   WWW.

A
WWW.A SA
.ASA VALI.COM
SAV


N 1473
9 







-3
2

 8-
9

 27


 

4 5 
   
erhfbybc cfufhtj
lfpdthdbc
.jabkvf itavf


lfflfcnehf7 hjv
cffrfidbkb
6 3rfut,tc4 vbth


ufvjphlbkb


rflhbf=
25
19 

  
  
13 
 

 



tdhjgfhkfvtynvf7
cflfw rjheawbekb
crfylfkb v’dbydfht,c
lf hjvkbc
ltgenfnt,cfw
gfynfgeynbs bzthty7
@_@# okbc !%
st,thdfkc
cfmfhsdtkjcsfy
lfrfdibht,bs rbltd
thsb vnhekb
htpjkewbf vbbqj8
rth’jl7 htpjkewbfib7 hj-
vtkcfw [vf ]th]thj,bs lfe-
gfnbvht,tkvf lf rjheawbb-
cfsdbc gfce[bcut,fib vbewt-
vtkvf %**-vf tdhjltgenfn-
vf vbcwf7 othbf7 hjv cfmfhs-
dtkjc tdhjgekb vjvfdfkb7
fhw vtnb7 fhw yfrkt,b7 
  sfdbcea-
kt,fpt uflbc lf se 

 cfpqdfhufhts cfv-
kbw jhb sdbc obyfs lffrf-
dtc8 vfc ,hfkb tlt,f @_@@
pjkewbf ufvjfw[dtc7 tdhj-
gfhkfvtynbc c[ljvfsf lfh-
okbc cfat[,ehsj vcjakbj ,fpib mehsbcnfybc veifsf
xtvgbjyfnbc vfcgby’kj,fc- gfhnbbc kblthbc7 !)))
sfy lfrfdibht,bs .fnfhbc okblfy gfnbvhj,fib v.jab
bynthtct,bc erfyjyj kj,b-  vjv[ht-
ht,fib7 hbcsdbcfw lblb t,b itbzhyty lf fmwbf-gth-
jltyj,bs mhsfvbc fqt,fc ajhvfycb vjfo.dtc7 hbc ufvjw
tlfdt,bfy8 ecfahs[jt,bc cfvcf[ehb b’e-
vjrktl7 ths lhjc vfhs- kt,ekb uf[lf7 tdhjltgenf-
kfw fdnjhbntnbfyb lf gf- nt,bc tdfrefwbf vjt[lbyf8
nbdcfwtvb lfcfdkehb bycnb- cbvfhskt se ubylfs7 che-
newbf 2 tdhjgfhkfvtynb kbfl kjubrehb lf ,eyt,-
lqtc gjkbnbrehb lf vjhf- hbdbf7 hjv nthjhbpvbc
kehb ltuhflfwbbc acrth- ,hfklt,bs ufcfvfhskt,e-
pt bv.jat,f7 rjheawbbc zf- kb  vbv-
j,ib b[hxj,f lf bvbc sfdbw ltdht,b sfdbfysb ,tkflbc
rb fqfh ithxtybf7 cfresfhb v[fhlfvzth kjpeyut,c coj-
ecfahs[jt,f epheydtk- htl bv lfh,fpib uf/.dbhjl-
.jc= yty7 cflfw bvfdt lqtc %**-
lbf[7 cojhtl bv lqtc7 hj- vf tdhjltgenfnvf gjkbnb-
wf  rehb nthjhbpvbc njkaf-
 cb htpjkewbf ufvjcwf lf
   cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjgekb vj-
  vfdkbc lf[ij,bs lftvemhf7
mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc obyf- se vrdktkb7 vofvt,tkb lf uf-
fqvltu vjhbub vnhekb ht- vfegfnbeht,tkb ht;bvbc itv-
mvytkb cffrfidbkb gfnbvhj-


rehyfkjl fh ufeidt,ty7 mdt- ,blfy fh bmyt,f ufsfdbceakt-
.fyf tdhjrfdibhbc otdhj,bc ,ekb=


rfylblfnbc cnfnecc dth vbb- ufhlf fvbcf7 bvfdt lqtc7 hj-
qt,c8 wf ]th]thj,bs lfegfnbvht-
htpjkewbfib7 hjvtkbw


,tkvf lf rjheawbbcfsdbc
]th]thj,bs lfegfnbvht- gfce[bcut,fib vbewtvtkvf
tdhjltgenfnt,vf vrdktkb7


,tkvf lf rjheawbbcfsdbc
gfce[bcut,fib vbewtvtkvf vofvt,tkb lf ufvfegfnbeht,t-
tdhjltgenfnt,vf vbbqtc7 fct- kb ht;bvbc ,tkflb cffrfidb-
dt othbf7 hjv cffrfidbkb kb 3jkbufhm bdfybidbkbc
3jkbufhm bdfybidbkbc gthcj- gthcjyfkehb dtyltnbc
yfkehb dtyltnbc vc[dthgkbf47 vc[dthgkfl4 vjyfsktc7 flfvb-
[jkj bdfybidbkb 2 mfhse- fybc eakt,fsf tdhjgekvf cf-
kb ltvjrhfnbbc vnthb7 hjv- cfvfhskjv cffrfidbkbc ht;b-
kbcsdbcfw cfymwbt,bc lfot- vbc v[hblfy ofvt,bcf lf fhff-
ct,fpt tdhjgbc fqvfchekt- lfvbfyehb vjg.hj,bc vc[dth-
,tkvf bycnbnent,vf eylf bv- gkfl fqbfhf .jabkb gfnbvf-
c]tkjy8 hb  hjvtkbw
@_@# okbc !% st,thdfkc @_!! otkc uklfybc wb[tib
tdhjgfhkfvtynbc vbth cbc[- ufycfresht,ekb cbcfcnbrbs7
kbc cfvfhskbc lfvyfifdt cf- ujyt,bc lfrfhudfvlt cwtvtc7
frfidbkbc cfcfhut,kjl lf itvltu rb vjhuib xfb.dfytc lf
mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc cfob- udfvt,bc ufhtvjwdfib vbkpt
yffqvltujl vjhbub htpjke- vbf,tc8
wbbc vbqt,fc oby hfvltybvt td- cnhfc,ehubc cfcfvfhskjc
hjltgenfnbc lfrfdt,f e’qj- rjheawbbcf lf aekbc ufstsht,bc ,hfklt,bs lfgfnbvht,ekb uflfo.dtnbkt,fib yfsmdfvbf7
lf8 rth’jl7 !_ st,thdfkc7 rj- hjv @_!! okbc yjtv,thib cfc-
tdhjgfhkfvtynfht,b 2 tdf rfbkb7 fylhtf rjwjkbyj7 vfhr nf,fhtkf
heawbbcf lf aekbc ufsts- nbrb wtvbc itltufl vc]fdhlt-


ht,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs vbv- ,ek  [th[tvfkb lf-
lbyfht ufvj’bt,bc afhukt,- epbfylf lf cbfhekbc eyfhb
ib7 ,tkubbc gjkbwbfv tdhj- lfrfhuf8 hjwf yfofvt,vf gf-
gfhkfvtynfhb 


nbvfhvf fvbc ufvj ghjntc-
 lffrfdf7 !! st,thdfkc rb nb ufvjsmdf7 ufvjv’bt,tkvf
bnfkbbc gjkbwbfv tdhjgfh- ehxbf7 ufytw[flt,byf7 hjv
kfvtynfhb   nhfdvf cfojkblfy uflvjdfh-
 fb.dfyf8 jhbdt tdhjlt-


lybc ufvj vbbqj7 sevwf7
genfnc rjheawbfib7 rhbvb-  fvfc fh lfsfy[vlf7
yfkehb jhufybpfwbbc otdhj- hbc ufvjw wb[bc sfyfvihjv-
,fcf lf aekbc ufstsht,fib kt,vf sbst,b ,tbc,jkbc ]j-


clt,ty ,hfkc8 [bs lfevndhbtc8
fctdt ituf[ctyt,s7 hjv rj- cnhfc,ehubc cfcfvfhskjc
heawbbc ,hfklt,bs obyf- uflfo.dtnbkt,fib fctdt fq-
cofh gfnbvhj,fib bv.jat,f ybiyekbf7 hjv cfcnbrfl yf-
tdhjgfhkfvtynbc dbwt-ght- ofvt, gfnbvfhc cfsfyflj cf-
pbltynb  hjvt- vtlbwbyj lf[vfht,fw fh ufe-



ofhvjblubyts7 ptktycrb xdtyb [fk[b



3nf,ekfc4 lfvae'yt,tkb



cfmfhsdtkjc ghtvbth-
vbybcnhb


cfgfhkfvtynj ahfmwbf
3mfhsekb jwyt,bc4
sfdv]ljvfht

s,bkbcbc vthb


hjv hect,c n.dtl xfedfhltc [tlfdc .jdtk-
lqt7 hjv tc  sfd-
lf thsb fv,fdb fnt[jc7 vjk- hflbrfkeh- v]ljvfhtj-
ljdtkb dfh7 vjkljdehbc tmcnhtvbc- ,bs vtntj-
sfh]bvfyb vjvb.dfyts lf xtvb nehb gfh-
uekb bm lfvfh[tsj8 nbf hfqfw hb vj[dlf
ofhvjblubyts7 fv,hjcb [t- rjvbreh jh- yfwbjyf-
kfbf hjv ,jkitdbrt,c n.dtl ufybpfwbfl keh vj’-
/.fdlfs7 xtvb uekb c[df mdt.f-
ufhlfbmvyf8
xdty eylf df- hfj,fc8
yfc tresdybcj7 ufvjtw[flt,byf lf mfhsekfl kfgfhfrb itto.- rtsjs cfmvt7 dtvcf[ehjs xdtyc mdt.fyfc7 xdtyc lqtc  t8o8 vtuj,ht,sfy th- eylf dbjvjs7 hjwf c[dfyf-
dbnf8 [fk[c8 xtvsdbc yfvldbkfl fh fhbc cfbynt- sfl wlbkj,c7 sfdb lffqobjc wb[tc7 bhfl cfvij,kjc uflfhxtyf
htcj7 bcbyb hfc utuvfdty8 xtvsdbc vsfdfhbf7 ite’kt,tkbf9 hjwf uflfhxt-
lfabmhlbs7 kblthc dbc eojlt,s lf bvfptw lfabmh-
hjv .dtkf cfrbs[b uflfdzhfs7 vjdfudfhjs lf
vfuhfv xdty dw[jdhj,s cfvfhskt,hbd ybc upf c[dfudfhbf lf jvc udf-
lbs7 hjv afhxfrbcsdbc kblthbc ojlt,bs cfresfh sfdpt
ufwbkt,bs vtnc b’f[bs7 dblht cffrfidbkpt8 rbltd eahj 'kbthb lf vfufhb mdt.fyf cf[tkvobajib7 vfc vjeotdc7 rfyjybc ’fkt,ty7 tc xdtyb vjvfdkbc by-
udmjyltc7 dblht udfmdc= obyfit fujc gfce[b= nthtct,c fh tvcf[eht,f8
3ATBC,EMB4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3HTPJYFYCB4

2  
 

 





obtc7 [jkj ths-thsb by-
wbltynbc lhjc wb[bc sfyfv-
ihjvkt,vf cfi[fgt jsf[ib
chekfl uffibidktc7 wbdb
o.kbc zfdkb vbeidbhtc lf ht-
pbybc [tkrtnt,bs cfcnbrfl
cwtvtc8
flfvbfybc eakt,fsf tdhj-
gekb cfcfvfhskjc vbth 
 cfmvtpt vbqt,e-
kb uflfo.dtnbkt,bs lfluby-
lf7 hjv cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc
lhjc mfhsek wb[tt,ib fl- mfhsdtkb [fk[bcfsdbc f,-
ubkb /mjylf ofvt,bcf lf fhf- cjkenehfl fhfyfbhb vybid-
flfvbfyehb vjg.hj,bc itv- ytkj,f fhf fmdc7 hfnjv vafh-
ltu ajhvt,c5 dtkj,c tdhjgfhkfvtynb
wb[tib f[fkit.dfybk gf- vrdktkb7 vofvt,tkb lf uf-
nbvfhsf fewbkt,tk wt- vfegfnbeht,tkb ht;bvbc
vfc 2 t8o8 cfrfhfynbyj vsfdfh itvjmvtl cffrfidbkc=
ghjwtlehfc9 rfnfcnhjaff7 se tdhjgfh-
gfnbvht,bc cbcntvf- kfvtynfht,b fvfc mhsfvbc cf-
neh wtvfc rdbhfib hfv- yfwdkjl frtst,ty7 vfuhfv rb-
lty]thvt9 ltd eahj lblb rfnfcnhjaff7
lfc]bc vbpybs7 gfnbv- se mhsfvc fh bqt,ty lf
hbc [fyuh’kbdfl vjsfdct- vrdktkb7 vofvt,tkb lf ufvfe-
,fc t8o8 rfhwthcf lf vwb- gfnbeht,tkb cbcntvbc itvmv-
ht pjvbc cfvfhnjj cfrfy- ytk cffrfidbksfy jhufyekb7
ib7 cflfw vtnfkbc cfoj- gjkbnbrehb lf cekbthb th-
kbc ufhlf fhfathb bluf sj,f uffxybfs=
lf lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib gf- fctf se bct7 thsb hfv w[fl-
nbvht,c wtvtynbc bfnfr-
se cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjgekb vjvfdfkb vrdktkb7 pt ew[fltcbf5 cfmfhsdtkjcf
pt eotdlfs ]ljvf8 frtwbk lf mfhsdtk [fk[c tdhjgfh-
lf rtltkpt cfrtnbs vbvfu- vofvt,tkb lf ufvfegfnbeht,tkb ht;bvbc itvmvytkb kfvtynib vtuj,ht,b fh
ht,ek cfojkc wb[bc sf- /.fdc7 bm v[jkjl cffrfidb-
yfvihjvkt,b qfvbc !_ cf- cffrfidbkbc wb[blfy ufidt,fptf lfvjrblt,ekb7 vfiby kbcf lf vbcb ]fkfsehb ht-
fspt [cyblyty lf gfnbv- ;bvbc vtuj,ht,b c[tlfy=
se cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjge-
ht,c eakt,fc f’ktdlyty7
lbkbc ( cffsfvlt lfoj-
cfmfhsdtkjc fctsb vjvfdfkb fhfathib czbhlt,f= kb vjvfdfkb vrdktkb7 vofvt-
kbkb.dyty9 ,tkb lf ufvfegfnbeht,tkb
cfrfyib thslhjekfl [fcbfst,tkb4= t8b8 ufvjlbc7 hjv  hjgfhkfvtynb 2 v[jkjl nbkt,f7 hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw7 ht;bvbc itvjmvtlb cffrfidb-
fct lf fvhbufl7 jhvf tdhj-    fqmvt,bs= cffrfidbkbc vvfhsdtkj,bc kbc wb[blfy ufidt,fptf lf-
vjrblt,ekb7 
hfvltybvt gfnbvhbc vj-
sfdct,bc itvs[dtdfib7 gekvf bycnbnenvf thscf lf    tdhjcfcfvfhskj uflfo.dt- lhjc cfmfhsdtkjib gfnbvht-
vc]fdhlt,ekt,b b’ekt- bvfdt lqtc thsvfytsbcfufy hf-  nbkt,bc vbqt,bcfc gjkbnb- ,bc cbcntvehb lf cfcnbrb wt-   
lbrfkehfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb  rehb ufdktyt,bcfufy sfdbce- vf-ofvt,f [lt,jlf7 ufyfxtybf 
se lqtdfyltkb tdhjgf bc
,ekb b.dyty7 [fyuh’kb-
jhb ljrevtynb lflj5 tdhj-    afkbf7 [jkj tdhjgfhkfvty- fhfv[jkjl cffrfidbkbcf lf
cbdhwtf7 cflfw gjkbnbrehb
db lhjbc ufyvfdkj,fib
gfhkfvtynbc htpjkewbbc  nb jhvfub gjkbnbrehb cn- vbcb ht;bvbcfsdbc7 fhfvtl bv
tkbnbc ofhvjvflutykt,b
at[pt vlufhb.dyty7 hfl-
vb[tldbs7 cffrfidbkb wb[t-   hfcfw7 fylfhnt,bc n.dtf= %** tdhjgfhkfvtynfhbcsdb-
vrdktkb7 vofvt,tkb lf ufvfe-
ufy xfvj]ljvbc cfiefkt-
ib pbc fhf bvbc ufvj7 hjv lfv- tdhjcfcfvfhskjc smvbs7 cbc- hfw vsfdfhbf7 tdhjcfcfvfh- cfw7 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkbc
ntvehb [fcbfsb /mjylf= gfnbeht,tkb cbcntvbc ,tkfl
,fw fh /mjylfs9
gfnbvht,c itpqelekb yfifdtf7 fhfvtl bvbnjv7 hjv skjc vjcfvfhsktt,b rj- sfdbceakt,fcf lf cfmfhsdt-
vfbyw hfnjv fhbc fctsb rfh- kjc tdhjgek vjvfdfkc ij- cffrfidbkc bct tafht,bfy7 hj-
/mjylfs cfrdt,bc vbqt,f bdfybidbkbc gbhflb iehbc- heawbfcf lf vtmhsfvtj,fib
lbyfkehb ufyc[dfdt,f tdhjcf- hbc njkj,bc ybifyc cdfvc= ujhw vfnhjcjdb 2 fv,hfpe-
lf cfgbhafhtijc ufvj.t- ’bt,bc vc[dthgkbf7 [jkj td- fh fhbfy v[bkt,ekb7 tdhj-
cfvfhskjcf lf tdhjgfhkfvty- c[dfyfbhfl hjv dsmdfs7 td- hfc7   
yt,fw rb8 fctdt ufvelvt,bs hjcfcfvfhskjc uflfo.dtnb- gfhkfvtynbc otdht,c rb rj-
nbc vblujvt,c ijhbc0
epqelfdlyty j]f[bc otd-
kt,bc vb[tldbs7 cffrfidb- heawbbcf lf vtmhsfvtj,bc hjcfcfvfhskjv %** tdhj-   
gfce[b vfhnbdbf5 tdhjcfcf-
ht,sfy it[dtlhbc eakt-
kbc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc cf- ,hfklt,bs gfynfgeynbs gfhkfvtynfhb cbcntvehb 
se lqtdfyltkb tdhjgbc
,fc9
mfhsdtkjib gfnbvht,bc ht- vfhskj rjyrhtnekb afm- fgfnbvht,ty= ofvt,bc vsfdfhb itvjmvtlbc
uekfhekb lf cbcntvehb nt,bsf lf vnrbwt,ekt,t,bs flfvbfybc eakt,fsf tdhj- 2 vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc vafh- sfvfibc otct,b mfhsekb cf-
[ibhfl [lt,jlf gf-
ofvt,f [lt,jlf= [tkv’qdfytkj,c7 [jkj td- gekb cfcfvfhskjc uflfo.dt- dtkj,fib fv[bkf= [tkvobajc cedthtybntnbc
[tk.jafcf lf mfhsdtkb [fk-


nbvht,bcfsdbc cgtwbf-
[bcfsdbc cekib xfaehs[t,fc
kehb xfa[enbc xfvjaf-
uekbc[vj,c7  
ht,f lf gbhib ,ehsbc


xfxhf7 hfsf vfs fh tcfe,-
    
 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv
hfs9
gfnbvht,c eakt,f /mjy-
tdhjltgenfnb re,bkbecb
lfs7 thsvfytsib v[jkjl


qbfl udtvemht,f 2 se xdtyb
xehxekbs tcfe,hfs8
otct,bs fh bsfvfit,s7 tdhj-
tmcgfnbvfh jxbufdfc cfmvtpt
rfdibhbc otdhj,bc rfylblf-
cnhfc,ehubc cfcfvfhskjc


nbc cnfnecc dth vbbqt,sj=
uflfo.dtnbkt,fib vrfabjl
fhbc yfsmdfvb7 hjv cffrfidb-
tdhjgf7 hjvtkbw rjktm-
nbehb re,bkbecbc otct,bs


kbc ht;bvbc lhjc mfhsek
sfvfij,c7 yfvldbkfl aeh-
wb[tt,ib gfnbvht,bc ofvt,f
s[bc qbhcbf lf vbudbaehs-
lf fhfflfvbfyehb vjg.hj,f
[t,bf fctsb tdhjgbcfsdbc=
3b.j cbcntvehb [fcbfsbc lf
vstkb cbcntvbcfsdbc lfvf- 









3mfhsekb lfcbc4 kblthb



tdhjgfhkfvtynfhb

gfhkfvtynfhb

gfhkfvtynfhb
gjkbnjkjub

3thsb flfvbfybc cbrd-

lbkb nhfutlbff7 vbkb-
jyt,bc cbrdlbkb 2 cnf-
nbcnbrf4 2 fhf fmdc vybi-
dytkj,f7 dby lf hjujh
smdf tc ahfpf 2
   
 fyukjcfmct,bc cfvb
ghjtmnb 2 3rjdbl-!)4-bc
gfyltvbf7 jvb erhfbyfib lf vbobc’dhf sehmtsib 2 xdty vrfabj upfdybkb bc cfmfhsdtkj itdfhw[-  cfcfhut,kj blbjnbf= se itudb’kbf7 hjv yfwvj’hf-
fhbc edthnbehf7 hfsf flfvbfyt,bc wyj,btht,f sfylf- udfmdc 3mfhsekb jwyt,bc- dbyt7 hjvtkbw  lffljy .flfqf  fy- j,bc ibuybsfw xfdfnfhjs fh-
sfy ittuejc vfcj,hbd vc[dthgkc ptcf[tkvobajt,bc 2 ufhbit,c lf lfdbyf[fds7 hfv- xtdyt,b7 vfsb vafhdtkt,b mdt.-
sdbc4 2 dth vbbqt,s cnf-  sf- lty ufyw[flt,fc uffrtst,ty vt-
hectsbcf lf fii-bc ,bhsdekb bfhfqbc itcf’kj ufvj.t- vfibc otcbs ufydbsfhlt,f8
ybc ufhts xdtyc zrefpt dfnf-
necc7 se fh bsfvfit,s ht tc rjktmnbehb  hjs7 vfiby hfqfc udt,h’dbfy cf-
yt,fvlt8 hfw itt[t,f fvthbrbc f[fk tkxc cfmfhsdtkjib7 xdtyb otct,bs=  thsjl0= lf.fhjy afh-[vfkb
dabmhj,7  efhtc  vjudbo.j,c= 3GFKBNHFYBECB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 lf xfud,fhlyty8 3TV BVTLB4

 
3
 
cfmfhsdtkjib
cfsfyfljl fh fhbc
lfwekb tmbvt,bcufy
lfpfhfkt,ekb
gfwbtynt,bc eakt,t,b7
hbc ufvjw vfs lf
gfwbtynt,bc f[kj,kt,c
gbhflb iehbc’bt,bc
ufhlf7 c[df ufvjcfdfkb
fqfh hxt,fs8 3f[kf[fy
itdbn.dt7 hjv ,jhjn
lf sfqkbs tmbvc 

hjvtkvfw okt,bc oby
jgthfwbf ufvbrtsf7
cfvelfvjl lfvf[tb,hf
lf .dtkfathsfy thsfl
lfvwbyf rbltw7
cfvfubthj c[dbcb [tkbs
vbtpqj= sehvt7 ths-
thsb gfwbtynbc
f[kj,kt,vf7 hjvtkbw
fv dfb-tmbvbc ufvj
ev’bvtc vlujvfhtj,fib
bv.jat,f7 cfresfh
rkbybrfib sfd-gbhb
lffktotc=4 2 fv
cbn.dt,bs lfbo.j
xdtysfy bynthdbe
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4
'dtkvf htcgjyltynvf


2 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4 [ib-
hfl othlf xtvb nhfutlbbc it-
cf[t,7 vfuhfv  
 ufdktybfyb vafhdt-
kt,b /.fdc lf .jdtksdbc f[th-
[t,lf gfce[bcvut,kj,bc sfdb-
lfy fhblt,fc7 fhflf7 xtv vcufd-
cfl rbltd ,tdhb gfwbtynb /.fdc
ufe,tleht,ekb7 ufyvrbs[dt-
kb rb lqtvlt fhfdby b.j8
2 itf[ctyts vrbs[dtkc7
hf uflfu[lfs0
2 @__( okbc pfa[ekib
obyfvlt,fht ]bhrdfkpt7 t8o8
nehbc jgthfwbbc lhjc cf-
ifhlt vbkb lfvbpbfytc8 w[jd-
ht,f ]j]j[tsfl vtmwf lf uf-
vjcfdkbc 't,yfib f[kj,tkvf
vbhxbf7 
 vbdcekb.f-
db7 hjvtkcfw xtvsdbc [tkjd-
yehb cabymnthb eylf xftl-
uf8 vfhskfw ufdbrtst tc cfr-
vfjl 'dbhflqbht,ekb jgthf-
wbf7 sevwf7 idtbwfhbekb
ofhvjt,bc $%__ tdhjc qbht-
,ekt,bc cabymnthb7 hjvt-
kbw xfvblutc7 xtvb vrehyfkb
tmbvbc  lfc-
rdybs7 sfdblfydt lfpbfyt,ekb
.jabkf7 vfy;tnb b.j uf,thb-
kb lf dth fveifdlt,jlf8



  

  


dbltjsdfkb lfv.eht,lf
ptvjlfy8 jhcffs-yf[tdfhb
fo.j,lf bv [tkjdyeh cabym-
nthc7 tmdccffs-yf[tdfhb vbrt-
st,lf jgthfwbfc7 sevwf7 bh-
4 

oveyt,jlf 2 cffs-yf[tdfhib
lfdfvsfdhtj= 
   

   
  


  


  

  
  

  
   
  

dfb-ehjkjuvf7 hjvtkvfw
itvjcfdfkb fh lfbrkj7 fhw rb
ufvbv[bkf7 hf lfvvfhsf7 wlb-
kj,lf7 gfce[bcvut,kj,f fthb-
lt,byf8 thsb sdbc ufyvfdkj-
,fib ufeajhvt,kfl dbotmb vbc
rkbybrfib lf vte,yt,jlf 2
vflkj,f vbs[fhb7 lqtib ^_
kfhc hjv fh uf[ltdbyt,j= fv
[ybc ufyvfdkj,fib $___ kf-
hbc qbht,ekt,bc ofvkt,b xt-
vb aekbs vf.bldbyf7 [jkj [e-
sb sdbc sfdpt fgfhfnvf cfifh-
lt vbkb ufvbo.dbnf lf jhuf-
ybpvvf sfdfl ufvjltdyf ufhts8
,jkjc7 [esoesbfyb vjvcf[e-
ht,fw lfvfvflkf7 hjv sdtib
ths[tk c[tekib xfluvekb
jhkfhbfyb rfstnthb ufvjtw-
dfkf lf lfvfvwbht,tkb ajh-
vbs bv rkbybrblfy ufvjvfulj7
cflfw ufvfe,tlehf 2 
    

2 bxbdkts0
2 !_ otkb dbfht ]fylfwdbc
cfvbybcnhjib8 c[dflfc[df by-
cnfywbfib @__-vlt ufyw[flt-
,f vfmdc itnfybkb7 cflfw doth7
hjv tmbvt,vf xfblbytc cbc[kbc
cfvfhskbc lfyfifekb 2
obylfe[tlfdfl uf,thbkvfy;t-
nbfyb7 $%__ tdhjc qbht,ekt-
,bc cabymnthb xfvblutc c[t-
ekib7 hjvtkcfw cfsflfhbuj
cabymnthbw vj/.dt,jlf7 vfu-
hfv mfhfpfyfidbkvf bc cflqfw
uffmhj=
fhct,j,c cfsfyflj cfvtlb-
wbyj lfcrdyt,bw7 vfuhfv dthf-
athc ufd[lb8 fv rfwc .dtkufy
/.fdc ufdktybfyb vafhdtkt,b=



















gbhdtkfl vwbht bvtlb vf-
iby xfvtcf[f7 hjwf f[kfl lf-
ybiyekvf ]fylfwdbc vbybcn-
hvf  
smdtysfy bynthdbeib cf]f-
hjl ufyfw[flf7 hjv xtvpt
pheydfc cfresfh sfdpt
fbqt,lf7 vfuhfv sbsb sbspt
fh lferfht,bf8 vtjhtl bvtlb
@_!( okbc jmnjv,thib vj-
vtwf7 hjwf ]fylfwdbc cfvbybc-
nhjib cf,zjc c[ljvfpt xtvb
cfrbs[b ufbnfytc8 dtkjlb7
hjv xtvb lf rbltd c[df rjyrht-
nekb gfwbtynt,bc ufe,tle-







ht,bc ufvj 
 # sdbs vfbyw itextht,-
lyty kbwtypbfc lf vbcufy lf-
pfhfkt,ek gfwbtynt,pt ph-
eydfc itelut,jlyty7 vfuhfv
fmfw ufdo,bklb 2 fqvjxylf7
hjv cfmfhsdtkjc rfyjyvlt,-
kj,bs7 itvs[dtdblfy % okbc
itvltu tmbvc gfce[bcvut,kj-
,f fqfh trbcht,f=
mfhfpfyfidbkvf7 tn.j,f7 ufd-
ktybfy vafhdtkt,sfy obyfc-
ofh vjfrdfhf[zbyf cfrbs[b7
hflufy c[ljvfpt itcdkfvlt
vfy lf vbcvf 'vfv wbybrehb
qbvbkb lf lfvfvwbht,tkb
cbn.dt,b vn.jhwytc888 bvtlb qfh ufvj’dht,f= kj,c gfce[bcvut,kj,bc fhb-
uflfvtoehf7 hjv jltcvt vluj- 2 f[kf hfqf vj[lf0 lt,fc8 
vfhtj,fc ufdbev]j,tct,8  2 vjhbub ofhevfnt,tkb
  
jgthfwbbc itvltu w[dbh-gbhb
     
vfuhfl lfeyf.tc gfwbtynbc 
uekitvfnrbdht,vf= mfhfpfyfi-

   
dbkb ueklfuek xmvfkfdc fv


fv,fdc7 vfuhfv 3ie,b [fksfib
   

fh bvfkt,f47 hflufy rkbybrf-


ib bc c’eks= ye lfvfcf[tkt-


,byt,s7 fv dfb-ehjkjubc


  
hjvtkb sfyfvihjvkbcfufy uf- hjvtkcfw vewtkib jhb rfst-
 dbut tc fv,fdb7 fh vbylf7 ghj,- nthb xfenjdf lf vtht sfdbcb
 ktvf itdemvyf lf cfvcf[ehb lf- itwljvf c[dfc uflff,hfkf8 vfh-
dfrfhudbyj8 hjujhw vbfv,tc7 ]dtyf lftkjwjc7 dbyw rfwsvj-

gfwbtynbc uekitvfnrbdht,b ’ekt .fcf,c w[dbh-gbhb lfe-
 lfbynthtct,ekfy7 hjujh xf- ktof7 vflkj,fc de[lb7 hflufy
 bfhf jgthfwbfv7 mfhfpfyfi- xtvb ufcfrtst,tkb vfy uffrtsf=
dbkc rb ofhevfnt,tkb jgthf- vbylf7 ]fylfwdbc f[fk vb-

wbbc itvltu vfssdbc fult,e- ybcnhc  
 kfl egfce[t,bf7 fhyf[ekb it- vbdvfhsj7 hjvtkbw uekbc[-
 ehfw[.jaf vbe.tyt,bf lf cf- vbth rfwfl vtxdtyt,f 2 
 gfce[jl ob[kmdti ufeulbfs8    
fv .fcf,c f[fcbfst,c fctsb lf-


vjrblt,ekt,f 2 hjwf vbcb

  
evtwht,bc itltufl gfwbty-  vskfl ecfvcf[ehjl ye

nbc vlujvfhtj,f hseklt,f7 lfnjdt,s7 vbcsdbc eahj it-
bc [lt,f wbybrjcb7 fvwbht,c cfathbc sfyfvlt,j,fpt 2 vjh-
 lf itehfw[.jac .dtkfc7 db- ubc lbhtmnjhfl uflfb.dfyts7
 cfw vbc rjvgtntywbfib tzdb dblht hjvtkbvt xtvyfbhfl ufv-
fb7 fv vlujvfhtj,fib v.ja- itfmdc7 3ufqvf itlfdt,bc4 ghby- ofht,ekb n.dbbs ie,kc fh
vf itdbn.dt7 hjv f[kf[fy rb- wbgbs gfwbtync lf vbc uek- ufe[dhtnc=
ltd thsb gfwbtynb uffe,tle- itvfnrbdht,c gbhbmbs flfyf-
tcfe,hf
hf7 vfuhfv fv]thfl vihfkfl dt- ifekt,c lf fv ajhvbs wlb- 
















,fnjyj pehf,7 ufcek rdbhfc 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4
rbltd ths bcnjhbek uflfo.dtnbkt,fpt othlf7
hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw cfmfhsdtkjib vjmvtl
cfvtlbwbyj lfotct,ekt,t,c @_@% okblfy
cfthsfijhbcj frhtlbnfwbbc ufdkf vjeotds8
mfhsekb rkbybrt,bc cfthsfijhbcj
cnfylfhnt,pt vjhut,f sfdbcsfdfl uekbc[vj,c
vfqfkb ljybc cfvtlbwbyj vjvcf[eht,fc7
gfwbtynsf eakt,t,bc lfwdfcf lf cfvtlbwbyj
lfotct,ekt,t,ib hjujhw gfwbtynt,bc7 fctdt
tmbvt,bc cbwjw[kbcf lf ]fyvhstkj,bcfsdbc
ecfahs[j ufhtvjc itmvyfc7 hfw mfhsek
htfkj,fib evodfdtc ghj,ktvfc ofhvjflutyc8
]fylfwdbc cfvbybcnhjcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc
vsfdhj,bc fqybiyekb uflfo.dtnbkt,f7 xdtyb
qhvf hovtybs7 lflt,bsfl fbcf[t,f tmbvt,cf
lf gfwbtynt,c ijhbc erblehtcfl lf’f,ek
ehsbthsj,t,ptw7 hfw fhfths[tk
afnfkehfl lfcheklf8 .jdtklqbehfl
cfvtlbwbyj lfotct,ekt,t,ib vjv[lfhb afmnt,b
rbltd ths[tk flfcneht,c rkbybrt,bcsdbc
cfthsfijhbcj frhtlbnfwbbc ufdkbc
fewbkt,kj,fc7 cflfw ths-ths evsfdhtc
vjs[jdyfc tmbvsf eo.dtnb ufyfskt,f
ofhvjflutyc8

 
ufcek rdbhfc 3tv tv nt /jc-
gbnfkib4 ehjkju 
 gfwbtynbc j]f-
[bc otdht,b v’fahfl lfegbhbc-
gbhlyty8 ituf[ctyt,s7 hjv tc
bc uehfv mfhfpfyfidbkbf7
hjvtkcfw fhfthsb gfwbty-
nbc ufe,tleht,fib vbe’q-
dbc odkbkb7 gjkbwbfib fhf-
thsb cfxbdfhb fmdc lfothb-
kb vemfhbcf lf itehfw[.j-
abc afmnt,pt lf erdt fhf-
ths[tk uflfehxf abpbreh
ufyflueht,fc7 lfbydfkblt-
,ekb gfwbtynt,bc qbf vemf-
ht,bc vbe[tlfdfl8
xdtyc thsuek vrbs[dtkc
rfhufl tvf[cjdht,f gfwbtyn
  bcnjhbf7
hjvtkbw !_ otkpt vtnbf7 ue-
hfv mfhfpfyfidbkbc vbth lfi-
dt,ekb itwljvbcf lf uek-
uhbkj,bs vb.tyt,ekb pbf-
ybc ufvj lqtvlt bnfy]t,f8
ehjkjub  
 rb7 hjvtkbw ijsf
rfgfyf’bc ufhlf ubpj ljkb-
’bc7 lfdbs re,kfidbkbc7 ubf
vtht,fidbkbc7 f,tk vfvfh-
lfidbkbc lf c[df fhfthsb gf-
wbtynbc bvmdt.yfl ufcnevht-
,bcf lf lfbydfkblt,bc itvjm-
vtlbf7 cfmvbfyj,fc lqtvlt
elhndbydtkfl fuh’tkt,c8
wbtynt,c lqtc qbhctekb tmb-
vt,bc vbvfhsfw rb lblb lj-
pbs fmds7 cojhtl mfhfpfyfi-
dbkbc vcufdcb dfb-tmbvt,bc
lfvcf[eht,fc ofhvjflutyc8
vfs gfwbtynt,bc evsfdhtcb
eakt,bc itcf[t,7 fk,fs7 fhf-
athb cvtybfs7 hjltcfw ehw-
[dfl fhqdtdty cfmfhsdtkjc rf-
yjyvlt,kj,fc7 hjvkbc vb[tl-
dbsfw cfmfhsdtkjc .dtkf vj-
mfkfmtc fmdc eakt,f7 vbcsdbc
ufcfut,b ajhvbs vbbqjc fvjv-
oehfdb lf j,btmnehb byajh-
vfwbf7 vjb’bjc fknthyfnb-
ekb vjcfpht,f cfresfhb ]fy-
vhstkj,bc vlujvfhtj,bc it-
cf[t,8
fmdt ituf[ctyt,s @_!$ otkc
lfnhbfkt,ek nhfutlbfc 2
@_!$ okbc @* bfydfhc vbw-
rtdbxbc mexfpt7 3ltlfsf lf
,fdidsf cfvrehyfkj-ghjab-
kfmnbreh wtynhib4 ufysfd-
ct,ek dtythbek cytekt-
,fsf ltgfhnfvtynib cfresfh
rf,bytnib ^% okbc lthvf-
njkju-dtythjkjub7 ghj-
fv]thfl vbcb vc[dthgkb atcjhb 
^* okbc gfwbtynb v8p8 fq- gfwbtynvf vjrkf lf vtht bmdt
vjxylf7 hjvtkbw ev’bvtc7 sfdflfw vjbcohfaf cbwj-
rjvfnjpeh vlujvfhtj,fib w[kt8
bv.jat,f8 3ltlf7 vfgfnbt7 fh itvb’kbf
hrbybupbc cffdflv.jajc fv[tkf nrbdbkbc fnfyf8 ,j-
ityj,fib ufysfdct,ekb fhf- kjc vjdeqt, bvfc7 dbyw vt fv
thsb rkbybrbcf lf sfdfl  vlujvfhtj,fib xfvfulj47 2 fv
 sfyfvi- ibyffhcbc othbkb fqvjfxbytc
hjvkt,b rekefhek cfe,- cfvfhsfklfvwfdt,vf #! okbc
ht,ib mfhfpfyfidbkbc acbmb-  fdnj-
reh vlujvfhtj,fptw lftzdt- vfymfyfib7 hjvtkbw bv gjkbr-
,bs cfe,hj,ty8 kbybrfcsfy bluf8
 tmbvt,cf lf gfwbtynt,c ij-

hbc erblehtcfl ufvodfdt,ek
ehsbthsj,fc flfcneht,c

]fylfwdbc cfvbybcnhjc ufdh-
 wtkt,ekb jabwbfkehb cn-
 fnbcnbrfw7 hjvkbc vb[tldb-
sfw @_@@ otkc ]fylfwdbc cf-


vbybcnhjib @)^ tmbvbc ghj-
atcbek gfce[bcvut,kj,fpt
 bvc]tktc8 vfs ijhbc7 ghjat-
 cbekb gfce[bcvut,kj,f @!)

