
kt,f lfvjrblt,ekbf bvfpt7
hfvlty rfkjhbfc dqt,ekj,s
cfrdt,bc cf[bs lf hfvlty rf-
kjhbfc d[fh]fds8 



   
sevwf7 .dtkfathb
vfbyw bylbdblefkehbf888 hfv-
ltyb rbkjrfkjhbf cfrdt,b

frfltvbrjcb
kj,f fmdc uf-
zbhdt,ekb
flfvbfybcs-
dbc7 hf qbhc
ntktdbpj-
hb fy vecbrf-
kehb wtyn-
hb8 vbcsdbc
vybidytkj,f
fmdc bvfc7 se hf qbhc gehb7 ifmfhb7 h'bc
ghjlemnb7 hfvltyb eylf uflfb[fljc tktm-
nhjtythubfib7 ufpib888 fvbnjv cfcbwjw[kj
vybidytkj,bc ghjlemwbfpt afct,c .jdtks-
dbc fmdc ghbjhbntnekb vybidytkj,f8
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
 


udzbhlt,f7 lfvjrblt,ekbf
fcfrpt7 cbvfqktcf lf ojyfpt8

  

 
  
  
 egbhdtktc .jd-
kbcf7 eylf ufydcfpqdhjs7
f,cjkenehfl vjleyt,ek
vlujvfhtj,fibw rb7 hfvlty
rfkjhbfc [fh]fdc xdtyb jh-
ufybpvb cfcbwjw[kj aeym-
wbt,bc itcfchekt,kfl8 mf-
 


 




kt,bcsdbc fvbc ufvjcfsdkt-
kfl fhct,j,c itvltu ajh-
vekf 2 
  +rbkjuhfvb`7

 +cfynbvtnhb`7

lf vfvfrf-
wt,bcsdbc .dtkfathb bubdtf7
vfuhfv ,jkjc ufvjrkt,ekb
!^!-bc yfwdkfl eylf lfde-
vfnjs fye ajhvekf vbb-
qt,c fcts cf[tc 2 
  
 gkec 
 
+cfynbvtnhb`7 vbyec 
  lf
gkec %8 fvfc hjv ufdbut,s7
itvltu erdt xdtyb w[jdht,bc
otcblfy ufvjvlbyfht7 ufyd-
cfpqdhfds7 pecnfl hfvltyb
rbkjrfkjhbf udzbhlt,f
lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib8
  

 
hf vybidyt-

s,bkbcbc cfrht,ekjc
cfnhfycgjhnj rjvbcbbc
sfdv]ljvfht
j,fpt8 chekb gfce[bcvut,kj,bs dbvtj-
ht, ltlfmfkfmbc vthbc cbn.dt,c7 hjv nf-
hbabc uflf[tldf lf7 vbsevtntc7 ufph-
lf fh butuvt,f8

 eylf
dbwjlts bcbw7 hjv fhct,j,c
vfqfkrfkjhbekb ghjlemnt-
,b7 hjvkbc vwbht hfjltyj-
,fw rb cbvf’qhbc ituh’yt,fc
lbl[fyc udbnjdt,c lf fewb-
kt,tk ybdsbtht,t,cfw itb-
wfdc8 fctsbf  hjvt-
kbw lqtib !_-#_ uhfvbc jlt-
yj,bs chekbfl cfrvfhbcbf8
 
bubdt itb’kt,f bsmdfc 

 vfuhfv lqb-
   
ehfl #_ uhfvpt vtnb fhw th-
  
sb lf fhw vtjht fh vbdbqjs=

vfqfkrfkjhbekb lf cfcfh-
  
ut,kjf jqjyl lqt-
   
ib bcbw #_ uhfvbc jltyj,bs8
  
 vfqfkrfkjhbekbf 
     vfuhfv lqtib fhf-
 evtntc %_ uhfvbcf8 cbvf’qhbc
    ituh’yt,fc 
  lbl[fyc njdt,c7 vfu-
 hfv vbcvf lqbehvf hfjltyj-
 ,fv !__ uhfvc fh eylf uflff-
zfh,jc8 wbv,bhib7 hectscf
lf erhfbyfib .dtkfc fmdc
j]f[ib  hjvtkbw vf-
qfkrfkjhbekbf7 vfuhfv7 se
lqtib %_ uhfvpt vtnc fh itd-
zfvs7 fh ufudfcemt,c lf cbvf’-
qhbc ituh’yt,fcfw lbl[fyc
itudbyfhxeyt,c=
2 fkrj/jkb lf ufpbfyb
cfcvtkt,b7 hjvkt,bw7 hj-
ujhw otcb7 fcemt,c7 vfqfk-
rfkjhbekbf se hfibf cfm-
vt0
2 fkrj/jkehb lf ufpbf-
yb cfcvtkt,b vfqfkrfkjhbe-
kbwff lf flfvbfyc vflfcfw e’-

kbtht,c= fqfhfathc dfv,j,
t8o8 3afcaelt,cf4 lf cohfab

rdt,bc ghjlemnt,pt7 hjv-
tksf zfh,vf vj[vfht,fv fvt-
hbrbc itthst,ek infnt,ib
kfvbc cbvcemybc tgbltvbf uf-
yfgbhj,f8 ptlvtnb rfkjhbt-
,bc 3lfcfodfdfl4 cfertstcjf
cgjhnb7 ufycfresht,bs
wehdf8 hfw ubylf ufubrdbh-
lts7 
  
   


    cf-
thsjl7 ojyfib ufycfresht-
,bs cohfafl dbvfnt,s vfiby7
hjwf wbkt,cf lf yf[ibho.-
kt,c thslhjekfl dqt,e-
kj,s8
2 sfyfvtlhjdtj,bc .dt-
2 tc hfc ybiyfdc0
kfpt cfzbh,jhjnj rbs[df 2 fb7 vfufkbsfl7
2 hjujh eylf itdbyfhxe-

yjs ojyf lf hjvtkb cfrdt-    
,b eylf vbdbqjs7 hfsf fh    fv
ufdcemlts0 lhjc xdtyb jhufybpvb rfkj-
2 se lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib hbt,c ufcfjwfhb cbcohfabs
bvlty rfkjhbfc vbdbqt,s7 bqt,c lf ojyfib dbvfnt,s8
hfvltycfw lfd[fh]fds7 vfiby fvbnjv [jhwbc egehjl zf-
fh ufdcemlt,bs lf ojyfc vel- vfc se vbdtxdtdbs7 ojyfib fh
vbdfl itdbyfhxeyt,s7 [jkj7
vjdbvfnt,s=
se vtn rfkjhbfc vbdbqt,s7


dblht d[fh]fds7 vfiby ptlvt-
nb rfkjhbt,b gbhlfgbh w[b- 
vt,fl ufhlfbmvyt,f lf ufdcem-


lt,bs8

cfthsjl7 bltfkehbf lf-
,fkrfkjhbekb lf vhfdfkat- 

hjdfyb cfrdt,bc vbqt,f8 fctsb
cfrdt,bf5    


  
 

  


   
  
  
 tcfe,hf
    

sfdbc lh-


fhmbntmnjh-eh,fybcnb


vothfkb
nfmct,bc erhfbyt-
htajhvbc kb ltpth- jpt 
nbht,b7 hjv-
vtcfvt tnf- kt,bw7 ot-  lhj-
gbc lfo.t,bc cbs7 cfresfh byltkb vf-
itvltu ufdh- cfvij,kjib cj,hbdb ,b-
eylf b.dyty7
wtklf by- yfsvityt,-
vfc bwfdlyty7
ajhvfwbf fv lhjc fm kj,f @%-#_
uflfcf[flbc yt,bdhj,ty otkpt b.j
ufphlbc sf- lf jvib xfh- ufsdkbkb7
sdbcrty xdty vjudbojlt,ty8 sfy cfmfhsdtkjc vfuhfv pjub vfsufyb eahj v.fhfl lufc7
[tkbceakt,fc cf.dtlehj,ty5 erhfbyfc bfh-
fqc hfnjv fh fodlbsj8 it j]f[fityt,ekj7 dblht7 cbn.dfpt7 !_-!% okbc oby fityt-
,ekb rjhgecb8 fcfrb fhfath iefibf8 dth
lf,heylb erhfbyfib7 bijdt bfhfqb lf bjvt
ityb cfvij,kjcsdbc7 fm hfc ofvjojkbk- dbn.dbs7 hjv fcfrjdfyb ityj,f edfhubcbf8
[fh0=
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4 3HTPJYFYCB4
25
 


gbhlfgbh itb’kt,f
bsmdfc7 hjv 

lfrfdibht,ekvf
rfyjyghjtmnvf sfdbcb
cfmvt erdt uffrtsf lf

 mfhsekb
gjkbnbrehb zfj,bc
ptlfgbhpt thsbfyfl
fvjfnbdnbdf8
lbf[7 ghbywbgbs 2 mehlc
melb todbc 2 ufbibahf .dt-
kf7 dbcfw tibybf7 hjv cf[tkb
3ufdktybc futynb47 hbsbw
mfhsdtkb [fk[b bctlfw lblb
[fybf7 vjb[ctybt,c7 fo erdt
jabwbfkehfl7 cfrfyjyvlt,-
kj ljytpt lfthmvtdf=

tctyb fhbfy  
 
hjvkt,bw tdhj-fvthbrekb


uhfynt,bs abyfyclt,bfy7 hf-
sf cfmfhsdtkjib fofhvjjy hecek rfyjyfl yfskfdty7
rfvgfybf7 vfufkbsfl7 ku,n thsflthsb vbpfyb fvj’hf-


ghfblt,bc xfnfht,bcf lf th- dt,s 2 yt,bcvbth afcfl eylf
syfbhcmtcbfysf mjhobyt,bc itbyfhxeyjy sfdbfysb ufdkt-
lfrfyjyt,bc vbpybs= yt,b cfmfhsdtkjc iblf gjkb-


tctyb fhbfy  nbrfpt7 fvbcfsdbc rb fewbkt-
  ,tkbf7 vfs ufdktybc futynt,c


hjvkt,bw tdhj-fvthbrekb  
uhfynt,bs abyfyclt,bfy7 hf- 
sf cfmfhsdtkjib ofhvfhsjy tojlt,jlts lf fhf 2 


ghjgfufylf7 vfufkbsfl7 mfh-   
sekb vfhskvflblt,tkb tr- cfzbhjf7 hjv rjktmnbehb
kjv]fhbf-ubufehbcfsdbc uf-


