3fvb (Ctybs7 VJVFRDLFDB Cffrfidbkb Hfyfbhfl FRTST, C, Fdidt, c0 4

   WWW.
A
WWW.A SA
.ASA VALI.COM
SAV


N 1469
5 


 6
3fvb[ctybs7 vjvfrdlfdb cffrfidbkb
3 hfyfbhfl frtst,c ,fdidt,c0=4

 13
7 



 9




 8
  23
10



 








ufcek rdbhfc ntktrjvgfybf 3bvtlvf4 uffdhwtkf fb7 cojhtl hecsfdbc vt-!@

tmcrkepbehb byajhvfwbf bvbc itcf[t,7 hjv gtybntywbeh lfotct,ekt,f-
ib xfbcf[f vb[tbk cffrfidb-
ubekb fkfcfybfv vb[tbk cffrfidbkbcf lf kbcf lf kbpf bfcrjc mf-
erhfbybc hflfc ltgenfnbc  kbidbkb  
f[fkij,bk mfkbidbkc  rbtdbc w[flbf7 hecsfdbc wb[bc
wtynhib7 ghtcnb;ek e,fyib7 vlt,fht uh’tkdflbfyb gftvyt,bc jsf-
[ib7 cflfw gfnbvfhb cffrfi-
'dbhflqbht,ekb ,byf uflfeajhvf lf lblb dbkb lf hflfc ltgenfnb bfc-
jltyj,bs sfy[f 2 vbkbjyb erhfbyekb uhbdyfw rj cb.dfhekj,lyty7 xdty fh
fxemf8 ntktdbpbbc wyj,bsdt7 ,byf7 hjvtkbw d.jabkdfhs lf cfystkb fh
ubekb fkfcfybfv ;fcvby bfcrjc vb[tbk udzthbf7 vfuhfv tktvtynfhe-
kb kjubrf b’ktdf cfief-
cffrfidbkbc yjnfhbekb sfy[vj,bs uflfeajhvf7 kt,fc7 vfhnbdfl ufvjdsdf-
fhfcjltc .jabkf lfabmcbht,ekb cffrfidbkbc kjs5 cffrfidbkbcf lf bfc-
mjyt,hbd ltrkfhfwbfib8 rjc ehsbthsj,bc itcf[t,

fv byajhvfwbfc jhb 'bhb- byajhvfwbf cfpjufljt,b-
sflb gkfcnb fmdc7 hjvtkbw cfsdbc wyj,bkb uf[lf cek

afhlfc [lbc cffrfidbkbc hfvltybvt lqbc itvltu bmb-
whegtyntkj,fcf lf fathbc- lfy7 hfw cfmfhsdtkjib
nj,fc8

nhfbkthbs itvjgfhekb
'fkbfy rfhufl utvf[cjdht- yfw,tkflb @_@! okbc ! jm-
,fs7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjlfy ufm-

njv,thc hecsfdbc cfg.hj-
wtekb cffrfidbkb velvbdfl ,bktib uffvotctc9 cojhtl
fvnrbwt,lf 2 [tkbceakt,f- vfiby ufdhwtklf cjwbfkeh

ib .jaybc lhjc aekb fh vb- mctkib dbltj7 hjvtkbw
ijdbf7 cfvij,kjlfy uhji-rf- o.dbkc cffrfidbkbc cfmfhs-
gbrb fh ofvjvbqbf lf f[kfw dtkjib ufvjvupfdht,fvlt hfv-

ghjatcjhb ltlfxtvb vfhxtyc ltybvt lqbs flht xfeothbf
cfresfhb lfyfpjubs7 pju]th lf hjvtkibw bcbyb cfe,hj-
gtycbjythb ,t,bf vt[vfht,f7 ,ty 2 thsvfytsb udb.dfhc lf
[fyfw ktmwbt,bc ofrbs[dfib thsfl dw[jdhj,sj= bv lhj-
fqt,ekb /jyjhfhbs ufvfmdc bcfsdbc 2 @_@! okbc jm-

sfdb lf hjwf erhfbyblfy ufc- njv,hbc lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc 2
dkf vbotdc7 sdbsvahbyfdbc cffrfidbkc bfcrj lfat[v’bvt-

,bktsc vtuj,ht,b .blekj- ,ekb hjv /.jkjlf7 ,fdidb
,tyj= vfmcbvev ) sdbc itvltu7 fye

f[kf rb ewt, fqvjxylf7 @_@@ okbc bdybcib eylf
lf,flt,ekb.j lf fhf @_@#

hjv cffrfidbkc rbtdbc wty-
okbc lfcfo.bcib fy seylfw
@_@@ okbc ,jkjc8 kbpf
nhib 'dbhflqbht,ekb cf[-

kb /mjybf7 hjvtkbw ltlf- bfcrjc jhcekj,bc itcf[t,
vbcvf kbpf bfcrjc idbkc uf- gbhdtkb fhfjabwbfkehb

lfeajhvf= byajhvfwbf cjwbfkeh mct-
fqfhfathc dfv,j,s atit- kt,ib @_@@ okbc bdkbcbc

yt,tkeh dbkfpt7 hjvtkbw lfcfo.bcib7 fye cffrfidbkbc
cffrfidbkvf rbtdbc ufhte,fy- lfgfnbvht,blfy !_ sdbc itv-

ib7 vbkbfhltht,bc lfcf[- ltu ufdhwtklf7 hjwf yfw,t-
kflbc cfnhajv cfresfh

kt,fib7 fbityf lf gtyn/fec-
pt7 hjvtkbw fii-ib7 rth- 3bycnfuhfvpt4 ufvjfmdt.yf
ajnjt,b7 hjvkt,ibw ufph-