tmbvc lftrbchf7 fmtlfy ^ vt-

lbrjcc cf[tkvobaj cthnb-
abrfnb ufeemvlf7 [jkj %^

tmbvc c[dflfc[df dflbs ite-
 xthlf8
cfvoe[fhjl7 @_!) otkc 

 v[jkjl
 bv vbptpbs uflfehxf gfce[bc-
eylj,kj,f lf lfeylj,- ut,fc7 hjv htuekbht,bc cff-
kj,f7 hjvtkbw mfhsdtk gf- utynjv vbcb cfmvbc itcofdkf


okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib ufotkf
lf v[jkjl vfc itvltu lfybi-
ytc cf,zjc c[ljvf7 hjwf cfm-
vtc erdt [fylfpvekj,bc dflf
hfvltybvt lqbc ufcekb /mjy-
lf +0=`8
 bmyt,
gbhflfl lfbynthtclts ue-
hfv mfhfpfyfidbkbsf lf vb-
cb vcufdcb tmbvt,bc cftzdj
cfmvbfyj,bs7 hjvtksf obyf-
fqvltu cfxbdfhb cfxbdfhpt
itvjlbc htuekbht,bc cff-
utynjib8
vrbs[dtkc itdf[ctyt,7 hjv
ghjatcbekb ufydbsfht,bc
cf,zj7 hjvtkbw cfvtlbwbyj
gthcjyfkbc cfmvbfyj,fcsfy
lfrfdibht,ek ufyw[flt,f-cf-
xbdht,c ufyb[bkfdc7 htuekb-
ht,bc cffutynjc vbth itcofd-
kbkb vfcfkt,bc cfae’dtkpt
bqt,c uflfo.dtnbkt,t,c tmb-
vbc ghjatcbekb gfce[bcvut,-
kj,bc sfj,fpt8 
 itcofdkf fqybi-
yekvf eo.t,fv bvltyb otkb
ufotkf7 cfyfv ghjatcbekb
gfce[bcvut,kj,bc cf,zjpt
gfwbtync wbybrehfl fh uf-
yew[fltc7 hjv cf[tpt b.j
vstkb hbub uflfwljvt,b7
sevwf7 cfmfhsdtkjc rfyjy-
vlt,kj,bs itvs[dtdblfy %
okbc itvltu tmbvc fhfyfbhb
gfce[bcvut,kj,f fqfh trbc-
ht,jlf8
smdtyb lf gfce[bcvut,tkb
gbht,bc rtsbk yt,fcf lf v.b-
cbth htfubht,fc ite’kbf
lqtcdt uflffhxbyjc bv gfwb-
tynt,bc cbwjw[kt7 hjvtksf
ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu vfsb
j]f[bc otdht,bc vbth itvjnf-
ybk cfxbdht,c okt,bc ufyvfd-
kj,fib eylf cofdkj,ltc ht-
uekbht,bc cffutynj8
fmdt vbylf7 vflkj,f uflf-
de[fljs ]fylfwdbc cfvbybc-
nhjc gjkbnbrbc ltgfhnf-
vtynbc [tkv’qdfytkc7 mfk-
,fnjy  
hjvkbc vbth ufy[jhwbtkt-
,ekvf pfhvf ,jrthbfc rkbyb-
rfib @_@_ okbc !$ yjtv,thc
uflffhxbyf ths-thsb dfb-tmb-
vbc r8u8-c vbth cfcbrdlbkjl
ufyobhekb lf lbfkbppt lf-
vjrblt,ekb @@ flfvbfybc cb-
wjw[kt8
lbf[7 ,fnjyj pehf,7 cfv-
oe[fhjl7 fctf=
cfyfv htuekbht,bc cffuty-
njc vbth itcofdkbkb cfm-
vtt,b smdtyfvlt vjfqotdc7
flfvbfyt,b bnfy]t,bfy7 bqe-
gt,bfy7 qfnfrlt,bfy7 [jkj
tmbvt,b7 rkbybrt,bc vakj-
,tkt,b7 ufy.jabkt,bc ufv-
utt,b7 ghjatcjht,b +yf.blb
lbgkjvt,bs‘7 vtlbwbybc
ljmnjht,b +yf.blb cflbcth-
nfwbj yfihjvt,bs‘ eahj lf
eahj vtnfl pekemlt,bfy8














lfbynthtclbs7 ufvjfdkb-
yts lf cfresfhb flubkb vbe-
xbyts mfhsekb ]fylfwdbc
cbcntvbc oeh,tkt,c7 hjvkt-
,bw7 lfec]tkj,bc cbylhjvb-
sf lf aekbc cb.dfhekbs
lf,hvfdt,ekyb7 fewbkt,kfl
itubikbfy [tkc smdty lf sm-
dtyc ueylc bv bcnjhbekb vbp-
ybcfrty vbvfdfk upfpt7 hjvtk-
cfw gjcnpt vjcdkbc lqblfy
fluf[fhs lf hjvtkbw mfhs-
dtkb tmbvt,bcf lf gfwbtynt-
,bcsdbc chek.jabkb ]fy-
lfwdbc cbcntvbc xfvj.fkb,t-
,bcrty vblbc=

5




 @_@! otkc 2
fh dbwb7 hectsc hf
htfmwbf tmyt,f xtvb
idbkbc erhfbyblfy
cfmfhsdtkjib
lf,heyt,fptj= f


 2
dfbse7 bctd hect,vf fh
xfsdfkjy cfzbhjl vbifc
cfmfhsdtkjib
lf,heyt,fj=
vjlbs7 cntyjuhfvbekb cb-
pecnbs ufdb[ctyjs7 hfc fv-
,j,c   sdt-
yf[tdhbc obyfs ufdhwtkt,ek
afhek felbjxfyfothib7 hj-
vtkbw ufye,f;t,tkb cffrfidb-
kbc nhfbkthib xflt,fvlt lf
fhf;yt,sfy thsfl cfmfhsdt-
kjib itvjgfht,fvlt wjnf
[ybs flhtf ufrtst,ekb5
3vsfdfhb bc fhbc7 he-
ctsb hfc abmhj,c fv vj-
vtynib8 hect,cfw fh ey-
lfs tc bdfybidbkb8 [jv
xfyc f[kf7 fv vfcfkt,c
hjv fodlbfy vtkf’tc lf
tc vtkf’t xdty udfxdtyt,c
2 tc [jv hect,b fodlb-
fy8 fv cbnefwbfib vt fh
dbwb7 fv xtvc idbkc fm hf
lf[dlt,f7 vt fh dbwb8 fb7
itb’kt,f7 bctd sdbsjy
hectsvf fh xfsdfkjc cf-
zbhjl48
  ythdbe-
kj,lf7 hflufy fh bwjlf7 uf-
fxylf se fhf cffrfidbkc he-
ctsbc yt,fhsdf7 erhfbyblfy
cfmfhsdtkjib itvjgfhekb.j
lf fhxtdyt,bc oby lblb gjkb-
nbrehb ltcnf,bkbpfwbf uf-
vjtodbf=
cffrfidbkbc ltlf qtkfd-
lf lf ,jhufdlf7 hflufy fh
bwjlf7 b.j se fhfdbpbht,e-
kb rhtvkbcf lf hecekb
cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc vbth cff-
rfidbkbc utuvf7 hjvtkbw cf-
mfhsdtkjib fhtekj,bc
vjo.j,fcf lf [tkbceakt-
,bc lfv[j,fc uekbc[vj,lf=
ubekb fkfcfybf fv .dtkf-
athpt ythdbekj,lf7 hflufy
'fkbfy rfhufl bwbc7 hjv vbc
idbkc cfmfhsdtkjcf lf erhf-
byfib fhfcjltc fhwthsb ct-
hbjpekb yf,b]b fh uflfel-
ufvc rhtvkbc yt,fhsdbcf lf
hecekb cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc lf-
dfkt,bc ufhtit=
  fv .dt-
kfathpt qtkfdlf7 hflufy
'fkbfy rfhufl bwbc7 hjv ]th
rbltd !))@ otkc7 cf,zjsf
eibihjt,bc cfrflhj kf,j-
hfnjhbbc 2 rbtdbc eybdth-
cbntnbc cfthsfijhbcj eh-
sbthsj,fsf bycnbnenbc
lfvsfdht,bc itvltu7 vb[tbk
cffrfidbkb cfmfhsdtkjib
3rfut,tc4 lfdfkt,bs xfvjdb-
lf=
nfhfc itdxtyrjc cf[tkj,bc
rbtdbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcb-
ntnb7  
  
 
cf,zjsf cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc
rflht,bc cfvztlkj hjv b.j7
fvbc itcf[t, ufcek rdbhfc
odhbkfl lf cfae’dkbfyfl
bcfe,hf erhfbybc cfufhtj
lfpdthdbc .jabkvf [tkv’-
qdfytkvf7 utythfkvf 
 vfy wyj,bk
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb
erhfbytk ;ehyfkbcn 
  bynthdbe-
ib gbhlfgbh ufyfw[flf7 hjv
erhfbybc .jabk ghtpbltyn
gtnhj gjhjityrjcf lf cfmfh-
sdtkjc .jabk ghtpbltyn
vb[tbk cffrfidbkc7 rbtdbc
eybdthcbntnib cofdkbcfc7
cf,zjsf cgtwcfvcf[eht,b htr-
henbht,fc eotdlyty7 fye
3fdth,jdrt,lyty4 lf lfpdthdbc
sfyfvihjvkt,fl fvpflt,lyty8
fb7 itcf,fvbcb ahfuvtynb
;ehyfkbcn ujhljybc vbth
erhfbybc cfufhtj lfpdthdbc
.jabk itasfy ybrjkfb vf-
kjve;sfy xfothbkb crfylf-
6 








kehb bynthdbelfy5
3 
2 @_!# otkc vjcrjdib by-
nthdbe xfdotht ktutylf-
hek flfvbfysfy7 cf,zjsf
rfdibhbc 3rfut,tc4 sfdv]-
ljvfhbc .jabk gbhdtk
vjflubktcsfy7 fhvbbc ut-
ythfk  
 vfc fhf-
cjltc /mjylf vbwtvekb
bynthdbe7 vbsevtntc7 db-
ltjbynthdbe lf tc vbcb
gbhdtkb bynthdbe b.j8
xdty ,tdhb dbcfe,hts rf-
vthbc vbqvfw lf vfy vbs[-
hf7 hjv cf,zjsf lhjc 'f-
kbfy rfhufl b.j lfveif-
dt,ekb 3dth,jdrbc4 cbcnt-
vf8 vjvb.df7 hf ghbywbgbs
3fdth,jdrt,lyty4 flfvbf-

yt,c8 ybzbth7 bvtlbcvjv-






@_ gjkbwbbc vfymfyf wbcathb
ufkthtbc erfyf tpjib888 v[fndf-
hb tcjlty cfahs[tc emvybltc
cf[tkvobajc0 wjnf fh b.jc7
c[df tgjmfc udf[ctyt,c lf sfyfvtl-
hjdt cfmfhsdtkjc rb yfvldbkfl
fhw[dtyc= 3F[FKB SFJ,F4

dthdbcfsdbc rflht,c ofv-
 .dfyb evfqktcb cfcofd-
 kt,kt,blfy dfhxtdlbs8

  
 

b.j 'bhbsflb ,fpf7 hfl-
ufy bm aeymwbjybht,lf

cfthsfijhbcj ehsbth-
sj,t,bcf lf ew[j tyt,bc
afrekntnt,b8 lfpdthdbc

vjvfdfkb sfyfvihjvkt,b-
cfsdbc vybidytkjdfyb b.j
ew[j tyt,bc wjlyf8 tc rjy-

nbyutynb7 
 xfs-

dkbs7 ufyb[bkt,jlf7 hj-
ujhw vjvfdfkb itcf’kj
lfpdthdbc sfyfvihjvkt-

,b8 itcofdkf [lt,jlf fhf
bvltyfl futynehbc7 fhf-

vtl lfpdthdbc fy rjynh-
lfpdthdbc ajhvfnib cfve-

ifjl8 fv itvs[dtdfib rfh-
ub ufyfskt,f lf7 cek

vwbht7 jhb ew[j tybc
wjlyf b.j cfzbhj7 itv-
ltu 2 cfvokbfyb frflt-
vbf lf erdt vpfl b.dyty
cfpqdfhufhts gbhdtkf-
lb lfdfkt,bc itcfche-
kt,kfl8 .dtkfc itcofdkf
[lt,jlf7 sevwf7 vfsb yf-
obkb dth uf[lf lfpdthdbc
sfyfvihjvtkb7 vfuhfv uf-
dblyty c[dflfc[df sfyfvlt-
,j,fpt7 ghtpbltynbc sf-
yfvlt,j,bc xfsdkbs8
 2
3rfut,t4 veifj,lf gjhj-
ityrjcf lf cffrfidbkpt0
 
2 sfdlfgbhdtkfl vfssfy
veifj,lyty erhfbyekb
cgtwcfvcf[eht,b7 hjvkt-
,bw 3rfut,tc4 itvflutykj-
wtv7 gthcgtmnbek flf- ,ek4 cneltynt,cf lf mdt.fyfib tc b.j ,fpf ,fib itlbjlyty7 [jkj cf,-
vbfyt,c ]th rbltd evfq- ktmnjht,c ijhbc smdty- lfpdthdbcf lf rjynh- zjsf rfdibhbc lfikbc itv-
ktc cfcofdkt,kt,ib fr- sfy rfdibhpt erhfbybc lfpdthdbcfsdbc8 hj- ltu 2 erhfbybc eibihj-
dbhlt,jlyty8 .jdtk by- ghtpbltynbc flvbybcnhf- ujhw otcb7 tctyb b.dyty
wbbc jhb vjvfdfkb [tkv- tkbnbc 2 ghtpbltynt,bc7
t,bc cfvcf[ehb8
cnbnenib7 eybdthcb-  2
ntnib ud.fdlf xdtyb ofh- ’qdfytkbw bv.jat,jlf0 ghtvbth-vbybcnht,bc7 vt-
vjvflutykt,b7 2 vbs[hf   att,bc7 itb[t,bc7 'kbthb
gjhjityrj lf cffrfidb-
abkbgt ltybcbc 'tv 2 2 rjyrhtnekb vbvfhse- rkfyt,bc kblthsf idbkt-
kb ]th rbltd cf,zjsf
hjvkt,bw lfrfdt,ekyb kt,f7 hjvtkcfw vt d[tkv- ,b8
rfdibhbc lhjc cofdkj,-
b.dyty7 hjujhw gthcgtm- ’qdfytkj,lb7 tc b.j lfp-  2
lyty8
dthdf lf rjynhlfpdthdf8
 
nbekb cneltynt,bc vjvfdfkb ghtpbltynt,b7 2 lbf[7 erdt cf,zjsf rfd-
cneltynt,b7 fcgbhfynt,b
3lfdth,jdrt,bs47 fctdt vtatt,b7 itb[t,b888 ibhbc lfikbc obyf gthb-
lf gtlfujut,b erhfbyfib
rfdibhpt bv.jat,jlyty   jlb b.j8 cffrfidbkvf ht-
erdt 3lfdth,jdrt,ek4 ofhvjlutybkb b.dyty 2 lqt lf qfvt dveifj,-
vcjakbjc !_@ mdt.yblfy lbs lfpdthdbcfsdbc7 fhf-
rjvtylfwbf vbbqj cfmfh-
cneltynt,sfy lf gtlf-
ujut,sfy8 smdty cf,zjsf 2 wtynhfkehb tdhjgb- ktufkehb lfpdthdbcfs-
sdtkjcsfy lfrfdibht-
lhjc 3rfut,tc4 ths-thsb lfy7 kfsbyehb fvthbrb- dbc8 gbhlfgbh utn.dbs7
,bs lf ofdblf7 hflufy
ofhvjvflutytkb b.fdbs lf lfy7 fqvjcfdkts fpbblfy7
cf,zjsf rfdibhb lfbif-
kf8 cfmfhsdtkjib jvb
hjv lqtc ,tdhb mdt.ybc
veifj,lbs  fahbrblfy lf f8i8 cfthsj b.j7  fv,j[t-
cfsfdtib cojhtl bc [fk-
]fvib7 eybdthcbntnib ,f vjfo.j8 cffrfidbkc dbc-
 [b lufc7 hjvkt,sfyfw
8 vfhsfkbf @%__ ew[jtkb cneltynb sdbc eylf txdtyt,byf ht-
xdty fm dveifj,lbs8 lfp-
se fhf7 hjv 3lfdth,jdrt- cofdkj,lf8 yt,bcvbth rjvtylfwbf7 hjv cbcntve-
dthdbcf lf rjynhlfp-
hb vjvpflt,f lf cfvtlbwb-
yj itvjovt,f ufbfhf0 er-
hfbyekb v[hblfy .dtkf
htrjvtylfwbf vbbqj bv
dfhfelbs7 hjv cfmfhsdt-
kjib rjktut,b lf[dlt-
,jlyty7 vfuhfv fqfhfdby
b.j7 dbyw vbbqt,lf8 fvb-
njv cffrfidbkb gjkbnb-
rfib ofdblf7 cfpqdfhuf-


3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb
3vfqdb’fhf4 mesfbcblfy


gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfht
rbyjht;bcjhb
dfylfkbpvc [tkjdyt,fl hjv ite’kt,tkbf7 mfhsdtkb erhfbybc cfufhtj lfp- flfvbfyt,b lqtdfyltk lqtpt
ofhvjfxtys7 [jkj cfresfhb [fk[b vfs udthlbs lflutc7 dthdbc .jabkb sfdv]ljvf- vtnfl vjvfdfkpt hjv pheyfd-
ghtpbltynj,bc [fyfc 2 cf,- dbyw bs[jdc7 hjv lfvyfifdt hbc ufyw[flt,f flfcne- lyty lf fyfkbnbrehb fphjdyt-
zjsf cbc[kbfyb htghtcbt,bc ufsfdbceakltc7 dbyw flf- ht,c7 hjv vb[tbk cffrfi- ,bs fafct,lyty ofhcekc7 cfv.f-
lhjl7 rb eylf lfabmhlts7 vbfybc xfudhbc cbcntvf itm- dbkb fhbc futynb lf vjm- hj elfyfifekj flfvbfyt,bc
cbhw[dbkb hf fhbc7 mfk,fnj- vyf7 cffrfidbkbc fv cfrbs[c vtlt,c mdt.ybc bynthtct,bc vc[dthgkcf lf fnjvehb jvbc
[fk[bc v[fhlfzthf fhf fmdc8 cfpbfyjl8
cfibihjt,fc esejl fbwbkt,-
yj ghtpbltynj=
lf sfdblfy8
3BVTLBYBECB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4

 



kbc [tkbceakt,fv rjlj-
hbc [tj,fc 
 lf hfnjv itb.dfyf t8o8 cfv[-

hts jctsbc flvbybcnhfwb-
ek cfpqdht,ib f[fkujhbc
hfbjyb=
hfnjv xff,fhf cffrfidbkvf
e,h’jkdtkfl hectsc bubdt
rjljhb lf f[fkujhb=
2 cfhrjpb-vtldtltdbc
ljrevtynblfy cffrfidbkvf
cfresfhb [tkbs hfnjv fvj-
hts bcofdkf lf ghtpb- ifkf geymnb7 hjvkbc vb-
ltynb uf[lf48 [tldbsfw fa[fptsbcf lf t8o8
rfhufl lfderdbhlts lf xf- cfv[hts jctsbc cnfnecbc
deqhvfdlts erhfbybc cfuf- ufycfpqdhf v[jkjl cfthsf-
htj lfpdthdbc .jabkb [tkv- ijhbcj rjyctycecbc cfae’-
’qdfytkbc ufyw[flt,fc5 cff- dtkpt eylf vjv[lfhb.j lf
rfidbkvf7 hjvtkvfw 3rfut- hfnjv ufe[cyf hectsc [tk-
,tc4 [tkib cbcntvehb vjv- at[b jregbht,ekb htubj-
pflt,f ufbfhf7 cf,zjsf rfd- yt,bc t8o8 lfvjerblt,tk cf-
ibhbc lfikbcsfydt vbbqj [tkvobajt,fl fqbfht,bcfs-
htrjvtylfwbf7 ofcekb.j cf- dbc=
mfhsdtkjib lf xf,vekb.j hfnjv vjfothf [tkb cffrfi-
gjkbnbreh ghjwtct,ib8 dbkbc [tkbceakt,fv tdhjcf,-
fm cfrdfy’j cbn.dt,bf 2 zjc htpjkewbfc7 hjvtkibw
3vbbqj htrjvtylfwbf cfmfh- @__( okbc fudbcnjc jvbc lfv-
sdtkjcsfy lfrfdibht,bs4= o.t,fl cfmfhsdtkjf ufvjw[f-
t8b8 cffrfidbkb7 hjujhw er- lt,ekb=
dt rfhufl vjvpflt,ekb rfl-
hb7 cgtwcfvcf[eht,vf cfufy-
hfnjv vb/.blf cffrfidbk-
vf hectsc cfmfhsdtkjc
ut,jl ufvjupfdytc cfmfhsdt-
kjib7 hjvtkcfw7 bc-bc b.j7
cnhfntubekb j,btmnt,b
cf,zjsf bvgthbbc vfhoe[t,b-
@__( okbc fudbcnjc jvbc itv-
cfufy sfdb lft[cyf lf cf[tkv-
ltu=
obajt,hbdb lfvjerblt,kj- .dtkf fv rbs[dfc thsflth-
sb gfce[b fmdc5 
,bc upfc itclujvjlf8
.ehflqt,f vbfmwbts bvfcfw7 
hjv  
      
 3ufvcf[ehlbfv fv,j[t-   
,f vjfo.j48 t8b8 genxbcnt,bc


  
vbth vjo.j,bk cfv[tlhj uf-   
lfnhbfkt,fcf lf cfmfhsdt-   


kjc rfyjybthb [tkbceakt- 
,bc lfv[j,fc    
  


3ufvcf[ehlbfc vbth vjo.j-
,bk fv,j[t,fc4 eojlt,c8 it-   
cf,fvbcfl7 w[flb [lt,f7 se 


hfnjv vbbqj 3rfut,tc4 vbth  
3lfdth,jdrt,ekvf4 cffrfi- 
dbkvf erhfbyblfy cfmfhsdt- 

kjib ofcdkbc htrjvtylf-
wbf 2 vfc 3fv,j[t,ekb ufv-
cf[ehlbfc4 obyffqvltu ey-
lf t,h’jkf=
hf uffrtsf cffrfidbkvf vfc
itvltu7 hfw cf,zjsf 3rfut,tc4
[tkib cbcntvehb vjvpflt,f
ufbfhf lf cfmfhsdtkjib xfvj-
dblf0 vfibydt pdbfl ufvcf-
[ehlbfc vjobyffqvltutsf
,fyfrc vbfiehf lf ufotdhb-
fylf t8o8 byntktmnefkb
genxbcnt,bc gfhnbfib7 hj-
vtkcfw  thmdf8
vfydt dhwtkb bynthdbe vbcwf
gjkjyeh ufvjwtvf 
 hjvtkibw pdbfl ufv-
cf[ehlbfc nbhfyb eojlf7
rfdrfcbbc cflfv /ectbyfl vj-
b[ctybf lf t8o8 cfv[hts jcts-
ib cfjvfhb vjmvtlt,t,bc
lfo.t,fib lfclj ,hfkb=
thsb cbn.dbs7 




   



   

erhfbybc cfufhtj lfpdthdbc
.jabkb [tkv’qdfytkbc by-

dbkb sfdblfydt ufvj.tyt,ekb
 b.j gjkbnbreh bycnhevty-

nfl cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerb-
lt,kj,bcf lf mfhsekb cf-
 [tkvobajc thjdyekb bynt-
 htct,bc obyffqvltu=
cfthsjl7 erhfbybc cfufhtj


lfpdthdbc .jabkb [tkv’-
qdfytkbc vbth 

 vbwtvekb

crfylfkehb bynthdbe .dt-
kfathc sfdbc flubkpt f.t-

yt,c lf vrfabj gfce[c cwtvc
.dtkf rbs[dfc7 hjvtkbw cf-
frfidbkbc gjkbnbreh rfhb-
thfc erfdibhlt,f8
@__# okbc @# yj-
tv,thc7 t8o8 dfhlt,bc htdjke-
wbbc uflfvo.dtn vjvtynib7 hf-
njv bluf cffrfidbkbc udth-
lbs hectsbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf
vbybcnhb  
cffrfidbkb mfhsek gjkbnbrfib


sfdblfydt 3rfut,tcf4 lf vbcb

vtvrdblht cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc vbth
@__$ otkc7 ghtpbltynfl
fhxtdbc itvltu7 cffrfidbkb
gbhdtkbdt jabwbfkehb db-
pbnbs vjcrjdib hfnjv xfdb-
lf lf hectsbc ghtpbltynsfy
it[dtlhbc itvltu hfnjv uf-
yfw[flf 2 3genbyc gfnbjcf-
yb flfvbfybc sdfkt,b fmdc7
vt vfc dtylt lf fh itdvwlfh-
dfh=4
cffrfidbkbc ghtpbltynj-
,bc gbhdtk okt,ib hfnjv tc-
oht,jlf vsfdhj,bc c[ljvt,c
,b’fvbcb7 3rfut,tc4 cnf;bfyb
jabwthb 
hjvtkcfw cfmfhsdtkjc [tkb-
ceakt,fib fhfdbsfhb jab-
wbfkehb cnfnecb fh uffxy-
lf7 vfuhfv cf[tkvobaj rfywt-
kfhbfib rf,bytnbw rb /mjy-
lf ufvj.jabkb=
hfnjv lffhmdf cffrfidb-
erhfbybc cfufhtj lfpdth-
dbc .jabkb itabc 
 bynthdbe bvfcfw
w[fl.jac7 se hfnjv itbaf-
hf lf fqfptdf mfhsekb cf-
[tkvobajc vbth 't,ybkb cf-
frfidbkb erhfbybc ghtpb-
ltynvf gjhjityrjv= frb7 jh-
sfdtyb rbtdbc eybdthcbntnib
cofdkbcfc ufv[lfhfy cf,zjsf
eibihjt,bc 3qdb’kb idbkt-
,b4=
erhfbybc cfufhtj lfpdth-
dbc .jabkb itabc bynthdb-
ec itvltu fqfhw bc fhbc uf-
cfrdbhb7 se hfnjv vjeojlf
hectsbc ghtpbltynvf 
 erhfbybc ght-
pbltyn  
 2 cfvfhskbfyj,f
fqflubyt lf cffrfidbkc erhf-
bybc vjmfkfmtj,f lfe,heytj7
hfw ptktycrbv jgthfnbekfl
itfchekf=
 
 
  

  



   
  


 
nthdbesb lfcnehlt,f bcbw7


hjv 3rfut,tc4 [tkib cbcnt- b.j [tklfc[vekb= 
vehfl vjvpflt,ekb cffrfi- tc cek c[df hfyubcf lf
cek c[df [fhbc[bc v[bkt,ff=
 tc fhbc bc7 hfcfw o.fkb fh
ufedf=
( fudbc- tc w[fl.jac lf fvnrb-



gfce[bcvut,tkb htlfmnjhb
ufpts 3cfmfhsdtkjc


htcge,kbrbc4





tmcgthnb cfthsfijhbcj
cfrbs[t,ib

fldjrfnb


frfltvbrjcb

erhfbyfib wf lf vbof bodbc7
sehmts-cbhbfib vbobc’dhfv
#% fsfcb rfwb itbobhf888 xdty
rb bctd fdflv.ja vbifpt
dkfmkfmt,s=
3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4

njc jvib
wt,c7 hjv mfhsdtkj,bc vhf-
hjv lfd-
 [f- dfk]th efhv.jatkb lf er-
vfhw[lbs7 ,tbidb- hfbytkj,bc lfvxtvt,tkb cf-
frfidbkb fhw mfhsdtkbf lf
 kbc vjo- fhw 2 erhfbytkb7 bub s[t-
 ifh-
dfkb xfb[f-
.j,bkb vbs nthafvlt rfut,tkb uf[-
kfds=
lf7 bct er- wbhrbc fh fct hjv7 cffrfidbkbc uekb
hfdlf hjb- c]thf8 jgj- erhfbyfib rb fh eylf lfbvfh-
fkpt7 sfy pbwbf vbtx- [jc7 hjujhw fvfc sdbsjy bs-
 uekbc ufcf[fhfl mfhsdtkt,c xfc- [jdc7 fhfvtl vjcrjdib7 ke,b-
dhbkt,c udt’f[lf= tc fhbc vtuj,hj,f0= er- dbf aeaeyt,fc7 cntbrbc zfvfc8 nht- cffrfidbkb wb[tib bm- fyrfpt7 3rfut,tc4 vsfdfhb ityj-
hfbyf fhbc xdtyb vtuj,fhb vfiby7 hjwf7 ybyub rb fh eylf xfenfhjy [fk[c7 yt,f7 erhfbyfib7 se7 ]df- ,bc oby=
dbyw eylf ufudtcfvfhskt,byf 2  hb cothbf lf7 vbofib7 vf-
vzflb eylf zfvjy vfssfy lf vtht vfy tc yfvldbkfl lfbvcf-
  lf c[dt,b7 itbafhf byw lffvfhw[t,c bdfybi-
ufbut,ty7 vjcf[ktj,fc hf eylf=
[ehf lf7 dabmhj,s7 fhw lf-
lf .dtkfc cfrdfy’j sfyfvlt,j,t,b xff,f-
dbkc=
fvflkbfy=
hf= 3FKBF4
3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 

 
7


hfvltybvt lqbc obyfs7
hjujhw rb wyj,bkb
uf[lf7 hjv fvthbrbc
itthst,ekb infnt,bc
tkxb 
cfmfhsdtkjib sfdbc
vbcbfc vfkt
lffchekt,c lf vbc
flubkc 
lfbrfdt,c7 3fcfdfk-
lfcfdfkbc4 htlfmwbfib
cfntktajyj pfhb
ufbcvf8 [vbc vb[tldbs
se lfdfcrdybs7 ief[fyc
uflfwbkt,ekb vfvfrfwb
htrfdlf7 hjvtkvfw
udbs[hf7 hjv xdtyb
ufptsbc thsuekb
vrbs[dtkbf lf7 wjnf fh
b.jc7 ewyfehb rbs[df
lfudbcdf 2 





sfdblfy ufudtwbyf7 itvltu
rb dtwflts7 vrbs[dtkbcfsdbc
fudt[cyf7 hjv thsj, e[th[e-
kb bmyt,f7 se fvthbrbc tk-
xbc cfmfhsdtkjlfy ofcdkfc
ofshtdfl7 ofifdt,fl lf of,-
ytkt,fl itdhfw[fds8
bv cfmvbfyj,bcf lf hbnj-
hbrbc ufvj7 hjvkbsfw fii-
bc tkxb erfyfcrytkb jhb
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib ufvjbh-
xtjlf7 itb’kt,f7 vbcb ofcdkf
ofshtdfl7 ofifdt,fl lf of,-
ytkt,fl vjyfsdkfc vfhs-
kfw bvcf[eht,ltc7 vfuhfv7 .dt-
kfathc hjv itdtidfs7 
 mfkbf lf sfyfw 2
cnevfhb mfkb8
vfhsfkbf7 sfdfl fii-bc
tkxb cnevfhbdbs rb fhf7 fmf-
ehj,bc ,fnjy-gfnhjybdbs
bmwtjlf7 utythfk-ue,thyf-
njhbcf se vtabcyfwdkbc
aeymwbt,c rbchekj,lf lf
qfvbc fhcsf ufvhbutj,fpt bmf-
xt,jlf7 vfuhfv mfhsekb ph-
lbkj,f lf cnevfhsvj.dfht-
j,f vfbyw fh vjudwtvc cfief-
kt,fc7 vfc ofshtekb7 ofif-
dt,ekb lf of,ytkt,ekb
deojljs8
cfvfubthjl7 sfvfvfl itudb’-
kbf dsmdfs7 hjv 
 lbgkjvfnbehb vbcbbc
fvjoehdfcsfy thsfl b[eht-
,f ths-thsb .dtkfpt ifd,yt-
kb aehwtkb cfmfhsdtkjcf
lf fvthbrbc itthst,ekb in-
fnt,bc ,jkj #_-okbfyb eh-
sbthsj,bc bcnjhbfib=
fhflf7  hj-
vtkbw fvthbrfv cfmfhsdtkj-
ib tkxfl @_!) otkc7 
 ghtpbltynj-
,bcfc ufvjeidf7 sfdblfy vfh-
skfw rfhufl lfbo.j 2 yfv-
ldbkb lbgkjvfnbdbs bmwt-
jlf7 cfresfhb eakt,fvjcb-
kt,bc afhukt,c fh cwlt,j-
lf7 cfmfhsdtkjc iblf gjkb-
nbrfib [tkt,c fh fafseht,-
lf lf lbhtmnbdt,c fh b’kt-
jlf= sevwf7 hjujhw rb fii-
bc [tkbceakt,fib htby-



gjkbnbreh cfrbs[t,ib
tdhjrfdibhbc tkxb
cfmfhsdtkjc ]th rbltd fmdc
lhj bvbc lfcfvnrbwt,kfl7 hjv
vpfl fhbc7 vfublfcsfy lf]ltc7
hjujhw tdhjrfdibhbc vjvf-
dfkb otdhb 2 ]th fhfathbf uf-
lfo.dtnbkb lf fhfathbf ufh-
lfedfkb8 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
8 







cfmfhsdtkjib ,ekufhtsbc
tmcgthnb cfv[tlhj-
tdhjrfdibhbc tkxc vbylf7
drbs[j5 se xdty cfymwbt,c
itdethslt,bs7 hfw trjyjvb-
rehfl cfmfhsdtkjc lffpf-
hfkt,c7 dbyvt vpfl fhbc7 tc pf-
hfkb abyfycehfl chekfl fu-
dbyfpqfehjc0 3F[FKB SFJ,F4

rfhybht,ekb xthytyrj 2
 vjdblf sfdbc
ltvjrhfnt,sfy thsfl7 ltu-
yfybw !(_ uhflecbs uflfc-
[dfathlf lf vfibydt hflb-
rfkb yfwkb,thfkt,bc lf-
eafhfd vjrfdibhtl bmwf=
cfmfhsdtkjib 
 cfmvbfyj,f seylfw vfh-
nj bvbnjv fhbc cfvfhw[db-
yj7 hjv sfdbc vsfdfh lfcf.-
hltyfl dfyj vthf,bidbkbc
vbth rfgbnybc ojlt,bs lf-
]bkljt,ekb 
lf mfhsdtkb [fk[bc vbth
3cfyfwj lfvwdtkfl4 it-
hfw[bkb  
ufb[flf=
lbf[7  cfmfh-
sdtkjib xfvjdblf7 hjujhw
fvthbrbc itthst,ekb inf-
nt,bc tkxb lf cfmfhsdtkj-
lfy vblbc7 hjujhw ubufehb-
cf lf kjv]fhbfc lfmfkb7
hjvtkcfw t8o8 ku,n ghfblbc
vbth jhufybpt,ekb fhwth-
sb qjybc’bt,f fh ufvjenj-
dt,bf=
  cfmfhsdt-
kjib cfmvbfyj,fc bct fvsfd-
ht,c7 hjv gfce[b fh ufewbf
rbs[dfpt 2 fvthbrbc cftk-
xjv hf eakt,bs vjcs[jdf
f[cyf-ufyvfhnt,f mfhsdtk
vjcfvfhsktc7 hjvtkvfw
  gfnbvhj,f
vbecf]f lf hfnjv fvjbqj
bub fvthbrfib nhtybyupt
vbodtekb vjcfvfhsktt,bc
cbblfy0










 










hfw .dtkfpt vsfdfhbf7 

 hjvtkcfw gbh-
lfgbh tdfkt,jlf7 hjv fvthb-
rbc itthst,ekb infnt,b-

cflvb mfhsdtkb [fk[bc hovt-
yf7 bvtlb lf gfnbdbcwtvf uf-

ytvnrbwt,byf7 chekbfl cfgb-
hbcgbhj dbsfht,f itmvyf 2

mfhsdtkb [fk[bc elbltc

yfobkc fvthbrbc itthst,e-
kb infnt,bcflvb hovtyf7
bvtlb lf gfnbdbcwtvf bvf-

pt fhfyfrkt,fl iteh.bf7
dblht vbcvf obyfvjh,tlvf

  
.jdtkbdt fmtlfy ufvjvlbyf-
ht7 cekfw fh udbrdbhc bv gf-


tkxb




3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb
3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb
gfhkfvtynfhb
dabmhj,s7 cfmfhsdtkj cfmfhsdtkj rb fh fcwlf td- vjleylbs fsfcb h]ekbc
vtnc bvcf[eht,c lf bvtlb hjgek upfc7 fhfvtl sfdfl td-
tdhjgfhkfvtynbc htpj-
udfmdc7 hjv okbc ,jkjcsdbc kewbt,b fdnjhbntnc lf 'f- 3ty]tjiybrt,j47 ecfvij,-
hjgf fcwlf cfresfh sfdc 2 kfc rfhufdc 2  kjt,j lf uffvpflts ljre-
rfylblfnbc cnfnecpt yfst-
]th sdbsjy tdhjgff tdhjgf-  hflufy [tlfdty7 vtynfwbf7 abyfycehb dfklt-
ib lfcf,heyt,tkb lf vtht
kb lf rfhub uflfo.dtnbkt-
,f udtmyt,f 2 tc cfrdfy’j vj- hjv cfresfhb mdt.ybcf lf [fk- ,ekt,t,bc ofhvjlutyf vj-
xdty eylf vbd.dts vfc8 [bc udthlbs itegjdhfl lufc8 ubotds mfhsdtkb cfpjuflj-
vtynbf mdt.ybcsdbc8 t,bc obyfit8
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3BVTLBYBECB4
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4

  
nbjcfyb vrbs[dtkbc7 hjvtk-
vfw htlfmwbfib lfudbhtrf lf
udrbs[f 2 [jv lfoths7 hjv
ltuyfyb cfmfhsdtkjlfy 


erdt wyj,bkbf7 hjv cfmfh-
sdtkjib fii-bc cfufyut,j lf
chekeakt,bfyb tkxbc sf-
yfvlt,j,fpt rtkb ltuyfyc rf-
hbthekb lbgkjvfnb 
 xffyfwdkt,c7 hjvt-
kbw fv;fvfl cf[tkvobaj
vlbdybc sfyfitvobc vjflub-
ktf tdhjgbcf lf tdhfpbbc cf-
rbs[t,ib8
fii-bc cf[tkvobaj vlbdybc
sfyfitvobc vjflubkt tdhjgb-
cf lf tdhfpbbc cfrbs[t,ib 2
tc pecnfl bc sfyfvlt,j,ff7
hjvtkbw okt,bc obyfs trfdf
xdtysdbc rfhufl yfwyj, 
  dbyw cffrfi-
dbkbcf lf vbcb lfyfifekt,-
hbdb ht;bvbc sfduflfrkekb
vtuj,fhb uf[klfs7 @__(
okbc fudbcnjc jvbc lqtt,-
ib rb dfibyunjyblfy gfvgth-
ct,b lf ufvj[lbkb o.fkb xf-
vjudbnfyf8
bvtlbf7  

 hjvtkbw f[kf vtsbe ,hf-
bpfc .jabk sfyfvlt,j,fpt
veifj,c7 cfmfhsdtkjc rf,b-
fy vtsbe ,hfbpfl fh vjtdkb-
yt,f=
  hjvt-
kbw cfmfhsdtkjib 
 gjcnc ef[kjtc [fy-
ib lfbrfdt,c7 eylf bwjltc7
hjv lbgkjvfnbehb vbcbbs
vjlbc fhf fvthbrbc itthst-
,ekb infnt,bc dfcfk mdt-
.fyfib7 fhfvtl lfvjerblt-
,tk lf cedthtyek cf[tk-
vobajib7 hjvtkcfw cfresf-
hb thjdyekb bynthtct,b
uffxybf=

 eylf bwjltc7 hjv
#__-okbfyb cf[tkvobajt,hb-
db bcnjhbbc vmjyt fii-blfy
tkxfl vjlbc #___-okjdfyb
cf[tkvobajt,hbdb bcnjhbbc
vmjyt cfmfhsdtkjib7 hjvtk-
cfw cfresfhb sdbsv.jaflj-
,bc7 vfvekbc7 tybcf lf cfho-
veyjt,bc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl
fnkfynbc jrtfybc[tkf cbc-
[kb fmdc lfqdhbkb=















ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc
kblthb
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
ubkjwfds [fk[j7
 vjud-
wbklf8
3GTMEDIA4
 











rtkb ltuyfyvf mfhsdtkb 

[fk[bc elbltc yfobkc 
fvthbrbc itthst,ekb 

infnt,bcflvb hovtyf7 bvtlb 

lf gfnbdbcwtvf bvfpt 
fhfyfrkt,fl iteh.bf7 

dblht vbcvf obyfvjh,tlvf 

bfy rtkbv= 








 
 hjv tc mdt.f-
yf7 cflfw vfc tkxfl fupfdybfy
lf tc thb7 hjvtkbw vfc fm lf[-

dlt,f7 sfdib [tkbc ofvjhn.-
vfc rb fhf7 gfnbdbcwtvfcf lf

lfafct,fc bvcf[eht,c=
 
 bcbw7 hjv mfh-

sdtkb cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc7
hjvtkcfw cffrfidbkbc vnfh-
dfkb ht;bvbc vbth vb.tyt,e-
kb qhvf zhbkj,t,blfy cbc-
[kb lqtvlt clbc7 cffrfidb-
kbcf lf vbcb rhbvbyfkehb
rtkb ltuyfyb yfw[hjdbc v[fhlfzthf vrf-
abj obstkb [fpbf7 hjvkbc
uflfrdtsfcfw bub fhfdbc fgf-
cfmfhsdtkjib nbt,c7 fvthbrbc rb fhf7 sey-
lfw vstkb cfv.fhjc tkxb
xfvjdblf7 hjujhw b.jc=
w[flbf7 rfhufl dbwbs7 hjv
fvthbrbc f[fkb tkxb7 vbcb .dt-
fvthbrbc kf obyfvjh,tlbc vcufdcfl7
cfmfhsdtkjib fhf cfmfhsdt-
itthst,ekb kjc7 fhfvtl fvthbrbc byntht-
ct,bc lfcfwfdfl lf ufcfnfht,-
kfl vjlbc7 vfuhfv fvbc ufrt-
infnt,bc tkxb lf st,f qbhctekflfw itb’kt,f
lf fhf bct7 hjujhw ltuyfyb
cfmfhsdtkjlfy frtst,lf=
cfmfhsdtkjib fii-bc f[-
vblbc7 hjujhw fk  cek wj-
nf7 bc tdfkt,f7 hjv 
ubufehbcf lf  fh bmwtc=
bvtlbf7 
 fv ghjuhfvf vbybvevc vf-
  kjv]fhbfc lfmfkb= byw itfchekt,c=
 



s,bkbcbc cfrht,ekjc otdhb





3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb

yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
otdhb
otdhb
gfhkfvtynfhb
jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvfluty- hfvltyb [fybw fh eylf ufuh-
 c[df- ufeidbs vbif7 uf’ktds gb-   fqbf- ’tkltc ,b’byf bdfybidbkbc gj-
kt,c dehxtdlb7 gbhdtk hbu-
lfc[dff se itwljvbs fcj- hj,fc7 ,b’byfc uf.byek hf7 hjv  kbnbrehb ifynf;b7 itltuc vf-
ib7 lfbynthtclyty bv hece-
,utht,bf uflfyfwdkt,ekb0 2 aekc vt xfdelut,b cfsf-  sfy[f lf,kjrbkbf byw dth vbfqotdty7 hflufy vfc
fcj-,utht,bc uflfyfwdkt,f
kb he,kt,bc ofhvjvfdkj-
,bs7 hjvkbsfw vfsb kblt- dtib7 hjv ufdfsfdbceakt- ew[jtsib vfsb vtgfnhj- fhfclhjc lfe.tyt,bf cfresf-
ibyffhcc vybidytkjdyfl itw- ht,b abyfyclt,bfy8 ytt,bc v[hblfy8 hb bynthtct,b cfmfhsdtkjc by-
dkbc8
,byj8 nthtct,pt oby8 3BVTLBYBECB4
3FBGHTCB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3TV GBHDTKB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4
9
 