ktcbbc 3ghjhecekj,bc4 it-
cf[t, lf b,h’jkjy cfgfnhb- vj.jabk vce.t uhfynt,c rt-
fhmjib 3rhtvkbc ufdktyt,bc4 sbkij,bkehb cf[tkb 2
fqvjcfa[dhtkfl= 3mfhsekb ltvjrhfnbbc ufy-
tctyb fhbfy  dbsfht,bcfsdbc ufvj.jabkb
  aekb4 thmdfc lf fh /mjyltc
hjvkt,bw tdhj-fvthbrekb vbcb htfkehb lfybiyekt,bc
uhfynt,bs abyfyclt,bfy7 hf-
tktyt [jinfhbf 3rfut,tc4 itcf,fvbcb cf[tkojlt,f 2
sf [tkb iteo.jy cfmfhsdt- rflht,bc cfvztlkjib 2 3cfmfhsdtkjib thjdyekb
kjib t8o8 [fdthljdfyb htdj- afctekj,t,bc obyffqvltu
kewbbc7 fye cf[tkvobaj uf- vjcrjdbc cfthsfijhbcj cf,h’jkdtkfl lf ytjkb,t-
lfnhbfkt,bc jhufybpt,fc7 vf- hfkeh cb,bkotsf lfcfyth-
ufkbsfl7 cffhxtdyj [vt,bc gf- ehsbthsj,fsf cf[tkvobaj ufl lf[fh]ekb vbkbjyt,b48
hfktkehb lfsdkbc vjyfwtv- vjrktl7 .dtkfathb bvfpt
sf uf.fk,t,bc upbs= ,tdhfl vfhnbdfl fhbc7 dblht
lbf[7 cojhtl fv rfntujhb-
bycnbnenib pecnfl bv lhjc thsb it[tldbs itb’kt,f7 xfy-
bc  c[dfyfbhfl hjv ltc=
dsmdfs7 rjktmnbehb kjv]f-
cofdkj,lf7 hjwf rfyjyghjtmnbc c[dfsfijhbc7 tdhj-fvthbre-
kb uhfynt,bs e[dfl lfabyfy-
hbf-ubufeht,b lf vfsb gj-
kbnbreh vafhdtk-vjrfd- ths-thsb bybwbfnjhb7 ct,ek rjktmnbeh kjv]f-
ibhtyb b[jrfdty qfodt,c hbf-ubufeht,c ghtntypbf
  it- ltgenfnb vb[tbk .fdtkfidbkb fmds7 hjv 
cf[t, rfyjysfy lfrfdibht,bs7
eojlt,ty vfc hecek rfyjyc7
tdhjgbc ofv.dfy cfat[,ehsj  
 fhbfy lf [ibh-[ibhfl bvt-
genbybcneh rfyjyc7 cfmfhs- jht,ty 2 xdty 
dtkjc tdhjgekb gthcgtmnb-
xtvgbjyfnib 2 byukbcbc  dfhsj=
dbc vrdktk rfyjyc lf f8i8 hjujhw xfyc7 cbn.df 3ufd-
fhfdbsfhb fphb fhf fmdc
ghtvbthkbufib 3vfyxtcnth ktybfyb4 'fkbfy vjcojys lf
cbfvjdyt,s=
bvbc vnrbwt,fc7 hjv rfyjyg-
hjtmnb7 hjvtkbw cfmfhsdt-
cbnbc4 qbhct,fc bwfdlf= /jlf7 bmyt, gfhkfvtynib byb-
kjc gfhkfvtynib b[bkt,f7 wbht,ekb rfyjyghjtmnbc fd-
fvthbrfib vjmvtlb rfyjybc  vfbyw fh ithw[- njht,vf nthvbyb 3ufdktybc
gbhlfgbhb sfhuvfybf 2 cnt- dt,fs7 fvthbrek rfyjyc he- futynt,b4  
yjuhfabekb fckb7 cflfw cekb rfyjyb lfe’f[jy= sdbs  itwdfkjy=
v[jkjl mdt.ybc cf[tkoj- fvthbrbc tkxb   f,f7 thsb7 ufdcby]js7 hj-
lt,ff itwdkbkb lf fvthb-  rb fw[flt,c 2 rfyjyb7 ujh ;qthc5
rbc itthst,ekb infnt,bc hjvtkbw fvthbrfib vjmvt- ufdktybfyb futynb 
yfwdkfl cfmfhsdtkj othbf8 lt,c hecekb rfyjybfj lf 
lbf[7 vukbc sfdpt cf[fht,bc f,f7 fvbc itvltu hfqfpt eylf ufdktybfyb futynb 
rbs[dbc njkafcbf fvfpt fgt- dbkfgfhfrjs= 
kbht,f7 hflufy  tkxt,cfw7 ctyfnjht,cfw ufdktybfyb futynb
 lf tdhjgfhkfvtynfht,cfw7 
   hjvkt,bw fvthbrek rfyjyc dby bwbc7 sfdflfw cbfvf.bs








gjkbnjkjub




erhfbybc ghtvbth-vbybcnhb
3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
sfdv]ljvfht

fvthbrtkb ctyfnjhb

eyuhtsbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf

vbybcnhb

xdty utuvf udfmdc 2 lqtdfyltkb jgjpbwb- hf dyf[ts gfhkfvtynib0 xdty dcfe,hj,s hects- xdtysdbc cfrvfhbcb fh rfhub bmyt,jlf7 
,h’jkf lf vjmvtlt,f= bc gbhj,t,ib 3mfhsekb fvthbrekb rfyjyblfy cbn.- pt lf genbybc jkbufh- fhbc yfnjc 3qbf rfhb4 2 
jwyt,f4 yt,bcvbth fhxtd- mbfpt7 fhflf7 fii-ibw dtkbs rjyrhtnbrfc xdtyb  tcfe,hfs7 tc jvb ey-
dfcbn.dbs yfsfhuvy rfyjyc
fhbc abpbrehfl cfzb- hecekc eojlt,lyty7 [j-
lfj0 dzblfj,s8 yt,c vjbut,c8 kj cfresfh bcnthbrfc tdhj- udfmdc jkbufhmbf8 gfhnybjht,bcufy8 lf lfchekltc=
gek mvtlt,fl fcfqt,lyty8
3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4

26  
  


kfpt yfrkt,b mekbc vmjyt se cfmfhsdtkj fct we-

fencfblthb ueylb dfhlt,f
evfqktcb kbublfy7 cojhtl
bct ufhbw[fdty cch rfdibhb-
lfy htcge,kbrt,c7 hjvkt-
,bw welfl vjbmwtdbfyj=

lfl vjmwtdfc fh ittidt,f7
itb’kt,f7 eahj efhtcb hf-
vtw vj[ltc lf yfwbjyfke-
hb vj’hfj,f7 sfdbc vjrfdib-
ht fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpf-
wbt,sfy lf vstk kb,thfc-


lftsfy[vjy fcts ltabybwbfc=
bct7 eylf itdybiyjs7 hjv
hectsbc ufdktybc futynt,b7
hjvkt,bw cfmfhsdtkjib lf-
cfdktsbc ufdktybc futynt,-
pt wjnfyb yfvldbkfl fh fhb-
fy7 eahj ujybdhekfl bmwt-
dbfy lf gfhkfvtynib bybwb-
ht,ekb rfyjybc obyffqvltu
qbfl fh bkfimht,ty7 hfsf sf-
db vskfl ,jkjvlt fh ufvj-
bztyjy=
vtjht v[hbd7 bvfs ijhbc7
dbyw 3ew[jtsbc ufdktybc
futynt,sfy4 lfrfdibht,ekb
rfyjybc obyffqvltu ghjlfcfd-
kehb gjpbwbblfy .dbhbc7 ,td-
hb7 cbyfvldbktib7 hectsbc
ufdktybc futynbf= vfufkb-








se cfmfhsdtkj fct welfl
vjmwtdfc uffuh’tkt,c7 vfkt7
itcf’kjf7 re,bkbec-ajnb-
uf-ajy rhfvjyt,vf rbltd ea-
hj cfcnbrfl lfudcf]jy lf
xdtysfy vtuj,hj,fpt cfvelf-
vjl fbqjy [tkb=
nfhbtk zfynehbfv ufcekb cfereybc (_-bfy okt,ib
;ehyfk 3wbcrhbc4 htlfmwbfib b[evhf5 cf,zjsf
[tkbceakt,fc f[fkb rfyjyb itvjfmdc7 hjvtkbw cfat[,ehsj
xtvgbjyfnbc ghbywbgpt bmyt,f lfae’yt,ekb 2 hjujhw
.dtkfpt yfrkt,b mekbc vmjyt fencfblthb ueylb dfhlt,f
evfqktcb kbublfy7 cojhtl bct ufhbw[fdty cch rfdibhblfy
htcge,kbrt,c7 hjvkt,bw welfl vjbmwtdbfyj=

nek rkfcnthsfy thsfl7
mfhsekb gjkbnbrbc fdfyc-
wtyblfy cfvelfvjl ufmhtc=
hfqf tidtkt,f vtht ere,b-
kbecjl7 e[f,tbidbkjl lf
ekjv]fhbjl istybk mdt.f-
yfc0=
hfqf afcb tmyt,f cfmfhsdt-
kjc ufdktybc futynt,bcf se
ufdktybfyb futynt,bc ufhtit=
cffrfidbkc7 vthf,bidbkc7
fltbidbkc7 rtpthfidbkc7
f[fkfbt,c7 vtubc mfhlfdfc7
hjvfy ifvfsfdfc7 3mbkthfc47
3vfcnthfcf4 lf 3,jhjnfc4
fctsb cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc fh
e,h’jkbfs=



sbcsdbc seylfw 
 lfcf[tkt,f brvf-
s,bkbcbc wtynhib7
ht,c7 hjvtkbw 3rfut,tc4 rfl-
ufycfresht,bs hecsfdtkbc

ht,bc cfvztlkjib 2 vjcrj-
dbc cfthsfijhbcj ehsbth-
sj,fsf cf[tkvobaj bycnb-
nenib pecnfl bv lhjc cofd-
kj,lf7 hjwf rfyjyghjtmnbc
ths-thsb bybwbfnjhb7 lt-
genfnb 
tdhjgbc ofv.dfy cfat[,eh-
sj xtvgbjyfnib 2 byukbcbc
ghtvbthkbufib 3vfyxtcnth cb-
nbc4 qbhct,fc bwfdlf=
fmdt7 cfat[,ehsj xtvgbjyf-
nbc [ctyt,fcf lf rjktmnbe-
hb lfcfdktsblfy ofvjcek
vemfht,pt 2 3ew[jtsbc ufd-
ktybc futynsf4 itcf[t, rfyj-
ybc vbqt,bc itvs[dtdfib7 cf-
mfhsdtkjc tdhjrfdibhib fh
vbdbqt,sj 2 thsb cf[fkbcj
fv,fdb vjudfujylf7 hjvtkbw
wyj,bk mfhsdtk gjtnc 
 erfdibhlt-
,f8 rfkvjcfyvf7 hjvtkbw sf-
dbc lblt,ek gjtpbfcsfy th-
sfl lblt,ekb bevjhbsfw
ufvjbhxtdf7 ufcekb cfereybc
(_-bfy okt,ib ;ehyfk
3wbcrhbc4 htlfmwbfib b[evhf5
cf,zjsf [tkbceakt,fc f[f-
kb rfyjyb itvjfmdc7 hjvt-
kbw cfat[,ehsj xtvgbjyf-
nbc ghbywbgpt bmyt,f lf-
ae’yt,ekb 2 hjujhw .dt-


ghjcgtmncf lf sfdbceakt,bc
vjtlybc vbvlt,fht
nthbnjhbfpt7 vwbhtokjdfyb
,jit,b7 hjvkt,cfw7 w[flbf7
pehuc eahjct,b evfuht,ty7
ueylt,fl lf’hobfy lf ew[jtk
hbnjhbfpt7 rth’jl7 3ufkthtf s,bkbcbc4 lftv[j8 vjut[ctyt,fs7 ghtpbltyn vfvf-
nehbcnt,pt yflbhj,ty8 bcbyb oby lf fctdt gkt[fyjdcf lf f,fyjse,fyib8 ,eibc ufyw[flt,f fct ;qthlf 2 3pdbfl
ew[jtkc fy rfhufl xfwvek- vjut[ctyt,fs7 cfvbdt tc othnbkb nehbc-
lf[ehek mfhsdtkc nt,bcsdbc ufvjhxtekb flubkbf7 vfuhfv
ufvcf[ehlbf lbyt,bc cfobyffqvltujl vb-
flubkpt vbcekt,c hf [dlt,fs0 jvb lf ]j-
wehfdc=4
afmnbf7 hjv thsb ,eibc vbth lfv[j-
lfbvfhnj[tkt,ty se fhf7
]j[tsb= [ibhfl bcbyb t,vt,bfy yfvldbk ,bkt,b se vtjht ,eibc vbth ufmtpt,ekt-
fk.fib vjfmwtdty lf
,h’jkfib vfofyofkf ,jif ,fdidt,sfy7 hf- ,b7 vfuhfv gjkbnbrehfl cffrfidbkbc yf-
cfueklfuekjl ithxtek
sf sfdbfysb mjyt,f7 qbhct,f lf ]fyvhst- ,eiht,b7 sfdbfysb utuvt,bs ,tdhfl eahj
vc[dthgkc pjub ]b,tib
kj,f lfbwdfy= cfibib fhbfy7 dblht vtnhjcflueh 3sf-
eafseht,c [tkc7 pjubw fvfc .ehflqt,f lf rfyjybc ufvrfwht,f dbceakt,bc vjtlybc4 oby fy f,fyjse,fycf
[tkxfysbc ofukt]fc wlbkj,c8 eylf= c[df itvs[dtdfib cfmfhsdtkjib lf- lf gkt[fyjdpt xfcfaht,ekb ,jif ,fdidt-
cfcdtyt,kfl fqfhfdby xfvjdf8 ufdhwtkt- ,b8 c[dfsfijhbc7 gjkbnbrehfl cffrfidb-
tc .dtkfathb [lt,f erblehtcb fuht-
kbc thsvf yf,eifhvf rfyfkbpfnjhvf rf[f
cbbcf lf7 afmnj,hbdfl7 ufw[flt,ekb nt- ,ekb byajhvfwbbs7 fvthbrbc cftkxjv
kjvfbfv7 hjvtkbw ufyfskt,bc vbybcnhfl
hjhbc ajypt bct7 hjv [ibhfl vc[dth- erdt uffahs[bkf sfdbcb vjmfkfmtt,b7
gkb7 hjvtkcfw vteqkt fy vwbhtokj- hjv hecsfdtkbc ghjcgtmnpt7 sfdbcea- lfybiytc lf mdt.fyf lffmwtdbytc7 hfvltyb-
vt vwltkj,bc vbe[tlfdfl7 lfafpt cbn.df
dfyb idbkt,b f[kfdc7 bvbc ibibs7 fv sfd- kt,bc vjtlfypt7 f,fyjse,fycf lf gkt-
3,fdidb4 dth lfothf888
pt[tkfqt,ekvf lf uflfudfht,ekvf vnf- [fyjdpt ctbhyj,bcfc ufycfresht,ekb
wt,kt,vf wjk-idbkc fhfathb lfeif- cbahs[bkt lf cba[bpkt ufvjbxbyjy= gjkbnbrehb yf,eiht,b7 hjujhw ot-
djyj7 b’ekt,ekbf7 ,jit,c .dtkfathb sevwf7 vfofyofkf lf fhfchekokjdfy cb7 ufvelvt,bs vce.t if,fibc vjkjlby-
vbeuljc7 hfsf cfresfhb sfdbw lf ef[- ,jit,pt eahj cfibib itdfhlyf’t-cffrfi- ib fhbfy7 hfsf mdt.fyf lfcfrkfdfl bctdt
kjtcb flfvbfyt,bw ufycfwltkbcufy b[c- dbkbc bc gjkbnbrehb yf,eiht,b fhb- ufbvtnjy7 hjujhw fmfvlt fhfths[tk uf-
yfc8 gjkbwbf ,jif ,fdidt,bc vfh,btk ,fy-
evtnt,bfs8
gjkbnbreh yf,eiht,cf lf uf.blekt,c
fy7 hjvkt,bw cfmfhsdtkjc lfcfmwtdfl
lt,c dthfathc egbhbcgbht,c7 hflufy hjpubcf lf [fk[bc hbc[dbc ufhlf c[df fhf-
lf uflfcf]tufl fvthbrbc jhvf ghtpblty-
vwbhtokjdfyt,bc ufvj gjkbwbfc vfsb nvf7 vfvf-idbkvf  jh c[dflfc[df tgj- athb fibyt,s= hjujhw lfdbs rklbfidb-
lfgfnbvht,bc eakt,f xfvjhsvtekb mfib frehs[f= gjkbnbreh yf,eifhsf ij- kbc erdlfdvf uvbht,vf 2 ptyfsbv lf uf-
fmdc8 tc e,tleht,f lf ]j]j[tsb ufycf- hbc pjub wyj,bkb lfv[dhtnb lf wb[bc ]f- kfmnbjyvf dth uffo.dtc hfvt ,frekfc qj-
resht,bs sdfkibcfwtvbf vtnhjcflueh kfsb pfmfhbf ifirby-ifiehrbybf7 pjubw ht,bc obyffqvltu7 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv
3sfdbceakt,bc vjtlybc4 vbvlt,fht nt- 2 gjkbnbrehb itif7 hjvtkbw cflfw uby- cfmvtib ifif lf vstkb vbcb 3yfxfkybrt,b4
lf7 uflffnhbfkj lf hjvtk ,e[fhibw uby- xfhbtc7 gjkbnbreh yf,eifhsf obyffqv-
lf7 itertsj7 vfbyw dthfathc ufbut,c=
 fb7 vfufkbsfl7 ths-thsb fctsb wyj,b-
ltu ,h’jkfib cojhtl bctf xdtyb lqtdfy-
ltkb [tkbceakt,bc cfmvtw= qjht,b lf
kb itif 2 cfkjvt cfvflfidbkb ;bekb ifh-
fdcnhf- cffrfidbkbc gjkbnbrehb yf,eiht,b

nfdfc cf[tkj,bc lfh,fpib bv lqtc fnt[b-




3mfhsekb lfcbc4 kblthb

3thb lf cf[tkvobajc4
lfvae’yt,tkb

gjkbnbrjcb

kbfib lf-
fhw gfhkfvtynib eylf iteidf lf fhw
kb obdbk-rbdbkbc itvltu gfhkfvtynfh vfhufkbnt,b eylf lfe.fhj=
f[kjt,bs  ufitit,fcfw ittwflf lf vtnb wyj,bkbf7 hjv /bnkthb ,jit,bc cnt-
% okbc hjv dthfathb vjbabmhf7 rfwc bct exmvb- hbkbpfwbfc bs[jdlf7 hflufy vbcb fdflv-
nf7 ff.dbhf= .jaehb ufut,bs7 ,jit,vf cf[tkvobaj dth
oby vbbqtc
gjkbnbreh yf,eifhsf ijhbc pjuc sf- itmvytc lf bcnjhbbc c[dflfc[df tnfgpt v[j-
rfyjyb7 db ieif rbnhbdbs vjfmdc= fb7 vfufkbsfl7 kjl wbdbkbpfwbbc veoert,fl bmwyty=
hjvkbc  hjvtkvfw cfmfhsdtkjc cfmfhsdtkjib ,jit,bc cbvqtht,c fq-
vb[tldbs- lfvjerblt,kj,fc w[tkb n.dbf lffztlf lf vthst,ty lf fv [fk[c bcnjhbekfl fhf-
fw7 fbrh’f- mdt.fyfc sfdbcyfbh ,fylbn rbnjdfytkt,sfy athc thxbfy7 vfuhfv vfofyofkf ,jif ,fdi-
thsfl bvfpt vbkbfhl]th vtnfl fdyj7 dbl- dt,bcf lf cffrfidbkbc gjkbnbrehb yf-
kf ew[j mdt.ybc vjmfkfmbcsdbc ,byt,b- cfmfhsdtkjv hjwf smdf 2 ht vfofyofkf lf ,fylbnvf ,jif ,fdidt,-
 c[df upf ,eiht,bc 3wbuyj,f4 .jdtkudfh pqdfhc ufc-
cf lf cf[kt,bc it’tyf8 xdtysfyfw fv res[bs vt lfvjerblt,tkb mdt.fyf vf7 fvfcobyfs uf,tlf lf bkbfcf lf frfrbc wlf=
hfqfw vjcfabmht,tkbf7 hflufy mdt.fyfib ts- fqfh hxt,f= dfh lf xtvc bynthtct,ib fh 'tukbc oby 3thjdyekb vj’hfj,bc4 lfo.t- lhjf7 mdt.fyfib otchbub lfv.fhltc lf
ybreh ,fkfycc erdt ghj,ktvf tmvyt,f8 vf- itlbc jvb7 cojhtl fvbc itv- ,bc itcf[t, udfvwyj= e,tleht,f bc fhbc7 ef[ktcb bcnjhbbc mfh,jhbfv ,eit,b lf
kt itb’kt,f7 evwbhtcj,fib vjdtmwts8 ltu lfbo.j vbc obyffqvltu cf- hjv frbfc fv cfmvtib v[fhb bvfsfw fe,tc7 gjkbnbrehb yf,eiht,b cfmfhsdtkjibw
hjvtksf [tkbceakt,fw cojhtl ghtpb-
,jnf;b8 ltyn ,eibc wyj,bkb ufyw[flt,bc itvltu
xfhtw[jc=
3HTPJYFYCB4 3FBGHTCB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 

 
27
 






yfnehfkehvf ifvgeyvf
gjgekfhj,f vjb[dtzf fhf
v[jkjl trjkjubehb
lfbynthtct,bc
sdfkcfphbcbs7 fhfvtl
bvbc ufvjw7 hjv
,jcnytekbc ptsb
itbwfdc svbcsdbc
cfcfhut,kj ghjntbyt,c8
cojhtl fvbc ufvj
yt,bcvbthb ifvgeyb7
hjvtkbw svbc
phlbcsdbcff
ufyresdybkb7 itbwfdc
[jh,fkc7 rfktylekfc7
;fcvbyc fy idhbfc8
ghj,ktvehb svbcsdbc ufy-
resdybkb ifvgeybc itvfl-


yfnehfkehb ifvgeybc actdljyfnehfkehbcufy
ufcfhxtdfl cgtwbfkbcnt,b hfvltybvt vtsjlc
udsfdfpj,ty8 vsfdfhb ufyvfc[dfdt,tkb ybiyt,b
itaesdf lf itvflutykj,f uf[kfds8
efhtct,c7 itcf’kjf7 ufvjbo-
dbjc fkthubf7 lthvfnjkj-
ubehb ghj,ktvt,b7 /jhvj-
yekb ajybc lfhqdtdf7 bct-
sb njmcbyt,bc vjvhfdkt,f7
hjvkt,cfw utytnbrbc itw-
dkfw rb ite’kbfs8
3. ifvgeyb fewbkt,kfl ey-
lf b.jc vjsfdct,ekb lfvwfd
ufhcib7 obyffqvltu itvs[dt-
dfib7 ufhfynbfc dthfdby vju-
wtvs7 hjv ifvgeybc itvfluty-
kj,fib /fthb fh itcekf8
4. lblb vybidytkj,f fmdc
.byekbc vfcf;b f[fkufphlj,bc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl lf
yfjzt,bc obyffqvltu cf,h’jkdtkfl hjv itcfybiyfdb
cfiefkt,ff7 e’dtktcb lhjblfy bwjlyty kfvfpvfyt,vf8
.byekbc re,t,bs itudb’kbf vfcf;b ufdbrtsjs hjujhw
cf[tpt7 fctdt rbchbcf lf ltrjkntc vblfvjt,ibw8 jyrfybc
o.kbc ufhlf7 htrjvtylt,ekbf7 re,t,b vjvpflltc
ufpufcekb vbythfkehb fy fyfleqfhb o.kbcufy8
.dtkfpt rfhub rb ,fkf[tekbcufy vjvpflt,ekb re,t,bf8
fdbqjs ! xfbc rjdpb hjvtkbvt vwtyfht lf lfdfc[fs ! zbmf
fyfleqfhb o.fkb8 #_ oesbc itvltu xfdfc[fs .byekbcsdbc
ufyresdybk ajhvt,ib lf vjdfsfdcjs cf.byektib8
vwtyfhtt,b7 hjvkt,bw itudb’kbf7 fv vbpybs ufvjdb.tyjs5 udb-
hbkf7 gbnyf7 j[hf[eib7 jhr,bkf7 rhfpfyf7 wfw[dbc .dfdbkb7
hjvkt,bw yt,bcvbthb nbgbc rfybcsdbc cfcfhut,kjf8 yjhvf-
kehb rfybcsdbc fctdt itb’kt,f7 ufvjdb.tyjs rfnf,fkf[f7 fc-
aehwtkf7 bf7 rfvf9 vihfkb rfybcsdbc 2 obstkb rtyrhbc yf-
[fhib9 w[bvbfyb rfybcsdbc 2 rfktylekf lf idbnf8

 
utykj,fc vfcib itvfdfkb rjv-
bvfcfw7 se hjujh cfwfdibf
gjytynt,b ufycfpqdhfdc8 se
vjsfdct,ekb ifvgeyb8 rfnt-