'dtkb otksfqhbw[dbc
!$^ otkc hjvftkt,vf

[tkv’qdfytkj,bs
cf,jkjjl fbchektc
cfereytpt vtnb [ybc
yfndhf lf vbofcsfy
uffcojhtc rfhsfutyb7
hjvtkbw uflf[ytc lf
[yekib vfhbkb
lfstctc7 hfw bvbc
en.efhb ybifyb b.j7
hjv fv flubkpt
cbwjw[kt ths[tk lf
cfvelfvjl eylf
xfvrdlfhb.j=
fctw vj[lf lf bv lqblfy
rfhsfutyib lhj ufxthlf=
neybcbc .ehtib nehbc-
nt,c lqtcfw fjwt,s @ @__
okbc obyfyltkb yfist,b
ths lhjc lbflb lf 'ktdf-
vjcbkb ptcf[tkvojajcb7 cf-
lfw mhbcntc ij,fvlt cfere-
ytyf[tdhbs flht wbdbkbpf-
wbbc evybidytkjdfytcb sfd-
aehwtkb ths[tk lf cfvelf-
vjl xfb[ehf8 vbe[tlfdfl bvb-
cf7 hjv mfkfmbc ufyflueht,fc
dth vjtcohj7 hjvftkb cf[tk-
vobaj vjqdfot lf vothfkb
  
ctyfnib yt,bcvbth sfdbc uf-
vjcdkfc fct fvsfdht,lf 2
3rfhsfutyb eylf lfbyuhtc=4
rfnjyj,bcf hf ubs[hfs7
vfuhfv vtw ufpts 3fcfdfk-lf-
cfdfkbc4 vfqfkb nhb,eyblfy
cfpjufljt,fcf lf cfmfhsdt-
kjc [tkbceakt,fc vjdeoj-
lt,7 hjv s,bkbcbc wtynhib
mdt.ybc ufe,tleht,bc7 qfkf-
nbc7 rjheawbbc7 vemsf[j-
hj,bc7 eybzj,bc7 eutvjdyj-
,bcf lf7 hfw .dtkfpt vsfdf-
hbf lf ,jkj lhjc ufvjxy-
lf7 cjljvbbc ,elt 2 3cfpj-
ufljt,hbdb vfeo.t,kbc4
ityj,f eylf lfbyuhtc7 [jkj
ehtbnbyuj7 fhfahbc vfmybcb
lf ,be]tnbc oeh,tkf ntkt-
dbpbf lfbrtnjc=














fv hfvltybvt okbc obyfs
jmhj.fyfib thsb xtvb f[kj,-
kbc uthvfytkvf wjkvf7 hj-
vtkbw vfhskvflblt,kfl vj-
byfskf lf cfmfhsdtkjc jh
df;rfwc ephlbc7 ekfvfptc
,eyt,fc sdfkb hjv vjfdkj
lf bmdt yf’dyfhib [tt,pt ith-
xtybk 3wtkjaybc4 gfhrt,cf
lf vbofpt yf[tdhfl lfyf[ib-
ht,ek gkfcnvfcbc ,jskt,c7
ighbwt,cf lf cbufhtnbc yfv-
odfdt,c vj/rhf sdfkb7 vbs[-
hf 2 lhj hjv vmjyltc lf fh
vbdlbjlt7 itdrht,lb ,fdidt,c
lf fmfehj,fc lfdfceasfdt,b-

cfmfhsdtkjc .jabkb
yt,lb7 hflufy ,fdidt,bc fqp-
hlf ]th rbltd itcf’kt,tkbfj=
fye vfqfkb uthvfyekb ph-
lbkj,bs cfdct rtsbkij-
,bkvf mfk,fnjyvf nfmnbf-
yfl lf yfhsfekfl vbvfybi-
yf 2 smdtyb ufvjcojht,f fob
fqfh bmyt,f7 vfuhfv bmyt,
,fdidt,c vfbyw tidtkjsj=
cojhtl fct7 
 se 
 
 ,jhlbc sbsjtek
otdhc7 fye ,jhltkc lf cj-
ljvbfib xfdfhlybk bv ndby-
vjqhtwbkt,c7 hjvkt,ptw
mdtvjs eahj lfodhbkt,bs
10 

vjuf[ctyt,s7 w[flbf7 fv ntkt-
dbpbbc lfrtndbsf lf bmfehj-

,bc uflf[dybs dthfathc dei-
dtkbs7 hflufy vfsb cfmvt lb-
lb [fybf7 ofcekbf7 vfuhfv fvbs

bmyt, bv ,fdidt,c vfbyw dei-
dtkjs7 hjvkt,cfw t8o8 3nt-

ktcrjkbc4 tublbs w[dbhib
  ntybfy

lf cfljvfpj[bcnehb fqn.b-
yt,bs fb’ekt,ty7 e.ehjy dby-

vt sfrj ifduekb’bc ktc,j-
ceh 3abkvc4 2 3rjvtnt,b47
hjvtkbw @_!) otkc thjdye-
kb rbyjwtynhbc lfrdtsbs
uflfeqbfs lf bvfdt otkc nj-
hjynjc cfthsfijhbcj rbyj-
atcnbdfkptw ofeshtdbfs8

cfthsjl7 hfw 'dtkb 3gbh- 
dtkb fh[bc47 fye bvfdt 3cf-
pjufljt,hbdb vfeo.t,kbc4
utythfkehb lbhtmnjhb dby-
vt 
uf[lf7 cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvob-
aj ,be]tnblfy !@_ vbkbj-
ybs lfabyfyct,ek ntktdb-
pbfib  
  
 
 bvfnf7 hfw7 yt,cbs
se eyt,kbts7 udbnjdt,c ufy-
wlfc7 hjv 3cfpjufljt,hbdb
vfeo.t,kbc4 utylbhtmnjhb
 fy kf-
ntynehb ktc,jctkbf7 fylf
wyj,bkvf utb-fmnbdbcnvf lf

ktdfy ,th’tybidbkbc 3lfv4 2
 hj-
vtkbw hecsfdtkbc ghjcgtm-
npt7 gfhkfvtynbc oby7 ]qfj-
lf 2 3vt ctmcefkehb ev-
wbhtcj,t,bc cfmfhsdtkj
vbylf=4 2 bdf repfyjdsfy
jgthfwbf ufbrtsf7 ojyfib lf-
brkj lf sbrj ,th’tybidb-
kfl uflfrtslf=
vjrktl7 rdbhf fh ufdf7 3cf-
pjufljt,hbdb vfeo.t,kbc4
tsthb fv vfhskfwlf o.te-
kt,vf hjvtkbvt ktc,jcehb
abkvbs fh of,bkojy8 fb7 vf-
ufkbsfl7jhif,fsc7 cfvif,fs-
cf lf js[if,fsc cfmfhsdt- vfh ifduekb’bc 3rjvtnt,- kbkb vfvblbc vbth lfnjdt- ,f fh uffxybf8 tc fhbc ufrt- eahj vtnbw7 ktc,jctkt,b
ibw4 ufyfcf[bthf8 ,ekb ,byf uftajhvt,byf8 hfw dfhcrdkfdt,b7 3rjvtnt,b4 fhb-
kjc vjcf[ktj,fc erdt lblb st,ekb7 lfluvekb7 .ehbs
cojhtl yfyfc ffrbs[fdc itt[t,f  vfc jhb idbkb vjshtekb cb,bkot7 hfibw7 fy7 hjvkt,cfw 3erdlfdb ce-
[fybf7 3ufvjothbkb4 fmdc ct-
mfkfmufhts fufhfrpt ybyj /.fdc 2 bhbyf lf ubjhub7 idb- lblb fk,fsj,bs7 fqt,ekbf kb4 /mjybfs8
hbfkb 3cb.dfhekc vbqvf47
kbidbkt,bw /.fdc7 [jkj mvf- vce.t uhfynb lf vstkb tc cbv- 3abkvbc4 lfcrdybsb cwt-
cflfw gfhflb fctdt ktc,jct- rfchf’bc rbyjuvbhb 2 
kt,c vb/.fds8 fv cthbfkbc lb- lf cf[kbc gbhdtkb cfhse- hb7 hjvtkcfw wjkbc ktc,j- .hfkt tvcf[eht,f cjljvbbc7 yblfy bvfcfw dut,ekj,s7
htmnjht,b lf cekbcxfvluvt- kbc xf,ytkt,ek jsf[ib rb- cehb ofhcekbc itcf[t,
cwjlybf7 itvs[dtdbs se yt-
rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdfib rb7
ktc,jctkj,bc ghjgfufylfcf
hjv7 sehvt7 ltlbc ktc,jct-
kt,b  yfqfv 3vbfgf[nfrjht,c4888 kj,bc itcf[t, cwjlybf vbc
lf     tdhjgfib7 rth’jl7 rhf- ,bs7 fdnjfdfhbfib lfqe- lf crjkbc vjofatt,ib bv fp- mfkbidbkc 2  hj-
uf[kfdfy7 [jkj ths-ths vsf- rjdib w[jdhj,c8 vfy vstkb gekf8 hbc lfvrdblht,fc7 hjv ktc- vtkcfw tc cf[tkb itvs[dtdbs
dfh hjkc  fc- uthvfybf lf gjhneufkbf it- 3abkvb4 thsb itytkt,e- ,jctkj,f yjhvfkehbf lf th- fh /mdbf lf hjvtkbw bhbyfcf
hekt,c7 hjvtkvfw ktc,jct- vjbfhf lf cfmfhsdtkjib bvb- kb rflhbf7 hjvtkcfw fhfdb- syfbhcmtcbfysf cb.dfhekc lf yfyfc bynbvehb cwtybc
kb mfkbc 2 yfyfc hjkb sf- njv xfvjdblf7 hjv ufhlfwd- sfhb v[fndhekb qbht,ekt- eylf deuekitvfnrbdhjs= lhjc rbyfqfv sfdpt lffluf8
fb7 tc .dtkfathb f.eht-
,bytc ,fdidt,c lf vtht vj-
fo.dtc abkvbc ufy[bkdf7 cf-
lfw ljvbybht,lf fphb 2

  


cfthsjl7 3gbhdtk fh[pt4
ufhlf bvbcf7 hjv 
 dfcbrj vfqkfat-
hb’bc 3,fcfyj;rt,bdbs4 f.-
hjklf7 bctsb 3aekfj,ff47
yfwb lf mjwb thsvfytsibf
fptkbkb8 !@_-vbkbjybfy ,b-
e]tnc dbhs[t,bc ]jub bct

]b]uybc7 hjujhw vfverf [f-

pfhf’tv mfhsdtkb vtfyf,ht-
t,bc aekt,b lf]b]uyf lf
itsmdkbaf8 fct7 vfufkbsfl7
   
ghjtmn  hfibw 'f-
kbfy lblb sfy[t,b xf.fhtc

,hbect- ylj,f lf-


gjkbnbrjcb


ghtpbltynb
fyfkbnbrjcb
vbybcnhb
ibyfufy cfmvtsf .jabkb
kib ufyb- cheklf bm7
[bkfdty cflfw 3jw-
yt,fv4 uf-
ew[jtkb
lff,b]f vj-
kj,bcnt-
hfkeh ob-
,bcf lf fu- stk [fpc
tynt,bc lf ufyfw[f-
httcnhbc lf7 hjv vb-
hfbjyt,cf lf mfkfmt,ib vb-
xdty dfhs mdt.fyf7 hjvtk- vcufdcb rfyjybc lfvnrbwt,fc7 fhflf7 ifclhjbyltkb vjcfvfhskt ]fkfst,b uf- nbyut,b nfhlt,f7 f[kf pfvsf-
vfw gbhdtkb ghtpbltynb
3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 vbth lfbybwbht,ek
vjrkf7 vtjht ghtpbltynbc vjcojhlyty lf rfhut,b7 fye 3jwyt,bc4 hbf7 mfhsdtkt,b fh fhbfy cb-
jh]th fatsmt,fc wlbkj,lf7 vcufdc rfyjyghjtmnc hflbrfkt,vf vjhxbkt,b uf[lyty8 fb7 vsfdfhb lbktvf7 wbdtc itxdtekb bct7 hjujhw
vtcfvt ghtpbltync ofvt,bs vtuj,ht,j=
3hecekb4 eojltc8
erhfbytkt,b7 vfblfyb hjv vj-
drkfds8 fo.jy7 vfuhfv .dtkfathb rfh-
3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3FKBF4 ufl vblbc8 3ATBUBY KFBDB4


+sevwf7 vfrjynhjkt,tkb
lqtvlt fhcfl xfyc`7 xdtyb by-
ajhvfwbbs7 3cfpvfec4 flvb-
ybcnhfwbfv lffcfmvf lf vfqf-
kb [tkafct,bs epheydtk.j
vbivflblt,tksf vstkb ]jub
2 jhbtynfwbffhtekb 
 cffrfidbk-
sfy ufycfresht,bs lff[kj-
t,ekb  
lf f8i8 fhflf7 hjujhw vfho-
veyt,ty7 tc [fk[b rtpthfidb-
kbc 3ajhvekfcf4 lf ze-
nfdbpbfc tvcf[eht,bfy lf vfs
ufvfhsekfl veifj,fc ep-
heydtk.jaty8
f[kf rb eahj lfodhbkt-
,bs bvbc itcf[t,7 se hfnjv
eylf lfbyuhtc lf uflfb[yfc
3cfpjufljt,hbd vfeo.t,-
kfl4 wyj,bkb wjldbkb
jhufybpfwbf= ptvjs ufrdhbs
ubs[fhbs7 hjv cfmvt t[t,f dby-
vt  ktc-
,jceh 3abkvc4 
hjvtkbw @_@# okbc !! st-
,thdfkc7 if,fsc7 @!5__ cffs-
pt 3ntktcrjkbc4 tsthib ex-
dtytc lf vtht vcf[bj, 
 sfylfcoht,bs ,fd-
idt,sfy vbcb ufy[bkdfw vj-
fo.dtc8
dbyfblfy t8o8 3abkvb4 cfvb
yfobkbcufy itlut,f7 cflfw
fcf[ekbf jhb ktc,jctkbc

w[jdht,f ,fdidj,fib7 vjob-
aekj,fcf lf vbqvbth cfv.f-
hjib7 ths-thsb ktc,jctkb
mfkbc 2 bhbyfc hjkbc itv-
chekt,kbc7 vcf[bj, ybyj
rfchf’bc ufyvfhnt,bs7 ktc-
,jctkt,b cfbmbjibw fh lf-
brfhut,bfy lf 3jhb uf,ho.b-
yt,ekb cekb7 jhb rjvtnf
bmfw rb bwyj,c thsvfytsc=4
erfwhfekb gfce[bf7 vfuhfv7
dabmhj,s7 mfk,fnjyb ybyjc
v[hblfy tc thsudfhb yfhsf-
ekb vbybiyt,ff bvfpt7 hjv7
se udbylf7 xdtyb f[kj,kt,b
lf cf.dfhtkb flfvbfyt,b cfb-
mbj w[jdht,fibw dyf[js lf
bv 3rjvtnt,fl4 dbmwts7 hjv-
kt,bw 3bmfw rb bwyj,ty th-
svfytsc47 fvbcfsdbc erfyfkb
ifhfpt eylf uflfdljs lf mf-
kbfy-rfwbfyfl ktc,jctkt,b
lf rjyxbnt,b ufd[lts= eahj
vtnbw7   t8o8
abkvib fcf[ekb jhb ktc,j-
ctkbc vbqvbthb w[jdht,f vjr-
ktl fct itfafcf 2 abkvbc
vtcfvt yfobkb fhbc jh erd-
lfd cekpt=
vstkb ovbylf othbkb lf
cf[fht,fw7 fctdt ,b,kbfw7 ufy-
cfresht,bs gfdkt vjwbme-
kbc tgbcnjkt hjvftksf
vbvfhs7 [fpufcvbs udte,yt,f7
hjv ktc,jctkt,b lf vfvfs-
vfdkt,b cbrdlbkc bvcf[eht-
,ty= eahj vtnbw7 vfhskvf-
lblt,tkb mhbcnbfyj,f udfc-
ofdkbc 2 cjljvbf 3vtjht
cfvij,-

3cnhfntubekb lfutuvfht,bc
wtynhbc4 [tkv’qdfytkb
kjc ths-
yfbhfl qf-
kfnj,ty
bcbyb7 dbyw
hectspt
veifj,c7
fii-pt fy
c[df mdt.ybc bynthtct,c tvcf[eht,f 2
kecnhfwbbc rfyjybc vbqt,bc bybwbf-
nbdfv7 cfmfhsdtkjib vb’byt,ekb se
vjmvtlb futynehf ff,j,jmhf8
 


vt dfh itysfyf=88
vt dfhj ityb sfyfvltdb7

erdlfdb cekb8
itysf idbks cbc[kbs

uekb chekfl
ufhlfvt,fyf7
fv uekib vt vfmdc

ityb fov.j7
ityb ofhcekb=4
fye  bk-

bff7 tc cekb bkbfib ,j,jm-
hj,c7 hjvtkbw vfhfl lf
.dtkufy cfmfhsdtkjcsfy lfh-
xf8 bkbfv cfmfhsdtkjc nfy]-
dbsf lf odfkt,bs bw[jdhf lf
hflufy vbcb uekb cfmfhsdt-
 kjc fov.jcf lf ofhcekbc yfd-
cf.eltkbf7 fvbnjvfw hf ufcfr-

dbhbf7 cojhtl bkbf lf vbcb

vcufdcyb lfisyty xdtyib cekbc
erdlfdt,bc f,cjkeneh ufvj-
[fnekt,fl8
bmyt, udbgfce[js7 mfk,f-
njyj ybyj 2 bm7 cflfw bkb-
fc erdlfdb cekbf7 3ktc,b-
fyrf4 yfyfcf lf bhbyfc 3er-
dlfdb cekbc4 flubkb fhbc0
3ntktcrjkbc4 3rbyj-rke,-
ib47 cflfw t8o8 abkvc vjofat-
t,b ufyb[bkfdlyty7 db[bkt
3lfdfhw[ybkb47 gbhib kfufvf-
vjlt,ekb lf itvuet,tkb sf-
j,f7 hjvkbc ths-thsvf ofh-
vjvflutytkvf7  fct-
sb hfvtw rb smdf 2 rbyj fhbc
'fkbfy rfhub cfiefkt,f ufh-
rdtek nf,elflt,ek cf-
rbs[t,pt fhnbcnekfl cfcf-
e,hjlj=
ufkfrnbjybc 3fhnbcnekb
.dfdbkt,bc4 itcf[t, dbwjlbs7
vfuhfv ktc,jctkt,pt 3fh-
nbcnekfl cfe,fhb4 lf ;qeh-
nekb fmfvlt fh vjudtcvbyf lf
bvfcfw vjdtcofhbs7 tc cbv.hf-
kt3cfpjufljt,hbdb vfeo.t,-
kbc4 cnelbfib udtyf[f=
 2 w[flbf7 vj-
ofatv7 ybyj rfchf’tc tctw rb
/rbs[f7 2 vbufxybfs se fhf7
hjv vfs +t8b8 ktc,jctkt,c8 [f-
cbrdlbkb4 lf ]j]j[tsbf lf    pb xdtybf8 l8 x8`7 eylf t,h’j-
fctsb flfvbfybc cekb vfhf-
   kfs lf c[df [fk[bcsdbc vf-
  fmfvlt 3erdlfdb cekbc4 it-
lbekb cfnfy]dtkbcsdbc ufkbsb vbtwfs0
fhbc ufyobhekb= fvltyfl7 bm7 2 vfsb w[jdht,bc otcb xdty-
cf[t, cfmfhsdtkjib cek c[df

cflfw cjljvbf lf ufh.dybkt-  ofhvjlutyf udmjylf8 fb7 vfuf- ufy ijhc rb fhbc7 vfuhfv xdty
,ff7 cekbc erdlfdt,fpt kfgf-
hfrb ptlvtnbf lf    kbsfl7 gjtvfib  vfs sfyfdeuh’yj,s7 hflufy
yfvldbkb cb.dfhekb dth bgj-

cekvyfsb bkbf zfdzfdf’t7
 ,fdidt,sfy vcufdc st-  hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjc trkt- dtc= 2 egfce[f  
vt,pt cfe,hbcfc cbahs[bktc   cbfv ovbylfyfl ithfw[f7 3erd-  lf fvbs bv ku,n inehvbc
dehxtds=
  lfdb cekbc4 itcf[t, fcts hf- evsfdhtcb vbpfyb ufsmdf7 hjv-
vtc othc5 kbsfw okt,bf7 cfmfhsdtkjc
 
vfhskfwlf7 hfc fcofd-
kbs7 mfk,fnjyj ybyj7 ,fd- 3vfhfl lf .dtkufy7 vjcf[ktj,fpt ptvjmvtlt,ty8
idt,c0 smdty 3ntktcrjk-   cfmfhsdtkjd7 vbpfyb rb thsbf 2 uf[fljy mfh-
bc43rbyj-rke,ib4 3abkvbc4 sdtkt,b itvuet,kt,b lf sf-
ufy[bkdbcfc vjpfhlt,c vjhb- yfvuh’yj,b cjljvbbc yt,bcvb-
lt,bs lf jrhj-,jrhjl7 vfu-  thb ufvjdkbyt,bc vbvfhs= fv
hfv vfbyw fhfthsupbc uf-  o.tekb gjkbnbrbc lfvfyu-
yew[flts 2 fctsb w[jdht-  htdtkb lf .jdkbcofvktrf-
,bc otcb xtvsdbc vbeqt,tkbf
 db itltub ktc,j-3abkvbc4

lf xtvsdbc lf mtsb ututib- ufy[bkdbcfc bmdt7 cnelbfib

’bcsdbcfw fh b.j vfhnbdb fv db[bkts 2 fhfdbsfhb vbe-
hjkbc sfvfib7 j]f[t,b7 idb- qt,kj,f7 fhfdbsfhb ,eynb
kt,b ud.fdcj= cfbynthtcjf7 lf f,cjkenehb inbkb bv
fv .dtkfahbc vbe[tlfdfl7 bv cb,bkobc vbcfvfhsbs7 hjvt-
jhb ktc,jctkbc 2  kbw 
 f’fqkt,ekb cekb7  ew[jtkb cjljvbcnt,bc
hjvkt,bw smdty lf mtsb ut- vbth ufvjchjkbkb uhfynbcf
utib’tv fct heleyt,bs ufyf- se nhfyibc cfyfwdkjl .e-
cf[bthts7 vfbyw erdlfdbf0 hbs vjfshbf lf 3ntktcr-

jkbc4 tsthib ,fdidt,c ex-
dtyf= afmnj,hbdfl7 fqfhfat-
 hb lfhxtybkb.j bv ghjntc-
 nbcufy7 hjvtkvfw !)(_ okbc
@* bfydfhc vstkb mdt.fyf it-
 fh.bf7 hjwf cfmfhsdtkjc wty-
nhfkeh ntktdbpbfib stveh
 x[tb’bc vbth lfluvekb cgtm-
nfrkbc 2 
lfe[dtdbfs ntktufy[bkdf vjto.j8

3cnhfntubf fqvfityt,kbc4
kblthb



tmcgthnb
gjkbnbrjcb
[tkpt  wyj,bkbf7 hjv vfiby vfh-
 ufyw[flt- ujc hjkbc itvchekt,tkb
,t,b lf bmfl-  ibibs uf-
yt,bfy7 uek- hts dth ufvjlbjlf888
bc abwfhpt
lfbothjc vb-
xdty fh udbylf cfmfhsdt-
kjib bv ibibc ufvtat,f7 vfu-
cb cbn.dt,b hfv udbylf7 fhfcjltc lfu-
jgjpbwbfvj8 dfdbo.ltc cjljv-ujvjhbc
hf smdf fct- cfibytkb fqcfchekb lf uf-
sb0 cfmfhsdt-
kjv uffqhvfdf rfdibhb lfcfdktssfy7 ufyfv- fh vbvfxybf7 hjv  gfhnbf lfvfh[tc lf tc uffrt-
vjdblts bv fmjst,ekb ,j-
sf mexfib cbh-
ckblfy7 hjvtkbw 3cfpjuf-
nrbwf cfresfhb upf tdhjfnkfynbrehb by-  elfyfifekjl fhbc
,bkbc vtnb fv rfwc fhfathb uf-
ljt,hbdb vfeo.t,kbc4 ktc-
ntuhfwbbcrty lf vybidytkjdfyb odkbkb
lfzthbkb7 * yjtv,hbcf lf ertst,bf7 hf vsfdfhb jgjpbwb- ,jctkt,vf lf ,jhltkt,vf
itbnfyf ukj,fkeh ecfahs[jt,fibj8 tc b.j
cnfylfhnekb cbn.dt,b lf jabwbfkehb gb- ubhudkbfybc cfmvtibw lfv- ehb gfhnbbc sfdv]ljvfht 2sf- tdhj-fvthbrekb uhfynt,bs
yfifdtl vbvfxybf8
itvjudbqj,tc=
ht,b yt,bcvbthb it[dtlhbc lhjc b.tyt,ty8 dbcbdt [tkbs gfhnbf gfhj-

3BVTLBYBECB4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3HTPJYFYCB4 lbfl fmwbtc= 3GFKBNHFYBECB4
11
 

vfc itvltu7 hfw 

cfcfvfhskjv vb[tbk  vfiby7 hj-
ltcfw jvbc lfo.t,blfy lqtv-
cffrfidbkc gfnbvhj,bc lt yfdsj,cf lf ufpib tdhj-
uflfdflt,fpt efhb rfdibhbc mdt.yt,vf genbyc !__
es[hf7 %**-vf vbkbfhl ljkfhpt vtnb uf-
lfe[fltc7 [jkj %%_ lfcfd-
kehb rjvgfybf 2 3pfhf47 3,t-
tdhjgfhkfvtynfhvf
htpjkewbf ytnjyb4 lf c[dt,b rdkfd he-
uffifyifkf7 cflfw ctsib hxt,bfy lf byntycbe-
cfmfhsdtkjc hfl veifj,ty=
2 ufvjlbc7 %**-vf tdhj-
[tkbceakt,fc vb[tbk gfhkfvtynfhvf cbwhetpt
cffrfidbkbc vjfothf [tkb0
ufsfdbceakt,bcfrty 2 uujybfs7 %** ltgenfnb-
vjeojlf8 lfy ,tdhvf bwbc7 hjv cffrfi-
dbkb cfmfhsdtkjib rfyjybc
gjkbnjkjub7 e[tib lfhqdtdbs7 fhf;yt,sfy
cfmfhsdtkjc thsfl itvjbgfhf lf lqtc lb-
vsfdhj,bc ktuib rb fh fulbf7 hjujhw

   

hectsib  fhfvtl
rfywtkfhbbc .jabkb sdtt,bf7 cfmfhsdtkjc ths-
eahjcb  3fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib ths .dtkfpt atityt,tkeh


 gbhlfgbh fh eylf vj[ltc rfyjybc rkbybrfib w[jdhj,c7 hfw cf-
[tkvobajc fcj,bs fsfcb kf-

 
fw[flt,c7 hjv eptyftcj,bc itkf[df hb e]lt,f0
.dtkfathb7 hfw okt,bc obyfs tdhjgfhkf-

  

htpjkewbfib othbf7 bvbcsdbc7 hjv vtynib cfmfhsdtkjcsfy lf7
vnryfhb cbwhetf lf %** tdhjgfhkfvtynfhbc pjuflfl7 cfv[hts rfdrfcbfc-
sfy vtuj,hj,bc ]ueab b.j


[tkbceakt,fv htrjvtylfwbf itchekltc=4 itmvybkb8 vf[cjdc7 xtvb yfwyj-
,b fvthbrtkb vtwybthb it[d-


v[jkjl cfmfhsdtkjc


rjycnbnewbblfy lf vfs ,hbectkib lf ufju-
yt,ekvf vbs[hf 2 fv ]ueabc


ufvjvlbyfht eylf otdht,vf bcbw rb fh bwbfy7 hjv
bvjmvtljc5 cjv[tsb lf cfmfhsdtkj e’-
2 bc7 hfcfw f[kf tdhjgfh- dtktcb mhbcnbfyekb mdt.yt-
kfvtynfht,b cxflbfy7 cfvfh- ,bfj8
w[dbyj kfmf bmyt,f tdhjgfh- ufhlf fvbcf7 tdhjgfhkfvty-


kfvtynfhbpvbc bcnjhbfib= nfht,c ijhbc fhbfy flfvbf-
fvfc hjujhw ghjatcbjyfkb yt,b7 hjvkt,bw cfmfhsdtkj-
ute,yt,bs= cfvoe[fhjl7 okt- ib cffrfidbkbc vvfhsdtkj-
,bc ufyvfdkj,fib vobalt,j- ,bc lhjc xfvjlbjlyty lf cf-
lf yfhfnbdb7 hjv genbybc ertstcj cfcnevhjt,ib w[jd-


ht;bvbc vbth ufvjupfdybkvf hj,lyty7 pjubths vfsufyc
,b’byf bdfybidbkvf [tkib fb- eptyftcb jhltyt,bw rb vbfh-
qj 'fkfeakt,f lf mdt.fyfc sdf cffrfidbkvf8 fhflf7 
rekbct,blfy vfhsfdc8 dbyfb- 
lfy cffrfidbkb genbybc vnt-  
hbf7 lffgfnbvhf lf7 sehvt7   
ytk-ytkf cekc [lbc8  
 ,tdhc esmdfvc7 hfnjv fv,j,
 tdhjgfhkfvtynfht,pt7 vjc.b-
 lekt,b fhbfyj888 tc v[jkjl
 xtvb vjcfpht,f fh fhbc8 ]th
    rbltd cfvb okbc obyfs lfot-
 hf itcfybiyfdvf cf[tkvobaj
2 fye ,b’byf bdfybidbkb vjqdfotv7 ,tkubbc .jabkvf
vb[tbk cffrfidbkc 3gbhflb ghtvbthvf cnfnbf7 hjujh fvj-
iehbc’bt,bc4 ufvj fh t,h’- dfihjs tdhjrfdibhbc zfj,b8
dbc7 hjujhw tc htpjkewb- fb7 hfnjv fv]j,byt,c lfcfd-
fibf [fpufcvekb0 ktsbc pjubthsb kblthb
2 ,b’byf bdfybidbkc fhfat- sdfkbc lf[ezdfc cffrfidbkbc
hb fmdc cfthsj genbysfy7 vf- lfyfifekpt lf ufb’f[bc7 ,b-
yfvlt lfnjdf hectsb7 dblht ’byf bdfybidbkb lbl htajh-
bub [tkbceakt,fib vjdblj- vfnjhc ytkb cbrdlbkbs rkf-
lf8 cffrfidbkbc vvfhsdtkj- dcj8
,bc lhjc se hfvt rfhub vj[- 
lf lf otcbthb htajhvf uf-    
nfhlf7 cojhtl ,b’byf bdfybi-   
dbkbc lfvcf[eht,ff8 
n.ebkbf bc7 hjv vfy ghj-   
hecekb uf[flf cfmfhsdtkj   
lf fvbc ufvj hectsbc obyf-   
fqvltu cfymwbt,c fh deths- 
lt,bs8  
 


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cffrfidbkc ]fyvhstkj,bc
cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,b fm-


dc888
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kb cfrvfjl f[kj ehsbthsj-


,f vmjylf vfcsfy7 dblht @__(
otkc qfkfnib fh lfdflfyf-
ifekt8 tc flfvbfyb bvltyfl



mfhsekb hjwf lf-

erhfbybc ghtpbltynb

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12  
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ghj,ktvt,b /mjylf lf ,ekt-
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pt lfh,bc oby lf erfy8 fvbc
ufvj itb’kt,f flfvbfyb gfnbv-
hj,blfy uffsfdbceakj0 
    
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hjujh eylf fqvjxyltc [tkb-
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lf tc cbvfhskt lfcfdktsib
rjyrhtnek flfvbfyt,fvlt dth
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cffrfidbkbc cflbcnehb
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


3ubhxbc4 otdhb7
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lfcfdktssfy ehsbth-
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mdt.fyfib fhfdby fh dbwb8
3HTPJYFYCB4
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  

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[tkbceakt,fv fy tdhjgfh-
kfvtynfht,bc vbsbst,t,b
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tdhjrfdibhsfy lff[kjt,bc
ifycb [tkblfy ufeidfc888
2 hjwf tdhjrfdibhbc zfj-
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rbltd eahj qhvfdlt,f7 ufyf
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ijhbc7 cedthtyj,fw lf cfcf-
vfhskjw7 hjv bm ufdotdhbfy-
lts0 hbcb rfylblfnb eylf
ufd[lts 2 zfj,ib itcdkbc0=
fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib fh ey-
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 

sehmtsc hfvltybvt fstekb
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cnfnecb7 vfuhfv vtht hf0 uf-
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
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
  
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
2 fhfathc ehxtdlbs gf-
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bhudkbdfw fv[tkf f;bjnf;bf
fnt[bkb lf hjvtksfyfw
ths lhjc cfrvfjl f[kj eh-
sbthsj,f umjylfs0
2 cfrvfhbcfl rfhufl dbw-
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sevwf7 utn.dbs7 hfc deceh-
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kf7 bsfyfvihjvkjc ufvj’bt-
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hfw sfyfvphf[dtkt,sfy th-
sfl xfblbyf7 vfs ijhbc7 hj-
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cbc[kbfy fdfynbehfc= lbf[7
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

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tcfe,hf
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ayf fo.j,c yfwbjyfkeh
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cfmfhsdtkjib 3’fqkbc ufult,ekc4
bcts rfwpt bn.dbfy7 hjvtkbw
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cb,bkotpt [tkc vjfothc7 vfuhfv
yfwctmnbc ]b,bc /bnkthvf 
 fvfpt efhtcbw ufvj’t,yf7
hjvtkbw gfhnbblfy uffulj=
vfhsfkbf7  
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fh dbwb7 cfmfhsdtkjc
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hbcj rfntujhbbc sfq-
kbscf lf itdfhlyf’bc yf-
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fv bcnjhbfv7 xtvlf eyt-
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hfqfw xfcxehxekf= yfyt- vfy ujwbhb’bc gfhnbblfy uf-
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bidbkb vfiby f.dbhlf lf lf7 hfw bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv vfc- vjult,f7 itcf’kt,tkbf7 vstk
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
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13
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,fc7 fthjgjhnfvlt dth vbfq-
otdc cffrfidbkb7 sdbsvahb-
yfdbs dth fahbylt,f7 [fk[b
fh lfeidt,c vfubc ufsfdb-
ceakt,fc8 dtrbs[t,b ubekbc
vbth yf.bl tdhjltgenfnt,c
2 fvfhskt,ty cffrfidbkbc
vbth [fk[bc wtvfc7 ubhudkbf-
ybc vrdktkj,fc lf bvfcfw7
eujyjl yfwtvb gfnbvfhb vjh-
uib w[tlht,sfy hflbfnjh-
pt vb,vekb hjv /.fdlfs0 n.e-
bkfl fmds  
vnht,b lf hect,bc futynt,b
sfdbfys gfhnbfib vjbrbs-
[jy8 
    
   


 vfrfhjdbc bfhf-
qbs sfdib xfhn.vbs ufvsb-
itc7 vwtvtc lf hjv fhf xtvb vt-
pj,tkb7 hjvtkvfw ujyofce-
kb vbgjdf7 xtvb j]f[b ufhf;-
ib ufhlfwdkbkc vyf[fdlf8
ltlf-ubekbw ufjwt,ekb
b.j7 wjw[fkb hjv lfdhxb8




   

tcfe,hf





cffrfidbkb cfpqdfhuf- yfwvj’hf-



bcnjhbrjcb7 fyfkbnbrjcb



3tdhjgekb cfmfhsdtkjc4
otdhb



ecfahs[jt,bc tmcgthnb
gjkbnbrehb vbvjv[bkdtkb

vt fh db-
lf vbcb rkfyb hts ufeidfy j,fv bc vjf- wb7 lqtc dbc
acbmbrehfl rb fhf7 cek [th[f7 hjv eahj fo-
yfwbjyfkt-
ith.tekb7
]th cfresfh .j,c vbifc
vfdyt,tkb7 ,bc jabcib cbrdlbkb7
,jhjnb flf- hjv vbb.dfyjy
lqbc otc-
hjv itvltu
vbfyt,bcufy lf lfcdfy7  hbupt ffo-
vbcb cf[t-
itlut,f8 cfj-  .j vstkb
wfhb cfc]tkb vfbyw dtqfh jgjpbwbf kbs bcfh-
udthuj 2 it’kt,c cfg- lf vtht cf- ut,kjy8 vt
vstkb thb @_ otkbf7 fv fhfyjhvfkehbc lf hjntcnj nfkqbc fujht,fc8 eahj vtncfw resfhb gfhnbf xfvjifkf8 f[kf bv gfh- dbwb7  se ]fypt vjdf7 bc
vbcb ctmnbc lqbc otchbubs w[jdhj,c lf ,j- utn.dbs 2 ufsfdbceakt,bc itvs[dtdfib vbcb nbbc kbltht,b7 hjvkt,bw yfwbjyfkt,- fewbkt,kfl lfegbhbcgbhlt,f yfwbjyf-
kj thsb otkbf7  rez-yfokf- htbnbyub eahj lftwtvf8  hsek sfy sfyfvihjvkj,lyty7 sfdib bhn.fvty kehb vj’hfj,bc fv [tkv’qdfytkj,fcfw
dbc sfdbct,eht,t,bc e,flkj vwjlyt uf[lf8 sfvfic tsfvfit,f jgjpbwbfc lf .dtkf vj- [tkc7 tc hf vjudbdblfj8 lf c[df [tkv’qdfytkj,fcfw8
cf[dtdib eut,c8
3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3TV GBHDTKB4

14  
 ltvjrhfnbekb ht;bvbc lfwdfc7
hfw bmwf rbltw vsfdfh o.fkufv-
.jafl mfhsdtk [fk[cf lf lfcfd-
ktsc ijhbc8
fhfcojhfl vjabmhfkb lfcfd-
ktsbc tc yfobkb7 afmnj,hbdfl7
hflbrfkehfl egbhbcgbhlt,f
fhfvfhnj mfhsdtkb [fk[bc ev-
hfdktcj,bc gjpbwbfc7 fhfvtl
at[mdti stkfdc bv pjuflcfrf-
wj,hbj7 ltvjrhfnbek qbht,e-
kt,t,c7 hjvtksf ufvjw xdtyb
[fk[b tdhjgbcrty vbbcohfadbc8
lfcfdkehb cfv.fhjc vtcdteht-