hjvtkbvt afmnjhb ufsdf-
kbcobyt,ekb fh bmyt,f7 it-

1. ifvgeybc itaesdfpt .jdtk-

ujhbekfl lfeidt,tkbf7 bc
hfjltyj,bs itbwfdc ifvge-
vjsfdcltc htpbybc fy v’fa-
yb8 se hjvtkbvt yfnehf-

cf’kjf7 vj{ltc svbc fy sf-
dbc rfybc lffdflt,bc ghju-
htcbht,f7 hfw cf,jkjjl cf-
dfkfkj itltubs 2 svbc
ufwdtybs lfcheklt,f8 coj-
htl fvbnjv svbc wdtybc cf-
obyffqvltuj ifvgeyb eylf
itbwfdltc ovbylf rjcvtnj-
kjubeh byuhtlbtynt,c7
hjvkt,bw epheydtk.jac
svbc ceyc7 ,pbydfht,fc7 vj-
wekj,fc lf mthnkbc cfob-
yffqvltuj tatmnc8
sdbc ofbrbs[ts tnbrtnb7 rth-
’jl7 itvflutykj,f lf dflf8 se
ifvgeybc ityf[dbc dflf # ot-
kbf7 vfiby bc fh fhbc yfnehf-
kehb8 ufe[cytkb ifvgeybc it-
yf[dbc dflf ! otkboflbf7 [j-
kj uf[cybkbc — hfvltybvt
sdt8
2. cojhfl ofbrbs[ts ifvge-
ybc itvflutykj,f7 fye lf-
bo.ts ,jkjlfy8 cbbc lf-
cfo.bcib .jdtksdbc othbf bc
rjvgjytynb7 hjvtkcfw vtnb
kehb rjvgjytynb cbbc ,j-
kjib fy mbvbeh rjycthdfy-
nt,c ijhbc othbf7 tc bvfc
ybiyfdc7 hjv vbcb itvwdt-
kj,f ifvgeyib v[jkjl _8_!
ghjwtync itflutyc8 mbvbeh
rjycthdfynt,sfy ehsbths-
mvtlt,bc itltufl rb bc rfh-
ufdc lflt,bs sdbct,t,c lf
[lt,f fhfjhufyekb sdbct-
,t,bc vfnfht,tkb8 fctsb
ifvgeyb svfc fhfse ufyreh-
yfdc7 vbc vlujvfhtj,fc uff-
hb ceybc vmjyt gkfcnvfcbc
ne,ib8 itcfyf[fl cfertstcj
cfiefkt,ff vbybc zehztkb7
sevwf7 tc cfrvfjl 'dbhb cb-
fvjdyt,ff8

1. yfnehfkehb ifvgeyb
fhfclhjc ufvjbhxtdf e[db mf-
abs8
2. fh fmdc vrdtshb athb lf
ceyb8
3. fh bodtdc rfybc ufvjihj-
,bc ufywlfc8
 
se fh ufmds cfiefkt,f7 gtlbrbehbc ufcfrtst,kfl lf
cgf-ghjwtlehbc xfcfnfht,kfl cfkjyc todbjs7 fy7
e,hfkjl7 utpfht,fs7 fv .dtkfahbc ufrtst,f cf[kibw
itub’kbfs8cgf-gtlbrbehbc ghjwtlehbc lfo.t,fvlt
vjbvfhfuts cfzbhj ybdst,b7 byuhtlbtynt,b lf lfbo.ts5
1. nfinpt lffc[bs #( uhflecfvlt ufvs,fhb o.fkb lf
xf.fhts vfcib pqdbc vfhbkb7 itub’kbfs lffvfnjs cehyt-
kjdfyb ptsbw8 se at[t,b 'fkbfy lfqkbkb ufmds7 itub’kb-
fs o.fkib xf.fhjs rtyzt,bw7 vfspt lflujvfc vfcf;bc tatm-
nb tmyt,f8
2. rfybc lfk,j,bc itvltu at[b ufbvihfkts h,bkb gbh-
cf[jwbs lf ofbcdbs cgtwbfkehb crhf,b8 ohbekb vj’hfj-


,bs lfbpbkts at[t,b lf xfvjb,fyts crhf,b8 tc ghjwtlehf
jh]th ufbvtjhts8
3. ahx[bkblfy yeyt,bc vjcfijht,kfl7 cfcehdtkbf7 fh
ufvjb.tyjs vfrhfntkb fy c[df ,fchb cfufyb8 yeyt,bcufy uf-


sfdbceakt,f itub’kbfs cgtwbfkehb [cyfhbc vtidtj,bs7 hj-
vtkbw itbwfdc h’bc fy [bkbc v;fdfc lf chekbfl evnrbdyte-
kjl fijht,c yeyt,c8 ghjwtlehbc lfchekt,bc itvltu of-
bcdbs at[pt cgtwbfkehb ptsb8


4. rfhufl lfbpbkts at[bc nthab7 sbst,b7 meckt,b7 fl-
ubkt,b7 hjvkt,bw cbfhekbc lhjc ufycfresht,bs bqkt,f8
5. ghjwtlehbc lfchekt,bc itvltu itbpbkts cgtwbf-
kehb rhtvb lf lfbo.ts kfmbc ofcvf ahx[bkt,pt8 kfmbc gbh-
dtkb atybc ofcvbc itvltu rfhufl uffihts lf itvltu ofbcdbs
vtjht atyf7 hjvtkbw ahx[bkt,c ,pbydfht,fc vbcwtvc8
rjmntbkt,b7 hjvkt,bw rfkjhbt,c odfdc7 ojybc lfrkt,bc
itcfybiyfdb cfiefkt,ff8 bcbyb fxmfht,ty vtnf,jkbpvc
+ybdsbtht,fsf wdkfc‘7 fmdtbst,ty vflfc lf flfvbfybc jhufybpvc
dbnfvbyt,bsf lf vbythfkt,bs fvfhfut,ty8


 sfakb 2 utvjdyt,bc vjvpflt,bcsfyfdt8 ujuhbc stckb 2 #_ 2. [bkc lffvfnts rtab- cdbs rtabhbc7 lfhbxbyb- 
kbvjybcf lf gbnybc vb[tldbs uh hb7 ujuhbc stckb7 mjmj- cf lf gbkgbkbc rjmntb-
rjmntbkb cfertstcjf hjujh vjdfvpfljs5  mjmjcbc ptsb 2 #_ cbc ptsb lf uekvjlubytl kb7 rtabhb fev]j,tct,c
se lbtnbc lfwdbcfc
vbkbkbnhb fehbts8 hfqfw nr,bkb vjubylfs7
lqbc lfcfo.bcib8 ufufv[- 1. rbdbc rfyb uffwfkts tupjnbrehb [bkbc vj.- cfzvkbc vjvytkt,tkb
dfhekt,c 'fkbfy vjtojyt- hjujh vjdfvpfljs5 vjbvpflts ltcthnb7 hj-
ytdt,s7 tythubbs fufd- lf lfzthbs gfnfh-gfnf- nhfmnbc veifj,fc7 cfyt-
ct,s lf zfh,b ojybc itv- hf yfobkt,fl9 xf.fhts ,fs fyfyfcbcf lf uhtbga- 1. uhtbgahenb lf  kt,kt,b rb odfdty rfkj-
vtkbw smdtyc abuehfc
wbht,fib lfut[vfht,fs8 henbc rjmntbkb8 tc ghj- fh fdyt,c7 gbhbmbs7 ojybc
,ktylthib8 fyfyfcb ufawmdtybs7 lf- se ucehs7 hjv cfmvtib hbt,c8
lemnt,b ujuhbc stckbc lfrkt,fib lfut[vfht,fs8
zthbs gfnfhf yfobkt- v’bvt fhnbkthbf xfhsjs rtabhb 2 @%_ vbkb-
kbvjyb 2 @ yfzthb 2. rbdbc lffvfnts kb- vfhwdkt,sfy thsfl cfert- o.fkb 2 @%_ vbkb-
,fl lf vjfsfdcts ,kty- lf cohfafl lfbrkjs7 hfv- kbnhb
gbnyf 2 * qthb vjyb7 j[hf[eib7 gbnyf7 stcjf jhufybpvib w[bvt- ltybvt lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib kbnhb
lthib8 obstkb gbkgbkb 2 !/
rbdb 2 ! wfkb sfakb7 o.fkb lf rfhufl ,bc lfcfodfdfl8 sfakb 2 ! xfbc rjdpb
fehbts8 $ xfbc rjdpb dfikbc 'vfhb 2 ! xfbc
j[hf[eib 2 * qthb
o.fkb 2 !__ vbkb- rjzf 2 yf[tdfhb xfbc rjdpb
3. rjmntbkb lfkbts rjdpb lfhbxbyb 2 yf[tdfhb xf-
kbnhb
lfhbxbyb 2 yf[tdfhb xf- bc rjdpb
bc rjdpb hjujh vjdfvpfljs5
hjujh vjdfvpfljs5 1. o.fkb7 sfakb lf
1. .dtkf byuhtlbtynb dfikbc 'vfhb thsvfytsib
uhtbgahenb 2 !/$ ,ktylthib fsmdbats8 rfhufl fehbts8
fyfyfcb 2 % yfzthb 2. lfkbts vjvpflt,bc- 2. lffvfnts lfhbxbyb8
rtabhb 2 @%_ vbkb- sfyfdt7 ev]j,tcbf 'bkbc tc rjmntbkb lbkfj,bs
kbnhb oby8 vbbhsdbs8

28  
 

15
bvbcfsdbc7 hjv ]fyvhstkb b.js7
egbhdtktcfl7 cojhfl eylf
brdt,js8 ufycfresht,ekb
'fkbc[vtdf fh lfuzbhlt,fs7 se


xdtyc hxtdt,c ufbsdfkbcobyt,s=

 1  5  9

bltfkehb dfhbfynb 2 lqt
eh’tj afabs fy 3vbeckbs4
lfbo.ts8 se cfepvtl vfbywlf-
vfbyw cf[tklf[tkjl itvodfhb
"t[db uyt,fds7 rb ,fnjyj7
jqjyl vzkt "t[db lf w[bvbc
lf,fkb itvwdtkj,bc vmjyt
ghjlemnt,b itb’byts8 lf se
cfepvt lblfl cfcfhut,kj fh
ufvjlut,f7 fvbc rjvgtycbht,f
cfv[fhpt cwflts8 vfufkbsfl5
 gjvbldhbc odtyb7 3vbe-
ckb4 w[bvufwkbkb h’bs7 ,f-
yfyb9
 ajhsj[kbc odtyb7 njc-
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
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kbc odtyb8 gfnfhf zbmfw rb bv
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stlfl xfutsdkt,fs7 hjvt-
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
3 thsb-jhb yfnt[b .byekb xf-
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,b7 hjvkt,bw pjvbthfl cdfvty7
yfrkt,fl fhbfy vblhtrbkb ue-
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wjnf7 tmdcb-hdf zbmf o.fkb lfkb- zfh[fkcf se rjv,jcnjib B lf C athc bwdkbc lf rfybc cbstshtc fh
js8 lfbvf[cjdhts 2 cojhtl o.f- dbnfvbyt,b bikt,f8 .dtkfpt ]fycf- byfhxeyt,c8 fvbc sfdblfy fcfwbkt,kfl
kb lf fhf .fdf7 rfrfj fy xfb8 cwf- qb vtsjlb ,jcnytekbc jhsmkcf- obyfcofh ofecdbs kbvjybc odtyb fy o.fkib
lts lf v.bcdt itfvxytds7 hjujh ,eqib vjvpflt,ff8 ufhtekb kbvjyv;fdf8
itbwdkt,f smdtyb rfybc athb lf
vlujvfhtj,f8 thsb zbmf o.fkb  10 [jhwb itbodf se fhf0 2 wyj,bcvj.dfhtj,fc
ufqdb’t,bcsfyfdt eylf lfkbjs lf ltuecnfwbbs ye lfbrvf.jabkt,s8 [jhwc
sbsj zbmf 2 zfvbc oby8 utvhbtk cfcecyfdc ufvjcfxty rjdpb lffzbhts lf se vfcpt qhvekb fh
ifhlbc athbs fldbkfl ufy- flubkpt ye lfnjdt,s8 itbyf[ts ufxylf 2 vpfl fhbc=
cfpqdhfds7 cfrvfhbcb hfjltyj- rfyatnt,b lf yfvw[dfhb8 ufwbkt-
,bc o.fkc bqt,s se fhf8 vemb ,bs fldbkbf efhbc smvf bvfpt7 hf- xdtekt,hbdb cfvtlbwbyj ighbwb rfhubf
.dbstkb athb vjovj,c7 hjv cfw dth [tlfds8 tktmnhj[tkcfo.jt,bc lfcfptsfl8 ytvcbc
odthbs yt,bcvbth flubkc bjkfl vbelut,bs8

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se ifhlb e,hfkj o.fkc off- 11
ufdc 2 vtnbcvtnb vjucdkbfs8 dbcfw r,bkbc nrbdbkb ths[tk vfbyw
ubylfs7 lfhoveylts7 hjv smdtyvf

ufvjewlbf7 iby esejl eylf /mjyltc
jhufybpvvf cfrvfhbcb hfjltyj,bc dfkbljkb7 yjigf7 qjhbc mjyb fy
dbnfvbyt,b vbbqj0 bpheyts7 hjv vhfdfk’fhqdfc ajsjkb8 fmtlfy ths-thsc se
cflfw rb itcf’kt,tkb bmyt- smdtyc hfwbjyib .dtkf itcf’kj at- vnrbdfyb r,bkbc qh’bkpt lfblt,s7 nrbdbkb
,f7 rth’t,c ptlvtnb w[bvb vjf- hbc [bkb lf ,jcnytekb itlbjltc esejl lfub.exlt,fs8
wbkts8 vcemfyb [jhwbcfufy 2 obstkbw7 vodfytw7 yfhby]bcat-
lfvpflt,ekb odybfyb fy ,ekb- hbw8 fctsb vhfdfkathjdyt,f .dtkf
pjubthsb lbfcf[kbcb gfhrtnpt kfmbc ofcvfc
jyb itb’kt,f vfwbdfhib itl- bv ybdsbtht,bs epheydtku.jas7
vfcnbrfc fv]j,byt,c7 hjvkbc vjdkf ’fkpt
ufs7 vtht rb uf.byekb w[bvb hjvkt,bw rb,jc7 uekbc lffdflt,t-
ihjvfntdflbf8 sevwf7 fhbc ufvjcfdfkb8
vjfijhjs7 cjecblfy w[bvbc ,bc7 rfnfhfmnbcf lf c[df cytekt,t-
gfhrtnb bjkfl bovbylt,f w[tk o.fkib
vjcfwbkt,kfl w[tk rth’ib ,bcfufy lfubwfds8
lfcdtkt,ekb7 vfuhfl ufoehekb nbkjsb lf

vfc vfcnbrbc ofecvtkfl fghbfkt,ty8 pjvfpt
fults8 w[bvb .byekbc ufhit-
vj vjuhjdlt,f lf vfc fldbkfl
12 vtnfl ufzez.bfyt,ek gfhrtnc rb xfblyblfy
vjfijht,s8 se nr,bktekpt efhc dth fv- mfamfaf o.fkb eylf lffc[fs lf vihfkb
,j,s7 yfnehfkehb ifmhbc yfwdkfl nbkjsb vfibydt ufovbyljs7 vfcnbrf
ufihj,bc itvltu uflfecdbs8

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7 hbd ifmfhpt thsyf[tdfh]th nr,bkbf7
fvbnjv yfrkt,b lfuzbhlt,fs8
se itvodfhb rfhnjabkb
rfghjybc fy ytbkjybc afhlt,bc lfesjt,f fh
ahemnjpf ufwbkt,bs ytkf itboj-
ub.dfhs7 "fkbfy s[kfl lfzt-
lfuzbhlt,fs7 se vfs frehfnekfl lfrtwbkc
dt,f cbc[kib lf vfcib ifmhbc lj-
hbs8 !%_ uhfvb cbahbafyf xbg-
vjfsfdct,s cfhtw[bc a[dybkbfy o.fkib lf
cb lff[kjt,bs #%! rfkjhbfc ybc vrdtsh wdkbkt,t,c fh bodtdc8 ufeoehfdfl uffihj,s8 itub’kbfs7
lf !% uh w[bvc itbwfdc8 fvfdt yf[tdhfl itvihfkb7 ntybfyb afhlf lfrbljs

nf7 jhb efkrj/jkj7 ufyndbh-
sdbc lqt8
 4 dblht lfzhbk rfhnjabkc
itflubyts rdbhbc vtybe8
emvt lqtt,ib hfvltybvt oe-
sb lf[fh]ts lf .dtkfathb
xfbothts7 hbc vbhsvtdfcfw

hfjltyj,bc cmkfl lfzhbk rfh- sfdbc flubkpt7 hjvtkbw ufihj,bc itvltu
njabkib rb jh]th vtnb w[b-
13 ajhvfc itbyfhxeyt,c8
vb lf ptlvtnb !)% rfkjhbff8 cwflts7 hfw itb’kt,f vhfdfkat-
hjdyfl brdt,js lf thsb rth’b lqt-
xhxbkc yfanfkbyb fqfh fibyt,c7 vfuhfv
uf[cjdlts7 ]th]thj,bs 3dth tuet,f4
nfafpt lf.hblts7 lfhovey- ib v[jkjl ths[tk vbbhsdfs8
ajhsj[kbc rfyc7 cfgjyc7 sfv,fmjcf lf
lbs7 hjv w[bvb rfhufl ew[jtkb lbtnjkjut,b fvnrbwt-
rfrkbc ajskt,c8 vfsb vjsfdct,f itub’kbfs
ufw[tklf7 vfqfk ntvgthfne- ,ty7 hjv lqtib cfcehdtkbf #_ c[df-
nfycfwvkbc ]b,tt,ibw8
hfpt rfhnjabkbc ptlfgbhb lfc[df cf[tj,bc cfrdt,bc vbqt,f +0=‘
3bkemt,f4 lf ibuybs yfrkt,


vjvltdyj idbl lqtib fgb- w[bvc itbojdc8 lfcdtyt,bc lqtc7 lbkbs7 nthat,pt
14

ht,s8 rdbhbc lfutuvdf eahj ofvjbwdbs fhf.ib jlyfd lfcdtkt,ekb
lf,fkfyct,ek rdt,fib lf- 8 wtkjaybc gfhrb7 vstkb lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib
itb’byts lfqthqbkb vfhwdkbc itub’kbfs7 vidblfl frtsjs cfj]f[j cfmvt8
ut[vfht,fs7 itub’kbfs7 .dt-
kf ghjlemnb thsfl itb’b- cwflts7 rfyatnt,b xbhbs fy gehb8 se fcts gehc lqtib cfv]th cfqfvjvlt yeyt,b lfh,bklt,f bct7 hjv
s[bkbs itwdfkjs8 smdtyb ut- vbbhsvtds7 uekbc lffdflt,fsf cjlbfy o.fkib xfk,j,bs lhjbc lfrfhudf fh
vjdyt,bs itflubyts mbivbibc7
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ufhuhbc xbhbc7 s[bkbc7 fhf-
yt,bc lf upblfy uflf[dtdbc ,b bmyt,f byafhmnbcf lf lbf,tnbc ufubbjklt,fs8
mbcbc yfhtdb8
cfiefkt,fc fh vjuwtvs8 cfibihjt,fw8
kj,bj7 amdbkb7 ,ehqekb rfhufl byf[t,f7 se

vbybc mbkt,ib vjfsfdct,s lf ybjhc xffo.j,s8
15
.jdtklqt vbbhsdbs sbsj rjdpb sfakb8 bc [tkc obuybc aehwkt,blfy w[bvbc kfmfc fct
eo.j,c ybdsbtht,fsf yjhvfkehb wdkbcsdbc fewb- fvjb.dfys5 lff.fhts lfyf.bkb wfhwb7 lffafhts
kt,tkb rfkwbevbc fsdbct,fc8 zfvblfy @_ oesbc itv- ceasf mfqfklb lf w[tkb esjsb lffesjts8
ltu lqtib thsb rjdpb sfakbc vbqt,f cbc[kib rfk-
wbevbc bjyt,bc jgnbvfkeh rjywtynhfwbfc ephey- w[dbhblfy cbc[kb ofucrlfs lf itxtht,fc
dtk.jac7 hjvtkbw vstkb lqt-qfvt ityfhxeylt,f8 dtqfh f[th[t,s0 cfcohfajl fbqts cf[kbc
ufcfqt,b7 ufvjf,bs ’fab7 rbcthpt xfvjbrblts
bct7 hjv ufcfqt,b erfy7 ,tzt,ief vjtmwtc8
cf[titwdkbkb vjoyekb fdt]b ufyf[klt,f lf vbvpbldtkb wbdb kbsjybc it[t,blfy hfvltybvt ofvib
uf[lt,f7 se ]th jkbabs lfafhfds7 itvltu rb eathek kfmc uflfecdfvs8 cbc[kltyf itxthlt,f8
itub’kbfs7 .dfdbkt,b fl- sthvjcbc cfwj,c w[tkb o.kbc jhsmkb vfkt
htcfnsfy vbnfyfvlt thsb rdbhbs flht b.bljs8 vfwbdfhb vfc lfzryj,bc cfiefkt,fc fh vbcwtvc8 faezt,c8 ijrjkflbc abkfc hjv uf[cybs7
.dfdbkbc qthjt,b lffcdtkts o.fkib lf cfcehdtk cbvfqktpt vzhtkb lfybs wthfl uflfzthbs7 ajkuf fh uflffuljs7 sthvjcbc cfwj,c ths
sfbuekb xflts jsf[bc ntvgthfnehbc o.fkib @ cffsbc ufyvfdkj,fib8 itvltu .dfdbkt,b ufptsbc atyfl itvjf[dbts lf eahj lbl[fyc uf’kt,c8
mfqfklib uff[dbts lf vfwbdhbc mdtlf sfhjpt itbyf[ts8 ufptsbc mfqfklb /fthbc wdkfc [tkc fh
cfvpfhtekjib ,jcnytekbcf lf [jhwbc
lfcfveifdt,tkb abwhbc ptlfgbhc +lfafc‘7
iteikbc7 ntybc fjhsmkt,fc rb itfvwbht,c8
eahj [ibhfl zhfzeyb vbfybiyt,c7 hjv bfnfrb hjwf lblb [ybc [vfht,bc itvltu lfybs
lf fdt]b cbvihfkbcufy crlt,f8 fvbcufy ufsfdbceakt,fib xdtekt,hbdb nfkrb lfut[vfht,fs8 bc itfvwb- lfbctht,f7 uflfecdbs pevafhfc mfqfklb8 se
ht,c ltnfkt,c ijhbc [f[eyc7 hfw ecbfvjdyj ,utht,bc o.fhjc ofhvjflutyc8 nfkrb htpbybc cfi[taib ufbqeyf7 fvbc ufvjcojht,fw itb’kt,f5
xf.fhts lf fdt]bc ityfotdht,bc flubkt,cf lf gfhrtnbc abwht,c ijhbc zezhenfyt,ib xffahmdbts8 abwfhb jh cdtk nbkjc ijhbc vjfsfdcts
nfkrbc yfhxtyb cdtkb xdhbs vjfwbkts8 lf lfoyt[ts8 !@ cffsib ufcojhlt,f8
[fkbxf itub’kbfs7 fct ufovbyljs5 vjf,ybts vfcpt ovbylf rfhflt,bc7 cfothb vfublt,bc e]ht,b bztlt,f
vfhbkb lf lfufdts o.kbcf lf hjvtkbvt eybdthcfkehb cfhtw[b cfiefkt,bc yfhtdib obyfcofh lf vbc ufqt,fc lbl lhjc fyljvt,s0
ufvj[fhiekb wjw[bs +yf[tdfhb xfbc rjdpb ths kbnh o.fkpt‘8 sfdbceakfl hjv bvj’hfjc lf ecbfvjdyt,f
ufzez.bfyt,ekb ufpmehf bjkfl ufbovbylt,f lf rth- sfdblfy fbwbkjs7 cfchbfkj abwfhpt cfgjyb
’bc vbvodfhb yfhxtyt,b evfk vjcwbklt,f7 se vjfahmdtds cfzvtk cjlfc7 fleqt,ek o.fkc lffc[fvs
fy gfhfabyb ofecdbs8
lf wjnf [fyc uffxtht,s8 fdnjrfkvbc cfsflfhbuj qthjt,ib gfcnf
,hjkbc zfqb rfhufl bovbylt,f fhf.ib fy cgbhnib lfcdt- hjv fh ufihtc7 cby]fhfib xffo.dts tc
kt,ekb xdhbs8 odhbk.tkbfyb vbybc zehzkbc ufhtw[df fh ufubzbhlt,fs7 se xfaidybs o.fkib qthjt,b lf cfwj,bs vzblhjl lf[ehts8
rdthw[bc yfzezc7 xf.hbs ufptsbc lfyfreot,ek mfqfklc fy rfhnjabkbc yfawmdtyt,c8