,b lqtcfw udte,yt,bfy7 sbsmjc cf-
frfidbkbc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc lf-
wekb b.j ltvjrhfnbf lf flfvbf-
ybc eakt,t,b7 hfw bvfc ybiyfdc7


hjv mfhsdtkvf [fk[vf tdhjgek
cfmfhsdtkjc vhfdfkcfereyjdfyb bcnjhbbc qbht,ekt,t,fl eylf fqbfhjc
ufvj[fndbc sfdbceakt,bc it-
vfy’bkpt velvbdfl e[lt,jlf lblb bvgthbt,bc

 
pqeldf7 gfnbvfhsf vfcj,hbdb
ofvt,f7 rth’j cfresht,bc [tk-
bynthtcsf ufsdfkbcobyt,f lf fhwse bidbfsfl .jaf7 [tkbceakt,bc v[hblfy


xdtyb mdt.fyf cojhtl bvgthbfsf ijhbc fhct,ekb ofhvjt,ekb htrtnb7 tkbnfhe-
kb rjheawbf7 erfyjyj vjcvtyt-
obyffqvltuj,t,bc ufvj.tyt,bs uflbjlf ajyc8 ,b7 vjmfkfmtt,ib njnfkehb ib-


xdtyc obyfght,c uekpt fh t[fnt- ibc lfstcdf7 ecfvfhskj cfcfvfh-
,jlfs hjvb7 cgfhctsb7 ,bpfynbf7 skj lf f8 i8
fhf,t,b7 vjyqjkt,b7 sehmt,b se lfcfdktkb gfhnybjht,b xdty-


hect,b7 vfuhfv c[dflfc[df tgjmfib ufy lf;byt,bs vjbs[jdty cffrfi-
mfhsdtkb vtatt,b .dtkf fv mdt.fyfc7 dbkbc rhbvbyfkehb vvfhsdtkj-
cfzbhjt,blfy ufvjvlbyfht7 [fy ]f- ,bc htf,bkbnfwbfc lf udte,yt,b-


hbs t[vfht,jlyty lf [fyfw vfs by- fy7 hjv7 se tdhjgek j]f[ib uf-
nthtct,c cobhfdlyty cbwjw[ktc7 otdhbfyt,f udbylf7 fct eylf vjdbm-
hjv fqfhfathb dsmdfs7 hjujh wts8


tabwt,jlyty bvgthbfsf vvfhsdt- gbhlfgbh itb’kt,f bsmdfc7 hjv
kt,c cb.dfhekcf lf thsuekt,fc lqtc7 hectsbc obstkb fhvbbc
cfvij,kjcf lf thbc uflfcfhxtyfl8

 
itvjzhbcf lf ufcf,zjt,bc !_@
fct ufvjbohsj bcnjhbekfl mfh- okbcsfdpt7 cfmfhsdtkjc rdkfd
sdtkt,bc ,h’jkbceyfhbfyj,f7 lfg.hj,bc 2 gjkbnbrehb7 vj-


hfw ufyfgbhj,t,lf c[df mdt.yt,bc hfkehb lf cekbthb jregfwbbc
cfv[tlhj yfobkt,ib vt,h’jkb cfahs[t tvemht,f7 jqjyl fv]t-
mfhsdtkb vtjvht,bc cf[tkjdfy hfl rjktmnbehb cthuj jh]j-


ofhvfnt,t,c8 ,tdhb vfsufyb lblb ybrb’bc vfubdhfl rjktmnbehb
bvgthbt,bc uvbht,flfw bmwf8 ajnbuf-re,bkbecb udbntdc=
lff[kjt,bs (_ okbc obyfs mfh- se !_@ okbc obyfs cfmfhsdt-


sdtkt,b vtjht vcjakbj jvib he- kjc cedthtybntnc rjktmnbehvf
ctsbc ]fhib b,h’jlyty7 hflufy cofv-  uflfefhf7
lfs7 hjv cfresfhb cfvij,kjc by- lqtc erdt rjktmnbehb ajnbuf-
nthtct,c tvcf[eht,jlyty8 ,tdhb mfh- re,bkbecb udbntdc=
sdtkb vtjvfhb bv[fyfl uthvfytkb fcts gbhj,t,ib7 yfvldbk tdhj-
afibcnt,bc v[fhtptw b,h’jlf lf gek qbht,ekt,fsf lfvwdtkfl
vfs evhfdktcj,fc ueke,h.dbkjl
c]thjlf7 hjv uthvfytkt,b cchr-bc
YFYF RFRF,F'T cojhtl cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt-
,f ufvjlbc lf7 hfjlty gfhfljmce-
lfvfhw[t,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc kflfw fh eylf ;qthltc7 vfc eotdc7
sfdbceakt,fcf lf lfvjerblt,kj- tdhjgekb qbht,ekt,t,b lfbw-
,fc epheydtk.jalyty8 eahj dfc sdbs tdhjgtk gjkbnbrjc-
vtnbw7 vtjht vcjakbj jvib vjyf- sfufy7 hjvkt,bw fv qbht,ekt-
obktsf idbkt,b lf idbkbidbkt- ,t,c v[jkjl gjkbnbrehb ;jy-
,b $_ okbc obyfs fdqfytsib b[- ukbjhj,bcfsdbc b.tyt,ty8 fvfpt
lblyty 3bynthyfwbjyfkeh df- vbesbst,c tdhjgek cnhemne-
kc4 lf vfibyfw ,tdhc cofvlf7 hjv ht,ib ufvjfirfhfdt,ekb rjhea-
fvbs cfmfhsdtkjc bynthtct,c wbbc afmnt,bw lf ,b’byf bdfybi-
bwfdlf8 dbkbc obyffqvltu vbvfhsekb ecf-
jwbjlt okbc obyfs7 mfhsdtkvf vfhskj7 fhfrfyjybthb mvtlt,t,bw8
]fhbcrfwt,vf fii-bcf lf vbcb vjrfd- seylfw bc hfl qbhc7 hjv lfcfd-
ibhtt,bc cfv[tlhj vjmvtlt,t,ib vb- keh vtlbfib efgtkfwbjl b,-
bqtc fmnbehb vjyfobktj,f lf vfsb kjrt,f bdfybidbkbc gjpbwbf idt-
hovtybsfw7 bcbyb fvbs xdtyb cfvij,- bwfhbekb ,fyrbc vbth vbc obyf-
kjc bynthtct,c tvcf[eht,jlyty8 fqvltu ofhvjt,ekb ofhvjelut-
itb’kt,f7 wjnf ewyfehfl ;qthc7 ytkb erfyjyj,bc itcf[t,8
vfuhfv fvfcfw 3bynthyfwbjyfke- fv itvs[dtdfib ,b’byf bdfybidbk-
hb dfkbc4 vj[lfc eojlt,ty7 sfy ,h’jkf cfmfhsdtkjc htfke-
jqjyl fv]thfl fv 3dfkc4 bcbyb fhf hb lfvjerblt,kj,bcf lf tdhjge-
rjveybcnehb bltfkt,bc7 fhfvtl kb vbcohfat,t,bc obyffqvltu
ltvjrhfnbekb cfv.fhjc byntht- ,h’jkfc ybiyfdc7 dbyfblfy7 lqt-
ct,bc lfcfwfdfl b[lbfy8 dfyltk cfmfhsdtkjib bdfybidb-
kbc gbhjdyt,f7 bvbc vbe[tlfdfl7
fhbc se fhf [tkbceakt,fib7 lbl-
  
obkfl ufyfgbhj,t,c vidblj,fc7

ltvjrhfnbfc7 flfvbfybc eakt,t-
  
,bc lfwdfc7 htfkehb tdhjgekb
  
qbht,ekt,t,bc lfvrdblht,fc lf7

.dtkf lblb bvgthbf udfhoveyt,lf
lf lqtcfw udfhoveyt,c7 hjv bcbyb hfw vsfdfhbf7 cffrfidbkbc fynb-
v[jkjl xdtyb bynthtct,bcfsdbc ltvjrhfnbekb ht;bvbc htf,bkb-
pheyfdty7 sevwf7 w[flbf7 hjv .dtkf nfwbf-htfybvfwbbc ite’kt,kj,fc8
mdt.ybcfsdbc vsfdfhb ghbjhbntnb ufvjlbc7 hjv cojhtl fvbc uf-
cfresfhb bynthtct,bf8 fct hjv7 vf- vj t,h’dbfy bdfybidbkc sfdufvj-
sb bynthtct,blfy ufvjvlbyfht7 xdty lt,bs cfmfhsdtkjc ufht se ib-
fhfdby fqudbmdfvc chekfl lfvjerb- lf vnht,b lf fvbnjvfw tv[hj,f
lt,tk cf[tkvobajl= vfc cfmfhsdtkjc vjmfkfmtsf
elbltcb yfobkb=






  

hectsbw rb7 xdtyufy 3f[fkb htf-
kj,bc47 fye cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnj-
hbfpt lfvjerblt,tkb mdt.yt,bc fqb-
fht,fc fh vjbs[jdc7 vbcb vjs[jd-
yff7 vbc cfpqdfhsfy yfnj fh vbdb.-
dfyjs=
se !_@ okbc obyfs7 !)@! okbc @% st,thdfkc7
hfw itt[t,f fii-cf lf vbc lfcfd-
ktk vjrfdibhtt,c7 xdtyb mdt.yb-
cflvb vfsb vjs[jdyt,b +t8 o8 htrj-
rjktmnbehvf cthuj jh]jybrb'tv s,bkbcbc sfdpt
vtylfwbt,b‘ cek eahj vodfdt [f-
cbfsc b’tyc8 ghfmnbrekfl7 rjve-
ybcnehb wtrfc cnbkib7 vfs vbth
obstkb lhjif ffahbfkf7 bvtlbf7 lqtc rjktmnbeh
ofvj.tyt,ekb vjs[jdyt,b eknb-
vfnevbcf lf vemfhbc mdtntmcnt,c
itbwfdc8
ajnbuf-re,bkbect,c cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbreh-
jhb fstekb otkbf7 rjktmnbehb


lfcfdktsbc vtcdteht,b ]benfl wlb- vjhfkehb jregfwbf fh ufvjedfs=
kj,ty cffrfidbkbcf lf vbcb fynb- 
15
 


ghjatcjhb   !)@! okbc
@% st,thdkbc nhfutlbfc b[ctyt,c lf fw[flt,c7
hjv cnfkbyb7 hjvtkcfw cfmfhsdtkjc ufcf,zjt,fc
fhfdby trbs[t,jlf7 bv ufhlfedfk bcnjhbek itltuc
ghfuvfnekfl vbeluf7 sevwf7 tc sfhbqb
vbc ,bjuhfabfc .dtkfpt lbl ndbhsfl fotdc5
2 cojhtl @% st,thdfkc
lfbg.hj cf,zjsf hectsvf cf-
mfhsdtkj lf jhbdt mdt.fyf f,-
cjkenehfl sfyf,fhb eakt-
,t,bs thsbfyb cfvjrfdibhtj
cf[tkvobajc itvflutykj,fib
fqvjxylyty7 sevwf7 xdtysfy fv
afmnc .jdtksdbc fqbmdfvlyty
lf fqbmdfvty jregfwbfl8 tc
fctf f[kfw lf fct b.j vfibyfw7
hjwf cnfkbybc cbwjw[ktib
cfmfhsdtkjib v[jkjl ob-
stklhjijdfyb mfhsekb fh-
vbf lf mfhsekb lbdbpbt,b bl-
uyty8 hecbc ]fhb7 se v[tldt-
kj,fib fh vbdbqt,s cbcfcnb-
rbs ufysmvek vthdt gjkrcf lf
cfcfpqdhj ]fhc7 hjvtkbw 3ty-
rfdtltc4 tmdtvlt,fht,jlf7 afm-
nj,hbdfl7 mdt.fyfib fh b.j8
  
  




  


2 cfl b.j cnfkbyb !)@!
okbc @% st,thdfkc7 hjwf
,jkitdbrehb hectsb s,b-
kbcib itvjdblf0
2 cthuj jh]jybrb’bcufy
ufyc[dfdt,bs7 cnfkbyb !)@!
okbc @% st,thdfkc fhw
3iekfdthbc rjvbntnib4 .j-
abkf lf fhw vt-!! fhvbbc
inf,ib8 bub uf[klfs vjcrjd-
ib lf trfdf jhb fhfhct,ekb
lf abmnbehb cfvbybcnhjc
[tkv'qdfytkbc sfyfvlt,j,f 2
b.j thjdyt,fsijhbcb cfrbs-
[t,bc cf[fk[j rjvbcfhb lf
cfsfdtib tluf t8o8 3vei-ukt-
[byc47 fye cf[fk[j rjyn-
hjkc8 fv cfvbybcnhjt,ib cnf-
kbyc fhw sfyfvihjvkt,b /.fd-
lf lf fhw aeymwbt,b /mjylf7
hflufy jhbdt eo.t,f v[jkjl
cbv,jkehfl fhct,j,lf8 tc cf-
vbybcnhjt,b ktybyvf cnf-
kbyc itemvyf bvbcsdbc7 hfsf
cf[rjvcf,zjib7 fye vbybcnh-
sf rf,bytnib sfdbcb thsue-
kb rfwb /.jkjlf8 eahj eg-
hbfyb bmyt,f7 se itrbs[dfc fct
lfdcdfvs 2 hfc ofhvjfluty-
lf cnfkbyb!)@! okbc @% st-
,thdfkc0 gfce[b vfhnbdbf 2
 !)@! okbc @% st-
,thdfkc7 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv
gjkbn,behjc otdhb b.j7
cnfkbyc rhtvkib fhfdby fhf-
athc trbs[t,jlf lf vjcrjd-
ib gfhflb vb/.fdlfs7 gbhdtk
hbuib7  hjvtkvfw
3obstkb fhvbf4 itmvyf7 


 hjvtkbw cf,zjsf he-
ctsbc 2 ibyfufy cfmvtsf gbh-
dtkb vbybcnhb7 [jkj !)@!-
!)@# okt,ib cf[rjvcf,zbc
sfdv]ljvfhbc7 fye ktybybc vj-
flubkt uf[klfs8
2 se !)@! okbc @% st-
,thdfkc cnfkbyb rhtvkib
fhfathc ofhvjflutylf7 vf-
iby o.tekvf cthuj jh]jyb-
rb’tv vfbywlfvfbyw fcts efd-
njhbntnj rfwc s,bkbcblfy
hfnjv egfnfrf 2 3vjcrjdb8
rhtvkb8 ktybyc7 cnfkbyc=
s,bkbcbc sfdpt obstkb
lhjif ahbfkt,c= ufevfh]jc
2 2023 wlis 20 Tebervali 1 12 (1 80
cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjc=4 fylf
vfyfvlt cnfkbyvf hfnjv uf-
eupfdyf cthuj jh]jybrb’tc
ltgtif 2 3lfcnehbf7 ite-
nbt7 fbqt mfkfmb=4
2 fv ltgtit,bc yfvldbkj-
,fib 'fkbfy vtgfht,f tzdb7 tc
eahj .ehbs vjshtekb ntm-
cnt,bf7 hflufy7 ghjnjrjkbc
sfyf[vfl7 cthuj jh]jybrb’tc
gfnfrb cnfkbybcsdbc rb fhf7
ktybybcsdbc7 ktb,f ,hjyi-
ntby-nhjwrbcsdbc fylf cth-
utb rfvtytdbcsdbc eylf xft,f-




ht,byf8  vfiby cf,zj-
sf vsfdhj,bc vtsfehb b.j7
 2 cf,zjsf hectsbc
3obstkb fhvbbc4 vfvf-lfvae’-
yt,tkb lf cfv[tlhj vbybcn-
hb7 [jkj vtabc gjkrjdybrb
 2 eiefkjl
cfv[tlhj jgthfwbt,bc vtsf-
ehb7 hjvtkbw gjkbnbrjc
 fhfdbsfh itv-
s[dtdfib fh eylf fudthbjc8 fb7
fv cfvb rfwbcsdbc eylf uftu-
pfdyf yf’bhfkf cthuj jh]j-
ybrb’tc gfnfrb lf fhf cnfkb-
 
 

ybcsdbc= fvbnjvfw vujybf7
hjv  
vbth s,bkbcblfy cnfkbybc-
sdbc vjcrjdib ufupfdybkb lt-
gtif7 hjvkbsfw vfy ,tkflc
cfmfhsdtkjc ufcf,zjt,f f[f-
hf7 uf.fk,t,ekbf lf cbyfvl-
dbktcsfy cfthsj fhfathb
fmdc= rbltd ths[tk dbvtjht,5
cthuj jh]jybrb’t b.j cfmfh-
sdtkjc htdrjvbc sfdv]ljvf-
ht lf bc fyufhbidfklt,ekb
uf[klfs hectsbc htdrjvbc
sfdv]ljvfhbc  ob-
 
yfit7 [jkj vt-!! fhvbbc cfh-
lfkb7 s,bkbctkb uthvfytkb
 rjvgfhnbbc otdhb cf-
thsjl fh .jabkf lf fyufhbi-
dfklt,ekb uf[klfs gjk-
rjdybr  ob-
yfit8 hfw itt[t,f dbsjvlf cnf-
kbybc vbth ufupfdybk ltgt-
ifc cthuj jh]jybrb’bcflvb 2
  
 2 bub ufvjxylf gt-
htcnhjbrbc gthbjlib lf
lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 uf.fk,t-
,ekbf=
80))
(180
2 hf uf’ktds fv ufyw[flt-
,bc cfae’dtkc0
2 fv ufyw[flt,bc cfae’-
dtkc vf’ktdc cnfkbybc lfvj-
rblt,ekt,f cfmfhsdtkjc cf-
[tkvobajt,hbj,bcf lf7 pj-
uflfl7 thjdyekb vj’hfj,b-
cflvb= ,tdhvf fh bwbc7 hjv
!)@$ okbc fudbcnjc f]fy.t-
,bc lfo.t,fvlt lff[kjt,bs
fsb lqbs flht cnfkbyvf ufy-
w[flt,f lfothf lf .dtkfyfb-
hb sfyfvlt,j,f lfnjdf 2
lfsvj gjkbn,behjc otdhj-
,fw lf gfhnbbc wtrfc utythf-
kehb vlbdyj,fw= vstkb jhb
sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib gjkbn,b-
ehjib .dtkfpt ufdktybfyb
jhb gbhjdyt,f 2 

 cnfkbybc fv ufyw[flt,fc
fh frvf.jabkt,lyty lf [tkc
fh fothlyty8 vfs vbbqtc fct-
sb uflfo.dtnbkt,f 2 cnf-
kbyb jhb sdbs uftidfs idt-
,ekt,fib lf itvltu ufyt[b-
kfs tc cfrbs[b7 fye7 sfyfvtl-
hjdt nthvbyjkjubbs se
ufydc]bs7 !)@$ okbc fudbc-
nj-ctmntv,thib7 hjwf cfmfh-
sdtkjib cbc[kbc ue,tt,b
bluf lf 3xtrbcnt,b4 f]fy.t,e-
kt,c rfhlfrfh lfcltdlyty7
cnfkbyb .dtkfathc xfvjij-
ht,ekb lf uflfvlufhb b.j7
hfsf mfhsdtkt,bc cbc[kib
[tkt,bc ufcdhf fh lf,hfkt-
,jlf=
2 tu dthfathb ufvjcfdf-
kbf= bqjyf cnfkbyvf hfvt7
hfsf !)@$ otkc cfmfhsdt-
kjib bc e,tleht,f fh vjv-
[lfhb.j0
2 cnfkbyvf 'fkbfy rfhufl
bwjlf7 hjv vfc itvltu7 hfw
!)@# okbc vfbcib 3cfv[tlhj
wtynhbc 4 otdht,b lffgfnbv-
htc lf cfahfyutsblfy cfble-
vkj dbsfht,fib xfvjcekb 
 lfbzbhtc7
!)@$ okbc f]fy.t,f ufyobhe-
kb b.j8 vjvfdfkvf ,tkflvf
sfdbcb wjkbc’vf 
 ,thkbyib vbfupfdyf
yjt ;jhlfybfc ltdybkb vsfd-
hj,bc ofhvjvflutykt,sfy lf
itesdfkf 2 


 cfmfhsdt-
kjc tvbuhfynekvf vsfdhj-
,fv cnfkbybc tc ufahs[bkt-
,f .ehfl fh bqj8 fvbc itvltu7
f]fy.t,fvlt rfhuf [ybs flht7
bctd lf bctd cnfkbybc vbsb-
st,bs7 mfhsek ghtcfib lf-
b,tzlf  
 [fk[bcflvb 2
  
 fhw fvfy ufz-
hf lf !)@$ okbc @) fudbc-
njc fdfynbehbcnt,vf [fk[b
vfbyw ff]fy.tc7 hfw uf[klfs
f,cjkenehb cbub;t7 hflufy7
se vfbywlfvfbyw tc eylf vjv-
[lfhb.j7 f]fy.t,f eylf lfo.t-
,ekb.j @( fudbcnjc7 vfhbf-
vj,fc lf fhf vtjht lqtc7 hj-
wf vstkb cfmfhsdtkj yf,f-
[ectdpt b.j888 vfuhfv 3xtrfv4 lf7
egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 'th;by-
crbc vjflubkt 
 fctdt cjvt[vf 
 fye 
 hjvkt,bw coj-
htl fv f]fy.t,bc fqcfrdtsfl
uflvjbchjktc cfmfhsdtkj-
ib sfdbfys rfwbzfvbt,sfy th-
sfl7 zbfsehfcf lf vbc itvj-
ufhtyib ff]fy.tc sfdbfysb fut-
ynt,b7 hjvkt,bw fct e[dfl
/.fdlfs xfythubkb vfyufye-
vbc cfofhvjt,ib8 vbe[tlfdfl
cfibytkb ofhevfnt,kj,bcf
lf ufhtvjt,bcf7 hjv !)@$
okbc f]fy.t,fc sfdblfy ,j-
    
   
   
   
kjvlt 3xtrf4 vfhsfdlf7 vst- kfathb uffrtsts7 hfsf cfmvt
kb thsb sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib  cbc[kbcqdhfvlt vbcekb.jj=
cfmfhsdtkjc vtcfvtl nthb- hecvf bcnjhbrjcvf 
njhbfpt cf,zjsf [tkbcea-  tc ljrevtynt,b sfdbc
kt,f vfbyw lftv[j lf ,jkit- obuyib itbnfyf lf cnfkbybc
dbrt,vf gjpbwbt,bc fqlutyf tc othbkb uffcf]fhjdf8
'kbdc it’ktc8 hfw itt[t,fs 2 hfnjv fh ufvj[fnf cnf-
fvbthrfdrfcbbc 3xtrfc4 sfdv]- kbyvf ghjntcnb cfmfhsdt-
ljvfhtc7 ]fkfs  kjc ufcf,zjt,bc ufvj0
 fvbthrfdrfcb- 2 cnfkbyb b.j ghfuvfnb-
bc cf[rjvcf,zjc sfdv]ljvf-
rjcb lf hf fphb tmyt,jlf
hbc vjflubkt 
ghjntcnc7 hjvkbc itltubw
 lf fvbthrfdrfcb-
bc veieh-ukt[ehb bycgtmwb- fewbkt,kfl yekjdfyb bmyt-
bc cf[rjvc  ,jlf0   
 !)@% okbc @@ vfhnc 
vfs mfhsdtkvf vahbyfdvf  
  ufvjenfyf    
ufyfxtyb7 hjwf cfresfhb cb-     
wjw[ktw ufobhf7 vfuhfv uth- 
vfyekb sdbsvahbyfdb 3bey-   
rthc-!#47 hjvkbsfw tc cfvb   
ktibzfvbf cj[evib sfs,bh- 
pt vb/.fdlf7 lble,bc sfdpt 
ufyut, xfvjfulj lf fvbs !)@$ 
otkc htghtcbht,eksf cbc[- 
kb fbqj8 lfdeidfs7 cnfkbyb vjqf-
2 smdty abmhj,s7 hjv kfnt b.j7 vfuhfv !)@! okbc
!)@$ okbc f]fy.t,f lf mfme- !^ vfhnbc vjcrjdbc [tkitr-
wf xjkj.fidbkbc vj’hfj- hekt,bs lf !)@! okbc !#
jmnjv,hbc .fhcbc pfdbs7 cf-
,f fdfynbehf b.j0
2 !)@$ okbc f]fy.t,f sf-
mfhsdtkjv epfhvfpfhb nthb-
dblfy ,jkjvlt fdfynbehf b.j=
fb7 vfufkbsfl7 !)@@ otkc njhbt,b sehmtsc hjv uflf-
 mf- ekjwf7 s,bkbcib7 mesfbcib7
mewf xjkj.fidbkbc vj’hfj- ,fsevib fy cflvt thsb cfg-
,fc cthbjpek fdfynbehfl uf- hjntcnj vbnbyub vfbyw ufvf-
yb[bkfdlf lf fvbc itcf[t,
CDBVJY VFC[FHFIDBKB5 hsekf lf [fk[c [vf fvjeqbf0
othlf rbltw8 c[dfsfijhbc7 lf7 cfthsjl7 vfibyltk mfh-


!)@$ okbc f]fy.t,bc lfvfhw- sek ghtcfib fvbc itcf[t, dby-
[t,bc itvltu7 vstkb jhb rdb- vtv hfvt lfothf lf ervf.jab-
hbc ufyvfdkj,fib7 mfmewf xj- kt,f ufvjsmdf0 .fhcbc pfdpt


kj.fidbkb cf,zjsf cfmfhs- cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjc vsfd-
dtkjc ibyfufy cfmvtsf cf[fk- hj,fv7 hjujhw behblbekfl
[j rjvbchbcf lf cf[rjvcf,zjc lfvjerblt,tkvf mdt.fyfv hjv


sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkbc  vjfothf [tkb lf sehmtsc bv-
 cf[kib7 lqt- ltyb vbot,b lfesvj7 hfnjv
dfyltkb mbfxtkbc mexfpt7 bvf- fh ufvjdblf cfmfhsdtkjc vj-
kt,jlf8   


cf[ktj,f mexfib7 hfnjv fh
 vjbs[jdf bfhfqb lf fh lfbw-
 df sfdbcb vbof0 lf rbltd5

   


  
 vjut[ctyt,fs7 cfif ututz-

rjhb kfdhtynb ,thbfc wj-
kbc   ,b’f
lf cfmfhsdtkjc vtyitdbrehb 3cnfkbyc dfubyt,s lf !)@! okbc 
vsfdhj,bc otdh   
 vrdblhb ,b’fidb-

kb b.j8 cfmfhsdtkjc vsfd-
hj,fv7 hjvtkcfw mdt.ybc lf-
vfhncf lf jmnjv,thib thsb 
cfwfdfl cfrvfhbcpt vtnb 'fkt- 
,b uffxylf7 !)@! okbc st,th-
dfkib sfdbc vfnfht,tkc uf-
vbnbyubc ufvfhsdf lf ufptsib 
fcohj lf !)@$ otkc hjvtkb 
ofhvfnt,ekb f]fy.t,f eylf
thsb othbkbc lf,tzldf 
vjto.j0  


  
  
   lfudtpfhf7 hfsf sehmekb 


  
!)!(-!)@! okt,ib xdtypt ,td- jregfwbf ufudtghjntcnt,byf=4  
hfl cecnb abytsbc lfg.hj-  
,f hectsvf dth it’kj8 bubdt
vj[lf ,fknbbc htcge,kbrt,- 
ibw7 [jkj gjkjytkt,vf he-
 
ct,c cfthsjl rbcthb vjfnt-

[bytc !)@_ otkc8
   
   

  

  

fvbnjv7 hjwf dbyvtc mdfc tc-
  
 cnfkbyvf
  
dhb7 ewjldtkb eylf b.j= cnf-
cthuj jh]jybrb’t !)@$ okbc
kbyc dfubyt,s lf !)@! okbc
f]fy.t,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkj-
  
vfhncf lf jmnjv,thib thsb
ib xfnfht,ekb htghtcbt,bc
vbnbyubc ufvfhsdf lf ufpts-

 
ufvj nehbc [dhtkib itf’dhb- ib thsb othbkbc lf,tzldf
yf lf mfhsdtkb thb uffvfhs- lfudtpfhf7 hfsf sehmekb

  

kf 2 !)@! otksfy itlfht- jregfwbf ufudtghjntcnt,byf=
,bs mdt.ybc trjyjvbrf jh]th

  

fhbc lfwtvekb7 [fk[c /mjy-
lf ervf.jabkt,bc cfrvfhbcb tcfe,hf
cfae’dtkb lf yfwdkfl bvb-

 

cf7 flfvbfyt,sfy utveifdfs lf
udthlib lfut.tyt,byfs7 .dt-  ufuh’tkt,f

2023 wlis 20 Tebervali 1 12 (1

bmyt,f
80
80))
(180 3

 vwltkj,fc8 tc ’fkt,b .dt- fy/hf-vfbybec ,th’yekb cf[t- velvbdfl frdbhlt,jlf
 kufy vjmvtlt,ty7 vfuhfv vf- kbf8 c[dfudfhfl hjv dsmdfs7
 gbhjdyt,bc itaf-
vfct,bc uekbcwtvfc7 fq-


sb cfmvbfyj,bc ’bhbsflb

fhtfkb fv;fvfl uthvfybff84
cfbynthtcj f[cyff7 hfc bn.-
 dbs0
f[kf  gbhjdyt-
 ,bc itafct,fpt dbcfe,hjs8
 bub fhfv[jkjl 3xfrkek
 cekib47 fhfvtl [ctyt,ek
rht,ekibw ud[dlt,f8 serb
 hjvfyib  vb-
 ’qdybk sfdc 3cnfkbybc /j-
db’t,lf vfs ghjktnf-
ct,f fmfw erblehtcfl ytufnb-
hek bycnbymnc7 fohsj-
ehbf7 vfuhfv7 serb tctc .e- ,lf vfs yt,bc.jafc lf cf-
hflqt,bs ofdbrbs[fds7 lfdb-
yf[fds7 hjv vbe[tlfdfl 
,h’jkj cekc84 lfvtsfy[-
 vbth 
vt,bs7 fctsb hfv 
vbc rfhbc kbnthfnjht,cfw
 atyjvtybcf lf ,jk- fh lfeothbfs8 fb7 rbltd5
itdbpvbc efh.jabcf7 vskbf-
yj,fib bub j,btmnehfl faf-
3htdjkewbbc cfzt cnf-
ct,c cnfkbybc gbhjdyt,fcf
kbyc eg.hbf [tks8 bub
lf vjqdfotj,fc8 fct7 vfufkb-
pbc rhtvkib7 dbsfhwf uf-

 hjcrjgb4 tojlt,f7 rht,e- sfl7 gbhdtkfl kbnthfnehf-

 fhf-
v[jkjl lblb vothfkb
lf abkjcjajcb7 fhfvtl
vcjakbj kbnthfnehfib
flfvbfyt,ekb hflbjvbv-
qt,b lf cchr-bc .jdtkb
hbc7 vfc ufhrdtekobkfl sf- res[blfy lfechekt,k-
dfl  ufyvfhnfdc tct- fl bqt,c hflbjnfkqt,c8
t,bc rht,ekbc 3ltvjyb lf  vfuhfv cnfkbyb fv nfkqt-
vbsb4-c obyfcbn.dfj,fib7 ,bc vfhnjjlty vbvqt,b rb
hjvtkbw uthvfyek tyfpt uf- 

bidbfsb vjdktyfw uf[kf-
ds8 fv v[hbd vbcb itlfht,f
hec vothfk 

fhf7 itvjmvtlb lf vcf]e-
vjbwf !)#% otkc8 cojhtl fv kbw uf[kfds84 lf rbltd
obuyvf uff[vfehf mfhsdtkb thsb7 lfcrdybsb itafct,f5
vothkbc cf[tkb vstk lfcfd-

 itb’kt,f7 hj-
vtkbw thsyfbhfl ,ho.by-
dfktl othlf hecek lf by-
ukbceh tyt,pt8 
 ufyc[dfdt,bs7 
 cfvtyjdfyb vothfkbf
2 sfdbc erdlfd yfofhvjt-
,t,c bub mfhsek7 uthvfyek
lf hecek tyt,pt mvyblf7
sfyfw 2 evfqktc kbnthf-
nehek ljytpt8
hfw itt[t,f fhxtdfyc 
 lf  ij-
hbc7 fye ,jkitdbpvcf lf
yfwbjyfk-cjwbfkbpvc ij-
ktsib8 3ltlfvbobc fqmvfib7
2 othc bub7 2 jhb vbvfh-
sekt,f ufvjbhxtdf8 gbhdt-
kb ltlfvbobc atyjvtyib
v[jkjl vfnthbfc [tlfdc8
vfhflbekb efh.jabkbf7
bylbdblefkehb 2 lfsh-
ueyekb8 .dtkfathb fyj-
ybvehcf lf ecf[eh-bynth-
yfwbjyfkehpt lfb.dfyt,f8
tc ’fkt,b .dtkufy fhct,j-
,ty7 vfuhfv ’bhbsflfl bcb-
yb cchr-ib fhbfy rjywtyn-
hbht,ekb8 vtjht ltlfvb-
ofc lbl ltlfl fqbmdfvc8
.dtkf vjdktyf ehqdtd rj-
cvjceh thsbfyj,fib ufyb[b-
kt,f8 sfdbc sfdib xfrtnbkb
cfcbwjw[kj cbcntvt,b 2
hfcf7 ybflfub7 udfhb lf c[df
fmnbehlt,bfy lf fvudfhfl
vnrbwlt,f cfv.fhjc vhfdf-
kathjdyt,f8 flubkb fmdc
yfwbbc sdfkcfphbcbs vbob-
thb ’fkt,bc ufydbsfht,bc

kib tctc 3cnfkbyb7 hjujhw
f/hbvfybc cekb4 /mdbf8 sf-
yfw7 hjujhw sfdfl 
 fqybiyfdc7 tc sfdb 3cf-
uh’yj,kfl itwdkbkb7 it-
dct,ekb lf ufafhsjt,e-
kbf48
 pjhjfcnhbpvbc
e’dtktcb htkbubbc ,ytkt-
sbcf lf ,jhjnt,bc qvthsbc
3bub fc[bdt,c akeblt,c7
hjvkt,bw sfdpfhc cwtvc
flfvbfyt,c lf vbeodljvt-
kb rjkjcbdbs lfcwmthbc
sfdc .dtkfc 2 ,hvf lf wb-
ib cojhtl vfy itfafcf  db ,tlbcothf cf,zjsf [f-
 hjujhw ,ho.bydfkt k[bcf lf7 itcf’kjf7 vst-
vjrfvfst7 hjvtkvfw .dtkf gj- kb vcjakbjcbw84 ye lf-
kbnbrehb jgjytynb lffvf- ufdbo.lt,fs7 hjv tc cbn.-
hw[f 2 nhjwrb7 pbyjdbt- dt,b !)#% otkc lfbothf7
db7 ,e[fhbyb lf c[dt,b8 3cnf- fye rfhuf [ybs flht7 dblht
kbybc cnbmbf7 2 othc   sfdbc yt,fc fhf
 2 vfcff8 vfy rfhufl v[jkjl cfresfh mdt.fyfc7
itbcofdkf veifsf rkfcbc fhfvtl vstk gkfytnfc erf-
vsdktvfht acbmjkjubf8 bc hyf[t,lf8

 t8 o8 3cbrdlbkbc vfnxb4 

 bctsbdt cf,zjsf vbsbf7 hj- 

ujhw7 vfufkbsfl7 gfdkbr
vjhjpjdbc bcnjhbf +lqt- 
 cfw fhfdby bwbc7 cbyfvldb- 
 ktib dby lf hbcsdbc vj- 
 rkf tc ,bzeyf‘8 rfyjybpt-
,ekb dthcbbc sfyf[vfl7 rb- 
 tdbc 3lbyfvjc4 lfn.dtdt,e- 
 kvf vjsfvfitt,vf uthvf- 
 yekb cfv[tlhj fdbfwbbc
ueylsfy thsb vfnxb xffnf-

 htc8 vfs vc[dbkb fyufhbibs 
 vjbutc lf sfvfibc itvltu 
sthsvtnbdt lf[dhbntc8 fv
,tdhb kbnthfnjhbcf lf vjdbrdktds7 itdbn.j,s7 hjv hsj rke,t,blfy8 vfnxc7 hj- veifj,f uffuh’tktc8
dthcbbc vb[tldbs uflfbqtc
bcnjhbrjcbcsdbc nhflb- cfmfhsdtkjc rg wr-bc gbhdt- vtkptw xdty dcfe,hj,s7 ut- ufvjlbc7 fhfdby lfpfhf-
kb vlbdybc gjcnblfy ibycf[- v[fndhekb abkvb 3vtcfvt
wbfl bmwf #_-bfyb okt,bc kt,ekf0 fhf7 lfpfhfklf7
,jkjc yt,bcvbthb flfvbfybc rjvib uflfcdkf  lblb nfbvb48 rbtdbc 3lbyfvjc4 hvfytkt,vf 3vfnx-htdfyib4
eojltc8 bub !)$@ okbc pf- vfuhfv tc vfnxblfy hfvltybvt
lfqegdfcf se ,eyt,hbd cb- tysepbfpvbs fh vbeqbf8 fvf- cnflbjybc rfhb,ztcsfy rb
a[ekib ufbvfhsf lf rbtdt- sdbc itvltu vj[lf8 
rdlbkib  lf  pt cfrvfjl lfodhbkt,bs vju- jvbc itvltu uvbhb at[,eh-
kt,bcsdbc vfhskfw v’bvt db-  lf 3lbyfvjc4 rbltd cf-
 lflfyfifekt,f8 fv nhf- dbs[hj,c sfdbc vtvefht,ib  stkt,bc ]ueaehb ’tukb
fqvfhstc8 wtynhib wyj,b- sfht,fib vbvlbyfhtj,lf 2 vb vjsfvfit gfhnbpfyt,bc
lbwbfc vtvefhbcnt,bw vbc-  tctw hjv fh b.jc7 sf- uthvfytkb jabwht,bsf lf vjhbub lbdthcbbc itvltu
ltdty8 hbqt,bc it]tht,f fv 3dthcbb- kb vtrfht  ,e-
hsbs [tkib8 abkvcf lf ]fhbcrfwt,bs cfdct7 sbsmjc fstekj,bs vidblj,bfy rb-
lfy4 mdfc mdfpt fqfh njdt,c8 ltybs lfve[nekb nhb,eyt-
 !)_$
,tdh ge,kbrfwbfib ufycf- tdtksfy thsfl v’tdkt,fl
 ibyfufy cf-
otkc lfb,flf8 !)@$ okb- ,b7 uthvfytkb vcf]b lf cfj- lf[dhbntc8 fh fhbc ufvjhb-
mvtsf cf[fk[j rjvbchbc gb- resht,bs fqbybiyt,f7 hjv
lfy cfv[tlhj vahbyfdb
hdtk vjflubktl !)#( okbc  hjvtkcfw rf-
regfwbj [tkbceakt,bc w[ekb7 hjv fvfib ufhrdt-
b.j7 !)#_ okblfy 2 va-
fudbcnjc ,jkjc lfbybiyf8 fv hufl tcvjlf fctsb cfmwbt-
ptojkf7 hjvtkbw rbtdt- ekb hjkb vfnx-htdfyipt
hbyfdb-ufvjvwltkb8 !)#^-
lhjbcsdbc  ,tlb7 af- kbc cfcbrdlbkj cfahs[t7
kt,bcfufy vfnxbc ofut,fc vbcvf cfmwbtkvfw itfchekf8
#* okt,ib vfy gbhdtkvf uf- ueylbc lfyfhxtyb at[,eh-
yf[jhwbtkf gbhlfgbhb uf- mnj,hbdfl7 uflfo.dtnbkb b.j8 uthvfytkb vcf]bc vbth lf-
vjbs[jdlf8 
bvfdt okbc ( ltrtv,thc  fvbc vbe[tlfdfl7 vfhskfw fb- stkt,bcsdbc fhfathb lf-
lfahtyf vjcrjdb-xhlb- ybiyekb gtyfknb fbqj8 qj 3cfcbrdlbkj4 gtyfknb7
 3cfresfhb s[jdybs4 uff- afmnj,hbdfl7 fvfdt dthcb- eifdt,bfs8
kjts gjkecb-fvthbrf7
sfdbceaktc lf vbc flubkpt vfuhfv 3vtcfvt nfbvb47 fye .dtkfpt cfbynthtcj fv,t-
fc bvtjht,lf smdty vbth [ct- lf[dhtnf fv sfvfic fh vj/- ,b rbtdbc ufsfdbceakt,bc
hbcsdbcfw cf,zjsf rfdib-
 lffvnrbwtc8 utrb- yt,ekb ntktcbe;tnbw8
hbc uvbhj,f vbtybzf8 
s[t,bs7 hfnjv  fhf7 .jkbf8 at[,ehstkt,b gehbc itvltu vj[lf8 3lbyfvjc4 at-
 vfhskfw cfhut,kj- hf fhbc fm cbvfhskt lf mfh[fyfib lff,heytc7 cflfw
,lf  ufycfresht- serb7 hjujhw vbcb idbkb fv- hf 2 ufvjyfujyb0 [,ehstkt,b 3cbrdlbkbc
,ekb rtsbkufyo.j,bs8 cf- lfrh’fkdbcfc athakbfyb nrbwt,c7  cojhtl vbc cbvfhsktf7 hjv uthvfyt- itvltu4 uvbht,fl ufvjfw-
ehyf c[dt,sfy thsfl  lfybidyfc fgbht,lf0 ituf[ct- kt,bc vbth rbtdbc fqt,bc- [fltc7 vfuhfv888 bcbyb wjw[-
rvfhbcbf bsmdfc7 hjv cbwj-
 vj/mjylf8 yt,s7  !% ltrtv,t- kt,b b.dyty= lf fb7 lfbo.j
w[ktibdt +!)#* otkc‘  sfyfdt 3lbyfvjc4 at[,eh-
f[kf smdtyc lfyfhxty rb- hc lfbqegf8 vstk erhfbyfib lbyfvjt-
 cf[tkb tojlf vbc stkt,b lffgfnbvhtc +ea-
s[dt,c degfce[t,8 vahbyfdbc fqfhfathc dbn.dbs bvfpt7 ksf ’t,yf8 cfmvtib ib-
vij,kbeh cjatkc7 rey’e- hj pecnfl7 bynthybht,e-
hjv  ,ho.bydfkt va- ycf[rjvbw xfthsj7 ufcfut-
   

kc ijhtekb fqvjcfdkt- lfqegdfcsfy  rfd- kb bmyty‘8 bcbyb gehbc mf-

sbc cfyfgbhjcsfy lf mfkfm
jhty,ehuc +[heixjdvf m8 xrf-
kjdc ’dtkb cf[tkb lfe,-
hbyfdb-ghjatcbjyfkb b.j7
ibhbc dthcbbc ufy[bkdfc fp-
[jkj  2 fhfyfrkt, ,h-
hb fh fmdc8 vbsevtntc7 hjv
o.bydfkt xtrbcnb-ghjatcbj-
bub fhwthsb fdnjhbc vbth fh
yfkb7 jhufyjt,ib cfvcf[ehbc
,bf7 hf vbpybs8 fv 3yflbhj-
h[ybc nthbnjhbfpt /.fd-
,fv4 yfobkj,hbd itltub uf-
lfs +ufhts ufcdkbc eakt-
,bc ufhtit‘ lf fveifdt,lyty7 vjbqj 2 hfvltybvt flfvbf-


heyf`8 !)#( okbc lfcfo.b-
cib  3rjv,hbubc4
ojlt,f vbfybztc +ittcf,fvt,f
utythfk-ktbntyfync‘8 bub
!)#( okbc !% ltrtv,thc
lfbqegf gjkbrfhgjdbc rj-
ycnhemwbbc f[fkb ufvfyfl-
ueht,kbc B-!(_-bc ufvjw-
lbcfc8 cbrdlbkbc itvltu
 ufycfresht,ekb
gfnbdb thuj7 hjvtkbw gj-
kbn,behjc .dtkf otdhc
hjlb qbhct,bf 2 bub rht-
vkbc rtltksfy lfrh’fktc7
fhbc vjnbdbht,ekb8 vfh-
skfw7 se vjbijhf 2 hf vb-
ptpbs0 cgjhnekb bynthtcbc
ufvj0  vcufdcb
,hfklt,t,bc of.tyt,f7 cek
vwbht7 fhfcthbjpekbf8
itvltub cfdfhfelj 3vrd-
ktkb4  uf-
[kfds8 fm sbsmjc vjnbdbw
fhct,j,c8  rjvbchbc gj-
cnbcfrty vbbkndjlf7 
 rb fv gjcnbcsdbc 
 fvpflt,lf8 vfuhfv7
se fv cfmvtc .ehflqt,bs uf-
vhfdfkokbfyb cnf;bs8 et-
zdtkbf7 ,tkflbc fhxtdfyb coj-
htl fvfy ufyfgbhj,f8 lblb va-
hbyfdb fdbfrfnfcnhjafib lf-
bqegf7 hfw fhwse bidbfsfl
[lt,jlf8 c[dfsfijhbc7 fv fdf-
hbbc itvltu fsj,bs flfvbf-
yb7 hjvkt,bw cnfkbybc itdf-
hlybc erfyfcrytk ufahtyfc fv-
pflt,lyty7 lffgfnbvhtc lf uf-
fcfvfhsktc7 vfs ijhbc fdbf-
rjycnhemnjhb gjkbrfhgjdb
lf cffdbfwbj mfh[ybc lbhtm-
njhb ecfxjdb8
sevwf7 mfh[ybc vjtlfypt df- yb fqvjfxbytc8 bcbyb7 cfdf-
h]bibc cfiefkt,fc f’kt- hfeljl7 ijhtek ,fyfrt,ib
lfbqegyty8 c[dt,b cfueklf-
dlyty8 uthvfytkt,sfy rbt-
uekjl itbybq,yty7 udfht,b
dtkt,vf thsb rb fhf7 hfv-
ufvjbwdfktc lf okt,bc
ltybvt vfnxb xffnfhtc wdf-
ufyvfdkj,fib ufvelvt,bs
kt,flb ofhvfnt,bs7 sevwf7
bwdkblyty flubkcfv.j-
it[dtlhfsf evhfdktcj,f
atkc8 fv;fvfl 
uthvfytkt,bc lfvfhw[t,bs
lfvsfdhlf7 hfw ,eyt,hbdbf
 vjyfobkt fhwthsb
2 rbtdtkt,b7 afmnj,hb-
rbtdtkb at[,ehstkb wj-
dfl7 ghjatcbjyfkt,b b.d-
w[fkb fqfh fhbc8
fb7 fctsbf t8 o8 3cbrdlb-
yty7 uthvfytkt,b rb 2 vj.- kbc vfnxbc4 vjrkt bcnj-
dfhekt,b fhvbbc cfat[,e- hbf8