 
29
 

 
 +@$8_)-@@8!_`
tvjwbehj,f lfbjrts7 hflufy rjyakbmnt,b gbhfl
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lfcek lhjc nfht,fcf lf fhf]fycfq w[jdht,fc vjthb-
lts lf cf[kib vtnb lhj lf/.fdbs7 hfsf ]fyvhstkj,f
itbyfhxeyjs8 rfhub bmyt,f7 se mfkfmblfy hfvltybvt lqbs
uftvupfdht,bs lf lfbcdtyt,s8
 +@#8!_-@@8!!`
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byajhvfwbbc lfveifdt,f8 htajhvfnjhekb bltt,b lf
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sfyfljl lfubafclt,fs8 gbhfl ehsbthsj,t,cf lf ]fyv-
hstkj,fc rb vtnb .ehflqt,f vbfmwbts8

2 hjvtkb fcnhjkjubehb cf[kb ufyfut,c fylf hjvtkb gkfytnf vfhsfdc uf[kfds bc afmnbw7 hjv ,j-  +@#8!!-@!8!@`
kj [fyt,ib7 cnfnbcnbrbc sf-
cfmvtib cojhb uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbqt,fib byneb-
vtuj,hj,fcf lf vtuj,hek ehsbthsj,fc0 hf fhbc fewbkt,tkb bvbcsdbc7 hjv
yf[vfl7 
wbf lf cfqb fphjdyt,f lfut[vfht,fs8 'fkfeakt,bcsdbc
fctsb ehsbthsj,f xfvj.fkb,ltc lf hf itbvxytdf ,jkj [fyt,ib0 hjujhb ,h’jkfib vjyfobktj,fc ye vbbqt,s lf [tkv’qdfytkj-
   ,fcsfy lfgbhbcgbht,bc hbcrbw vbybvevfvlt itfvwbhts8
vtuj,hj,f bwbfy dth’bc ybiybs lf,flt,ekt,vf0 hjujh bmwtdbfy hsek    
cbnefwbfib lf hf itb’kt,f ufbsdfkbcobyjy vtuj,hbc ithxtdbcfc0 'fksf yfrkt,j,bc ufvj gfhnybjht,sfy /fhvjybekb eh-
 sbthsj,f ufubzbhlt,fs lf ufyvfhnjt,bc cehdbkb uf-
ehsbthsufut,bc7 cfthsj bynthtct,bcf se lhjc nfht,bc sdfkcfphbcbs7      ubxylt,fs8 twflts7 upt,pt ytkf bvj’hfjs7 hfsf cfresfh
hjvtkb cnbmbbc ybiybc ofhvjvflutykt,b ittatht,fs0 hfc dth ittuet,bfy lf7  ]fyvhstkj,fc cfahs[t fh itemvyfs8 [ibhfl lfbcdtyts
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ufcfytbnhfkt,kfl udthlbs hjujhb flfvbfyb tcfzbhjt,fs0 2 fv lf c[df ,ekb8 ufycfresht,bs7 vjpfh-  +@@8!@-!)8_!`
cfrbs[t,pt fcnhjkjub  udtcfe,ht,f8 lbcsdbc7 ufhlfvfdfk fcfrib c[df flfvbfyt,cf lf ufhtvjt,fpt lfvjrblt,ekt,f
2 hjujhw fhfths[tk fq- vbesbst,c gbhfl /jhjc- kbsfl5    flfvbfybc tdjkewbht,f-ltu- lhjt,bs smdtyc sfdlf]tht,ekj,fc itfh.tdc8 cfmvtib by-
ybiyts7 fcnhjkjubf fcf[fdc rjgib ehsbthsj,bc hfj,f- hflbht,fw [ibhfl lblobkfl nebwbfc lft.hltybs7 ye lfe]tht,s ufhitvj v.jat,c
vtuj,ht,ptf lfvjrblt,ekb8 fv
 lf ye fbqt,s rhtlbnc8 j]f[ehb se cfcb.dfhekj rjya-
flfvbfybc w[jdht,bc vhf- pt0
cfrbs[c ltnfkehfl vjvfdfk-
  
2 ufvjvlbyfht ehsbthsj-
kbmnsf lf’ktdfib f[kj,tksf hxtdt,b lfut[vfht,fs8 [ib-
dfkathjdyt,fc lf w[jdht-  
,bc .dtkf cathjc vjbwfdc8 ,bc [fcbfsblfy7 itudb’kbf7   ib itdt[t,bs8 lqtc rb dbcfe,- hfl lfbcdtyts8 twflts7 ujyt,f fh uflfqfkjs lf ]fyvh-
vfs ijhbc7 ehsbthsj,fc8 lfdfcf[tkjs hfvltybvt fcn-  ht,s bvfpt7 se pjuflfl pj- stkj,fc fh fdyjs8 ijhtekb vjupfehj,bcsdbc fhf[tk-
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vjvflutykt,b hjujhb vtuj,- sfdc8
 +@_8_!-!(8_@`
    
  ht,b fhbfy lf hf tcfzbhjt-
,fs vfs vzblhj ehsbthsj-

 abyfyct,sfy lfrfdibht,ekb cfmvtt,b lflt,bsfl uf-
2 vtuj,ht,sfy ehsbth- ,t,bc xfvjcf.fkb,t,kfl8 nhf- lfo.lt,f7 sevwf7 sfyfvihjvkt,sfy ehsbthsj,bcfc
sj,fc hjvtkb fcnhjkjub- lbwbbcfvt,h7 dth’bc ybiybs cbahs[bkt ufvjbxbyts8 ufycfresht,bs sfdb itbrfdts zj-
 +@!8_#-@_8_$` ehb cf[kb ufyfut,c0 lf,flt,ekbs lfdbo.js8  hbc ufdhwtkt,bcf lf c[dbcb rhbnbrbcfufy8 vteqktcsfy
twflts7 cftzdj flfvbfyt,c vjthbljs7 hfsf ghjdj- 2       fy it.dfht,eksfy7 itcf’kjf7 brfvfsjs n.ebkbc fy tz-
rfwbbc fy rjyakbmnbc vjyfobkt fh uf[lts8 ijhtekb     dbfyj,bc ufvj8 c[df mfkfmib ufvupfdht,bcfc rb cf,est,b
utuvt,bc ufycf[jhwbtkt,kfl7 itcf’kjf7 lfvfnt,bsb       otchbuib bmjybts lf .dtkfcf lf .dtkfahbc vbvfhs .e-
wjlybc vbqt,f fy cfyfwyj,j ohbc ufafhsjt,f uf[ltc    hflqt,bs b.fdbs8
 +!)8_@-@_8_#`
cfzbhj8 uflfqkfc thblts7 hflufy fdfl uf[ljvbc fk,f-  
sj,f fhct,j,c8 vjupfehj,f-vbdkbyt,t,bc hfjltyj,f it-     
fvwbhts8 lhj [tkc fh eo.j,c lbl ityf’tyc8 cfcb.df-    cfmvtsf cbe[dbc ufvj vteqktcsfy7 idbkt,sfy fylf
  it.dfht,eksfy ehsbthsj,bcsdbc wjnf lhj lfuhxt,fs8
hekj ehsbthsj,f rb vtnfl hjvfynbrekfl ufydbsfh-   
 lqtc cojhtl vtuj,hek
 cfvfubthjl7 afhekb vnht,bc vbpyt,c bjkfl fvjbwyj,s
lt,f8
ehsbthsj,fpt ufdfvf[dbkt,
 lf smdtyc vjvfdfkc cfcbrtsjl itwdkbs8 rfhub gthbj-
 +@!8_$-@_8_%` smdtyc .ehflqt,fc8 ,h’tyc
   lbf cfmvbfyb rfdibht,bc lfcfv.fht,kfl7 vfuhfv ufhbcr-
 +nbgehb` pj-
esmdfvc5 3vbs[fhb7 dby fhbc
byntktmnefkehb fmnbehj,f bvfnt,c7 hfw [tkc dfcf lf [fk[vhfdfk flubkt,c vjthblts lf vtkfymjkb-
vbthfl wyj,bcvj.dfhtf lf vt-
ityb vtuj,fhb lf utn.db7 dby
iteo.j,c cofdkfc7 ufvjwlt,bc xf,fht,fc lf f[fkb by- fc ye vbtwtvbs7 hfsf rfhub ufyo.j,f lf ]fyvhstkj,f it-
ajhvfwbbc fsdbct,fc8 lf[vfht,bcsdbc f[kj yfstcfdt,c
[fh ity48 lf7 ztivfhbnfl7 vt- uj,hbcufy chek uekf[lb- byfhxeyjs8
vbvfhsts7 tythubbc ufphlf lblb hfjltyj,bs cfveifjc
uj,ht,b [ibhfl fcf[fdty th- kj,fc fh bs[jdc lf fhw fgb-
itchekt,fib lfut[vfht,fs8 rfhub gthbjlbf e’hfd mj-
sehsc7 thsvfytsbc w[jdht- ht,c vbcb cfblevkjt,t,bc uf-
yt,fcf lf j]f[sfy lfrfdibht,ekb cfmvtt,bcsdbc8 vjew-
,bc otcc7 pytc7 cnbkc7 bynt- vj’bt,fc8 tc vbcsdbc fh fhbc ufyfo.tyltc lf sfdfl ufo.db-
ylj,bc njkafcb8  hj-
  
htcc lf f8i8 flfvbfyt,vf hjv njc ehsbthsj,f8 
ktkj,f itcf’kjf7 it.dfht,ekbc tzdbfyj,bc cf,f,b uf[-
ujhw otcb7 velvbdfl hfqfw
  
ltc8 bvtuj,hjy7 vfs fhfvfhnj fvbc   
 +@!8_%-@@8_^` bltbs fhbc itg.hj,bkb lf
  
cehdbkb eylf uffxylts7 fhf-      
cfmvbfy gfhnybjht,sfy esfy[vjt,f vwlfhb vbpyt- vtl vcufdcb [fcbfsb7 'kbthb vbc ufycf[jhwbtkt,kfl uf-        
,bcf lf it[tlekt,t,bc ,hfkb bmyt,f8 gbhfl cfmvtib lf[- ehsbthsufut,f7 thsvfytsbc hbcrdfpt efhc fh fv,j,c7 fvb-     
vfht,fc f[kj yfstcfdt,b lf j]f[bc otdht,b ufubotdty8 ylj,f eylf /mjylts8 fvbc uf- njv bhxtdc bcts vtuj,fhc7     
vteqktcsfy fy it.dfht,eksfy ufeut,hj,bcfc e[tib ye htit ofhvjelutytkbf okt- hjvtkbw fv v[hbd ufvjflut,f fctdt    
bmyt,bs lf twflts7 rhbpbcblfy lhjekfl ufvjcdkbc ,bc vfy’bkpt vzblhj eh- rbltw8 sfdfl lf[vfht,fpt  sevwf7 ybify-  
upf vjb’bjs8 vzhtkb cfmyt,bcf lf ntmybrbc ufvj.tyt,b- sbthsj,f8 fvudfhb flfvbfybc efhc fh fv,j,c7 hsek cbne- lj,kbdbf bcbw7 hjv  
cfc cbahs[bkt uvfhst,s7 hfsf fh lfifdlts8 vjupfe- gjdyf rb cekfw fh fhbc vfh- fwbfib udthlbs lfublut,fs8 cfrvfjl tzdbfyb lf tujbcnbf8 
hj,f rb uflflts7 hflufy tythubf bo.t,c rkt,fc8 nbdb8 ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkb   ufhlf fvbcf7 itcf’kjf7 bjkfl   