3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 cfufvjvwtvkj cf[kb8 dt,-udthlb bynthytnib5 www. asavali.com tk-ajcnf5 mail@asavali.com

18 
      
atbc,emb5 www. facebook.com/Asavali.com ufvjlbc @__# okbc * fghbkblfy8


sbyfsby7 bubdt sbyf7 bubdt sbrf ,jrexfdf
uf[cjds0 vjbwflts7 f[kfdt ufuf[ctyt,s5 


7 hjvtkbw sfdbcb enbafhb
ufyw[flt,t,bs cfpjufljt,bc lbl yfobkc bct
fqbpbfyt,lf7 hjv f[fkb sfj,bc 
 rb itfhmdtc8
vfbyw dth b[ctyt,s0
yfwltgenfnb 
 fhfv[jkjl enbafhb lf
bcnthbekb gjkbnbrehb ufy-
w[flt,t,bs7 fhfvtl enbafhb
lf bcnthbekb mvtlt,t,bsfw
ufvjbhxtjlf8 vfufkbsfl7 @_!*
otkc sfdbceakt,bc vjtlfy-
pt ufvfhsek fmwbfpt7 hjwf yf-
wfmnbdbcnt,b s,bkbcbc cfr-
ht,ekjc ityj,fib itzhfc kf-
vj,lyty7 gjkbwbf rb fvbc cf-
iefkt,fc fh f’ktdlf7 ,jre-
xfdf kbsjybc ]t,bhpt f’dhf
lf wlbkj,lf7 cfvfhsfk-
lfvwfdsf rjhljyc sfdpt uf-
lf[njvjlf7 sfy gjkbwbt-
kt,c e.dbhjlf 2 3rjnbrj
fh ofb.dfyjs4=
rjnbrj  
mvfhbf 2 
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc otd-
hb lf gfhnbbc byntktmnef-
kehb cf[t7 hjvtkvfw ths-th-
sb cfntktdbpbj ufvjcdkbcfc
ufyfw[flf 2 btcj mhbcntc
aekbs cfdct mbcf xfeltc lf
bct lfbzbhtcj=
fhw f[kf ufuf[ctylfs 

  bc yfwlt-
genfnbf7 hjvtkvfw @_@! ot-
kc7 gfhkfvtynib ibyfufy cfm-
vtsf vbybcnhbc df[nfyu ujvt-
kfehbc cnevhj,bcfc7 vjby-
ljvf7 cgbrthfnbcfsdbc ufy-
resdybk pjyfib7 hjujhw
hjv lfyf 2 rfhfmib7 bct itz-
hbkb.j lf gfhkfvtynbc sfd-
v]ljvfhbc cfdfh’kbc jregfwbf
vjt[lbyf7 vfuhfv vfylfneht,-
sfy vjzblfdt yfwmfkc fvbc cf-
iefkt,f 
 fh vbcwf8 gfhkfvtynbc lqt-
dfyltkvf sfdv]ljvfhtv7 hj-
vtkbw vfiby hbubsb ltgenf-
nb b.j7 ,jrexfdfc vrthlmdt-
if fhtib vrkfdt,b cfkntcf-
dbs itvj[dbf7 ,ev,ekbdbs
fbnfwf lf cgbrthfnbc vfqkj-
,blfy gktyfhekb c[ljvbc
lf,kj,pt xfvjcdf8
df/vt7 rbltd fh vjufujylfs
 
  bc yfwlt-
genfnbf7 hjvtkbw cffrfidb-
kbc obyffqvltu fq’hek ths-
ths cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc cfm-
vtib abuehbht,c 2 fb7 bvfib7
yfwt,b 3gb]frt,bc cfmvtl4
hjv yfskfdty7 htfkehfl rb7
cf[tkvobaj ,be]tnblfy )
___ ___ kfhbc ufakfyudbc
cfmvtf8 rth’jl7 ths-ths lj-
revtynib7 hjvtkbw cf[tkvob-
aj lfwdbc cgtwbfkehb cfvcf-
[ehbc ,be]tnblfy sfy[t,bc
fhfvbpyj,hbd [fh]dfc t[t,f7
drbs[ekj,s +cnbkb lf gey-
mnefwbf chekfl fhbc lfwe-
kb8 htl‘5 3xdty mdtvjs [tkbc-
vjvothyvf7 cfmfhsdtkjc cf-
[tkvobaj lfwdbc cgtwbfke-
hb cfvcf[ehbc sfyfvihjvkt,-
vf d8rbkf’tv7 h8kfafxbidbkvf
lf d8dfhljcfyb’tv7 itdflubyts
obyfvlt,fht fmnb vfcptl7 hjv

yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc

utythfkehb vlbdfyb
gfhnbf 3cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc4
[tkbceakt,bc lfrfhudblfy
!_ okbcsfdpt7 yfwbjyfkehb
vj’hfj,f dth fwyj,btht,c7 hf
b.j vfsb itwljvt,b8 fhfse
dth fsdbswyj,btht,c7 fhfvtl
itwljvt,c thsb-thsib bvtj-
ht,c8 3F[FKB SFJ,F4
 



cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpb-
ltynbc lfdfkt,bs
d8dfhljcfyb’bc vbth
igc 3pfhfa[fyfib4
it’tybkb cfvrfekb5
rekjyb 2 ! wfkb
lf wtgb 2 ! wfkb7 sfhbqt,ekb lf     sdfkib tx[bht,jlf7 ths,fifl
yfvldbkfl uflft- [tkc ptvjs[ct- hbs lfbvcf[ehf 'dbhafcb cf- ufmhf7 lfbrfhuf lf fqfhcfl
wf ghtpbltync yt,ekb gbht,b xemfhb ghtpbltyn cffrfidb- xfyc 2 fhw ntktdbpjhib uf-
cnevhbc sbrf fothty8 kbcfufy7 hjvtkvfw vfc jmhjc vjlbc7 fhw gfhkfvtynbc c[-
,jrexfdfc lf- w[flbf7 'tordb lf rekjyb fhf cfre- ljvt,pt lflbc7 fhw yfwvj’hf-
cfcfxemht,- xdty fh db- sfhb ]b,blfy7 fhfvtl cf[tkv- j,bc fmwbt,ib vjyfobktj,c7
kfl48 fmnb wbs7  obaj ,be]tnbc [fh]pt e.blf7 ltgenfnbc vfylfnc rkbybrf
@_!! okbc  vfuhfv afmnbf7 hjv  73dbdfvtlib4 cffrfidbkbc vjcf-
^ vfhnbs  cffrfidbkbcfufy atimfifl yf[ekt,kflfw rb fh b.tyt,c
fhbc lf- fhfv[jkjl cfvrfekb7 fhfvtl lf vjyf[ekt,fc dby xbdbc7 ,t-
yfwvj’hfj,bc cfgfhkfvtynj kflbc v[fhlfvzth ufyw[flt-
cbfib ufvcdktkb flubkb lf ,t,cfw rb fqfh frtst,c8
ltgenfnbc vfylfnbw vbbqj8 obyfcffhxtdyj gthbjlb
f[kf vfbyw se ufb[ctyts hjv b.jc7 rfwb babmht,lf 2
   hjujhw ths-th-
ufuf[ctylfs7 ufuf[ctylfs= sb jlbjpehb lf cfpjuflj-
/jlf7 'fkbfy rfhub= t,bc ufvqbpbfyt,tkb abue-
vfiby f[kf bvfcfw utn.- hf7 yfwgfhnbfv cfufyut,jl
dbs7 hbs lfbvcf[ehf xdtyb uflfvfkfj7 vfuhfv cfmfhsdt-
vflkj,f  kjib fhxtdyt,b ,jkjc @_@!
cfmvt bc fhbc7 hjv futh er- otkc b.j7 vjvltdyj rb @_@$
dt otkboflpt vtnbf7  okfvlt fh bmyt,f8
   vfi7 cfl lf hfnjv ufmhf 
 hjvtkbw ntkttr- 
hfyt,blfy fh xfvjlbjlf lf hbc ufvj xfvjijhlf vupyt-
cfpjufljt,fc ufvelvt,bs ,fht gjkbnbreh w[jdht,fc0
hf vbptpbs fqfh fvfuht,c
,jkj lhjc thsj, vjhqdte-
kb lf vjaf[af[t,ekb vij,-
kbehb yfwgfhnbbc hbut,c0
lfyfvldbkt,bs dthfathc
dbn.dbs7 vfuhfv itcf’kjf7
fvbc vbptpb sbyf ,jrexfdfc
gbhfl w[jdht,fib vjv[lfhb
wdkbkt,f b.jc 2 vfc @_@@
okbc itvjlujvfpt n.egb
df;b itt’byf7 thsb df;b vf-
yfvltw /.fdlf lf fo erdt cf-
vb idbkbc ltlfc7 hjujhw
xfyc7 gjkbnbrbcfsdbc fqfh
w[tkf8
dby bwbc7 
cfresfhb gjkbnbrehb ofh-
cekbw uflffafcf7 bvfcfw vb[-
dlf7 hjv yfwbjyfkehb vj’hf-
j,f chekb egthcgtmnbdj,b-
cfsdbc fhbc ufyobhekb lf uf-
lfo.dbnf7 j]f[ehb blbkbbs

lfnr,tc8
fct se bct7 vflkj,f sbyf

,jrexfdfc7 hjv gjkbnbre-
hb fcgfhtpblfyfw ufmhf7 vt-
lbfcbdhwblfyfw ufexbyfhlf
lf cfpjufljt,fc ythdt,c

fqfh eikbc=
lffcdtyf [fk[b lf lfbcdt-
yf sdbsjyfw=

rb7 yfvldbkfl vflkj,f
tresdybc fvbcfsdbc 


rfhub bmyt,f7  
 vfufkbsb c[df njmcbreh
yfwmfkt,cfw uflftljs lf mfh-

sekb gjkbnbrblfy kbfrf
[jinfhbf7 trf [th[tekb’t7

[fnbf ltrfyjb’t lf cfkjvt
cfvflfidbkbw ufmhyty=

   
   







itltufl vjrkekb stvbhkfy
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
gfyrbcib cgtwjgthfwbbc
vfxfkbrfidbkbc vfvf
otdhb
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc

otdhb
otdhb
otdhb
 lblb yt,bcvbthb flfvbfyb7 dbyw
 elb-  yfwb-
  lfegb- 'fkbfy vfbynthtct,c7 fv
[fybf7 xfhsekbf erhfbybc jyfkehb vj’hfj,bcsdbc
ltcb lfvcf[eht,f fmdc cfmfh- hbcgbhlt,f7 vbcfcfkvt,tkbf flfvbfyt,bcufy gfce[b 2
ghj,ktvff7 fv rjyabuehfwb-
bctsb hf fmdc lfyfifekb
ltjregfwbbcsdbc ,h’jkf-
sdtkjc obyfit7 vfc vj[lbkb ib7 rfhufl uf[cjds7 hjv it- 2 hectsbc ue,thybf [lt,bs
fib gfhnbf ufyobhekbf vel-
fmdc cbc[kbc cfvfhskt,hbdb vjlujvfpt xfnfhlf lblb rjy- vbdfl jgjpbwbfib .jaybcs- fy  hj-  hjv
gfce[bcvut,kj,fw8 uhtcb7 hjvtkibw dfyjw vj- dbc8 vtkc fbhxtdlbs0 fh lf dth gfnbj,s0=
3GBHDTKB FH[B4 yfobktj,lf8 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3GFKBNHFYBECB4 3FKBF4
19
 


sehmtscf lf cbhbfib
vjv[lfhb lfvfyuhtdtkb


vbobc’dhbc ajypt7 hfcfw
lblb vc[dthgkb vj/.df7
wyj,bkb vtwybthb lf
ltvjuhfab 



cfmfhsdtkjcf lf vbc
itvjufhtyib vjv[lfhb
,eyt,hbdb
rfnfrkbpvt,bc
bcnjhbfcf lf ,eyt,fpt

cfe,hj,c lf fw[flt,c7
hjv cjv[tssfy lf
fpth,fb]fysfy
itlfht,bs7
cfmfhsdtkjib
vbobc’dht,bc hfjltyj,f
vwbhtf5

2 vbobc’dhbc ufvjvodtdb vb-

ptpt,bc f[cyf vcjakbjib
ths-thsvf gbhdtkvf elbltc-
vf ,th’tyvf abkjcjajcvf
 cwflf7 hjvtk-
vfw ufvjsmdf vjcfpht,f7 hjv
vbobc’dhfc bodtdc fnvjcat-
hekb uhbufkb7 hjvtkbw it-
bzht,f ltlfvbobc qhet,cf lf
ufvjmdf,ekt,ib7 bm fhct,ekb
wtw[kbs uf’kbthlt,f7 t[ts-


mt,f rtlkt,c lf bodtdc vbobc-
’dhfc8 fhbcnjntktc tc vjcfp-


ht,f7 hf smvf eylf7 ufpbfht-
,ekb fh fhbc8 c[df ,tdhb 'dt-
kb vtwybthbw wlbkj,lf vb-


obc’dhbc vbptpt,bc f[cyfc7 vfu-
hfv bcbyb v[jkjl fv lfvfyu-
htdtkb vjdktybc fqothfc se
f[th[t,lyty8 fewbkt,tkbf7 db-


wjlts7 hjv ltlfvbobc tdj-
kewbbc ths-ths vybidytkj-
dfy /bgjstpfl vbxytekbf rjy-


nbytynbc lhtbabc stjhbf7
hjvkbc sfyf[vflfw lff[kj-
t,bs #__ vbkbjyb okbc ob-

yfs fhct,j,lf thsbfyb rjy-
nbytynb 2  lf thsbf-
yb jrtfyt 2  hjv-
kt,bw itvltu lfb.j8 wyj,b-
kbf7 hjv erfyfcrytkb [esfcb
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib vcjakb-
jib vbobc’dht,vf lff[kjt,bs
$ vbkbjy %__ fsfcb flfvbf-
ybc cbwjw[kt itbobhf8 cfib-
ytkb b.j vt[brjc7 kbcf,jybc7
cfy-ahfywbcrjc7 xbktcf lf
njrbjc vbobc’dht,b8 




  
  
  


erblt,tk ntmnjyeh abkfpt7
hjvtksf it]f[t,fvfw e[cjdfh
lhjib ofhvjidf /bvfkfb7 rfd-
rfcbjyb7 fkgt,b7 rfhgfnt,b lf
f8i8 ufvjsdkbkbf7 hjv vbobc-
’dht,bc (_ ghjwtynb lff[kj-
t,bs o.yfhb jrtfybc feppt vj-
lbc8
2 cfmfhsdtkjib vjv[lf-
hb vbobc’dht,blfy .dtkfpt
eahj hjvtkc ufvjfhxtd-
lbs0
2 vtwybtht,c lfsdkbkb lf
itcofdkbkb fmds e’dtktcb
lhjblfy !)*% okfvlt cfmfh-
sdtkjib vjv[lfhb .dtkf vb-

obc’dhf lf lfcrdyf thsbf 2
cfmfhsdtkjib ,tdhfl yfrkt-
,b vbobc’dhff vjv[lfhb7 dbl-
ht vtpj,tk cjv[tscf lf fpth-
,fb]fyib= vtwybtht,bcsdbc
wyj,bkbf 
 itcf[t,8 hfw itt-
[t,f 3mfhskbc w[jdht,fib4
fqothbk gbhdtk lbl vbobc’-
dhfc7 hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjib
vj[lf7 tc b.j !_() otkc7 pec-
nfl lfdbs fqvfityt,kbc uf-
vtat,bc ;fvc7 hjvtkvfw vst-
kb cfmfhsdtkj itfh.bf lf
wb[t-mfkfmb svjudb lffyuhbf8
  wjw[-
kfl lfvfh[f lblb atjlfkb
 ctbcvj-
kjut,bc ufsdkbs7 lfdbs fq-
vfityt,kbc ufvtat,bc lhjc7
!_() otkc7 cfmfhsdtkjib (-
,fkbfyb vbobc’dhf vj[lf= ea-
hj 'kbthb lf lfvfyuhtdtkb
b.j !@*% okbc !$ fghbkc vjv-
[lfhb vw[tsbc vbobc’dhf7 hjv-
kbc vfuybnelf ) thstekc fq-
otdlf8 vw[tsfib 'kbthb vbobc-
’dhf !#!( otkcfw ufyvtjhlf7
hfcfw cfrfstlhj nf’hbc
yuhtdf vj/.df8






lfvfyuhtdtkb b.j !*$@
okbc  
hjwf fkfdthlbcf lf ybyjovby-
lbc nf’ht,b xfvjbyuhf7 lblj7
kfkbc.ehb lf [jlfityb sf-
dbc wb[tt,bfyfl lfbyuhf8 rf-
[tsib lfvfyuhtdtkb vbobc’d-
ht,b !*%^ lf !(!! okt,ibw
ufyvtjhlf8 !()) otkc fctdt
'kbthb vbobc’dhf lfabmcbh-
lf f[fkmfkfmibw7 vfuhfv vfc
vwbht vfcinf,bc yuhtdf vj/.df8
!)@_ okbc @_ st,thdfkc
!!5$% cffspt 'kbthb vbobcm-
dtif ,b’ut,b lfabmcbhlf ujh-
ib7 hjvtkvfw cjatk ,tsktvcf
lf [blbcsfdib yuhtdf ufvjbo-
dbf8 ufycfresht,bs cfufyufij
b.j qfvbc __5_! cffspt lfabm-
cbht,ekb ,b’ut,b7 hjvkbc
vfuybnelfw ^7@ ,fkc7 [jkj
byntycbdj,f (-) thstekc el-
hblf8 cjatk ,tsktvib [fk-
[b ufvjfqdb’f vboblfy ofvj-
cekvf cfibytkvf [vfv888 [fk[b
mexfib ufvjwdbdlf7 efvhfdb it-
yj,f lfbyuhf8 !)@_ okbc @_



 vcjakbjib .dt-
kfpt vtnb7 otkboflib lff[-
kjt,bs ^ fsfcb7 vbobc’dhf


bfgjybbc mfkfm vfwecbhjib
[lt,f8
2 vfbyw hf ufyfgbhj,t,c


vbobc’dhfc fvf se bv rjyrh-
tnek kjrfwbfpt lf cfl
[lt,f .dtkfpt vtnfl vbobc-


’dhf0
2 vbobc’dhbc fk,fsj,f .dt-
kfpt eahj [ibhbf bv flub-
kfc7 cflfw ltlfvbobc ntmnj-
ybrehb abkt,b thsvfytsc
ethslt,f8 cfe,fhbf fs lfvj-



vbylf7 lf- s,bkbcbc hf lfvfdb- xtvsfy7

ctbcvjkjub










ctbcvjkjub7 ghjatcjhb

gjtnb

;ehyfkbcnb

ufvidbljs7 utjkjubf o.t,c7 fudbc- hjujhw

njc jvbc itv-
fh fhbc bct
sehmtsbc
vbobc’dhf ltu  veif[t-
cfmfhsdt- vjo.j,bkb7  dbsj- kb7 veif-
kjib dthf- hjv lbl lf- vw fhfathbj7 j,ty 
athc ufvj- ndbhsdt,c  hjv 
ufe’kjc7 cfstdpfjl
 lf hj-
bodtdc7 'f-
kbfy ijhcff vbbodbf8 vfiby
lf c[df cn- wfsfv,]t- vfc fhfthsvf ujhw ne-
hemnehbcff8 thsflthsb htfkehb sfdlfw- yt,bc fityt,f lfeidt,tkbf8 sehmt- kblthvf vb/,f’f8 vfibyfw hjv fctsb ths- hbcnb7 xfvjlbc  hectsb ]th
df fhbc ctbcvjvtltub vityt,kj,f7 ctbcvehb sbc vbobc’dhf vjcfkjlytkb b.j7 cf- cekjdyt,f .jabkb.j7 hjujhbw lqtcff7 ge- rbltd f’ktdc sfdbc sfdc eakt,fc lf
cfahs[bc cojhfl itafct,f7 t8o8 ctbcvehb cfa- nbyb fvltyc fqfh uf,tlfdlf8 xdtyb rbltd th-
vtwybthj ohtv bwjlf7 hjv vj[lt,j- rbltd lblb [fyb vbcwtvc7 ths-thsb
hs[bc hert,bc cojhfl fut,f7 hjvtkcfw itv-
lf8 cfcehdtkb nehbcnb b.jc8
s[tk jvib xf,vf [th[tvfkib uflfvndhtdf
ltu eylf lftae’yjc ctbcvjvtltub vityt,kj- bmyt,jlf8 fvfc dtqfh uflfdbnfylbs8
,f8 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3FKBF4

20  
 


st,thdfkc vjv[lfhb vbobc’d-
hbc itvltu ujhib lfepbfyt-


,tkb v[jkjl jhb ityj,f bl-
uf=
2 lqtvlt ktutylt,b lf-


lbc nf,fo.ehbc vbobc’dhf-
pt=
2 nf,fo.ehib 'kbthb vb-
obc’dhf !)$_ okbc * vfbcc


@@5@# cffspt vj[lf8 vbobc’d-
hfvlt [fk[b cfibytkvf ueuey-
vf lfpfahf7 hjvtkbw vbobc
obfqblfy bcvjlf8 
 byntycbdj,f (
,fkc elhblf8 vybidytkjdyfl
lfpbfylf cjatkb nf,fo.ehb7
lfbyuhf vt-!@ cfereybc trkt- 
cbf888















    resht,bs lfvfyuhtdtkb uf[-
!%5@! cffspt7 ( ,fkbc bynty- klfs !)(( okbc * ltrtv,-
cbdj,bc vbobc’dhf vj[lf vfh- hbc  hf-


ndbkbc hfbjyib7 cflfw cja- cfw @% fsfcb flfvbfybc cb-
kt,b 2 cfk[byj7 ,fklf lf uf- wjw[kt ittobhf8 mdt.fyfv !*


ztlbkb lfpbfylf8 lff[kjt- vbkbfhl ljkfhfvlt pfhfkb
,bs bvfdt cbv’kfdhbc vbobc’d- yf[f7 $__ lfcf[kt,ekb geym-
hf lfabmcbhlf   nb vbofcsfy ufcojhlf8 vc[-


  !)5$% cffspt7 fzf- dthgkbc vfqfkb vfxdtyt,tkb
hf-uehbfib7 hf lhjcfw lfpb- ufvjodtekb b.j e[fhbc[j it-
fylf cjakt,b 2 ]b[fy]thb7 yj,t,bs8


wtw[kfehb7 ve[ftcnfnt lf7 2 itcf’kt,tkbf se fhf
ufycfresht,bs7 fkfv,fhb8 vbobc’dhbc ghjuyjpbht,f0
2 pecnfl fhf7 vfuhfv7 lb-


   
!(5@* cffspt7 ) ,fkbc bynty- lb fk,fsj,bs7 itcf’kt,t-
cbdj,bc vbobc’dhf lfabmcbh- kbf= fct7 vfufkbsfl7 !)*(

lf cjatk x[fksfib8 f,frdfib7
foufhfib7 gnbicf lf htrdfib
vbobc’dhfv ) ,fkb itflubyf888
x[fksbc vbobc’dhfv [fk[b cf-
ojkt,blfy uflvj.fhf7 vbofib
epfhvfpfhb yf[tsmt,b ufxylf7
lblb vc[dthgkbcufy v[jkjl
bvfy lfudbafhf7 hjv ptvj[ct-
yt,ek cjakt,ib erkt,kbd
.dtkf cf[kb [bc b.j8 vjcf[kt-
j,f cjakt,blfy lfe.jdyt,-
kbd ufb.dfytc888 vfiby x[fksf-
cf lf vbc itvjufhtyib ,tdhb
o.fhj cfthsjl lfihf lf ufm-
hf7 [jkj pjufy o.kbc lt,b-
nb7 fye ufvjcfdfkb7 'fkbfy uf-
bpfhlf8 vbxytekbf7 hjv cfv[-
hts rfdrfcbfib fhwths c[df vb-
obc’dhfc bct fh itewdkbf ht-
kbtab7 hjujhw tc 

vfh[f8 vbobc’dhbc tgbwtynh-
ib byntycbdj,f ) ,fkb b.j8
vfcj,hbdb yuhtdbc vbe[tlf-
dfl7 lblb vc[dthgkb sfdblfy
fwbkt,ekb bmyf v[jkjl bvb-
njv7 hjv bluf rfhub fvbylb7
vjcf[ktj,f dtkfl uf[klfs
ufcekb cfufpfa[ekj cfveif-
jt,bc itcfchekt,kfl7 [jkj
ufrdtsbkt,pt b.j itcdtyt,f lf
vjofatt,b vfcj,hbdfl crjkt-
,bc tpjt,ib b.dyty ufvjatyb-
kb8
2 @__@ okbc @% fghbkc7
@@5$% cffspt7 s,bkbcib lf-
hf7 hjvkbc byntycbdj,fw ^
,fkb b.j8
2 fv vbobc’dhfv ufycfres-
ht,bs lffpfhf mfkfmbc 'dtkb
e,yt,b lf itbobhf % flfvbfyb8
fvfsufy pjuc uekb ufecrlf7
[jkj pjub ityj,blfy uflvj[-
njvbc lhjc lfbqegf8 cfsf-
yflj uffyufhbit,bc vb[tldbs7
!*_-okbfyb lfrdbhdt,bc gthb-
jlib7 s,bkbcib ^-,fkbfyb
vbobc’dhf w[hf]th vj[lf9 @)_
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib cfv]th lf-
abmcbhlf *-,fkbfyb vbobc’d-
hf7 [jkj ^)_ okbc ufyvfdkj-
,fib ths[tk 2 (-,fkbfyb8 fh-
ct,ekb vjyfwtvt,bc sfyf[vfl7
s,bkbcib7 ufvjyfrkbcbc ufh-
lf7 'kbthb vbobc’dht,b fh lf-
abmcbht,ekf8
2 hfc bn.dbs cjv[tspt7
hjvtkbw ctbcvehfl ufycf-
resht,bs fmnbeh htubjy-
ibf0
2 (%!7 (%(7 (^# lf ()#
okt,ib cjv[eh mfkfm ldbyib
js[b e’kbthtcb vbobc’dhf
vj[lf lf mfkfmb vbofcsfy ufc-
ojhlf8 cjv[t,b b’ekt,ekb
uf[lyty7 ltlfmfkfmb ldbyblfy
fybcib uflftnfyfs8 (%! otkc
cjv[tsib7 3gehbcf lf vfhb-
kbc4 qfvtc7 vj[lf vbobc’dhf7
hjvtkvfw lff[kjt,bs !@ fsf-
cb flfvbfyb vbofib wjw[kfl
xfvfh[f= !^*) okbc 
 lfvfyuhtdtkb b.j8
vfy ( fsfcb rfwb bvc[dthgkf
lf thtdfysfy thsfl cjv[ehb
cjakt,b 2 rfyfrthb7 yjhfub-
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vc[dthgkbs lfcheklf !(@*
okbc ofqrf’jhbc7 !($_ okbc
2 fhfhfnbc7 !)@^ okbc 2 kt-
ybyfrfybc7 !)#! okbc 2 pfy-
utpehbc7 !)#* okbc 2 thtd-
ybcf lf !)(( okbc 2 pfyut-
pehbc vbobc’dht,bw8 ufycf-
otkc xbytsib7 rth’jl7 nfy-
ityib7 vj[lf vbobc’dhf7 hj-
vtkcfw jabwbfkehb byajh-
vfwbbs7 @%_ fsfcb rfwb7 [j-
kj fhfjabwbfkehfl (__
fsfcfvlt flfvbfyb ittobhf8 xb-
ytkvf vtwybtht,vf tc vbobc’-
dhf bdfhfeltc7 vfuhfv itltut-
,bc ufvjmdt.yt,f dth uf,tltc7
hflufy tc ufvjbodtdlf nfyit-
yblfy vstkb af,hbrf-mfh[yt-
,bcf lf cfvhtodtkj j,btmnt-
,bc f.hfc lf dby’kj vtwybt-
ht,bc ghjuyjpb fh ufvfhskt-
,ekb.j7 vfs fewbkt,kfl cbr-
dlbkbs lfc]blyty8 vtwybtht-
,b fh itvwlfhfy7 nfyitybc lf-
vfyuhtdtkb vbobc’dhf vj[lf=
tcfe,hf



    abmcbhlf 'kbthb vbobc’d-
 lhjc vj[lf= 
   lf 
 thsyfbhb cbv-


’kfdhbc 2 %7^ vfuybnelbc
cbv’kfdhbc vbobc’dhf lfabm-
cbhlf lvfybccf lf afhfdfyib7


hf lhjcfw ityj,t,b lfpbfy-
lf8    
!#5!# cffspt7 e’kbthtcb vb-


obc’dhf vj[lf hfzf-bvthtsbc
cfpqdfhpt7 hjvtkvfw lffyu-
hbf cfx[tht7 jyb7 fv,hjkfehb
lf ]fdf8 lfbqegf @__ rfwb7 cj-
atkb [f[btsb vskbfyfl lfb-



gfwbtync fm- xdty hjlt-

wtynhfkehb cffdflv.jajc



bfidbkbc cf[tkj,bc ,fdidsf

cfvtlbwbyj lbhtmnjhb







3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb

tmcgthnb
vj’hfj,bc otdhb
thsbfyb yfwbjyfkehb
3dbdfvtlbc4 rkbybrehb
lbhtmnjhb

dc eyfhb7 hjv cfw dbcvty-

vbbqjc lf uff- lbs7 hjv fe-
afhsjjc rf- wbkt,kfl
kjhf;b8 bvtlb bmyt,jlf vfc-
vfmdc7 hjv mfk- inf,ehb cfg-
,fnjyb ubekb hjntcnj fm-
vjbnfyc bv rf- wbt,b lf se
kjhf;bc itcf- cfzbhj uf[-
,fvbc cfrdt,c7 lt,jlf7 ab-
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ufnfybkf7 itb’kt,f gfkfnfib fh fhbc7 vfuhfv cfzbhjt,f hf eylf b.jc0 dtkjlt,b7 hjv ufu- vjfluty7 .dtkfv rfhufl dbwbs=
vybidytkjdfy yfobkc
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tctw gfwbtynt,bc bynthtct,blfy ufvjvlbyf- db’qdtc xdtyb vtcfzt lf vt gbhflfl vfc fewb- ecfvij,kj ,bpytc-futynb [fh7 ,ff vjcfkjlytkb7 sevwf7
ht8 vfnt,bc itvs[dtdfib gfwbtync efh.j- kt,kfl ufd.dt,b erfy7 hjltcfw mvtlt,f bm- ltpbyajhvfwbbc c]t- gjkbnbrehfl itphlbkb yf- lblb vjkjlbybf7 hjv @_@#
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hf8 tc lblb nhfutlbff8 cbc[kbfy fynbcf[tkvobajt,hbd bmyt,f8
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 
21
 

3vstkb s,bkbcb ufdthfylf8 

vbobcmdtif udbhf,t,bs   
fhbc lfmctkbkb8 vfsb
 
  
uf.dfyf ]th rbltd gbhdtkb  
vcjakbj jvbc gthbjlib   
lfbo.j7 hfsf cf,h’jkj
 
 fct .fkb,lt,f 'dtkb
vjmvtlt,t,bc lhjc vbobcmdtif yfut,j,t,bc sdf-
vidblj,bfy vjcf[ktj,fc kbtht,bcf lf rdktdbc /j,b7
sfdb ittafht,byf8 hjvtkbw cfrvfjl lbl hbc-
rt,sfyfw fhbc lfrfdibht,e-
udbhf,t,bc vityt,kj,f kb7 fvbnjv cecnb ythdt,bcf
ufcekb cfereybc #_-bfy lf abpbrehb vjvpflt,bc vmj-
okt,ib ufyf[klf7 [jkj yt gbht,c7 fctdt vfs7 hjvkt-
^_-*_-bfy okt,ib7 hjwf ,cfw cb,ytkbc fy xfrtnbkb
cbdhwbc ibib foe[t,s7 vb-
vcjakbj ibibs tkjlf obcmdtif j,btmnt,pt [tnbfkc
fnjvehb jvbc lfo.t,fc7 fh dehxtds=
vfcinf,ehb [fcbfsb 2 hfv ufyfgbhj,f vbobcm-
vbbqj8 cfvjmfkfmj dtif yfut,j,t,bs smdtyb lf-
sfdlfwdbc vbpybs
bynthtct,f0
2 zf,erj,fib cjatk gf-
,eyrtht,c ufvfkt,bs nfh’tekib ,t,bfcf lf gfgfc-
fityt,lyty vstk cf,zjsf ufy vjdbcvbyt cfbynthtcj kt-
utylf ,thbfc cfufy’ehsfy lf-
cbdhwtib7 vfs ijhbc b.j
rfdibht,bs 2 sbsmjc vtjht
tkbnehb7 bydtynfhbs7
 
vcjakbj jvbc lfo.t,fvlt
vtlbrfvtynt,bsf lf cf,zjsf htcge,kbrt,ib itu-
cfrdt,bc vfhfubs hjdt,ekb #__ njyfvlt jm-


hj cfvfkfdt,ib uflfbnfytc8
fqzehdbkb bctsb yffv,j,vf xtvib jmhjc gjdybc
vbobcmdtif yfut,j,t,bw7 ,fdidehb vbcohfat,f uffxbyf8
cflfw flfvbfyt,c fv;fvfl jmhjc fqfh lfdt’t,7


sdtj,bs itt’kjs sevwf7 itvhxf vbobcmdtif yf-
ut,j,t,bc sdfkbtht,bc tmc-
w[jdht,f888 cf,zjsf nhtvfkehb /j,b 2 xflb[fh


rfdibhbc lfikbc itvltu cbqhvtt,ib7 cflfw chekb
tc ,eyrtht,b eaeymwbjl cb,ytkt lf cbxevtf7 nfkqfc
56

lfhxf lf ufb’fhwdf8 fh bzthc vj,bkehbc fyntyf7


itb’kt,f7 hjujhw cfibytkt-
kbsjybc bydtynfhb ,fsf abkvt,bc cwtyt,ibf7 vb-
]fhsfl ufb.blf8 obcmdtif kf,bhbysib erfy
cfufyut,jl fvjmjktc lfcf,heyt,tkb upfw lfrfh-


udbhf,t,ib uj fy udbhf,b yfyuhtdt,bs xf-
b[thujc lf ufyecfpqdhtkb
xfcfcdktkt,bw7 sevwf7 lhjbs vfhnjlvfhnj fqvjx-
bm xfqotdf ite’kt,tkb ylt [fk[bcufy vbdbo.t,ek cbd-
vfbyw fh fhbc8 bctsb hwtib9 fylf eyt,ehfl itt[j
flubkt,bw fhct,j,c7 fsoktekt,bc oby ityf[ek
vjvofvdktk mbvbeh ybdsbtht-
cflfw flfvbfyc at[b ,t,c888 vjyf[ekt,ekb j,btm-
erdt fsoktekt,bc nt,bc itcf[t, dbltjrflht,c
ufyvfdkj,fib fh dfsfdct,s 3bese,pt4 lf afh-
lfelufvc lf se bm sj cfpjufljt,fc itcf’kt,-
kj,f t’ktdf7 b[bkjc ahbfl
vj[dlt,bs7 sdfkoby vbcnbrehb lf vbvpbldtkb
cfbynthtcj7 vbcnbrehb cfv.fhj8
tkathbc cfyf[fj,f 2 hbc sflfhbuc bzths
bikt,f=4 2 fv cbn.dt,bs [jkvt7 dblht vbobc mdti lf-
tidt,bs0
lfbo.j xdtysfy cfe,fhb 2 gbhdtk hbuib7 fewbkt-
f[fkufphlf rfwvf ,tkbf7 bmjybj cbyfskbc hfw
 itb’kt,f [fyuh’kbdb o.fhj8
xfcdkbcfc vbvfmdc 'bhbsflb

lf cfsflfhbuj afyfhb lf lfv-
hjvtkbw cfresfh sfdc ntybw7 hflufy7 se sdfkbt-
s[eytkfl lf eh,fyek ht,fib lhj ufvtgfht,f7 lfpq-
vrdktdhfl vjb[ctybt,c5 dtekb db.j8 fewbkt,tkbf
j,btmnbc kjrfwbf7 xfcdkbc
2  vs- pecnb lhj lf erfy lf,he-
tk vcjakbjib ufdhwtkt,e- yt,bc cfdfhfelj gthbjlb hj-
kb /j,bf lf vjbwfdc hjujhw vtkbvt ef[kjtc flfvbfyc dfw-
vbobcptlf7 fctdt vbobcmdtif yj,j7 hflufy itb’kt,f7 uf-
rdktdt,c8 fv /j,bc vbvltdht,c esdfkbcobyt,tkb rfnfcnhj-
ew[jtsib   af itvtvs[dfc7 seylfw7 at[b
 eojlt,ty8 dbqh’j lf lfvjerblt,kfl
s,bkbcbc mext,ib lfdlbdfhs lf,heyt,f dtqfh itd’kj8 hj-
lf dthw rb ofhvjudblutybf7 ujhw otcb7 ufvjcfrdktdb fy
hjv vbobc mdti lthtayt,bcf seylfw erdt ufvjrdktekb
lf udbhf,t,bc vstkb cbcnt- j,btmnbc kjrfwbfc afhsj
vff8 hfvltybvt fstekb okbc cfpjufljt,fib fh dfcf]fhj-
oby fm 'fkbfy ,tdhb7 vfs ij- t,s7 hfsf uf’fhwdbcufy7 fct-
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kt,vfw lhjsf ufyvfdkj,fib wdfs8 tc [jv itcf’kjf7 vfss-
aeymwbf lfrfhutc8 bcbyb vb- dbc nhfubrekfl lfchekltc8
bdbo.tc lf evjmvtlj,bcufy 2 hjujh ufvjb.eht,f