 +@#8_^-@@8_*`
 

abyfycehb vlujvfhtj,f smdtyb eyfhbcf lf cfmvbf-   
yj,bc cojh ltvjycnhbht,fpt bmyt,f lfvjrblt,ekb8 
j]f[ib eahjcb sfj,bc ofhvjvflutykt,c vtnb .ehflqt,f   
lfesvts8 vfs itcf’kjf7 smdtyb lf[vfht,f lfczbhlts8  
[fk[vhfdfk flubkt,c vjthblts7 hflufy vfqfkbf ufwb-   
dt,bcf lf dbhecbs lfcyt,jdyt,bc fk,fsj,f8 yt,bcvbthb 
dbpbnb lf vbdkbyt,f rb cfcbrtsjl xfbdkbc8 vbe[tlf- 
dfl fvbcf7 tc rdbhf fhf[tkcf.htkbf ijhtekb vjupfe-   
hj,bcsdbc lf f[fkb wjlybc fcfsdbct,kfl8   
 +@#8_*-@#8_(`    
cfvcf[ehib bynhbut,bc itvs[dtdfib bynebwbfc vj-  
he,hbrfc e’qdt,f
ecvbyts8 itcf’kjf7 cfmvbfyb rfdibht,bc ufo.dtnf vjub-
objs7 hfw ythdbekb fikbkj,bc vbptpfl bmwtdf8 it-
cf’kjf7 fctdt vjbyljvjs .jdtkbdt 'dtkbc lfyuhtdf 
lf f[fkb rfdibht,bc lfv.fht,f7 vfs ijhbc7 cfcb.dfhe- 

 
kj cathjibw8 ]fyvhstkj,fc ufeahs[bklbs8 abpbre-
hb lfndbhsdf fh fhbc htrjvtylt,ekb8 ijhtekb vju-

 
pfehj,f bmyt,f lfvqktkb lf dthw cfcehdtk itltuc
dth vjubnfys8
 +@$8_(-@#8_)`
ghj,ktvt,bc cbe[dbc vbe[tlfdfl7 twflts7 tc gt-
hbjlb ufvjb.tyjs fhfvfhnj cfmvbcsdbc7 fhfvtl lfcdt-


yt,bcsdbcfw8 hsekb cfrbs[t,bc ufy[bkdfcf lf ghjntcnc


vjthblts8 it.dfht,ekvf7 itcf’kjf7 ghtntypbt,b of-
vjf.tyjc7 hjvtksf lfhtuekbht,fibw vtuj,ht,b lf-
ut[vfht,bfy8 ijhtekb vjupfehj,f cfcehdtk itltuc


dth vjbnfyc7 sevwf7 lhj [tkc iteo.j,c vbvjothfcf

   

lf rfdibht,bc ufv.fht,fc8

30  
  


vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib7 fvjlbc
_*8@) cffspt7 xflbc !(8%* cffspt8 vsdfht uf-
lfbyfwdkt,c +_*8$*‘ mfkoekbc pjlbfmjib8
fvjlbc !*8%_ cffspt7 xflbc * vfhnc _*8!)
cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-!% lqt bo.t,f !*8%! cffs-
pt8 vt-@ afpf‘8 vbvfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdf-
hbc gthbjlbf _*8!( cffsblfy _*8$* cffsfv-
lt‘8 utjvfuybnehb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 sfd-
lf]tht,ekj,f ufvjfdkbyts= tvjwbt,b uffrjy-
nhjkts7 ghjdjrfwbt,c ye f/.dt,bs8 cbrtsb-
cf lf ,jhjnt,bc ,h’jkbc lqtf= odhbkvfypt
lhjcf lf tythubfc ye lf[fh]fds8 cbn.dt,b
vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8@* cffspt7 xflbc !(8%( cffspt8 vsdfht mfk-
oekbc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc !(8%# cffspt7 xf-
lbc ( vfhnc _*8$@ cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-!^ lqt
bo.t,f !)8_) cffspt8 cfdctvsdfhtj,ff7 gbrb
2 !^8$# cffspt8 fv lhjc bo.t,f vt-# afpf‘8
utjvfuybnehb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 cfdctv-
sdfhtj,f ufyfgbhj,t,c fuhtcbf-ltghtcbbc7 rjy-
akbmnt,bc7 wleyt,t,bc7 itwljvt,bc7 gtlfy-
nehj,bcf lf n.ebkt,bcrty vblhtrbkt,bc vf-
qfk fk,fsj,fc7 hfw .dtkfcufy bs[jdc cba-
hs[bktc7 obylf[tlekj,fc7 tvjwbt,bc rjyn-
hjkc8 lqt vidblfl uffnfhts= cfcbrtsjf
kjwdf7 vbntdt,f7 itylj,f7 cf[kib cfystk-cfr-

vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8@% cffspt7 xflbc !(8%) cffspt8 vsdfht uf-
lfbyfwdkt,c +!(8$^‘ cfcojhbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
lbc !)8%^ cffspt7 xflbc ) vfhnc _(8_@ cffs-
pt +vsdfhbc vt-!* lqt bo.t,f @_8@^ cffspt8 vt-

qbhcbcf nbvjst cbvdjkt-
kbcf9 tdcnfsbcb7 fynbjmb-
tkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbcf9
ubjhubcb7 fvfcnhbltkb
tgbcrjgjcbcf9 bjfyt cmj-
frjynhjkts8 rfhub lqtf lfkfut,f-lfceasf- kfcnbrjcbcf7 rjycnfynb-
dt,bcsdbc7 cf,fyrj jgthfwbt,bcsdbc7 felbnbc- yjgjktkb gfnhbfhmbcf9 yt-
sdbc7 dfzhj,bcsdbc7 cfmvbfyb vbvjothbcsdbc7 nfhbcf pfmfhbfcb7 bthecf-
lbtnbc lfcfo.t,fl7 cofdkbcsdbc7 cfvtwybthj kbvtkb gfnhbfhmbcf9 qbh-
rdktdbcsdbc7 mbvovtylbcsdbc7 vbofsvjmvtlt,bc- csf fylhbfcb lf fyfnjkb-
sdbc8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb mjhobyt,f7 cfcb.df- cf7 bthecfkbvtksf9 vfmcb-
hekj rjynfmnt,b7 ufvjwlbc xf,fht,f7 e’hfdb vbfyjcbcf7 hfdtytkb vsfdf-
mjyt,bc .bldf-uf.bldf7 cfhbcrj mvtlt,fyb7 vybi- htgbcrjgjcbcf8
dytkjdfyb uflfo.dtnbkt,t,bc vbqt,f8 ]fyvh-
stkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf yfokfdsf cbcntvf7 
tktysf7 rezmdtif ]bhrdfkb8 mdt,b5 .dbstkb lf
   
ovblfsf vjofvtsf w[hfsf
vodfyt bfcgb7 jgfkb7 vfkfmbnb7 fmfnb7 jybmcb8 .hvfsf rjkftksf9 gjdyf
gjpbnbehb lqtf rehjcsdbc7 rbhx[b,bcsdbc8 ovblfsf yfobksf tdutybtk    
ytufnbehbf dth’bcsdbc7 cfcojhbcsdbc8 vjofvtsf5 vjwbmekbcf7 *_- kbcf bjfytc gfnbjcybcf sf- cfvfhbntkbcf lf vbcsfyf
sfufybcf fylhjybrtcb7 vjofvtsf5 ,bmnjhbcf7 bjct-

dbcf gbhdtkfl lf vtjhtl
beybfcb lf c[dfsf9 vjofvt- gjdyf9 qbhcbcf bjfyt vjvrt-
cb7 fyfnjkbfcb7 ajnjcb7
sf vfdhbrbcf lf *_-sf v[t- kbcf7 rfkf,hbtkbcf9 qbhcb-
vtdkbc itvjnfht,f8 ev]j,tcbf7 vybidytkjdfyb lfhsf5 ajnbybcb7 stjlj-
ajnbltcb7 gfhfcrtdfcb7
cf ,jbpbk ijnkfylbtkb-
cfmvtt,b uflfljs8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb mjhob- htcb7 abkbgtcb lf c[dfsf8
rdbhbfrbfcb7 ljvybyfcb7 ct-
cf9 ovblbcf tstk,thnbcf7 by- ,fcnbfytcb lf mhbcnj-
yt,f7 aekbc ctc[t,f-ufctc[t,f7 cfhbcrj mvtlt-
ukbcbc vtabcf8 lektcb9 vjofvbcf stjr-
,f7 e’hfdb mjyt,bc .bldf-uf.bldf7 vybidytkjdf-   
yb uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbqt,f8 rfhub lqtf lfkf-  vqdltkvjofvbcf gjkb-    kbnt vtofvkbcf9 [ctyt,f
ut,f-lfceasfdt,bcsdbc7 cofdkbcsdbc7 lbtnbc rfhgtcb7 pvbhytkb tgbcrj- nfhfcbcf7 rjycnfynbyjgj- bjfyt jmhjgbhbc [ewtcfl
lfcfo.t,fl8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf gjcbcf9 qbhcsf5 bjfytcb7 ktkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbcf9 [tklfc[vbcf9 ovblbcf ybrj-
yfokfdsf cbcntvf7 tktysf7 rezmdtif ]bhrdfkb8 fynbjmtcb7 fynjybytcb lf vjofvbcf fktmcfylhtcb7 hj- kjp rfnjgbytkbcf9 f[f-
mdt,b5 ubithb7 vodfyt lf .dbstkb bfcgb7 vfkf- vjctcb9 qbhcsf5 ptdbybcb7 vtkb bofvf lkbpbgfhc shf- kvjofvt bjfyt rfkafcb7
mbnb7 fmfnb7 mhbpjghfpb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf gjkbmhjybcf7 vjctcb lf rbbcfcf9 vjofvbcf f,lfkvtcbf rjycnfynbyjgjktkbcf8
mfkoekbcsdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf lfvbfytcb7 cbhbtk vtelf,- /ehbbcf9 vqdltkvjofvbcf hb-
n.egbcsdbc7 kjvbcsdbc8 yjtsf9 qbhcbcf fktmcfyl- ubybcf7 crjgtkjcbc tgbcrjgj-  ovb-
ht vjyfpjybcf7 3vqdb- cbcf9 vjofvbcf fynjybcf9 yt- lf uhbujk gfkfvfcb7 st-
lb bmyt,f eakbcf lf hovtybc cfobyffqvltuj ’fhtsf4 cfdfybc obyfv’qdhb- nfhbcf stjljht cfkjcbcf8 cfkjybrtkb vsfdfhtgbcrj-
vjmvtlt,fyb7 kjsj,f lf yfhrjvfybf8 bub f’- cf8 gjcbcf9 rht,f .jdtksf qbh-
kbtht,c evfqktcb bltfkt,bc vbvfhs hovtyfc8  vbw- csf vfvfsf7 rbtdbc mdf,sf ib-
lqtc itcf’kt,tkb bmyt,f hsekb cfrbs[t,bc
 dfkt,eksf [ctyt,f8 gjhab- yf lfdfyt,eksf9 qbhcbcf
ovblbcf lblt,ekbcf obyf- hbcf7 qfptkb vsfdfhtgbcrj-
uflfzhf7 ehsbthsj,bc lfkfut,f8 rfhub lqtf ghjrjgb ltrfgjktkbcf7
vjh,tlbcf lf yfskbcvwtvt- gjcbcf9 lblvjofvbcf ajnbyt fqvcfht,tkbcf8
cf,fyrj-cfabyfycj jgthfwbt,bcsdbc7 lfkfut-
,f-lfceasfdt,bcsdbc7 fhjvfsthfgbbcsdbc7 r,b-


# afpf`8 vbvfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdfhbc kt,bc vrehyfkj,bcf lf sbhrvkt,bc vthblb-
gthbjlbf !(8_* cffsblfy !(8$$ cffsfvlt8 nty- fypt othnbkjdfyb vfcf;bcsdbc8 fh fhbc cf-

ltywbt,b5 lqtc lblb rjcvjcehb vfcofdkt,t-
kb7 gkfytnf cfnehyb uflfbyfwdkt,c sbsm-
vbc # okbs stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib lf eahj
vtnfl vjuds[jdc cekbthb afctekj,t,bc xf-
vj.fkb,t,fc7 ufydbsfht,fc7 flfs-otct,bc7 nhf-
lbwbekj,bcf lf htajhvt,bc /fhvjhybek
itho.vfc8 fv gthbjlib ufycfresht,bs lfc]f-
vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8@$ cffspt7 xflbc !)8__ cffspt8 vsdfht cfc-
ojhbc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc @_8%) cffspt7 xf-
cehdtkb ptlvtnb cbs[bcf lf fkthubbc ufvjv-
odtdb ghjlemnt,bc vbqt,f8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lf-
cecnt,ekbf yfokfdsf cbcntvf7 tktysf7 rezm-
dtif ]bhrdfkb8 mdt,b5 ytahbnb7 kfpehbnb7 ;f-
ltbnb7 frdfvfhbyb7 cfabhjyb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf
qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7 s[bc hmbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf
vidbkljcybcsdbc7 vtho.ekbcsdbc8

dbc7 mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 vfcf;bcsdbc7 rjcvtnbre-
 aenrhbc
ofvkt,b vpfllt,f
ghjlemnt,bs
    yt,bcvbthb bylbdblefkehfl8
cbhsekbc7      
        
    8 c[dflfc[df vtsjlbs gfwbtynbc
ufhtitw 2 
      



lbc !_ vfhnc _(8@@ cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-!(
lqt bo.t,f @!8$% cffspt8 vt-# afpf‘8 utjvfu-
ybnehb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc lf [dfk
yehfathc lfutuvfds7 sfdbceafkb uhfabrbs
bvjmvtlts8 ehsbthsj,bcfc vfqfkbf ufeut,-
hj,t,bc fk,fsj,f8 cfcbrtsjf kjwdf7 vtlb-
nfwbf8 fuhtcbekb ye bmyt,bs7 .dtkf cfrbs[b
vidblj,bfyfl7 rjvghjvbcbc lfidt,bs uflfo.-
dbnts8 rfhub lqtf .jdtklqbehb7 byntycbe-
hb ihjvbcsdbc7 itvjmvtlt,bcsdbc7 wtrdbcs-

hb ghjwtleht,bcsdbc7 tmbvsfy rjyceknfwb-
bcsdbc7 vtuj,hekb rjynfmnt,bcsdbc7 rekne-
hek-ufcfhsj,b qjybc’bt,t,bcsdbc8 fh fhbc cf-
cehdtkb ptlvtnb cbs[bc7 fkthubekb ghjlem-
nt,bc vbqt,f8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf ty-
ljrhbyekb cbcntvf7 sbhrvkt,b7 rfyb8 mdt,b5
ytahbnb7 kfpehbnb7 ;fltbnb7 abhepb7 njgf-
pb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf dth’bcsdbc7 cfcojhbcs-
dbc8 ytufnbehbf rehjcsdbc7 rbhx[b,bcsdbc7
mfkoekbcsdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8

,bcsdbc7 sfyfvihjvkj,bcsdbc7 [tkjdyt,bc yb-


vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8@@ cffspt7 xflbc !)8_! cffspt8 vsdfht cfc-
ojhbc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc @@8_% cffspt7 xf-
lbc !! vfhnc _(8$@ cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-!)
lqt bo.t,f @#8_^ cffspt8 vt-# afpf‘8 nty-
ltywbt,b5 lqtc .dtkf cfrbs[b vidblj,bfyfl7
rjvghjvbcbc upbs vjfudfhts8 vjthblts by-
veit,bc7 vecbrfkehb fgfhfnehbc7 fdt]bc7 gfh- t cfs
fk
abevthbf-rjcvtnbrbc7 nfycfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc
itcf’tyfl7 rjcvtnbrehb ghjwtleht,bcsdbc7 fs d c= fhb dfkt
r,bkt,bc cfvrehyfkjl7 sbhrvkt,bc vthblb- c bc t cf
fycf lf nthat,pt othnbkjdfyb vfcf;bcsdbc8 m=
fh fhbc cfcehdtkb ptlvtnb cbs[bc vbqt,f8 fh
]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf .tkb7 tyljrhb-
yekb cbcntvf7 sbhrvkt,b7 rfyb8 mdt,b5 yta-


nhbut,c7 c[dbcsdbc smdtyb fpht,bc sfdpt vj[- hbnb7 kfpehbnb7 ;fltbnb7 wbnhbyb7 mfhdf8
dtdfc fylf c[dbcb ufdktybc mdti vjmwtdfc8 rfhub gjpbnbehb lqtf n.egbcsdbc7 kjvbcsdc7
lqtf mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 [tkbc cfs[jdytkfl7 vidbkljcybcsdbc7 vtho.ekbcsdbc8 ytufnb-


ehsbthsj,bc vjcfotchbut,kfl7 itvjmvtlt- ehbf qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7 s[bc hmbcsdbc8

vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc  www.facebook.com/tamarisioptics

_*8@_ cffspt7 xflbc !)8_@ cffspt8 vsdfht uf-
lfbyfwdkt,c +_$8_@‘ qhbfyrfkbc pjlbfmj-
ib8 fvjlbc @#8!# cffspt7 xflbc _)8_$ cffspt
+vsdfhbc vt-@_ lqt bo.t,f @#8#! cffspt8 vt-#
afpf‘8 vbvfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdfhbc gt-
hbjlbf _#8#^ cffsblfy _$8_^ cffsfvlt8 utj-
vfuybnehb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc vjthb-
lts [fk[vhfdfk flubkt,c8 fv lqtt,ib jhuf-
ybpvib ofhvjmvybkb fyst,bsb ghjwtcb by-
atmwbehb tkathbc vfnfht,tkb bmyt,f8 vjt-
hblts bkepbt,cf lf wleyt,t,c8 .jdtklqb-
ehb cfmvbs itvjbafhukts8 fh fhbc cfcehdt-
kb c[bdehb sthfgbf7 htynutyb7 f[fkb cfmvbc

vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8!) cffspt7 xflbc !)8_$ cffspt8 vsdfht qhb-
fyrfkbc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc @#8%( cffspt7
xflbc !# vfhnc _)8@) cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-@_
lqt uh’tklt,f8 vt-# afpf‘8 utjvfuybnehb
lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc cbahs[bkt uvfh-
st,s7 ye uflfbqkt,bs7 cdtk ptlfgbhpt .e-
hflqt,bs b.fdbs8 bvfnt,c tzdbfyj,f7 cfhrfp-
vb7 eylj,kj,f7 cb]bent7 o.tyf8 itcf’kjf7 th-
slhjekfl hfvltybvt ghj,ktvf ofhvjbidfc7
vjsvbyt,f ufvjbxbyts lf bct uflfo.dbnts8
 
lfo.t,f7 vupfdhj,f7 ,bybc itwdkf7 ctc[bc fqt-
,f7 cflfpqdtdj cjwepheydtk.jabc jhufyb-
pfwbt,sfy ehsbthsj,f8 bvfnt,c ufyfo.tyt,f7
cb]bent7 cfhrfpvb7 tzdbfyj,f8 rfhubf lfwdbsb7
cfcbuyfkj cbcntvt,bc lf.tyt,f7 cfvtwybthj
rdktdf7 vfcf;b7 rjcvtnbrehb ghjwtleht,b7
htw[df7 mbvovtylf7 fdnjvj,bkbc it’tyf8 ]fyv-
hstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf ifhlcfcmtcj cbcntvf8
mdt,b5 jgfkb7 njgfpb7 j,cblbfyb7 jybmcb7 bfc-
gb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf rehjcsdbc7 rbhx[b,bc-
sdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf dth’bcsdbc7
cfcojhbcsdbc8
fh fhbc cfcehdtkb fkrj/jkbc vbqt,f7 yfcdfv
flfvbfyt,sfy ehsbthsj,f7 vupfdhj,f7 f[fkb
cfmvbc lfo.t,f8 rfhub lqtf rjvgtntynehj,bc
ufvjcfdktyfl7 htw[dbcsdbc7 ntmybrehb vjo.j-
,bkj,t,bcf lf fdnjvj,bkbc .bldf-uf.bldbcs-
dbc7 rjcvtnbrehb ghjwtleht,bcsdbc7 cfvqt,-
hj cfveifjt,bcsdbc8 vtnb bvj’hfdts8 ]fyvh-
stkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf ifhlcfcmtcj cbcntvf8
mdt,b5 jgfkb7 njgfpb7 j,cblbfyb7 mhbpjghf-
pb7 bfcgb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf mfkoekbcsdbc7
qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7 s[bc hmbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf
n.egbcsdbc7 kjvbcsdbc7 vidbkljcybcsdbc7
vtho.ekbcsdbc8
.blekj,c lf .blbc hecek lf mfhsek
fynbrdfhek obuyt,c7 lf,tzlbkc
!)$% okfvlt
  


 $8 cfhrt9 (8 rjhjvb9 !!8 rfkfnjpb9 !@8 gkecb9 !#8 yfv]f9 !$8 hjcbyb9 !%8 rfrf,f’t9
!^8 nfbzb9 !*8 vfybf9 !(8 ktjynb9 !)8 vfhfljyf9 @#8 ;qfkb9 @$8 gbhb9 @^8 w[fehf9 @*8 kf,bhbysb9
@(8 vbyf9 #_8 lhj9 #!8 ,bc9 #$8 cgjhf9 #^8 htb9 #*8 eybcjyb9 $!8 ]byb9 $@8 ytvcb9 $#8 ab,hf9 $$8
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kfnfdhf9 ^_8 cbyfnhf9 ^!8 cthfabvb9 ^@8 cbktpbf8
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
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       
      
 

  

       
   
 $8 vbybc ptlfgbhb7 hjvtkibw fbcf[t,f vbc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 oby v.jab cfuyt,b7 flfvbfyb9 (8 yfhufdb n.t9 !!8 [tkjcfyb7
hjvtkbw fityt,c mdbc7 fuehbc ityj,fc9 !@8 vbvfnt,bc ybif-
11 12 yb9 !#8 vjvrbkb gehbc qthjt,b9 !$8 bnfkbtkb rjvgjpb-
njhb9 !%8 mfhsdtkb v[fndfhb9 !^8 rfhub cf]ljvb w[tyb7 ,t-
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13 14 at,fc hfbvtcflvb9 !(8 vt-!! cfereybc mfhsdtkb vjqdfot7
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17 18 hjvtkbw ltlfkjcvf feuj9 @(8 ieif9 #_8 vfnthbbc ths-
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19 20 21 22 23 xfhkpb9 #*8 thsb lf bubdt cbvfqkbc hfvltybvt njybc th-
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30 31 32 33 ahsbfyb fyutkjpb mhbcnbfyek htkbubfib9 ^@8 gjkjyt-
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48 49 hb wtrdf9 ##8 cgbhbnbpvbc vbvltdfhb9 #%8 hecekb aekbc
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   

    
    

    

 
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 mediakorporacia "asaval-dasavali". sagamomcemlo saxli "asaval-dasavali"

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ufyo.j,f uflfvjovt,fc fh tmdtvlt,fht,f8 vfcfkbc lfe,tzlfj,f fh vjnbdbhlt,f8

       
 othbkt,b ufvjupfdyts vbcfvfhspt5 s,bkbcb7 _!^_7 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb48
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