$_ otkb th-
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vcf[bj,b
jgthbc vjvqthfkb
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22  
 

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,b lf ,eyrtht,b0 hbcgbht,ek flfvbfyt,c lf vfc
2 cfmfhsdtkjib cfvfkfdt- itvltu bm sbsmjc vfsb cekt-
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vjcf[ktj,bc lfwdbc vbpybs hjvtkbw vfnthbbc rfyjyt,bs
itmvytc7 vfs ijhbc7 s,bkbc- dth fb[cyt,f8 cfvfubthjl7
ibw7 hjvtkbw fctsb ,eyrtht-

,bsf lf udbhf,t,bs lfbmctkf8
fctsb j,btmnt,b fqzehdbkb 
b.j cfvfhsfdb geymnt,bs7 uf- 
ht cfv.fhjcsfy cfrjveybrf- 
wbj fgfhfnehbs7 cfrdt,bc
cfo.j,t,bs7 o.kbc htpthdef- 
ht,bs7 vtlbrfvtynt,bc cfwf- 


dbs888 thsb cbn.dbs7 .dtkf gb- 
hj,f b.j itmvybkb7 hfsf vb-
obc ptdbs cfahs[bc fvjoeh-



dfvlt flfvbfysf ]ueat,b cf- 
vidblj,jpt .jabkb.dyty8 fv- 



,j,ty7 hjv xdtyb ltlfmfkfmbc
mdti %__-vlt gfnfhf lf lblb
,eyrthbf !%_-lfy %___-vlt 



flfvbfybc lfntdbc gthcgtmnb-
dbs8 fhct,j,c vjcfpht,fw7 hjv 
vbobcmdtif udbhf,t,b thsvf-



ytsc erfdibhlt,bfy8 c[dfsf-
ijhbc7 hjltcfw vbnjdt,ek 
,eyrtht,c dcnevhj,s7 [ib- 

 
hfl dfo.lt,bs itcf,fvbc kb- 
nthfnehfc7 fctdt fbhobyf-
qt,cf lf mbvbehb cfahs[bc- 
fufy lfvwfd fqzehdbkj,fc8 
cfvoe[fhjl7 fhct,j,c flfvb- 2 gkfytnfpt ,bhsdekb
fyt,bc bctsb rfntujhbf7 hj- jvbc cfahs[t fh fvjoehe-
vtkbw sdbshtfkbpfwbfc fv kf8 hjujh ofhvjublutybfs
ybdst,bc lfodbsf lf vndht- fv ,eyrtht,bc vjvfdfkb0
dbs f[ltyc7 sevwf7 fhfyfbh 2 sfdbc gbhdfyltk aeym-
cfhut,tkc fh bqt,c8 udbotdc wbfc7 fk,fs7 tc yfut,j,t,b dt-
bctsb flubkt,bc vjyf[ekt- qfh lfb,heyt,ty7 vfuhfv bcb-
,fw7 cflfw fsoktekt,bc ufy- yb xdtyb bcnjhbbc yfobkbf=
vfdkj,fib flfvbfybc at[b fh f[fkufphlt,bc ]ueavf itdm-
lfluvekf lf7 itcf,fvbcfl7 [t- vtybs jhufybpfwbf7 dsfyfvi-
ke[kt,tkbf vfhsdbc geknt- hjvkj,s cf[tkvobaj cnhe-
,b lf tdfrebht,ekb gbht- mneht,sfy lf hfvltybvt ,ey-
,bcfsdbc cfzbhj .dtkf fnhb- rthbc lfceasfdt,f dbsfdts8
,enb8 fcts itvs[dtdfib lhj itb’kt,f7 vjvfdfkib hjvtkb-
xthlt,f lf itevxytdkfl bv vt fcts ,eyrthib ufb[cyfc ve-
tgjmbc yfobkb [lt,b7 hjltcfw ptevb7 hjvtkcfw vjbyf[ekt-
tc .dtkfathb cbwjw[kbc uf- ,ty nehbcnt,b lf bc cfpjuf-
lfhxtybc cfiefkt,fc ofhvj- ljt,f7 hjvtkcfw xdtyb ef[kt-
flutylf8 cb bcnjhbbc rjyrhtnekb
2 hjvtkbf .dtkfpt lb- tgbpjlb fbynthtct,c8
lb sfditcfafhb7 cflfw xf-
cek[fhs0
2 fctsb sfditcfafhb dyf[t
s,bkbcbc mdti7 (_ vtnhbc cbq-
hvtpt8 bm !#% jsf[b lf7 lff[-
kjt,bs7 @-rbkjvtnhbfyb udb- xdty vpfl dfhs7 bycnhemnf;b
hf,bf8 ufdeobjs nehbcnt,c lf lfvo.t,
lbutht,c7 dbcfw vbobc mdti
2 vbobc mdti [tnbfkbc
lhjc hfbvt vbcnbreh7 pt,e-
yt,hbd vjdktyfcsfy [jv fh vjupfehj,bc cehdbkb tmyt,f= xtvsfy
lfrfdibht,f itub'kbfs vj,bkeh
umjybfs it[t,f0
2 .dtkf kjrfwbfc uffxybf
sfdbcb ktutylf7 hjvtkptw cf- ntktajypt %%(-%%-()-!%9 fy
e,hj,c [jkvt fv kjrfwbbc
vf[kj,kfl vw[jdht,b vjcf[- atbc,empt5 Wise Guy +s[eytkf`8
ktj,f8 tc7 'bhbsflfl7 vjxdt-
yt,t,c erfdibhlt,f8 udcvtybf7
hjv rjyrhtnek ,eyrtht,ib tcfe,hf
fofvt,lyty lf [dhtnlyty cf,- 



c[df lhj- ije,bpyt-


vjvqthfkb



vjvqthfkb




vcf[bj,b

htgthb


vjvqthfkb

cfw vbuh’ybf cib v[jkjl

t8o8 ,ekby- bctst,sfy dv-
ub8 cek gf- tuj,hj,7 db-
nfhf ujuj cfw flfvbfyj-
db.fdb7 hjwf ,f fh fmdc lf-
3ibyfvfyfrtyf4 rfhuekb8 .d-
tkfpt vtnfl7
dbvqtht8 ,td-
bwbs7 hfc dth
hb vfrhbnb- dbnfy0 jhgb-
rt,lf7 fv,j,lyty7 hf cbcektktc vqthbc7 hj,fc8 ,tdh]th vmjybf itvs[dtdf7 xdtyb rjkt- cfhrtib hjwf fh db- ,fyrbc dfkb fhfcjltc vmj-
rfhubf7 hjwf itub’-
ntmcnb fh fhbc7 hjujh itb’kt,f fct vjm- ybf7 vfhskf 'fkbfy dthblt-
ut,blfy thsc vtjht bct ufezjhfdc7 hjv vjc-
wtdfj7 fhflf7 cf[fkbcj cbvqthf b.j7 vcvt- [tlt,b7 sfdb @^ okbc ,b8 vt dbwb7 hf fhbc lfcfidt,b kbf7 bnbhj7 vt dth
vtyfw cfibytkt,f b.j8 fv lhjc itvjcekf bc lf hf 2 fhf8 tc cek c[df [f-
ytkc rfhu [fcbfspt f.tyt,lf8 flfvbfyb lf vjcfatht,tkb cbn.df fh lfeyf- vujybf8 afyubf lf fv [fafyuib se it[- dnbhb7 tc 'fkbfy hse-
ybf vbcsdbc8 fctst,bcufy sfdc ijhc dbzth8 dfk7 vtht ]j]j[tseh ohtpt kbf8
3CFHRT4 3CFHRT4 3S,BKBCTKT,B4 nhbfkt,8 3S,BKBCTKT,B4 3S,BKBCTKT,B4

 
23
 






 
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4 fuh’tkt,c
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc mfhsek
tyfpt lfcnfv,ekb vtvefht,bc
vbvj[bkdfc8 tc obuyb yfwsf
abehthvf ]th rbltd erhfbyfib
w[jdht,bcfc ufvjcwf lf bvltyfl
fhbc cfbynthtcj7 hfvltyflfw
cojhtl fv yfihjvbs utuvfdlf
cfmfhsdtkjib cfhtdjkewbjl
3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,fc47 hjujhw
fljka /bnkthb sfdbcb 3vfby
rfvgabs47 fye 3xtvb ,h’jkbs4=
 sfdbc vtvefht,-
ib cfufyut,j mdtsfdc e’qdybc  
 lf ,tdh cfbynt-
htcj lfrdbhdt,fcf lf rekefhek by-
ajhvfwbfc fvpteht,c5
3vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv tc thsb
j]f[bf lf bcbyb ths udfhc fnfht-
,ty7 xtvb fphbs7 tc jhyb gbhjdye-
kfl thsvfytsbcufy 'fkbfy ufyc[-
dfdt,ekb flfvbfyt,b fhbfy8 
 fhbc ,tdhfl eahj blt-
fkbcnb lf ,tdhb ufut,bs eahj flf-
vbfyehb7 dblht ,tdhfl eahj cfm-
vbfyb lf ghfuvfnekb  +v8
cffrfidbkb7 3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,f47 ud8
##(`8
ahbfl cfuekbc[vj lfcfo.bcbf5 cffrfi-
dbkvf fhw fwbf7 fhw fw[tkf lf 
 flfvbfyeh ibusfdcc lblb
rbs[dbc ybifyb lfecdf 2 ,bkb ,tdhfl
flfvbfyehbf7 dblht vbcb vteqktj= itv-
ltu  b[ctyt,c7 hjujh it[d-
lf gbhdtkfl lfdjcbc trjyjvbreh aj-
hevpt erdt tmcghtpbltyn  

3 gbhdtkfl dyf-
[t lf ufdbwfyb lfdjcib8 bc erdt fqfh
b.j ghtpbltynb lf7 vbe[tlfdfl
fvbcf7 bm vbodtek cnevht,c ijhbc
yfvldbk dfhcrdkfdfl fqbfht,lyty
lf .dtkf tkjlt,jlf vbc ufvjcd-
kfc8
xdtyb it[dtlhf lfsmvekb b.j7
cek hfqfw7 !% oesbs7 vfuhfv ,td-
hfl eahj uf[fyuh’kbdlf7 sfy ufh-
lf xdtyb cfe,hbcf7 vujyb7 vjtojyf
xtvb ghtcvlbdfyb 
 hjvtkcfw vstkb it[dtlhbc vfy-
’bkpt eqbvjlf lf vtht7 hjwf ufu-
dfwbkf7 lfsjdkbk mext,ib rfhuf
vfy’bkb vjbyljvf7 xdtysfy thsfl
tdkj at[bs4 +bmdt7 ud8 ##(‘8
hjujhw [tlfds7 cffrfidbkb fhw vjt-
hblf7 hjv   hjujhw
wyj,bkb kfdtkfcb7 vstkb vcjakbjc
obyfit ufvjtztyt,byf 2 xtvb fkfyf ufu-
kjtdfc ufvj lfudltdlf lfsjdkbk
mext,ibj=
fvfptf yfsmdfvb 2 xtvb ity ubs[fhb7 ue-
kb vjubrfkbj= lf firfhfl7 
 isfujyt,ekvf  
 hjujhw vtvefhbcnb udb.dt,f7 fct
lfbo.j sfdbcb cbn.dbs lfdjcbc ajhev-
pt5
3,tdhc dabmhj, bvfpt7 hjv f[kf-
[fy itd[dlb cfmfhsdtkjc wjnf [ybc
oby fhxtek #^ okbc ghtpbltync
lf dbcehdt,lb7 hjv vcjakbjc
/mjyltc hfqfw cfsmvtkb vbcsdbc8
cek dabmhj,7 hjujh itb’kt,f uf-
vjde[fnjs vfc v[fhlfzthf lf of-
df[fkbcjs tc f[fkufphlf ghtpb-
ltynb7 hjvtkbw vt,h’jkb mdt.-
yblfy fhbc4 +bmdt7 ud8 ##(‘8
sevwf7 hjujhw bhrdtdf7 
 cffrfidbkbcflvb tc htdthfyct,b
v[jkjl fkfyf ufukjtdfc [b,kbs fh b.j
isfujyt,ekb lf7 hjujhw cffrfidbkb fv-
nrbwt,c7 fvthbrbc tmc-ghtpbltync ahb-
fl ghfuvfnekb cfsfdbcj gjkbnbrehb
utuvt,bw fvj’hfdt,lf5
3evybidytkjdfytcb b.j bc7 hjv
vfy it[dtlhbcfc vbs[hf5 dbwb7 hjv
lqtc [dlt,b   itc-
sfdfpt vfc /bkfhbcsfy thsfl uff-
rtsjc ptgfhnbekb o.dbkb cfght-
pbltynj fhxtdyt,pt8  bm-
24 
LFCFO.BCB B[8 3F-L47
@_@@ OKBC 1)-%@7
@_@# OKBC 1!-@7#-(
yt,f ghtpbltynb lf  2 db-
wt-ghtpbltynb8 sfdblfydt itdsfy-
[vlts7 hjv vfrrtbyb bmyt,f thsb df-
lbs lf itvlujv dflfpt v[fhc lf-
ezthc /bkfhbc ghtpbltynj,fpt lf
tc bmyt,f fvthbrbc bcnjhbfib gbh-
dtkb jhgfhnbekb rfylblfnsf
o.dbkb cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,pt4
+bmdt7 ud8 ##)‘8
cffrfidbkc 'fkbfy e.dfhc sfdbc vcja-
kbj vybidytkj,bc gjkbnbrjcfl ofh-
vjxtyf7 vfuhfv firfhfl yfvtnfyb itbzhf
hjkib7 fmfjlf7   xtvb
lf[vfht,bs fgbht,lf fvthbrbc dbwt-ght-
pbltynfl  vj.dfyfcj= sfy th-
sb dflbc itvltu erdt ghtpbltynj,bc uf-


51







hfynbbsj888
vtvefhbcnb b[ctyt,c rbltd ths it[dtl-
hfc   ]th rbltd fu-
dbcnjc jvfvlt7 @__( otkc7 ufthjc utyf-
cfv,ktbc afhukt,ib5
3vfy vs[jdf7 hjv wfkrt itd[dtl-
hjlb7 hjv sdbsjy vjdbljlf cfc-
nevhjib7 sfyfw pecnfl fs oesc
ofufhsvtdj8 fsb oesbc yfwdkfl it[-
dtlhfv cffspt vtn[fyc ufcnfyf lf
vfy vbs[hf 2 bwjlts7 .dtkfpt lb-
lb cfahs[t smdtysdbcfw lf fvthb-
rbcsdbcfw lqtc fhbc ufght-
pbltynt,fj8 j,fvf7 tc fhbc .dtkf-
pt cfibytkb vjdktyf7 hfw itb’kt-
,f b.jc ltvjrhfnbek gfhnbfib8 bc
fhbc tkbnbcnehb ltvjrhfnb7 pec-
nfl bc [fk[b7 dbcfw vt vstkb w[jd-
ht,f dt,h’jlb lf vstkb w[jdht,f
vt,h’jlf7 2 ufvtylj ,bk rkbynj-
yb7 2 vbcb ufghtpbltynt,f bmyt,f 'f-
kbfy v’bvt lfhn.vf fvthbrbcsdbc lf
vstkb vcjakbjcsdbcj8 fvbnjv of-
lb lf lftkfgfhfrt ityc vtuj,fh
 hfvt bqjyjc7 hjujhvt uf-
vja[bpkltc lf ofhvfhsjc rfvgf-
ybf ,tdhfl eahj fuhtcbekb vtsj-
lt,bs8 bub fctsb ]tynkvtyehb lf
ltkbrfnehb rfvgfybbs j,fvfc dth
lffvfhw[t,c4 +bmdt7 ud8 #$_`8
lf wyj,bcsdbc7 fv lhjc  
 hjujhw ltvjrhfnbekb gfhnbbc
otdhb7 y thsfl7 fmnbehfl
b.j xf,vekb ltvjrhfnsf cfghtpbltynj
rfylblfnbc  cffhxtdyj rfv-
gfybfib= lf hjltcfw j,fvf ufghtpbltyn-
lf7 /bkfhb rkbynjyvf cfufhtj cfmvtsf
vbybcnhbc +cf[tkvobaj vlbdybc‘ sfyfv-
lt,j,f vjbgjdf888 lf fv lhjc7 cffrfidb-
kbc vnrbwt,bs7   cff-
rfidbkbc bvtlfl fgbht,lf fvthbrbcf lf
vcjakbjc uflfhxtyfc j,fvfcfufy= 'fkbfy
cfcfwbkjf7 cfnbhfkb hjv fh b.jc888
itvltu cffrfidbkb uflflbc 
 lf[fcbfst,fpt5
3/bkfhb7 xtvb fphbs7 'fkbfy ufy-
c[dfdlt,f mvhbcufy8 sevwf7 vfhs-
kfw hjv afynfcnbehfl ybzbthb
mfkbf8 xdtyb it[dtlht,bc lhjc7
hjltcfw vfc obyfcofh fodlblyty
byajhvfwbfc7 udthlpt fult,lf
aehwtkc lf ptgbhfl itt’kj .dt-
kf afmnbc7 byajhvfwbbc7 cf[tkt-
,bc lf udfht,bc xfvjsdkf888 /bkf-
hbc itt’kj yt,bcvbth stvfpt fu-
.jkjlf7 'fkbfy wyj,bcvj.dfhtf8
vfufkbsfl7 cfmfhsdtkjc becnb-
wbbc cf[kt,bs 'fkbfy lfbynthtc-
lf lf itvltu fvfpt dhwkfl bcf-
e,hf cf,th’ytsib lf bchftkib7
vfuhfv8884 +bmdt7 ud8 #$!`8
fb7 fv htdthfyct,bcf lf mt,f-lblt,bc
itvltu7 f[kf bo.t,f 
 cffrfidbkbctekb itafct,bc vsfdf-
hb 3vfuhfv45
3888vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc bc fhbc 'fkb-
fy ghfuvfnekb flfvbfyb8 vfufkbsfl7
 obuyib cfmfh-
sdtkjc t’qdyt,f vstkb sfdb7 
 'fkbfy ,tdhb fmdc lfothb-
kb cfmfhsdtkjpt7 .dtkf7 dbcfw
xdtysfy it[t,f /mjylf7 sdkblf7
hjv fvfpt eylf tothf8 /bkfhb rkby-
njybc obuyib cfmfhsdtkj yfrkt,fl7
vt rb7 cfthsjl7 thsb cbn.dbsfw fh
dfh yf[ctyt,b 'fkbfy vfhnbdb vbpt-
pbc ufvj8 bv vjvtynib bc rtyzc b.-
hblf lf vbfxylf7 hjv tc stvf fh
b.j vbcsdbc vjvut,bfyb8 sevwf7 ,b-
kb fct fhfcjltc vjbmwtjlf8 fvfib
qhvfl dfh lfhoveyt,ekb7 bc fhf-
cjltc vjthblt,jlf xdtypt cfe-
,fhc4 +bmdt7 ud8 #$!`8
cffrfidbkb firfhfl yfo.tybf7 /bkfhbv
ths[tkfw fh vf[ctyf sfdbc obuyib7 hfl-
ufy ghtpbltynfl b.hblf rtyzc7 ,bkb rb
fct fhfcjltc vjbmwtjlfj888
ituf[ctyt,s5  
nhfvgbc gbhbcgbh @_!^ okbc cfghtpb-
ltynj fhxtdyt,bcsdbc tvpflt,jlf lf vf-
iby7 cfvij,kjlfy erhfbyfib ufmwtekb7
jltcbc ue,thyfnjhj,blfyfw rb erdt uf-
’tdt,ekb cffrfidbkb bvltyfl cfvfhw[-
dbyj abuehf lf gjkbnbrehb yekb b.j7
hjv7 hf ufcfrdbhbf7 /bkfhb rkbynjyvfw
rb fh f[ctyf sfdbc vtvefht,ib=
fvbc itvltu cffrfidbkb erdt firfhfl
/bkfhb rkbynjybc lfob[dkfpt uflflbc5
3lf vtjht7 'fkbfy cfxjsbhj vj-
vtynb erfdibhlt,f vbc lfvabyfy-
ct,tk  hjvtkbw bmb-
hfdf  kj,bc-
nfl7 hjltcfw /bkfhb dbpbnbs
b.j cfmfhsdtkjib8 ghtcrjyathty-
wbbc oby /bkfhbc lferfdibhlf bdf-
ybidbkbc kj,bcnb lf gbhlfgbh uf-
eupfdyf vbcfcfkvt,tkb cbn.dbc ntm-
cnb7 hbsbw bc eylf ofhvclufhb.j
ghtcrjyathtywbfpt lf /bkfhbv vb-
sbst,f pecnfl itfchekf8 tc xdty
vjudbfyt,bs7 dbrbkbmcblfy ufdbuts8
vfc bctdt7 hjujhw bdfybidbkbc c[df
kj,bcnt,c velvbdb vbvjothf
/mjylfs /bkfhbc sfyfitvott,sfy7
hfw .dtkf otcbc lfhqdtdff8
thsb cbn.dbs7 fvfc erdt fqfh
/mdbf gjkbnbrf8 xtvb fphbs7 tc
fhbc gbhlfgbhb gjkbnbrehb rj-
heawbbc bcnjhbf lf vbe[tlfdfl
xtvb 'fkbfy s,bkb lfvjrblt,e-
kt,bcf7 pjuflfl7  vbvf-
hs7 tc lfvfvf[cjdhlf 'fkbfy efh-
.jabsfl7 'fkbfy ytufnbehfl7 bvb-
njv7 hjv tc b.j .dtkfpt efhtcb
hfv7 hfw vbyf[fdc fvthbrfib7 hjwf
kj,bcnt,b fcts ufhbut,t,c vbvfh-
sfdty4 +bmdt7 ud8 $$@`8
fb7 fct lfflfyfifekf cffrfidbkvf 
  gjkbnbreh vfmbyf-
wbt,ib lf rjheawbfib=
bc rb fhf7 bmdt vtvefhbcnvf 
 lf  ufhtvjwdfw vb-
f.jkf5
3’fkbfy ,tdhb xdtyb uekitvfn-
rbdfhb ,eibc flvbybcnhfwbblfy lf
vfrrtbybc ufhtvjwdblfy cf[tkvob-
aj cfvcf[ehblfy ofcdkbc itvltu
ittrhf .dtkfpt ,by’eh7 vfs ij-
hbc7 hecek lf jkbufhmbek by-
nthtcc8 rjheawbf lf kj,bpvb7
hfw fct fyuhtdc fvthbrbc ltvjrhf-
nbfc ibuyblfy lf hfw 'fkbfy fpf-
hfkt,c fuhtsdt lfyfhxty vcjakb-
jc7 ufycfresht,bs bcts lfewdtk
mdt.fyfc7 hjujhbw cfmfhsdtkjf4
+bmdt7 ud8 $$@`8

ufuh’tkt,f bmyt,f


mfhsek gjkbnbreh ktmcbrjyib vfkt f[fkb wyt,f 2 
lfvrdblhlt,f8 cfpjufljt,hbdvf vj’hfj,fv 3[fk[bc 'fkf4 itbveifdf rfyjyghjtmnb 
 hjvkbc vbqt,bc itvs[dtdfib ew[jtsblfy lfabyfyct,ek
vtlbfcfiefkt,t,c7 fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,c lf behblbek gbht,c  cnfnecb jabwbfkehfl
vbtybzt,fs8 rfyjyghjtmnbc ufvj erdt fnt[tc ;bd;bdb bv ]ueat,vf7 hjvkt,bw gjntywbehfl fv
cnfnecbc rfylblfnt,b fhbfy8 udtcfe,ht,f cfpjufljt,hbdb vj’hfj,bc 3[fk[bc 'fkf4 ths-thsb
lfvae’yt,tkb7 cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbc otdhb7 gfhkfvtynbc behblbekb rjvbntnbc
sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkt  
2 cf]fhjj,bcf lf ufvzdbh-
dfkj,bc ghbywbgt,blfy uf-
vjvlbyfht7 cfpjufljt,bcsdbc
wyj,bkb eylf b.jc bv gjkb-
nbrjcsf itvjcfdkbc o.fhjt-
,b7 hjvkt,bw uflfo.dtnbkt-
,t,c bqt,ty cf[tkvobajib9
fctdt bv fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,bcf
lf vtlbfcfiefkt,fsf itvjcfd-
kbc o.fhjt,bw7 hjvtksf vb-
pfybf7 ptufdktyf vjf[lbyjy
cf]fhj uflfo.dtnbkt,t,pt lf
vjyfobktj,ty cfpjufljt,hb-
db fphbc ajhvbht,fib fy fm-
nbeh vjyfobktj,fc bqt,ty
cfrfyjyvlt,kj lf fqvfchekt-
,tkb [tkbceakt,bc vbth rf-
yjyt,bcf se uflfo.dtnbkt,t-
,bc vbqt,bcfc ufvfhsek lbc-
recbt,ib8 rfyjyghjtmnbc sf-
yf[vfl7 tc otcb dhwtklt,f v[j-
kjl bv itvs[dtdfib7 se vfsb
okbehb itvjcfdkbc @_ ghj-
wtynpt vtnb ew[jehb ofhvj-
ij,bcff8
itdbcofdkts fvthbrbc itth-
st,ek infnt,ib vjmvtlb fyf-
kjubehb rfyjyb lf xdtyb rf-
yjyghjtmnb vfc itdecf,fvts7
sevwf7 bcbw eylf ubs[hfs7
hjv fvthbrekb rfyjyb ufwb-
kt,bs vrfwhbf7 [jkj xdtyb rf-
yjyghjtmnb fh t[t,fs abpb-
reh gbht,c lf vjbwfdc v[j-
kjl behblbek gbhsf yf-
obkc 2 fhfcfvtofhvtj behb-
lbek gbht,cf lf vtlbfcfief-
kt,t,c9 sfyfw7 fvthbrekbc
ufhlf7 ufdbsdfkbcobyts td-
hjgbc ltvjrhfnbekb mdt.yt-
,bc cfertstcj ghfmnbrf8
2 hfv ufyfgbhj,f cfmfhs-
dtkjib fctsb rfyjybc vbqt-
,bc fewbkt,kj,f0
2 cfmfhsdtkjib fhfcfv-
sfdhj,j ctmnjhb lf vtlbf-
cfiefkt,t,b fw[flt,ty7 hjv
vfsb vjcfpht,t,bc f,cjke-
nehb evhfdktcj,f ufsdfkbc-
obyt,ekb eylf b.jc8 fmtlfy
ufvjvlbyfht7 se gjkbnbrj-
ct,b dfklt,ekt,b fhbfy7 cf-
pjufljt,fc ofhelubyjy sf-
dbfysb itvjcfdkt,b7 tc dfk-
lt,ekt,f kjubrehfl fhf-
cfvsfdhj,jt,cf lf vtlbfctm-
njhcfw eylf lftrbchjc8 fhf-
dby fotct,c hfbvt frh’fkdfc fy
itpqeldfc7 e,hfkjl7 vfs
eylf itfdcjy cgtwbfkehb
ajhvekfhbc cfvb uhfaf7 cf-
lfw lffabmcbht,ty7 se hfc
cfmvbfyj,ty7 cfblfy abyfyclt-
,bfy lf hfvltybs8 fvbc itvltu
bcbyb xdtekt,hbdfl uffuh’t-
kt,ty veifj,fc8
2 vfuhfv cfmvbfyj,fc uffu-
h’tkt,ty futynbc cf[tkbs0
2 fv stvfpt fmwtynbc uflf-
nfyfc v[jkjl bcbyb wlbkj-
,ty7 dbcfw ufhrdtek vbptpsf
ufvj fiajst,c sfdbcb lfab-
yfyct,bc o.fhjc ufvzdbhdf-
kj,f8 wyt,f  fh ybi-
yfdc ew[j mdt.ybc ]fieic7 hj-
vtkpt lfrdbhdt,fw cek c[df
eo.t,bc cathjf8 xdty ud.fdc
 fct-
dt 2 

lf bcbyb fhfcjltc fghjntc-
nt,ty sfdbfys cfvcf[ehc8 fh-
ct,j,c cfbyajhvfwbj cffuty-
njt,bw7 fye fv ltabybwbbc
cnbuvfnbpfwbf cojhb fh
fhbc8 seylfw7  itd-
wdfkjs wyt,bs 
 
 2 bcbyb vfbyw fh lfvi-
dbllt,bfy8 lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7
vfs evhfdktcj,fc7 dbyw fv rf-
yjyghjtmnbc ufvj ufyufib
fnt[f7 ofrbs[ekbw fhf fmdc
bub8




 















2 bcbyb iajsfdty7 hjv tc
rfyjyb uf[lt,f gbhdtkb cf-
at[ehb fcts jhufybpfwbt,-
pt cf[tkvobajc v[hblfy
rjynhjkbc lfcfv.fht,kfl8
2 pjub bvfcfw fv,j,c7 se
vfbywlfvfbyw  eylf
lfthmdfc7 ehxtdybf7 b.jc 
 dblht 2 he-
ctsbc +0=‘ xdty7 3[fk[bc 'fkfv47
ufvjdfmdt.yts othbkb7 hjvtk-
ibw lfodhbkt,bs dbcfe,hts7
dby itb’kt,f b.jc c[df mdt.ybc
bynthtcbc ufvnfht,tkb lf vf-
sb 
  itb’kt,f
b.jc yt,bcvbthb fhfcfvtofhvtj
behblbekb gbhb7 vfuhfv tc
cekfw fh fhbc ytufnbehb cnf-
necb8
2 sevwf7 tc cnfnecb vf-
byw vbybiyt,ff7 hjv bcbyb cf-
mfhsdtkjc obyffqvltu ew-
[jtsbcsdbc cfcfhut,kj cfm-
vbfyj,fc totdbfy8
2 fhf7 rfyjyghjtmnib fh-
cfl othbf7 hjv vfsb cfmvbfyj-
,f cfmfhsdtkjc obyffqvltu
fhbc vbvfhsekb7 vfuhfv ufyf
afmnb fh fhbc7 hjv bcbyb ew-
[jtsbcsdbc cfcfhut,kj cfm-
vbfyj,fc totdbfy0 fvfc sfdflfw
fh efh.jaty= rfyjyghjtmnib
fhcfl othbf7 hjv 
  v[jkjl
tdhjgblfy lf fvthbrblfy lf-
abyfyct,ek jhufybpfwbfc lf
behblbek gbhc lfthmvtdf7 fct-
sb ltabybwbf ufdhwtklt,f
hectsblfy7 fpth,fb]fyblfy888
lf f8i8 yt,bcvbthb ew[j mdt.-
yblfy lfabyfyct,ek fhfcfv-
sfdhj,j lf vtlbfcfiefkt,-
t,ptw8 se hjvtkbvt lfabyfy-
ct,bc o.fhjc bynthtct,bc ufv-
nfht,tkbf7 hfnjv eylf /mjy-
ltc jhufybpfwbfc bvbc rjvg-
ktmcb7 hjv bc tojljc7 hfw
fhbc cbyfvldbktib0= udtlfdt-
,bfy bvfpt7 hjv vfs erdt fmds
ufvjmdt.yt,ekb lfabyfyct,bc
o.fhjcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb by-
ajhvfwbf lf se vfhskfw
fctf7 ufyf hf eikbs [tkc7 lf-
htubcnhbhlyty cf]fhj httc-
nhib7 bmfw fcf[jy sfdbfysb
itvjcfdkbc o.fhjt,b lf .j-
dtkokbehfl itfdcjy cfab-
yfycj ltrkfhfwbf0=
2 smdtyb jgjytynt,b ufb-
’f[bfy7 hjv fqybiyekb rf-
yjyghjtmnb hectsbc itcf-

ntktdbpbf itb’kt,f7 ufvbp-
yekfl b.tyt,ltc cfpjuflj-
t,hbdb fphbc ajhvbht,bc-
fsdbc0
2 rfyjyghjtmnib fh fhbc
ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb .fk,b by-
ajhvfwbbc ghtdtywbf7 sevwf7
ufvjubn.lt,bs7 hjv 3[fk[bc
'fkf4 f[kj vjvfdfkib vjf[-
ltyc vtlbfib cbwhebc nbhf-
;bht,bc ghtdtywbekb rfyjy-
,fvbcb rfyjybc fckbf8 tc cb- ghjtmnbc bybwbht,fcfw7 cf-
lfw cfe,fhb bmyt,f afmnt,pt
vfhsktf0
2 dbyw fvfc ufb’f[bc7 ofrbs-
[ekbw fhf fmdc xdtyb rfyjyg-
lf fv afmnt,bc itafct,bs rf-
ntujhbt,pt 2 bvfpt7 hjv sb-
hjtmnb7 hflufy fmwtync frt- sjtek vjmfkfmtc eakt,f
st,ty bvfpt7 hfw rfyjyghjtm- fmdc7 vbbqjc j,btmnehb by-
nib cfthsjl fh othbf= vt yfr- ajhvfwbf7 hjvkbc itafct-
kt,fl dbwyj, hecek rfyjy-
vlt,kj,fc lf dbvtjht, 2 
,fcfw sfdfl vjf[ltyc8 tc cf-
zbhjf bvbcfsdbc7 hfsf ths-
 vfytsib fh bmytc fhtekb afm-
 nt,b lf vfsb ce,btmnehb fyf-
kbpb8
  
 fh ufvjdhbw[fd7
hectsvfw fvthbrekb rfyjyb-
ybifylj,kbdbf bcbw7 hjv
.dtkf jhufybpfwbf7 hjvtkbw
lfy uflvjbqj7 vfuhfv fvfc ew[jehb lfabyfyct,bc o.f-
vybidytkj,f fhf fmdc7 hflufy hjsb cfhut,kj,c7 cf]fhj ht-
vcufdcb rfyjyb .dtkf ufydbsf-
ht,ek mdt.fyfib vjmvtlt,c8
tcnhib fhlfhtubcnhbht,bc
xdtyb vbpfybf7 cfpjufljt,fc
itvs[dtdfib7 lf]fhbvlt,f8 db-
vtjht, 2 
itdemvyfs pecnb byajhvfwb-
bc vbqt,bc v.fhb vtmfybpvb

bvbc itcf[t,7 dby cfblfy ab-
 
yfyclt,f lf vtht cfpjufljt-
 
,fv sfdfl ufycf]jc7 cfyljf se

fhf rjyrhtnekb behblbekb

gbhbc7 fhfcfvsfdhj,jc fy vt- 

 





















2 lf vfbyw7 uf[lt,f se
fhf tc rfyjyghjtmnb bvbcb
obyfgbhj,f7 hjv ew[jtsbc
htpbltynekb mctkbc ufvj-
firfhfdt,f lfbo.jc0
2 rfyjyghjtmnbc vbpfyb tc
fh uf[kfds888 vsfdfhbf7 [fk[-
vf bwjltc7 cfblfy lf hfvlt-
ybs abyfyclt,bfy cfmfhsdt-
kjc nthbnjhbfpt vjmvtlb
fhfcfvtofhvtj behblbekb gb-
ht,b8  
  


   


 fvthbrfibw [jv fct /mdb-
fs7 dbyw ew[jtsblfy bqt,c
lfabyfyct,fc= vjrktl7 cfpj-
ufljt,f eylf bwyj,ltc
3ew[jtsbc ufdktybc futynt-
,c=4
2 tsfy[vt,bs ufvjsmvfc7
hjv 3dbyw b[lbc7 vecbrfcfw
bc erdtsc04
2 fhct,bsb vybidytkj,f
fhf fmdc7 dtsfy[vt,b se fhf7
ghfmnbrfv fxdtyf7 hjv lblob-
kfl cojhtl fct [lt,f= tctw
hjv fh b.jc7 futh fvthbrbc
tkxvf udbs[hf7 hjv vfhskv-

lbfcfiefkt,bc gjpb- cf]ekt,bc htajhvt,ib aekc
wbf8   b[lbfy lf ghj,ktvfl fh vb-

   fxybfs7 lfb,fhjy vjcfvfhskt
lf rbs[df lfecdfy888 tc bvfc ybi-

 
 yfdc7 hjv bcbyb eakt,fc bnj-
dt,ty7 sfdbfysb 3vecbrf4 vfh-


  skvcf]ekt,fcfw lferdtsjy8
fvbc cfgbhbcgbhjl7 xdty dfw-

 
  [flt,s7 hjv 

    
    
 tdhjgfcsfy lf fvthb-


2 yf[ctyt,bf rfcsfy cojhtl fv vbpybs dsf-
yfvihjvkj,s lf se tdhjgf

se fhf rfyjyghj-
vtynfkj,bs cf,zjsf rfdibhc
tmnib .fk,b by-
lftvcufdct,f7 tc xdtysdbc vb-

ajhvfwbbc itcf-
cfqt,b fh bmyt,f=
[t,7 hfcfw tcf se bc
behblbekb gbhb7 fhfcfv- tcfe,hf
sfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf fy 
25


cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbf
3cnfkbybc4 sfdv]ljvfht
 
hjvtkvfw ue,fp cfybrb’tc
yfxemfhb cdfyehb vf[dibc
cfdfh’tkb erfy
lff,heyt,byf7 bv lhjc
ityfnhbc7 hjwf vstkb
cfmfhsdtkj fqlut,f lf
fvthbrtkt,c sfdbc
futynt,bfyfl mdt.yblfy
uf.hbc5
2 cjwbfkeh mctkt,ib ue,fp cf-
ybrb’bcflvb xtvb vbvfhsdbc vyf[dtk-
sf hfjltyj,fv #__ fsfcc uflffzfh-
,f7 * fsfcpt vtnb vjojyt,f lfbvcf-
[ehf lf @ fsfcfvlt rjvtynfhb ufrts-
lf8 vfs ijhbc7 hf smvf eylf7 fhbfy
bctst,bw7 hjvkt,bw lbl uekbco.-
hjvfc ufvjsmdfvty bvbc ufvj7 hjv ]th
rbltd wjw[fkb dfh= pjub rjveybcnc
vt’f[bc7 hfw xtvsdbc cfsfrbkj fh
fhbc7 [jkj xtvb cnfkbytkj,f7 hf-
cfw pjubthsb ufvofht,ekb vboj-
lt,c7 cffvf.j lf cfcb[fhekjf8 hfw
itt[t,f v[fhlfvztht,c7 vfsb cfjwfhb
cbvhfdkt tythubfc vvfnt,c cfmfhs-
dtkjc hjujhw ibyfeh7 bct ufhtit
vnht,sfy cf,h'jkdtkfl8
2 ,fnjyj uhbif7 dblht cfmfhs-
dtkjc ibyfeh lf ufhtit vnht,pt
uflfdbljlts7 udbs[fhbs7 lfub,-
heyfs se fhf ue,fp cfybrb’tv vf[-
dibc crfvb lf cfl fhbc lqtc tc ht-
kbrdbf0
2 vte[th[ekt,f fvfpt cfe,fhb7 vfu-
hfv7 hflufy fct ]benfl vfodt,bs7 ey-
lf ubs[hfs7 hjv ue,fpvf vf[dibc cf-
dfh’tkb xtvb ufyw[flt,blfy vtcfvt
lqtc lfvb,heyf lf bub sfdbc flubk-
ptf 2 cdfyeh lfh,fpib7 cflfw flht
bluf= vt itcf’kjf7 cbn.df ufvtmwf lf
wjnf e[th[ekbw rb ufvjvbdblf db-
ltjvbvfhsdbc ntmcnb7 vfuhfv ,jlbic
fh vjdb[lb= dbsdfkbcobyt, bvfcfw7
hjv itcf’kjf7 tvjwbt,bc ufvj cbn.-
df uftmwf ue,fpcfw7 hjwf vstk cf-
mfhsdtkjc nfyrt,bc uflfdkbs lfu-
dtvemhf lf afibcnehb vtsjlt,bs
fyufhbicojht,fc lfudgbhlf7 serb
hectsbc obyffqvltu jvib fh xfdt,-
vt,bs erhfbytkb afibcnt,bcf lf
,fylthtkt,bc v[fhlfcfzthfl=
hjv fh vjufn.ejs7 ue,fpbc fv
cbn.dt,bc vjcvtyfv ojyfcojhj,f lf-
vfrfhudbyf lf dbltjvbvfhsdfw fct e[t-
ib bvbnjv ufvjvbdblf8 xtvb cfsmvtkb
ntktajybs hjv vtsmdf ue,fpbcfs-
dbc7 xtvc vjs[jdyfc fewbkt,kfl it-
fchekt,lf7 vfuhfv sfdc bvbs dbvfh-
skt,7 hfrbqf cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[kt-
j,fc e[tifl lf vnhekb ufyphf[dbs
lftvemhf ntkttrhfyblfy7 cfrflhbcb
gfce[b eylf vbtqj lf vbbqj rbltw=
   


   
    

  
   

2 smdty ptvjs 3ibyfehb lf uf-
htit vnht,b4 f[ctyts= 3vnht,ib4
ue,fp cfybrb’tcfw uekbc[vj,s0
2  cfmfhsdtkjc
vnht,ib fhfse duekbc[vj,7 fhfvtl
  
  
  


   

2 fcts flfvbfyfl cfmfhsdtkjib
vfhnj ue,fpb vbufxybfs0
2 ue,fpb bvfc kfgfhfrj,c7 hfcfw
abmhj,c= vbc bhudkbd itvj[dtekb
vjqfkfnt mfhsdtksf ueylb thsb
lblb cfudtktsbf7 hjvtkbw sfdbcb
cbcbybsf lf i[fvbc ys[tdbs ofvkfdc
fhfse flfvbfyt,c7 fhfvtl nthbnj-
hbfc= se xdty7 fv utckc uflfhxtybk-
vf flfvbfyt,vf7 fh deidtkts mdt.fyfc7
tctyb cfmfhsdtkjc erfwhbtkc uf[-
lbfy lf fm v[jkjl ku,n stvb bw-
[jdht,c=
2 gfhkfvtynib rfyjyb itdblf7
hjvkbc 'fkbsfw ew[jtsbc futy-
nt,vf sfdbfysb itvjcfdkt,b eylf
uffcf]fhjjy= tc rfhubf se welb0
2 hjltcfw cf[tkvobajib fcte-
kj,bs lf fsfctekj,bs 
 hjvtk ufydbsfht,fcf lf
ofhvfnt,fptf cfe,fhb0 hjujhw ut-
ybjcb df;f-aifdtkf bn.jlf5 
    
    xdtyc
mdt.fyfib itvjstckt,ekb 
26 



  bctd xdtyb 3idb-
kt,b4 fhbfy 2 xdtysfy fqphlbkt-
,b7 vfuhfv7 cfe,tlehjl7 c[dfufy ufo-
dhsybkt,b lf c[dbcb aekbs yfcfp-
hljt,b8 
     

 cojhtl fvfpt fv-
,j,lf df;f lf vbcb cbn.dt,b fhfse
!)_^ otkc7 sbsmjc ueiby fhbc
3ue,fp cfybrb’t afibcnb erhfbytkt,bc obyfv’qjkfl v.fdc
ofhvjlutybkb7 hjvtkbw ,txjc eqtknt[bkbc v[hblfy7
hjujhw !)$@ okbc pfvsfhib7 itvjentdc cfmfhsdtkjc
lf ltlf,elbfyfl ffj[ht,c vjcf[ktj,fc=4
lfothbkb5
3smdtyb rfyjyb smdty bwbs7
xdtyb rfyjyb tcbf=888
afcc lfclt,c ,jkjc mdt.fyf7
dbcfw hfv lfubstcbfs48
2 lf vfbyw7 hectsb hjvtkb 3rf-
yjybs4 itbzhf lfvjerblt,tkb er-
hfbybc nthbnjhbfpt0
2 
    
     
   
   
   
   @_!$ otkc7 hj-
ltcfw rbtdbc wtynhb bodjlf7 hjlt-
cfw hect,bs lfcf[kt,ek epfhvf-
pfh nthbnjhbt,pt wtw[kib b.j uf[-
dtekb mfkfmt,b7 hjltcfw rfhgfnt-
,bc cflfvc]tkj hfpvt,c erhfbybc




vfblfypt fvthbrbc vfqfkxbyjcfyb 
 jhw[j,bkt,cf lf 3gjyxb-
rt,c4 ehbut,lf7 [jkj yfnjc cfhl-
kj,f afhekfl bfhfqbs fvfhfut,-
lf yfwbcn ,jtdbrt,c7 vfibyfw genb-
yb b.j lfvyfifdt0 
   

   

 





  
  tc [lt,j-
lf vfiby7 hjltcfw cf[tkv’qdfytkjl
oby tljs vfsbdt [tkvjothbkb it-
sfy[vt,f erhfbybc nthbnjhbekb
vjo.j,bc itcf[t,8 hjujhw ,jkjc
ufbhrdf7 hfw uthvfybbc .jabkvf rfy-
wkthvf  lf erhf-
bybc bv;fvbyltkvf ghtpbltynvf
 lfflfcnehtc 2 tc
[tkitrhekt,f7 hjvtkbw vbycrib lf-
blj7 b.j sdfkbc f[dtdbcf lf vjcrj-
dbc vjn.et,bc ljrevtynb7 hfsf vjv-
[lfhb.j erhfbybc vbkbnfhbpfwbf8
( okbc ufyvfdkj,fib vstkb erhfb-
ybc vjcf[ktj,f vfhskfw s[eytkf-
cfdbs vbobc mdti b.j xfv’dhfkb lf
vhfdfkrbkjvtnhbfy sfdlfwdbc pqe-
ltt,c fityt,lf7 vfc itvltu7 hfw he-
ctsbc ufahs[bkt,t,bc vbe[tlfdfl7
vjmvtlt,fib fh vjdblf vbycrbc [tk-
itrhekt,f7 [jkj hecek vbofpt 2
ljy,fccf lf keufycrib 2 hecb vj-
cf[ktj,f 2 efvhfdb ,fdidb7 mfkb lf
vj[ewt,ekb vbofib fh xfodf7 che-
kb egfce[bcvut,kj,f bmyt,jlf7 he-
ctsbc [tkbceakt,fc fh ittchekt-
,byf sfdbcb rjycnbnewbehb vjdf-
ktj,f lf fh lfto.j cgtwjgthfwbf
erhfbyfib otchbubc lfcfv.fht,kfl
pecnfl bct7 hjujhw tc w[bydfkbc
gbhj,t,ib vj[lf7 hjltcfw qfvbs7
.jdtkudfhb ufahs[bkt,bc ufhtit7
cfyntmybrjc kjvfbfc cfhlkj,bs7
mfhsekvf ]fhvf 3uhflt,blfy4 ufe[-
cyf wtw[kb xf’byt,ek vjcf[ktj,fc8
fv yf,b]c hecb 3vbhjndjhwt,bw4 it-
tobhyty lf hectsbw b’ekt,ekb uf[-
lf7 lftwdf sfdbcb [fk[b lf cffrfidb-
kbc lfo.t,ekb jvb cfv lqtib lffv-
sfdhf8 ufyc[dfdt,f bvfibf7 hjv vfiby
cfmfhsdtkj vfhnj lfhxf7 .jdtkudf-
hb lf[vfht,bcf lf udthlib lujvbc
ufhtit8 lfcfdktstkb vfqfkxbyjcyt-
,b vjdblyty v[jkjl s,bkbcbc wty-
nhfkeh vjtlfypt7 cflfw ufbvfhsf
uhfylbjpekb cfptbvj vbnbyub vnth-
pt 3ufvfh]dt,bc4 fqcfybiyfdfl lf
vcjakbjcsdbc bvbc cfsmvtkfl7 hjv
hect,c sfdlfwdbcsdbc7 sehvt7 nfy-
rt,b lf sdbsvahbyfdt,b uffxybfs8 fb7
fctsbf bv;fvbyltkb cfmfhsdtkjcf lf
fv;fvbyltkb erhfbybc vlujvfhtj,bc
vjhfkb=
2 hfc bn.dbs tdhjgfhkfvtynbc
vjhbu htpjkewbfpt ,b’byf bdf-
ybidbkbcsdbc cfymwbt,bc lfotct-
,bc itcf[t,0
2 ,fnjy ,b’byfpt cjwbfkeh mct-
kt,ib vbc lf,flt,bc lqtcsfy lfrfd-
ibht,bs dbltjvbvfhsdf ufdfdhwtkt7
cflfw fqdybiyt 2  
    
   

3vpt udtktifgc ufvjcnfwt7
[fk[c cfvij,kj lfe,heyt=4
cnfkbyb fv,j,lf5 



   
   
    
 vt lfcfdktscf
lf vfs ufvjphlbk ktrdt,pt tzdb bvfy
ufvbxbyf7 .jdtkyfbh [th[c hjv udfxt-
xt,ty [tkib bv njnbc vjcfzhtkfl7
hjvtkptw dpbdfhs= hjujh itb’kt-
,f yjhvfkeh flfvbfyc7 ubyl 2 lf-
cfdktstkcf lf ubyl 2 flubkj,hbdc7
,b’byf bdfybidbkbc ofhevfnt,kj,f
ufe[fhltc0 yese bct lf,hvfdlf lf
ufvjsf.dfylf mfhsdtkb thb7 fsb
okbc obyfyltkb cfibytkt,t,b lff-
dbo.lf0
[tkbceakt,fc [fk[b bhxtdc lf ht-
dfyibcnt,bcufyfw [fk[vf eylf lfbw-
dfc= fvfcobyfyltkb [tkbceakt,f
wfk-wfkb rfkjibs vjdblf [tkbcea-
kt,fib7 fv ufxfyfut,ekb mdt.yblfy vb-
kbfhlt,b ufbnfwf lf f[kf cfpqdfh-
ufhtsblfy t,h’dbc mfhsdtk [fk[cf
lf cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc= 

    

    
hjvtkbw sfdbcb nthbnjhbt,bc7 tr-
ktcbbc7 tybcf lf vfvekbc itcfyfhxe-
yt,kfl ufthsbfylt,f lf vstkb vcja-
kbjc ufcfujyfl bn.dbc5 
   
,fnjyb ,b’byfc lfwdf bv vjvfrdlf-
dbc lfwdff7 hjvtkbw ,b’byfv uflffh-
xbyf9 bv elbltcb cfvjyfcnhj rjvg-
ktmcbc lfwdff7 hjvtkcfw ovbylf cf-
vt,f /mdbf9 bv #__ fsfcb mfhsdtkbc
ufsfdbceakt,bc lfwdff7 hjvtkbw
vc]fdhlt,ekb b.j obyf [tkbceakt-
,bc vbth8 fh dfv,j,7 hjv .dtkf lfyf-
gbht,b fcheklf= chekt,bsfw fhf7
vfuhfv bc ,jhjnt,f lf ecbylbcj,f
[jv fqfh [lt,f7 hfcfw cffrfidbkbc
lbktuib /mjylf flubkb= 
 fmfvlt smdtyc rbs[dt,c dgf-
ce[j,lb7 f[kf vtw vfmdc smdtysfy cfs-
[jdfhb8 ,fnjy kfifc 2 smdtyc ht-
lfmnjhc 2 vjf[ctyts7 hjv vcehc7
xtvb bynthdbe  thsb ktm-
cbs lfdfvsfdhj lf tc ktmcb7 hj-
vtkbw sfdbceakfl itb'kt,f
uf;qthltc  
 ewdktkfl lf,tzljs=

lfsdvf csmdf5 3bc lhj vthxbdyf7
hjwf ]fycfqfl db.fdb9
lhjt,bc cfnfht,kflf
fh vzbhlt,jlf vrbs[fdb8
vt vtresdyjlf vsf-,fhb7
vjehblt,kfl dbljlb8
vzktt,ib vcemfyc dfhxtdlb7
fhxtdfw rfhufl dbwjlb8
vltdfhcf dwtvlb sfdib njhc7
gbhlfgbh uflfdbljlb8
vbcheklt,jlf cehdbkb7
vbyfv thsc cbn.dfc dbn.jlb8
ufvbtivfrlf mdt.fyf7
sfdpt vtc[vbfy 'fqkt,b9
hblb lf ibib fqfh fmdcs7
sjabs lfvltdty ,fkqt,b7
bmfvlbc ufvbsfvfvlty7
lfvrjltc7 o.kekyb vnrbdbfy5
3efhtc cfmvtc lfuvfhst,s
[dfk7 [dfk-ptdbsj47 2 /rbdbfy8
[dfkbcf eafkvf bwbc8
tc fhbc welb ybifyb5
vbwmthty rehlqkbc rdfkflf7
hjujhw mdt.fyf dbwfyb8
xtvc yfstcfdt,c es[fhbs7
vjdblty7 vyf[jy sdfkbsf9
eylf fylth’fl lfdeulj7
hjv bvjmvtljy 'fkbsf8
'fkfc lft.hlyjy7 hjv fqclutc
itubyt,ekb cf[tkb7
sjhtv cfvelvjl ufmht,f
lfsdsf lf vutksf cfystkb8
'fkf lf ibib .jdtkufy= 2
tc fhbc xtvb cfsmvtkb8
tcfe,hf



fv hfvltybvt okbc
obyfs 3fcfdfk-
lfcfdfkib4 ufvjmdt.ylf
wyj,bkb othbkb
cfsfehbs 2 3ufret,bc
itcf[t,47 hjvtkibw
fqothbkb lf
uffyfkbpt,ekb b.j fhf
erfyfkblfy v.hfkb
fbht,bc [vfehbs
ufvjn.jhwybc ghjwtcb7
fhfvtl bc cfibytkt,f
lf e,tleht,f7 hfw

fye bvfdt 
 [fk[cf lf
mdt.fyfc vjenfyf8
c[dfsfijhbc7 cojhtl rj-
ktmnbehb 3ufrec4 reknehbc
vbybcnhj,bc lhjc b.j7 cff-
rfidbkvf w[jyt,ek uehfv
ifhf’tc gbhdtkb n.dbf hjv
tchjkf lf cf]fhj ,b,kbjst-
rfib hfafk jk,bycrbc ufh.-
dybkb yf[fnt,bc xfvj[tdbc uf-
vj s[esvtnb lqbs wb[tib
uffvotcf8 vtht @__* okbc @_
vfbcbc nhfutlbfw lfnhbfk-
lf7 hjwf uehfv ifhf’t vtkb-
mbidbkbc ufvpbhpt cf[fk[jl
lf[dhbntc888 tc cfrjynhjkj
ufchjkf uf[klfs7 hjvt-
kbw cthbekb vrdktkbc 2
cffrfidbkbc gbhflb ,h’fyt-
,bs ufyf[jhwbtktc7 sjhtv
yfwt,b [tkbceakt,fib vj-
dblyty se fhf7 bv lqblfy
cfvij,kjcsdbc lfvfidhfkb
frfltvbrjcb cffrfidbkbcf lf
vbcb [hjdbcsdbc erdt vrd-
lfhb b.j888
vfiby 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4
,h’jkbc obyf [fppt bluf lf
fo ufycdtyt,ekb  
 cbvfhsktc bwfdlf7 hf-
cfw dth dbn.dbs bv vfymeh-
st,pt7 hjvkt,cfw frfltvbrj-
cbc ]th lfgfnbvht,f lf vtht
lf[dhtnf ufe[fhlfs lf cff-
rfidbkbc ufhitvj lfdkehc
edkblyty8
hfw itt[t,f 
 sfdblfydt dfw[flt,s7
hjv rez-yfokfdblfy lf’he-
kb v.hfkb ufpt,bc fatsmt,bc
fqothfc fhw obyfvlt,fht ot-
hbkb bcf[fdc vbpyfl= 
 kbtnedtkb tdhj-
ltgenfnbcf lf @__(-@_!@
okt,ib kbtnedbc .jabkb
ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc 
 vtncf[tkbf7
hjvtkbw vfc xtvvf rjktufv
lf vtuj,fhvf7 ghjatcjhvf
 v itfhm-
df8 tc bc 3rebkbecbf47 hj-
vtkvfw obyf rdbhfc itvjudbs-
dfkf 2 se xdtyc zrefpt fh
ufbdkbs7 rfylblfnbc cnf-
necc dth vbbqt,sj= hjujhw
 bct rjktmnbe-
hb  itvs[dt-
dfib7 cehfsb ewdktkbf 2
ufhitvj .dtkfathb .fhc lf
n.ebkb lf vfhsfkb thsvf-
ytsib bctf fptkbkb7 hj-
ujhw cffrfidbkbc 3atrfk-
,ehst,b47 hjvkt,cfw vqt-
kdfht gfwbtynb rkbybrf
3dbdfvtlbc4 tmbvt,cf lf tm-
syt,c lhjufvjidt,bs tcd-
 

hbc [jkvt8
 
  
  

 ctyfnjhb 
 rjyuhtcvtyb 
 ghtpbltynb 
 cfvij,kjc vj-
qfkfnt  
 rjyxbnj,fib tzdvbnfyb-
kb 
 hectsbc yjvhbfyb futy-
nb  
pehf, ;dfybfc cbc[kib fvjd-
kt,ekb  
itaehs[t,bc ghjatcjhb
  ku,n fm-
nbdbcnb  
 lf vbcb 3ufrehlqkt,e-
kb4 'vf 
 [f,tbidbkbc ufult,ekb
  rtl-
kt,sfy vjkfgfhfrt 
 3[fylfpvekb sfq-
kbsb4  
sdbsufvjw[flt,ekb ;ehyf-
kbcnb  
 hjvtkcfw 3[f-
ylfpvekvf sfqkbsvf4 vfve-
rf [fpfhf’tv se vtyfitytt,bc
3uflfvult,vf4 dbyvt ]b,kf’tv
fy ghj888’tv +wtypehf xdtybf8
htl8` !%_ fsfcljkfhbfyb



 
 
  
  
3ktyl rhebpth-#__4 e.blf7
ce.dtkfyb 
 fhbfy7 hjv-
kt,cfw thsflthsb vbpfyb
fmds 2 yfwt,bc [tkbceakt-
,fib vj,heyt,f lf 3mfhsekb
jwyt,bc4 lfgfnbvht,f=
cojhtl fv vbpfyc tvcf[eht-
,jlf tdhjcf,zjib 
 vbth obyf rdbhfc
vbqt,ekb cfhtrjvtylfwbj [f-
cbfsbc htpjkewbf 2 cff-
rfidbkb ufvjeidbs lf ,b’b-
yf bdfybidbkb lffcfymwbht-
sj=
fv cfmvbc vstkb cfblevkj-
t,f bc fhbc7 hjv ptvj[ctyt,ek
sbsjtek 3rebkbecc4 
 
lblb fk,fsj,bs7 epfhvfpf-
hb aekbecb fmdc fqt,ekb=
vjut[ctyt,fs7 ghjatcjhb 
  hjvt-
kbw vjojlt,bs7 hf smvf ey-
lf7 3rebkbecbf47 fvfdlhje-
kfl7 hjratktht,bc isfvjvf-
dfkb uf[kfds lf aekb ,;b-
hbdbs e.hbf888 .dtkfathc hjv
sfdb lfdfyt,js7 ,t,bfv lf ,f-
,efv  cfmfhsdtkjc
ntmybrehb eybdthcbntnbc
rjhgect,bw rb vpbstdib fxe-
mtc888 lbf[7 xdtyb qhvf hovtybs7
mjibujhfib cojhtl 
 vbth xfvfh-
[ekb vbkbjyt,bf bvbc vbpt-
pb7 hjv rjktmnbehb 3reb-
kbect,b4 kfvbc yfrthfdpt
crlt,bfy7 bct fhbfy vjoflbyt-
,ekb cffrfidbkbc ufsfdbce-
akt,bs8
dbyw bhfrkb qfhb,fidbkc
vbey[tybc rjyathtywbfpt cf-
frfidbkbc itcf[t, itrbs[df
lfecdf7 bcbw rjktmnbehb
3rebkbecbf4888
 dbyw
tdhjgfib lfofyofkt,c lf
ufhitvj .dtkfathc i[fvfdc
2 cfmfhsdtkjc rfylblfnbc
cnfnecb fh vbcwtsj=
fb7 vfufkbsfl7 fv jhbjlt
rdbhbc obyfs ntktrjvgfybf
3bvtlbc4 rfvthfv idtltsib cf-















rjktmnbehb 3ufret,bcf4 lf
3rebkbect,bc4 ufcfmhj,fl
vhfdfkb vtsjlb fhct,j,c7
vfuhfv .dtkfpt evnrbdytekj
lf ufvjwlbkb vfbyw thsbf 2
afy]fhbecbc ufvjqt,f=

vb h’tyfo.tyb lf mfhsdtks-
vj’ekt 3rebkbecb4 ufvjbzb-
hf 2 


 !*)%
okbc !!-!# ctmntv,hbc rhof-
ybcbc nhfutlbbc lhjc hfw
fhntv fhfhfnbfywvf lf bjct,
fhqesbycbrbv xfblbytc7 tc cf-
vb cfkf[fyf lf vjqfkfnt ief
tdhjgfib cojhtl bvfc cxflb-
jlyty 2 lftshtjlyty rf,b-
ytnblfy rf,bytnt,ib lf cf-
lfw lf dbcsfyfw rb [tkb lf
jhnjnf tyf vbeodlt,jlfs7
.dtkfc i[fvfdlyty 2 cfmfh-
sdtkjc lfvwdtkt,b fh
/.fdc7 itenbts7 bmyt,7 mdt-
.fyfc rfylblfnbc cnfnecb
fh vbfybzjyj=
ths[tk lf cfvelfvjl ufb-
ujy  
 hjv cfmfhsdt-
kjc lqtc cfertstcj lfvw-
dtkb /.fdc 2 mfhsdtkb [fk-
[b7 hjvtkbw .dtkfathc vb[-
dlf7 vj.dhbc qbvbkc vbqvf
,jhjnb lf lfeylj,tkb
vnhbc xfcbc[kbfyt,ekb sdf-
kt,b lfkfylf lf bcbw rfh-
ufl ufbcbuh’tufyf7 se hf lf-
tvfhst,f mdt.fyfc7 rjktmnb-
ehb 3rebkbect,bc4 vjoj-
lt,t,c hjv fd.dts lf cfmfh-
sdtkj7 erhfbybc vcufdcfl7
hects-fvthbrbc cfv[tlhj lf-
gbhbcgbht,bc gjkbujyfl uf-
lfdfmwbjs=
yfgjktjyb fv,j,c5 itcf’-
kt,tkbf7 lffvfhw[j yt,bc-
vbthb mdt.fyf7 hjvtkcfw cf-
ertstcj fhvbf bwfdc7 vfuhfv
ite’kt,tkbf bv mdt.ybc
lfvfhw[t,f7 hjvtkcfw [fk-
[b bwfdc=
lqtc mfhsdtkb [fk[b vb[d-
lf bvfc7 hbc itcf[t,fw cfmfh-
sdtkjc cekvyfsb lf thsf-
lthsb ktubnbvehb ghtpb-
ltynb ]th rbltd jwlffsb
okbc obyfs othlf lf udfa-
hs[bkt,lf 2 

  
  
fvbnjv 
  
 mjibujhf
rb fhf7 ,fbltybc chf-cf[kt,b
lf  
zhtkb yba[fdbw hjv uf.bljy7
mfhsdtk [fk[c vfbyw dth vj-
fqjht,ty=
rjktmnbehb 3ufret,bcf4
lf 3rebkbect,bc4 ufcfmhj-
,fl vhfdfkb vtsjlb fhct,j,c7
vfuhfv .dtkfpt evnrbdytekj
lf ufvjwlbkb vfbyw thsbf
2 afy]fhbecbc ufvjqt,f lf
jsf[bc ufybfdt,f7 fylf 

 jgjpbwbbc itrht,f=
v]thf7 fv ufpfa[ekpt7 hj-
wf /fthib cfmfhsdtkjc ,fhf-
mbfyb vbobcf lf vsbc .dfdbkt-
,bc cehytkb lfnhbfklt,f7
f.hjkt,ekb 3ufret,bc4 lf
3rebkbect,bc4 ceyc vfhnbc
mfhb ofhbnfwt,c=

27


@_ st,thdfkc mfhsekb
stfnhbcf lf rbyjc
ktutylfc7 evidtybthtc
vtltf ]fafhb’tc !__
otkb itecheklt,jlf8
bub *! okbc fcfrib
ofdblf fvmdt.yblfy 2
,jkj oesfvlt kfvfpb
lf vidtybthb lf
ud]thf7 hjv !__ okbc
fcfribw bctsbdt
vjv[b,dktkb7 cgtnfrb
lf fqvfnt,ekb
bmyt,jlf7 hjujhbw
udf[cjdc8 wyj,bkb
ht;bcjhb 

b[ctyt,c %_ okbc obyfs7
!)*# otkc7 uflfqt,ek
abkvc 3vpt
itvjlujvbcf47 hjvkbc
cwtyfhbw cojhtl vtltf
]fafhb’bcsdbc lfothf
vbcvf vteqktv 

2 vf[cjdc7  
 lbqvbc rbyjcnelb-
bc /jkib itd[dlb7 rbyjcwtyf-
hb vjvwf7 ofbrbs[tj8 tc b.j
cwtyfhb rbyjabkvbcf 
 hjvtkbw xt-
vfvlt ths ht;bcjhc /mjylf
ofrbs[ekb7 vfuhfv cwtyfhsfy
it[t,bc othnbkt,b dth vjt-
yf[f8 htpjc vfiby fdnjvfymfyf
3djkuf4 /.fdlf7 xfvcdf lf 'dtk
s,bkbcib ofvb.dfyf 2 mfkfm-
ib sfdbcb othnbkt,b /mjylf7
cfblfyfw ltlfmfkfmb rbltd
eahj kfvfpb lf lblt,ekb
xfylf8 lfdlbjlbs mfkfmbc
'dtk mext,ib lf vbd[dlb7 hjv
vsfdfh uvbht,sfy thsfl7 'dt-
kb s,bkbcbw fv abkvbc vsf-
dfhb gthcjyf;b eylf ufv[lf-
hb.j8
2 htpj sf,erfidbkvf
us[jdfs7 hjv vsfdfh hjk-
ib vbcb vteqkt uflfutqjs0
2 htpjc fvbc itcf[t, fhf-
athb esmdfvc7 vfuhfv cwtyfhb
ofdbrbs[t se fhf7 vbd[dlb7
hjv abkvbc vsfdfhb uvbhb 2
trf cojhtl 
b.j sfdbcb vlblfhb ibyfufyb
,eyt,bs7 gbhjdyekb sdbct,t-
,bs7 thsuekt,bsf lf j]f[bc-
sdbc sfdlflt,bs8
dthw rb ofhvjvblutybf7 vt-
ltfc ufhlf7 c[df dby eylf uf-
lfvtqj7 fy dbcsdbc eylf tsm-
df htpj sf,erfidbkc uekb-
lfy fvjcekb cbn.dt,b5 


 vtltf ]fafhb-
’t fv abkvib %_ okbcff8 
 vfcpt fv-
,j,lf7 vtltf ufpfa[ekbc .df-
dbkc vfujyt,c7 hjvtkbw yfp
cehytkt,fc ufvjcwtvc lf ufs-
,j,cj8 vtltf .dtkfc e.dfhlf
lf cbrtsbc ufycf[btht,fl
sdkblyty7 fv,j,lyty 2 vfc-
sfy v.jac u]thf7 hjv fvmdt.-
yfl ,jhjnt,f fh fhct,j,cj8
3vpt itvjlujvbcf4 vtltfcf
lf htpjc cb.dfhekbc fyfhtr-
kbf8 fv abkvpt vstkb uekb-
sf lf vjyljvt,bs bveifdtc
rbyjjgthfnjhvf 
 lf rjvgjpbnjh-
vf  hjvtk-
vfw itcfybiyfdb vecbrf itmv-
yf8 vflkj,tkb dfh vstkb it-
vjmvtlt,bsb ]ueabc7 vtltf ]f-
afhb’tcsfy thsfl 

  
   
 lf c[df
wyj,bkvf vcf[bj,t,vf sfdbfy-
sb e,flkj itchekt,bs th-
sfl itdmvtybs tc abkvb8 vby-
ljlf7 hfvltybvt rflhib 
 uflfvt-
qj7 vfuhfv dth lfdbsfy[vt8 tc
b.j xtvb gbhdtkb chekvtnhf-
;bfyb abkvb8
2 vtltf ]fafhb’t smdtyc
yfstcfdfl bsdkt,jlf888
2  
28 
 

ltlfxtvbc ltblfidbkb b.j7 tct
bub7 vtltf xdtyb j]f[bc h’fkb
uf[klfs8 ,fdidj,bc ufhrdte-
kb okt,bw sf,erfidbkt,sfy
vfrfdibht,lf7 vfibyltk rbhj-
dbc mexfpt vtpj,kt,b db.fdbs8
mfk,fnjyb vtltfw7 afmnj,hb-
dfl7 ,fdidj,blfy vf[cjdc7 vf-
sb idbkb 2  xtvb lbc 2
mtsbc vtuj,fhb b.j7 sbsmvbc
thsb fcfrbc7 lf,flt,bc lqt-
t,cf lf c[df lqtcfcofekt,pt
thsfl dbrhb,t,jlbs8
2 fv,j,ty7 hjv ths[fyc vt-
ltf ]fafhb’tc abkvt,ib
fqfh bqt,lyty888
2 afmnj,hbdfl7 !)$( otkc
abkv   
uflfqt,bc vtht 
 @% okbc ufyvfdkj,fib
rbyjib fqfh uf,ho.byt,ekf
+sevwf7 hfvltybvt abkvib
bsfvfif` lf 
 b.j vbcb lf,heyt,f tr-
hfypt7 cflfw sfdbcb cfsyjt-
,bs vf.eht,kbc uekb rbltd
ths[tk uffs,j8 c[dfsfijhbc7
cojhtl htpj sf,erfidbkvf
itvjvsfdfpf fv abkvbc ufhr-
dtekb tgbpjlt,bc uflfqt,f
lblb v[fndhbc 














 cf[tkjcyjib8 vte[th-
[ekt,jlf7 hjujh itdfoe[j-
vtsmb7 vfuhfv mfk,fnjyb tkt-
yt htpjcf lf vtltfc vtuj,fhb
b.j7 fvbnjv cbfvjdyt,bs lfu-
dsfy[vlf8 cojhtl vbc cf[tkjc-
yjibf uflfqt,ekb 
 lf lqtv-
lt cfyfyt,kfl vfmdc7 fv lblb
[tkjdfybc wtrdbc fvcf[dtk cwt-
yfc wjnf vtnb lhj hjv fh lf-
desvt8 f[fkufphlf db.fdb7 vt-
hblt,jlf fcts nbnfyt,sfy
cbsfvfvt8
2 udbfv,ts fv abkvib vt-
ltf ]fafhb’bc veifj,bc it-
cf[t,888
2 mfk,fnjy vtltfcsfy xtvb
fcbcntynb 
 v.fdlf vbvfuht,ekb7 uf-
lfqt,fpt vjcf.dfyfl lbkbc )
cffspt rb frbs[fdlf7 vfuhfv vt-
vtltf ]fafhb’bc ,jkj it[dtlhf afhsj cfpjufljt,fcsfy itluf !))! okbc
jmnjv,thib s,bkbcbc pqdfcsfy fhct,ek vj[ewt,eksf gfycbjyfnib8 j]f[bc otdht,bc
ufhtit lfhxtybk vj[ewt,c vjtathf7 uffv[ytdf7 ktmct,b oferbs[f lf efv,j7 okt,bc
 obyfs gfhbpib vj[ewt,eksf gfycbjyfnib hjujh it[dlf ufkfrnbjybc vepfc 2 vthb
ithdfib’tc8 hjujhw fv cfqfvjc lfvcohtyb fv,j,lyty7 fv fv,fdvf ctdlbfyb vj[ewt,b
 uffv[ytdf lf uff[fkbcf8 vtltf ]fafhb’t ufhlfbwdfkf !))$ okbc #! vfhnc8 bv

ufpfa[ekpt 2 ! fghbkc s,bkbcib sjdkb vjdblf lf ,eyt,f fct ufvjtvidblj,f
sfdbc hxtek7 ufyevtjht,tk vtltf ]fafhb’tc8

ltf vfc cf[kib itbgfnb;t,lf7
fcfepvt,lf lf uflfqt,fpt udb-
fy7 !@ cffspt vjlbjlyty8 b’e-
kt,ekb ufd[lbs7 vbc ht;bvc
vjdhut,jlbs8 ths[tk ufudb,-
hfplf7 # lqt fh udtkfgfhfrt-
,jlf8  
lf vbc fvmfhsfy thsfl cbvqt-
hbc 
 itchekt,f
vjbcehdf8 abkvib fvbc xfhs-
df wjnf hsekb b.j7 sfy ab-
hbc ghj,ktvfw udmjylf7 fvb-
njv uflfdo.dbnts7 v[jkjl
lfcfo.bcb uflfudtqj8 vtltfv
bvqthf7 vfuhfv7 hjwf vb[dlf7
hjv uflfqt,f itdo.dbnts7
to.byf lf ofdblf8 ,jkjc7 hf
smvf eylf7 itdhbulbs lf ve-
ifj,fw ufdfuh’tkts8
pjubthsb tgbpjlb vtltfcf
lf htpjc w[jdht,bc htfke-
hb bcnjhbblfyff7 vfufkbsfl7
gehbc cfw[j,sfy x[e,bc tgb-
pjlb7 cflfw cfvb rfwb thsc
cwtvc lf trf df[nfyuc +abkvbc
uvbht,b` bv thsbc cfidtkfl
x[e,ib xfhsdfc cs[jdc8 vf[-
cjdc7 itibc sjyt djhjywjd-
pt 'kbdc fqvjdfxbyts7 vfiby
s,bkbcib fct vhfdkfl fh b.j
sjytt,b888

 cfjwhfl e[-
lt,jlyty s,bkbcc7 (# okbc
dfh7 xtvc sfj,fc lf wjnf ev-
whjct,c 'fkbfy rfhufl f[-
cjds bcbyb7 vfsb ufvjxtyf me-
xfib lqtcfcofekb b.j8 vtltf
]fafhb’bc cbkfvfpt ufyevtj-
ht,tkbf7 bc b.j ybzbthb7 cbrt-
sbs cfdct7 .dtkfc uekitvfn-
rbdfhb7 vte[th[ekt,f rbltw
fvltyb cfmt,fhb cbn.dt,bc
smvf8
2 @_ st,thdfkc vtltf ]f-
afhb’tc !__ otkb iteche-
klt,jlf888
2 ,tlybthb dfh7 hjv vfcsfy
vmjylf ehsbthsj,f7 hjv xtvc
abkvibf fq,tzlbkb bv mfk,f-
njybc vidtybtht,f7 hjvtkbw
vstk cfmfhsdtkjc e.dfhlf lf
lqtcfw mfkj,bcf lf cbkfvf-
pbc tnfkjybf8 !__ okbc fcfr-
ibw rb bctsbdt kfvfpb lf vidt-
ybthb bmyt,jlf7 hjujhbw udf[-
cjdc7 okt,b dthfathc lffr-
kt,lf vbc cekcf lf fhct,fc8


 



  
tc o.dbkb thsfl ufybcdtyt,c
lble,bc vothfksf lf cfpj-
uflj vjqdfotsf gfystjyib7
vfuhfv vfsb cb.dfhekbc bc-
njhbf lqtvlt ktutylfl
uh’tklt,f7 vfsb cf[tkt,b lf-
edbo.fhbf lf erdlfdt,fibf lf-
dfyt,ekb8
tcfe,hf



[tk-at[bc cbwbdt efvhfd flfvbfyc nfy]fdc7
hfw fhfthsb cthbjpekb lffdflt,bc
cbvgnjvbf8 vtwybthb7 /jvtjgfsb lf tmbvb
  fw[flt,c7
hjv7 se [tk-at[ib [ibhfl udfwbt,c7
egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 afhbct,hb ]bhrdfkb
eylf itdbvjovjs5
2 pfvshbc cec[c flfvbfyb7
egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 [tkt,b-
cf lf at[t,bc cbwbdbs uh’-
yj,c8 tc ,eyt,hbdbf7 hflufy
flfvbfyb pfvsfhib cbs,jc
rfhufdc7 [jkj vbc 'bhbsfl
ibyfufy jhufyjt,c 2 uekc7
qdb’kc7 ndbyc7 abkndt,cf lf
sbhrvkt,c velvbdfl cbs,j
czbhlt,fs8 fv jhufyjt,bc
ntvgthfnehf fhfdbsfh itv-
s[dtdfib fh eylf b.jc #* uhf-
lec wtkcbecpt yfrkt,b8 tc
cbs,j jhufybpvvf eylf vbb-
qjc cbc[kbc iteath[t,tkb
vbojlt,bs7 hfw pfvshbc cec-
[ib ghj,ktvfnehbf8 cfmvt bc
uf[kfds7 hjv cbwbdbc lhjc
ndbyb ptlf lf mdtlf rbleht-
,bc cbc[k’fhqdt,c 3e,h’f-
yt,c47 itdbohjdlyty7 hfsf
cbc[kb 'bhbsflb jhufyjt-
,bcrty uflfbchjkjy8 cojhtl
fvbc itltubf7 hjv pfvsfhib
xdtyb c[tekbc gthbathbekb
yfobkt,b 2 [tkbc vntdyt,b7
nthat,b7 .eht,b lf w[dbhb
wbdbf=
2 ufcfut,bf7 hjv pfvsfh-
ib [tkt,bcf lf at[t,bc uf-
wbdt,f xdtekt,hbdb fv,fdbf7
vfuhfv fhbfy flfvbfyt,b7
hjvkt,cfw [tk-at[b pfv-
sfh-pfa[ek uf.byekb fm-
ds8 hf fhbc fvbc vbptpb0
2 ,tdhb [tk-at[bc velvbd
cbwbdtc xdtekt,hbd vjdktyfl
vbbxytdc7 fhflf7 tc itcf’kjf7
'fkbfy cthbjpekb lffdflt-
,t,bc vfybiyt,tkb b.jc= se
[tk-at[b [ibhfl wbdb udfmdc7
egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 afhbct,-
hb ]bhrdfkb ufvjdbrdkbjs7
hjvtkbw flfvbfybcsdbc tyth-
utnbrekb cfluehbc hjkc
fchekt,c8 hjltcfw vbcb ae-
ymwbf lfmdtbst,ekbf7 fye fl-
ubkb fmdc /bgjsbhtjpc7 c[t-
ekib ybdsbtht,fsf wdkf yt-
klt,f lf [tk-at[bc ntvgthf-
nehfw lf,kf botdc8 

 
   

  
  se [tk-at-
[bc cbwbdtcsfy thsfl tc cbv-
gnjvt,b ufvj[fnekb udfmdc7
fewbkt,kfl eylf vbdfrbs-
[js tyljrhbyjkjuc lf uf-
dbcby]js /bgjabpbc sbht-
jnhjgekb /jhvjybcf lf
sbhjmcbybc kfby7 fye T$-bc
ljyt8 [tk-at[bc cbwbdt lfvf-
[fcbfst,tkbf hrbyfltabwb-
nehb fytvbbcsdbcfw8 fv lhjc
jhufybpvib hrbybc yfrkt,j-
,ff7 hrbyf rb7 sfdbc v[hbd7 cbc-
[kbc obstkb ,ehsekt,bc 2
/tvjukj,bybc 'bhbsflb it-
vflutytkb yfobkbf8 cojhtl
vbcb vtidtj,bs bthst,c /t-
vjukj,byb ;fyu,flc lf vbfmdc
.dtkf e]htlsfy8 hrbybc yfr-
kt,j,f sfdbcsfdfl /tvjukj-
,bybc yfrkt,j,fc ybiyfdc8 fv
lhjc flfvbfybc rfyb7 ufycf-
resht,bs [tkbc vntdfyb7 ath-
vrhsfkbf lf wbdb8 fcts flf-
vbfyt,c fqtybiyt,fs sfd,-
he[dtdf7 cohfab lfqkf7 .e-
ht,ib iebkb7 uekbcwtvbc fx-
mfht,f lf mjibyb8
2 se flfvbfyc ufvjrdkt-
dt,bs dthfyfbhb ltatmnb
dth lfelubylf lf [tk-at-
[b vfbyw ufwbdt,ekb fmdc7 tc
hbcb ybifybf0
2 tc itcf’kjf7 b.jc 
 
 ybifyb8 fctsb flfvb-
fyb exbdbc /fthbc ervfhbcj-
,fc7 sfd,he[dtdfc7 ufqbpbfyt-
,flj,fc7 fldbkfl lfqkfc7
uekbc fhtib x[dktnfc7 hj-
wf fv jhufyjpt fhfdbsfhb gf-
sjkjubf fh abmcbhlt,f lf
oytdbc wdfkt,flj,fc7 hjvt-
kbw [fy 'fkpt vfqfkbf7 [fyfw
 












2 lf,fkb8 
  


  
  


cfmvt bc fhbc7 hjv lbf,t-
nbc lhjc cbc[k’fhqdt,b ufy-
cfresht,bs nthabc vblfvj-
ib pbfylt,f7 cbc[kbc vbvjm-
wtdf bhqdtdf lf se ifmfhb fh
lfdbhtuekbhts7 itcf’kjf7
cfmvt ufyuhtyfvltw vbdbltc=
fvbnjv xtvb hxtdff 2 .jdtk-
sdbc lfbsdfkbthts at[bc
uekt,b lf se evnrbdytekj
yf[tsmt,c itfvxytds7 cfufyuf-
ij ybiyfl xfsdfkts8 lbf[7 tc

 

 
bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv cf[tpt udfmdc
 
hjvtkbw ufyuhtybc cfo.bcb
cnflbff8 yt,bcvbth yf[tsmc
ythdekb lf,jkjt,t,bs nrb-
dbkbc cf[bs eylf itdbuh’-
yj,lts8 lbf,tnbc lhjc mdt-
lf rbleht,bcf lf7 ufycfres-
ht,bs7 nthat,bc cbc[kbs vj-
vfhfut,f vybidytkjdyfl itv-
wbht,ekbf7 nthab wbdbf7 yth-
dek e]htlt,cfw cfrdt,b fh vb-
tojlt,f lf fvbnjv at[b
vuh’yj,tkj,fc rfhufdc8





2 hfnjv [lt,f7 hjv 'kb-
thb cnhtcbcf lf ibibc lhjc
flfvbfyc [tk-at[b ewbdlt-
,f0
2 ibibc lhjc ufvjb.jaf

 jhbdt /jhvjyb cbc[k’fh-
qdt,bc itdbohjt,fc bodtdc7
hfw [tk-at[bc cbwbdbc vbpt-
pb [lt,f8 itvwbdyt,fc [tk-at-
[ib [ibhfl exbdbfy yfhrjvf-
yt,bw7 hflufy yfhrjnbrt,b
fpbfyt,c cbc[k’fhqdt,c7 hfw
bvbc vbptpb [lt,f7 hjv yfh-
rjvfyt,c uflfflubkt,f ezb-
hs lf [ibhfl .fdfh]ybs lf-
lbfy8 [tk-at[bc cbwbdt itcf’-
kjf7 ufvjbodbjc hjujhw vf-
qfkvf7 bct lf,fkvf oytdfv8 vf-
qfkb oytdbc lhjc cf[tpt
udfmdc cbc[k’fhqdt,bc cgfp-
vb7 hf lhjcfw [tk-at[b wbd-
lt,f7 [jkj lf,fkb oytdbc
lhjc cbc[kb leytl vj’hf-
j,c7 rbleht,c dth fs,j,c lf7
itcf,fvbcfl7 [tk-at[bw wb-
dbf8 [tk-at[bc cbwbdt itcf’-
kjf7 ufvjbodbjc 
 hjvtkbw
cbc[k’fhqdt,ib kfult,f lf
vbrhjshjv,t,c ofhvjij,c8
2 xhlbkjtsbc [fk[t,b7
ufycfresht,bs xemxt,b lf
tcrbvjct,b [tk-at[bc cbwb-
dtc hjujh lf hbs t,h’db-
fy0
2 fvbc vbptpb7 egbhdtktc
.jdkbcf7 vfsb rdt,bc hfwbj-
ybf7 hjvkbc *_ ghjwtynpt
vtnc dtifgbc fy ctkfgbc mj-
yb itflutyc8 cojhtl tc eo.b-
yfhb w[bvbf vfsb tythubbcf
lf cbs,jc o.fhj= cfthsjl7
eylf dbwjlts7 hjv mfkt,b
eahj vwbdfyt,b fhbfy7 dbl-
ht vfvfrfwt,b8 fvbc vbptpb bc
fhbc7 hjv mfkt,c reysjdfyb
vfcfw vwbht fmds lf ufhlf
fvbcf7 vfvfrfwt,sfy itlfht-
,bs vfsb rfymdtif w[bvbw ,td-
hfl s[tkbf8 c[dfsfijhbc7 vf-
vfrfwt,sfy itlfht,bs mfkt-
,bc lqtuh’tkj,bc vbptpb
cojhtl bc fhbc7 hjv vfsb
reysjdfyb vfcf vwbhtf888 vj-
ut[ctyt,fs7 reyst,c vtnb tyt-
hubf lf cbs,j czbhlt,f8 fvbc
ufvj vfvfrfwbc jhufybpvb ,td-
hfl vtn htcehcc [fh]fdc7
dblht mfkbc8 cojhtl tc uf[-
kfds bvbc vbptpb7 hjv vfvf-
rfwt,b mfkt,sfy itlfht,bs
eahj cohfafl ,thlt,bfy=
2 hjwf [tk-at[b uf.bye-
kb fmds7 pfvsfhib fhf.c uf-
lf/rhfdty [jkvt= fhf.b vfh-
skf udfs,j,c0
2 tc vbsbf= vfhsfkbf7 cgb-
hnb cbc[k’fhqdt,c fafhsj-
t,c7 vfuhfv vfkt jhufybpvbc
cbs,ehb lfwdf bsbit,f lf
cbc[kb rbleht,bc ufdkbc itv-
ltu cohfafl wbdlt,f lf
fvudfhfl ,heylt,f ibyfufy
jhufyjt,ib8 uf[cjdlts 2 flf-
vbfyt,b7 hjvkt,bw n.tib fh-
.bs wlbkj,ty ufs,j,fc7 hj-
ujhw otcb7 b.byt,bfy= lbf[7
pfvsfhib fhf.b fh udfs,j,c=
2 hfnjv bodtdc at[bc cb-
wbdt [ibh ifhldfc0
2 at[bc cbwbdbc lhjc
cbc[kb ibyfufyb jhufyjt,bc-
rty uflfbyfwdkt,c7 fodt,f
sbhrvtkc7 oytdf vfnekj,c
lf bvbcsdbc7 hfsf lfhtue-
kbhltc7 vfnekj,c ifhlbc
ufvj.jaf8 fb7 tc fhbc cbwb-
dbc lhjc [ibhb ifhldbc vb-
ptpb=
2 hbs itb’kt,f devreh-
yfkjs [tk-at[bc itvwbd-
yt,fc0
2 egbhdtkc .jdkbcf7 lf-
dflubyjs vbptpb lf vbdvfh-
sjs itcf,fvbc cgtwbfkbcnc8
'dtk cfmfhsdtkjib [tk-at-
[bc itvwbdyt,fc fctsb htwtg-
nbs vrehyfkj,lyty5 @ cea-
hbc rjdp vihfk vljudc lfe-
vfnt,lyty @ wfk lfamek ob-
ofrfc7 ! ceahbc rjdp vfhbkc
lf fv yfhtdc lffc[fvlyty @__
uhfv fhf.c8 vbqt,ek vfcfc !_
lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib ,ytk
jsf[ib uffxtht,lyty lf lqt-
ib cfv]th itfy]qhtdlyty8 !_
lqbc itvltu fv yf.tybs lb-
kf-cfqfvjc [tk-at[c lfb-
ptklyty888 fv vtsjlbc vtwyb-
thekb lfcf,est,f bc fhbc7
hjv obofrfib itlbc vofht ybd-
sbtht,f  hjvtk-
cfw cbc[k’fhqdsf ufvfafh-
sjt,tkb lf ufvf[eht,tkb
vjmvtlt,f fmdc8 'dtk cfmfhs-
dtkjib ,t,bfmfkt,b f[kfl
lf,flt,ek xdbkc7 ufycfres-
ht,bs ,bzt,c7 [tk-at[pt
o.fkufhtek ifd qdbyjc uf-
lffdkt,lyty 2 [tk-at[bc cb-
wbdt fh twjlbyt,fj= [tk-at-
[bc cbwbdbc lhjc 'fkpt tatm-
nehbf /jvtjgfsbehb ghtgf-
hfnb  
hjvtkcfw vt7 hjujhw ghfm-
nbrjcb tmbvb7 
 lhjcfw rb ofh-
vfnt,bs db.tyt,= cfuekbc[-
vjf bc afmnbw7 hjv 3ubyrj
,bkj,f4 'fkpt rfhubf vt[cb-
tht,bcsdbc7 hflufy vrdtshfl
fev]j,tct,c sfdbc ndbyib
cbc[kbc vbvjmwtdfc=
tcfe,hf

29
 

 
 +@$8_)-@@8!_`
cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb obycdkbcfsdbc vtnb fmnb-
ehj,f uvfhst,s8 cfmvtib lf[vfht,fc f[kj,kt,b7 ufdkt-
ybfyb gbhyb fy sfyfvphf[dtkyb ufubotdty8 vtuj,hekb eh-
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vfynbrekb rfdibhb eahj vtnfl qbf lf cbfvjdyt,bc vjv-
nfyb bmyt,f8 itcf’kjf7 idbkt,vf vtnb lhj vjbs[jdjy8
vjupfehj,f cfcbrtsjl xfbdkbc lf itltucfw vjbnfyc8
 +@#8!_-@@8!!`
hjvfynbrekb lf /fhvjybekb gthbjlb utkbs8 tyt-
ubbsf lf itvjmvtlt,bsb bltt,bs fqcfdct bmyt,bs8 rfhub
lhjf cfcb.dfhekj ehsbthsj,bcsdbc7 ufhsj,bcf lf v[b-
fhekb lhjcnfht,bcsdbcfw8 f[fkb cfmvt vjut,fc vjbnfyc8
vjudbfyt,bs cfbynthtcj flfvbfyt,sfy rjynfmnt,b ufbp-
hlt,f8 j]f[bc otdht,sfy7 it.dfht,eksfy7 ,fdidt,sfy eh-
sbthsj,f vtn cbfvjdyt,fc vjufybzt,s8 vteqktc rb ev-
]j,tcbf7 odhbkvfysf ufvj fh ittlfdjs8

    +@#8!!-@!8!@`

2 gbhfl /jhjcrjgib vsdfhbc vidbkljcybc pjlbfmjib ufykfut,bcfc flfvbfyb cthbjpek cfmvtsf ufy[bkdfib thelbwbfcf lf rjv-
 
cfzvkbc vjvpflt,bc ghjwtcib hjujh isf,tzlbkt,fc emvybc lf hbs gtntynehj,fc ufvjfdktys lf fvbs fdnjhbntnc fbvfq-

fqfahsjdfyt,c ufhitvj v.jat,c0 vsdfhbc s[bc hmbc ybifyib ufykfut,bc kt,s8 itcf’kjf7 f[fkb cfmvt itvjusfdfpjy8 bynhbut,c

vjthblts lf fhwths cfmvtib fh ufhbcrjs8 gbhflb lf
itvs[dtdfib hf fhbc flfvbfybcsdbc vybidytkjdfyb0 rdt,bc cfrbs[t,c hf res[bs    
cfcb.dfhekj it[dtlht,bcf lf uflfflubkt,t,bc hfjlt-
   
ufyb[bkfdc7 hbcb itwyj,f cehc7 pecnfl hfc cfpqdhfdc lf hbcb vjudfht,f  
yj,f ufbphlt,f8 ]fyvhstkj,f cnf,bkehb utmyt,fs8 lhj
    vbcb
'fke’c0 dby lffutvjdyt,c eibihfl f[fk lf ewyj, rth’t,c lf dby fhbc velfv [tkc iteo.j,c utuveh rdktdfcf lf vrehyfkj,bc xfnf-
tc vblhtrbkt,f eahj vtnfl
ht,fc8
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'kbthlt,f7 hjwf hfbvt cbf[-  +@@8!@-!)8_!`
kbc cehdbkb exylt,f7 sev-
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ufykfut,bcfc fhbc flfvbfyb thslhjekfl uehvfybw lf rfhub vpfhtekbw lf wf7 hjwf fvudfhb vjyfwtvt,bc jlib fldbkb itcf’kt,tkbf7 hfbvt cfblevkj fvj[cyfs
ite’kbf [es oesib vtnfl utvhbtkb rth’bc vjvpflt,f0 hfc wlbkj,c fylf flfvbfyb lfrfdt,ekbf c[df cf- fy xf[kfhsek cbnefwbfib ufthrdts8 'fkbfy hjvfynb-
bynthtcj cfmvbs7 fylf7 e,hf- rekb bmyt,bs7 hfw ufphlbc cfcb.dfhekj gfhnybjhbc
pju]th hbcsdbc b.tyt,c lf hfcsfy fcjwbhlt,f vbc vbth vjvpflt,ekb rth’t,b0 kjl7 sfdc ,tlybthfl uh’-
2 fv lf c[df cfrbs[t,pt fcnhjkjub  udtcfe,ht,f8
ufwyj,bcf lf f[fkb ehsbthsj,bc lfo.t,bc fk,fsj,fc8
yj,c7 vfiby vpfl fhbc7 tupj- vjupfehj,bcfc ,tdh cfbynthtcj byajhvfwbfc vbbqt,s
nbrehb vblhtrbkt,fyb lfs-
vjvpflt,fc8 fvfcsfy7 thsyfb-
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2 ufydfuh’js cfe,fhb gb-    vjc lf hfcfw itxdtekbf lf
hfl rfhufl fvpflt,c hjujhw
ev]j,tct,kfl rb vbpfyitojybkbf abpbrehb dfh]bib lf
hfl /jhjcrjgib vsdfhbc fvf  hfw vjcojyc7 bc cfzvtkb vb-
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,eyt,bc obfqib ctbhyj,f8
se bv pjlbfmjc ybifyib ufy-      bhsdfc8 ybifylj,kbdbf bcbw7
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,bc itcf[t,8  bc utmvyt,fs7 sbsmjc tc flfvbf- kehb fylf exdtekjf7 hflufy kehb vlujvfhtj,f ufbev]j,tcjs8 rfhub gthbjlbf cfv-
2    fldbkfl cofdkj,c rth’t,bc yt,b thsfl hfvltybvt ntmyb- fvudfhb flfvbfyb cfzvkbc vjv- cf[ehbc itcfwdktkfl7 lfvfnt,bsb itvjcfdkbc vjcf’b-
rfc akj,ty8 ghjlemnt,bs pflt,bcfc hfvtc lfevfnt,c fy t,kfl fy cf[kbc rtsbkvjcfo.j,fl8 uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vb-
fldbkfl vfybgekbht,ty lf lffrkt,c7 hfw rkfcbreh rth- qt,fcf lf vbpybc vbqotdfib ufvjwlbkb flfvbfyt,b lf-
bvghjdbpbht,ty7 vfs cnevhbc ’cfw7 ufhrdtekobkfl7 utvjc

ut[vfht,bfy8 vjupfehj,bcfc lfv.fht,ekb yfwyj,j,f it-
vbqt,f e.dfhs lf [ibhfl vfs- itewdkbc8 fvbnjv vbcb tmcgt- cf’kjf7 [fyuh’kbd f[kj ehsbthsj,fib uflfbpfhljc8
sfy thsfl fvpflt,ty cfzvtkc7 hbvtynb [fy ofhvfnt,ekbf7
 +@!8_#-@_8_$` hfw cf[fkbcj lf lfcfvf[cjd-  +!)8_@-@_8_#`
[fy rb fhf7 sevwf7 fvfc fh uf-
tc vidblfl lf lhjlflhj afhekfl vjmvtlt,bc ht,tkb ghjwtcbf8 efhc fh fv- ybwlbc7 vbseahj7 hjv rfh-
tythubf bvfnt,c7 [jkj itvjmvtlt,bsj,bc cehdb-
gthbjlbf7 hjvkbc lhjcfw cfcehdtkbf7 cfresfhb vbp- ,j,ty fctdt c[dbc cf[kib cfz- ub rth’bc lfutvjdyt,f htcnj-
kb lf bltt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc vjs[jdybkt,f ,tdh flf-
yt,b lf bltt,b fh ufsmdfs8 vbqt,ek byajhvfwbfc e.e- vkbc vjvpflt,fptw lf vfcgby- hfycf lf rfatt,ibw fhbc it-
vbfysfy lfufrfdibht,s8 hfw eahj vtnb flfvbfyb ufubw-
hflqt,jl ye lfnjdt,s8 f[fkb ghjtmnbc lfcfo.t,fl ’kbc c[dflfc[df ufcnhjyjvb- cf’kt,tkb8 itb’kt,f bsmdfc7
yj,s7 vbseahj vtnfl ofhvfnt,ekfl ofhbvfhst,f smdtyb
lf xfyfabmhbc ufycf[jhwbtkt,kfl vjtvpflts8 twflts7 ekb cehdbkbc lfrvf.jabkt- hjv bc cfzvkbcufy ljuvfneh
cfmvtt,b lf ufev]j,tclt,f cjwbfkehb vlujvfhtj,f8 rek-
abyfyct,b otchbuib bmjybjs lf aekb n.ebke,hfkjl ,fpt7 hfw fctdt ufhitvj v.ja- reknc fh mvybc lf ite’kbf7
nehekb qjybc’bt,t,b lf ,fdidt,sfy ehsbthsj,f ea-
fh ufakfyujs8 sfdbceafkb lhj rb ]fyvhstkj,bc ufrf- sf fqahsjdfyt,fc bodtdc8 yf[tdfhaf,hbrfnt,b lf [bkb
hj cf[fkbcj lf lfcfvf[cjdht,tkb bmyt,f8 fv gthbjlib
vjupfehj,fw cfcbfvjdyj vjujyt,t,c lfubnjdt,s8
;t,bcf lf lf[fh]ekb tythubbc fqcflutyfl ufvjb.tyts8    itb’byjc7 gfrtnt,ib uflffyf-
 +@!8_$-@_8_%`
    obkjc lf vfwbdfhib uf.byjc8
rfhub lhjf rfhbthekb fqvfcdkbcsdbc lf itcf’-
   fctdt ite’kbf7 thsb it[tldbs hb rth’bc vjvpflt,fc7 hjvtk- 
kt,kj,t,bcf lf ybzbc ufvjcfdktyfl8 kblthekb gj-
   itesfdct,tkb ghjlemnt,b cfw vbcb j]f[bc otdht,b lf 
pbwbbc lfrfdt,bcfc rjktut,sfy cbhsektt,b ufxylt,f7
   sdfkbc pjvbs thsvfytsc it- cnevht,b evfk itcfyckfdty8  itcf,fvb-
vfuhfv ufhitvj v.jayb ghjatcbek phlfib lfut[vfht-
 ehbjc lf 'fkbfy utvhbtkb lf fvudfhb flfvbfyb [ibhfl cfz- cfl7 se flfvbfyvf7 hjvkbc 
 vbvpbldtkb rth’t,b itmvyfc8 vkbc vjvpflt,bcfc ecvtyc ve-
,bfy8 cf[kc7 j]f[cf lf ]fyvhstkj,fc vtnb .ehflqt,f  bcbyb rdt,bc cfrbs[t,c fvudfh flfvbfyt,c .dtkfathb
  
vbfmwbts8 ijhtek mdt.fyfib fy vbdkbyt,fib ufvupfdht- [ibhfl vtwybthekb sdfk- cbrfc8 wlbkj,c7 cfrdt,b ]fy- 
ufvfhnbdt,ekb fmds8 sevwf7 cfqb7 lf,fkfyct,ekb lf j]f-
,f lflt,bsfl xfbdkbc lf cfcehdtk itltuc vjbnfyc8 cfphbcbs ufyb[bkfdty8 bvghj- fvfdlhjekfl thsb cbcecntw
   
[bc .dtkf otdhbcfsdbc vbcfqt-
 +@!8_%-@@8_^` dbpbht,f fh e.dfhs7 cfzvtkc   
uffxybfs 2 e.dfhs cfvpfhte- ,b b.jc8 sevwf7 .dtkfpt utv-
ptlvbotdybs htwtgnbc vb[tl- kjc sfyfvtlhjdt [fhbc[bfyb
   
hbtkfl yfrkt, cfcfhut,kj7
cfvcf[ehib ufeut,hj,fc bjkfl vjfudfht,s8 j]f[-
dbs fvpflt,ty lf wlbkj,ty7 ntmybrehb [tkcfo.jt,b7 fvb-
  
ib wdkbkt,t,b rb ]j,c7 uflfljs7 hflufy smdtyb tyt-
ef[ktcb cfvpfhtekj ntmyb- w[bvbfy7 w[fht fy nr,bk cfz-  hflufy cfzvtkbw
hujgjntywbfkb lf,fkbf lf itcf’kjf7 ]fyvhstkj,f uf- njv ,kfud lfyfc7 ufaezt,ek vtkt,c fvpflt,c7 hjvtkcfw lf cbnefwbfw vtnfl cfcbf-
rf ufvjb.tyjy8 vfssdbc vybi-
befhtcjs8 ,fdidt,sfy ehsbthsj,f cnbvekc vjuwtvs ,ktylthc fy tvfkfvjnt[bk lbtnjkjut,b rh’fkfdty7 vfu- vjdyj fqvjxylt,f8 
dytkjdfybf7 bv ghjwtcsf fh- mdf,c vbc cfvpfhtekjib dth hfv hjvtkbw hjvfynbrfcsfy7
gbhflb w[jdht,bc vjcfotchbut,kfl lf cfw[jdht,tkb
cb tcvjlts7 hfcfw flubkb    
gbhj,t,bc ufev]j,tct,fpt abmhbcsdbc8 vjupfehj,f lf b[bkfds8 rjvajhnsfy7 aeaeyt,fcf lf
fmdc ghjlemnt,bc ithtdbcfc

it[dtlht,b itcf’kjf7 ghj,ktvt,c lferfdibhltc7 vfu-
elfhltkj,fcsfy fcjwbhlt- itvs[dtdfib7 vfcgby’tkb lfe-
lf lfveifdt,bcfc8 bcbyb rdt-
  
hfv vskbfyj,fib cfcehdtk itltuc vjbnfyc8 ,f8    dbo.fhb .dfdbkt,bc xfbc7 jhb-
,bc hfwbjyc obyfcofh utuvf-
   
ubyfkeh w[tk rth’c fy lt-
 +@#8_^-@@8_*` dty7 ghjlemnt,bc cbfc flut-
   
cthnc itvjusfdfpt,s7 [jkj7
yty lf [ibhfl vfhfucfw brt-
rfhub ufyfskt,f lf ghjatcbjyfkbpvb f[fkb lf it-    
se lffgbht,s vbcdkfc flf-
st,ty8 ybifylj,kbdbf7 hjv
vjcfdkbfyb cfvcf[ehbc vbqt,bc ifycc ufphlbc8 uflffl-       
vbfysfy7 hjvkbc
odtekt,t,bc lhjc pecnfl
ubkt,t,bc7 rjynfmnt,bc7 it[dtlhf-vjkfgfhfrt,t,bc hf-     
jltyj,f ufbphlt,f8 cfmvtsf cbe[dt lhjc fh lfubnj- bwbfy7 hf hfjltyj,bc ghj-    eylf fqbybiyjc 
dt,s ufhsj,bcsdbc8 vteqkt fy it.dfht,ekb .jdtkv[- lemnb eylf itb’byjy7 hfsf
  bcbw7 hjv welb ufyo.j,bcfc7 
fqpyt,ek fy ufqbpbfyt,ek  ufykfut,ekb7 obyfc-
cfv.jabw b.jc lf ptlvtnbw
hbd udthlbs lfublut,fs lf lfut[vfht,fs8 ijhtekb vju- 
vlujvfhtj,fib cfzvkbc vjv- ofh lfehtrts lf ittrbs[ts7
fh lfhxtc8 fvudfhb flfvbfyb-
pfehj,f7 cfw[jdht,tkb flubkbc fy bynhbthbc itwdkf 
pflt,fc thblt,bfy8 pjubths hf ofeqjs7 hflufy7 itcf’-
csdbc ghbjhbntnekbf nhf-

kjf7 hfqfw vfbyw frkltc8
,tdh cbf[ktc itvjbnfyc smdtyc w[jdht,fib8
vfsufyc rb rekbyfhbekb tm-
 +@#8_*-@#8_(` lbwbekb cfrdt,b lf ceahfc-
  
 fvfcsfy thsfl7 cgthbvtynbc itvltu zehzkbc
sfy vjmwtdbc tnbrtnb8 vfc rfh-
abpbreh-tvjwbehb vlujvfhtj,f itcecnlt,f7 sev- itcf’kjf7 vfy vstkb cekb lf htw[dfw tpfht,fs8 sevwf7 tc
ufl tcvbc cfrdt,bcf lf cfcvkbc he,hbrfc e’qdt,f
wf7 ghjatcbek cfmvbfyj,fcf lf vbpybc vbqotdfc tc [tkc uekb xffmcjdjc7 js[b cffsb odhbkvfybf8 fvudfhfl7  
it[fvt,bc otct,b7 bub ceahbc vjfyljvjc hfbvt tupjnbre- 
fh iteikbc8 itcf’kjf7 smdtyb ufdktybc cathj ufbpfh-
otdht,sfy fldbkfl ehsbth-
  
ljc fy cjwbfkehb cnfnecb ufev]j,tcltc8 vfnthbfkehb

 
vlujvfhtj,bc ufev]j,tct,fc rb afhekb cfmvbs fy lfvf- sj,c7 cfe,hjc c[dflfc[df cf-
nt,bsb cfveifjsb it’kt,s8 j]f[bc otdht,b .jdtkv[- rbs[pt lf 'fke’c7 wjnf vrdf-

 
hbd udthlbs lfublut,bfy7 vfuhfv ye uflfbqkt,bs8 [t ajhvbs7 sevwf7 cfrvfjl
tktufynehfl vjfudfhjc pj-
 +@$8_(-@#8_)` ubthsb ghj,ktvf8 bcbw ey-
lf fqbybiyjc7 hjv cfrdt,bc

cfmvbfy ehsbthsj,fib [fkbccf lf jhbubyfkehj-
,fc itvjbnfys7 hfw ,bpytcib ofhvfnt,fcf lf gjgekf- vjvpflt,f vbcsdbc fh fhbc
hj,fc vjubnfys8 vbqt,ekb byajhvfwbf itvjovt,bc uf- lfvfv’bvt,tkb fy itvfoe[t,t-

htit fh ufvjb.tyjs lf cftzdj rfdibht,cfw vjthblts7 kb7 hflufy  


hfsf fh vjn.edlts8 tc vidtybthb gthbjlbf gbhfl w[jd-   
ht,fib ofhvfnt,bcsdbc7 cb.dfhekbc f[cybcsdbc7 sev-   


wf7 cthbjpek uflfo.dtnbkt,fc ]th ye vbbqt,s8 [fy-  
vjrkt vjupfehj,f rb smdtyc gthcgtmnbdfpt cfcbrtsjl



fbcf[t,f8 
 

30  


vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8%_ cffspt7 xflbc !(8$_ cffspt8 vsdfht
uflfbyfwdkt,c +_(8%*‘ stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8
fvjlbc _(8!% cffspt7 xflbc !(8$) cffspt
+vsdfhbc #_-t lqt bo.t,f _)8#@ cffspt8 f[fk-
vsdfhtj,ff7 gbrb 2 !!8_) cffspt8 fv lhjc
bo.t,f vsdfhbc 6 lqt lf 6 afpf‘8 vbvfhse-
kt,flfrfhuekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf _^8__
cffsblfy _(8%^ cffsfvlt8 utjvfuybnehb
lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 f[fkvsdfhtj,bc v’bvt
rjcvjcehb tythubt,bc lqtf8 vfqfkbf ltght-
cbf-fuhtcbbc7 welb fpht,bc vjpqdfdt,bc7 rjy-
akbmnt,bc7 wleyt,t,bc7 itwljvt,bc7 nhfd-
vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8$) cffspt7 xflbc !(8$! cffspt8 vsdfht std-
pt,bc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc _(8$$ cffspt7 xf-
lbc @_8_( cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-@ lqt bo.t,f
_)8$@ cffspt8 6 afpf‘8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc cb.-
dfhekbcf lf [tkjdyt,bc vafhdtkb gkfytnf
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vfhnb‘7 hfw ehsbthsj,bcfc ufyfgbhj,t,c fm-
nbehj,fc7 rjveybrf,tkehj,fc7 vt,h’jk ce-
kbcrdtst,fc lf fctdt cekcohfaj,fc7 tujbpvc7
lbmnfnjhek ntyltywbt,c7 fuhtcbekj,fc8
rfhub lqtf utythfkehb lfceasfdt,bcsdbc7
ecfhut,kj ybdst,bc vjcfijht,kfl7 mjhob-
yt,bcsdbc7 behblbekb cfmvtt,bcsdbc7 vupfd-

vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8$* cffspt7 xflbc !(8$@ cffspt8 vsdfht uf-
lfbyfwdkt,c +_)8!^‘ dth’bc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
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hbc vt-# lqt bo.t,f _)8%_ cffspt8 6 afpf‘8
vbvfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf
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hb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc ptlvtnb cbfvf-
.t lfbjrts8 vjbvfnt,c fuhtcbekj,f7 rfvfsb-
cflvb vblhtrbkt,f8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb ptl-
vtnb kfgfhfrb7 cekcohfaj,f7 fkrj/jkbc
vbqt,f7 lbmnfnjhekb sdbct,t,bc ufvjdkt-
vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc
_*8$^ cffspt7 xflbc !(8$$ cffspt8 vsdfht dth-
’bc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc _)8## cffspt7 xflbc
@@8#* cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-$ lqt bo.t,f _)8%(
cffspt8 6 afpf‘8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc vjthb-
lts cekbth lf abpbreh uflfqkfc7 cekco-
hfaj,fc7 tzdbfyj,fc7 cb]bentc7 tujbpvc8 eh-
sbthsj,bcfc bvfnt,c ujyt,bc ufafyndf7 rf-
vfsbcflvb vblhtrbkt,f8 rfhub lqtf vupfdhj-
,bcsdbc7 tmcrehcbt,bcsdbc7 cohfafl itche-
kt,flb cfmvtt,bcsdbc7 [tkv’qdfytkj,fcsfy
ehsbthsj,bcsdbc7 nfycfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc7
vzhtkb cfuyt,bc7 cf.jafw[jdht,j ybdst,bc7
fdt]bc7 cgjhnekb bydtynfhbc itcf’tyfl8 fh

vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib7 fvjlbc
_*8$$ cffspt7 xflbc !(8$% cffspt8 vsdfht uf-
lfbyfwdkt,c +!@8#^‘ rehjc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
lbc _)8%^ cffspt7 xflbc @#8$) cffspt +vsdf-
hbc vt-% lqt bo.t,f !_8_^ cffspt8 6 afpf‘8
vbvfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf
!!8@@ cffsblfy !@8#^ cffsfvlt8 utjvfuybne-
hb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 ufeut,fh cbnefwb-
t,cf lf cfrbs[t,ib ufhrdtdbc lqtf8 vjthblts
ufyrbs[dfc7 ufrbw[dfc7 ufhbcrdfc7 cekcohfaj-
,fc7 .dbhbkc8 cfcbrtsjf f,fpfyf7 cfeyf7 rjc-
vtnbrehb ghjwtleht,bc xfnfht,f8 jhufybpvc
vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
lbc _*8$# cffspt7 xflbc !(8$^ cffspt8 vsdf-
ht rehjc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc !_8@! cffspt7
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!_8!^ cffspt8 6 afpf‘8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc
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uffnfhts ceasf /fthpt8 itcf’kjf7 obyf
lqbc cehdbkb fbchekjs8 rfhub lqtf mjh-
obyt,bcsdbc7 cfcb.dfhekj rjynfmnt,bcsdbc7
rekbyfhbekb cfmvbfyj,bcsdbc7 vityt,kj-
,bcsdbc7 dfzhj,bcsdbc7 reknehek-ufcfh-
sj,b qjybc’bt,t,bcsdbc7 e’hfdb mjyt,bc7 fdt-

vpt bv.jat,f stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib8 fvj-
lbc _*8$! cffspt7 xflbc !(8$* cffspt8 vsdf-
ht uflfbyfwdkt,c +@_8_$‘ n.egbc pjlbf-
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uekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf !(8$@ cffsblfy
@_8_$ cffsfvlt8 utjvfuybnehb lqtf8 nty-
ltywbt,b5 lqtc brh’fkt,f ,bkocbn.dfj,f8
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mvt,c7 n.ebkc8 cfmvbfyj,bcfc vtnb .ehflqt,f
uvfhst,s7 ye uflfbndbhst,bs8 ehsbthsj-
,bcfc vjcfkjlytkbf [fcbfswdfkt,flj,f8
 
 
   
 rtsbkvcf[ehbcf  vqdltkvjofvbcf
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kbcf9 qbhcbcf gfhstyb kfv- stjljhfcb7 cf,th’ytsbc
acfrbtkb tgbcrjgjcbcf9 ltljakbcf7 ovblfsf [fn-
vt,bc7 fdfhbt,bc fk,fsj,f8 fh fhbc cfcehdt-
kb fkrj/jkehb cfcvkbc7 acbmjnhjgekb
qbhcbcf kerf tkfltkbcf9 sf sf.dfybcwtvbc fqvlutyt-
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pqdfhuflfcekb sfyfuh’yj,bc ufvjdktyf7 fyf- njcb lf vbcsfyfsf9 ^-sf vj- cb7 bjfyt yfskbcvwtvkbc vf-
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aekbc ctc[t,f-ufctc[t,f8 cekbthb cbvidblt vjofvbcf fqfsfyutkjpbcf vjyfcnhbc ufyvff[kt,kb-
lfbwfdbs8 cfcbrtsjf vfcf;b lf fhjvfsthf- lfvfcrjib9 vjofvbcf fdlfnt- cf8
gbf8 rfhub lqtf itvjmvtlt,bcsdbc7 mdtkvjm- cbcf ahbubfib9 qbhcbcf ke-
vtlt,bcsdbc8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf rf cnbhbjctkbcf9 f[fkvjof-
  
nthat,b7 ythdekb cbcntvf7 kbvaehb cbc- 8 .jdtksf qbhcsf vf-
vbcf ubjhub rhtntkbcf8
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lqtf rehjcsdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf  lblvjofvbcf stj-  bc .jdkflovblf qvhsbc-
dth’bcsdbc7 n.egbcsdbc8 ljht cnhfnbkfnbcf9 obyfc-  vij,kbc [fnbc lqtcfcof-
ofhvtn.dtkbcf pfmfhbf yfv- ekb9 qbhcvjofvtsf5 ghj-
 ukbcv[bkdtkbcf7 !@-sfufyb- gtnht lfvfcrtkbcf9 qbhcbcf [jht mfhsdtkbcf7 kerf
cf9 vjofvtsf5 vfhsfcb7 vfhb- hjvfyjp rbkbrbtkbcf9 vjof- bthecfkbvtkbcf7 vjofvbcf
hj,bcsdbc7 itvjmvtlt,bcsdbc7 rfgbnfklf,fy- fvbcf lf 'vbcf vfsbcf qbhc- vtsf fvjybcf lf fktmcfylht- ybrjkjp ldfkbcf lf bthe-
lt,bcsdbc8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb fkrj/jkehb vjofvbcf kbrfhbjy .hvbcf9 cb rdbghjcblfy8 yfobksf fq- cfkbvbc mfhsdtksf vjyfc-
cfcvtkt,bc7 acbmjnhjgekb cfiefkt,t,bc vb- cf,f 66-bcf7 cth,tkb vsfdfht- vj.dfyt,f qbhcbcf uf,hbtk nht,ib w[jdht,eksf .j-
qt,f7 fyfkbpbc xf,fht,f7 tmjcrjgbf7 f[fkb cfm- gbcrjgjcbcf9 qbhcbcf vfrf- cfkjcbcf7 fqvcfht,kbcf dtksf mfhsdtksf vjofvtsf
vbc lfo.t,f7 ctc[bc fqt,f fy ufwtvf7 sfdbc lf,f- hbcf gfajcbc tgbcrjgjcbcf9 +ehubf’t‘8 lf qbhcsf vfvfsf8
yf8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf nthat,b7 yth- ovblfsf abkfltkajcb lf
dekb lf kbvaehb cbcntvf7 sdfkt,b8 mdt,b5 gjkbrfhgjcb9 fufsfyutkj-
   
vfhufkbnb7 fktmcfylhbnb7 ubithb7 vfh]fyb7 pbcf7 lfvfcrtkb tgbcrjgjcb-
 qbhcb ibj lblbcf7  .dtkbthbc7 vbntdt,bc
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vqdbvtkbcf7 cfcofekvjmvt- rdbhbfrt8 flfvbc ufyltdybc
mfkoekbcsdbc7 qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7 s[bc hmbc- lbcf7 ibjj,f8 qbhcbcf bjdf- [ctyt,f8 qbhcbcf vfhnbybf-
cntafytcb9 vjofvbcf gthut-
sdbc8 ytufnbehbf kjvbcsdbc7 cfcojhbcsdbc7 yt zbvzbvtkbcf7 abkjcjaj- yt gfktcnbytkbcf9 qbhcb-
ntcb8
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 gb cfcofeksvjmvtlbcf lf vbc- kb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbcf9
 vjofvbcf ybrbajht- sfyf vjofvtsf5 gjhabhbcf7 qbhcbcf cntafytcb7 ,thj-
yf7 otct,bc lfhqdtdf7 cnjvfnjkjubehb ghj-
wtleht,b7 mjhobyt,f7 [tkitrhekt,bc lflt-
cb7 fcehtsbc fynbjmbblfy9 ,fgnjcbcf lf cfvsf ltlfsf9 ,fib cdbvtjybcf7 cth,tsbc
vqdltkvjofvtsf5 vfhrtktcb mfkoekvjofvtsf5 tyfsfcb7 df- vtabcf7 vbhjyvlbyfhbcf9 vj-
,f7 cekbthb lf abpbrehb uflfqkf8 rfhub lqtf 2 cbwbkbtkb tgbcrjgjcb- ktynbyfcb lf gfdkfcb9 qbh- wbmeksf lf vjofvtsf5 fr-
.tkbc7 tyljrhbyekb cbcntvbc7 sbhrvkt,bc7 cf7 abkfuhtcb 2 rdbghtkb cbcf ptyjy vfktvch,jkbcf7 dbkfcb lf ghbcrbkfcb9 ovb-
ifhlbc ,einbc vrehyfkj,bcsdbc7 vupfdhj- tgbcrjgjcbcf lf gfyrhfnb- rtcfhbf-rfgfljrbtkbcf9 fyfc- lfsf vjofvtsf vfvbcf lf 'b-
,bcsdbc7 [tkv’qdfytksfy ehsbthsj,bcsdbc7 cf 2 nfdhjvtybtkb tgbcrj- nfcb bthecfkbvtkb gfnhb- cf7 ]dfhwvbs fqchekt,ek-
cf.jafw[jdht,j ybdst,bc7 nfycfwvtk-at[- gjcbcf9 vqdltkvjofvbcf fhmbcf8 sf8
cfwvkbc7 cgjhnekb bydtynfhbc itcf’tyfl7
ntmybrfcsfy ehsbthsj,bcsdbc8 ]fyvhstkj-
,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf sfdb7 cbc[k'fhqdt,b7
uh'yj,fsf jhufyjt,b8 mdt,b5 kfkb7 bfuey-
lb7 obstkb bfcgb7 'job7 cthljkbrb8 gjpb-
nbehb lqtf dth’bcsdbc7 n.egbcsdbc8 ytuf-
nbehbf rehjcsdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8

fhbc cfcehdtkb mjhobyt,f7 abyfycehb jgt-
hfwbt,b7 rfgbnfklf,fylt,f7 [tkitrhekt,bc
lflt,f7 otct,bc lfhqdtdf7 gkfcnbrehb jgt-

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fkrj/jkehb cfcvkbc vbqt,f8 ]fyvhstkj,f5
lfcecnt,ekbf sfdb7 cbc[k’fhqdt,b7 uh’yj-
,fsf jhufyjt,b8 mdt,b5 kfkb7 bfueylb7 'job7
obstkb bfcgb7 njgfpb7 mfhdf8 gjpbnbehb
lqtf kjvbcsdbc7 cfcojhbcsdbc7 vidbkljc-
ybcsdbc7 vtho.ekbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf rbhx[b-
,bcsdbc7 mfkoekbcsdbc7 qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7
s[bc hmbcsdbc8
uff’kbtht,c rjcvjcehb tythubt,b8 ehsbth-
sj,f vbbqt,c vidbl7 cnf,bkeh bthcf[tc8 rfhub
lqtf mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 e’hfdb mjyt,bc7 cfvit- kt cfs
yt,kj vfcfkt,bc7 nfycfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc7 fdt-
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c bc t
cf’tyfl7 itvjmvtlt,bcsdbc7 dfzhj,bcsdbc8 fh cf
fhbc cfcehdtkb jhgbh mfhib .jayf7 rbchbc fh m=
vrdtshb vj’hfj,f7 fuhtcbbc ufvjdktyf8 cfae-
kt frjynhjkts8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,e-
kbf .tkb7 tyljrhbyekb cbcntvf7 cojhb yfo-
kfdb8 mdt,b5 fmfnb7 vfkfmbnb7 pehve[nb7 vfh-
ufkbnb7 jybmcb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf rehjcs- 
dbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf dth’bcsdbc7

n.egbcsdbc8
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]bc7 nfycfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc itcf’tyfl7 vwtyf-
htt,bc lfhudf-uflfhudbcsdbc8 fh fhbc cfceh-
dtkb rbchbc vrdtshb vj’hfj,f7 wbdb lf ufpbf-
yb cfcvkbc vbqt,f7 cfhbcrj mvtlt,f7 cekcohf-
aj,f7 cb]bent8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf .blekj,c lf .blbc hecek lf mfhsek
.tkb7 tyljrhbyekb cbcntvf7 cojhb yfokfdb8
mdt,b5 fmfnb7 vfkfmbnb7 mhbpjghfpb7 vfh]fyb7
fynbrdfhek obuyt,c7 lf,tzlbkc
pehve[nb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf rbhx[b,bcsdbc7 !)$% okfvlt
s[bc hmbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf cfcojhbcsdbc7
vidbkljcybcsdbc8   
rfhub lqtf mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 reknehek-uf- 
cfhsj,b qjybc’bt,t,bcsdbc7 cfvityt,kj vf-
cfkt,bc7 ntmybrbc7 nfycfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc it- 
cf’tyfl7 vupfdhj,bcsdbc7 itvjmvtlt,bcsdbc7
vwtyfhtsf lfhudf-uflfhudbcsdbc8 fh fhbc cf-
 !8 vfyne9 %8 gfcnjhb9 !@8 hfvkb9 !#8 hjrajhb9 !$8 cfvjf9 !%8 ]tmcjyb9 !^8 ytcdb9
cehdtkb cfhbcrj mvtlt,t,b7 cekcohfab uf-
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
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    
 
   
      

    

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   

      

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 mediakorporacia "asaval-dasavali". sagamomcemlo saxli "asaval-dasavali"

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