’jl7 akjhblfib itb’byf
jrtfybc [tlbs8 ituf[ctyt,s lbkb vewtkb tn.j,jlf8 it-
2 tc bc gtyn/fecbf7 hjvkbc cf,fvbcfl7 firfhff7 hjv bfc-

ufcfqt,cfw7 hfvltybvt okbc rj cffrfidbkbc wb[tib .ja-
obyfs ufdhwtkt,ekb afhe-

ybc ;fvc lfat[v’bvlf lf hf-
kb felbjxfyfothbc vb[tldbs7 rb ufbhrdf7 hjv idbkb coj-

cffrfidbkbc ,b’f  htl vbcufy t.jkf7 t8b8 ,fd-
 lf vbcb wjkb  idbc xfcf[df hecsfdbc wb-
 fh f’ktdlyty8 [tib vj[lf8
vjrktl7 byajhvfwbf bvbc f[kf ufdb[ctyjs7 hjlblfy
itcf[t,7 hjv cffrfidbkvf sf- bqt,c cfsfdtc hecsfdbc wb-
dbc f[fk idbkc  
 rbtdbc wtynhib fhfltr- 
kfhbht,ekb7 'dbhflqbht,e-
kb ,byf lf vbkbjyb erhfb-
wbdb jv-



s,bkbcbc vthb
cgtwbfkehb gtybntywbehb
ltgfhnfvtynbc fldjrfnb




cfmfhsdtkjc ghtvbth-
vbybcnhb
trjyjvbrbcf lf vluhflb
ufydbsfht,bc vbybcnhb

yekb uhbdyf fxemf7 rbltd th-
s[tk fvnrbwt,c bvfc7 hfw bc lf cf,- 
cfmdtkvjmvt-
mfhsdtkvf cfpjufljt,fv zjsf rfd- lj ajylbc
ibhbc gt-
lblb [fybf7 bwbc 2 rjhea-
wbfcsfy vt,h’jkbc vfynbf- 2 3mfhse
ib uf[dtekb cffrfidbkb7 ht- hbjlib ajylbc4 uf-
fkehfl7 tkbnehb rjhea- fhct,j,- lfo.dtnbkt-
,bs7 3kfue-
lf wyj,b-
wbbc vfvff7 hjvtkvfw cfmfh-
sdtkjc ghtpbltynj,bc yf dthtc4 cb-
lhjc vjmfaek vhfdfk vbkb nth- dhwt veyb-
kbjyc jltcbc ue,thyfnj- vbyb5 3tylt7 vfuhfv uflffvjovt48 lf- wbgfkbntnc uflvjtwtvf8 hfw itt[t,f f,ht- cfmfhsdtkjc7 vbc ghtvb- lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 !
hj,bc lhjc vjmfaekb vb-
djcib vjdbcvbyt cfbynthtcj ajhve- ievbc mfh[ybc ityj,bc nthbnjhbfc7 bc ufy- th-vbybcnhc htfkehfl it- okbc vthtw 
dbsfhlt,f bct7 hjv fhct,ekb cbdhwt fh lf- e’kbf vidblj,bc lfv.f-
kbjyt,bw vbevfnf lf afif-
cfdbs w[jdhj,lf7 cfyfv kf5 3fh tylj7 vfuhfv bsfyfvihjv- byuhtc8 f[kbc lf 'dtkbc itho.vbs ufy[jhwb-
wjw[fkb bmyt,f lf
ht,bc res[bs 'fkbfy lb-
hecsfdbc vt-!@ gtybntywb-
kt48 fct hjv7 vt v]thf sfyfvihjv- tklt,f ghjtmnb8 ]fyvhstkbw8
lb hjkbc itchekt,f8
kj,bc8
eh lfotct,ekt,fib fqvjx-
ylt,jlf8 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3FBGHTCB4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4
2  
 




 
bfcrjc fat[v’bvt,lf888
.jdtkbdt fvbc ajypt7 udby-

lf7 cffrfidbkbc fldjrfnt,c

2 

  vbd-
vfhsjs5 ahs[bkfl b.fdbs=


se cffrfidbkb bctsb ctm-
cefkehb rb,jhubf7 hjv


ofvt,bs ufcfdfst,ekb7
i[fvbs vjofvkekb lf vj-

vfrdlfdbw rb mfkt,c fat[-
v’bvt,c7 tvfyl7 3dbdfvtlbc4


kemc-gfkfnfib fh utwts
lf h,bk kjubypt fh of-
vjufmwbjs= hjujhw smdty
fvnrbwt,s7 ltvtywbf7 fye

[tib cffrfidbkbc sdbsufvjw- nbc zfvbs vjibvibkt cff- dbkb bfcrjc fat[v’bvt,lf9 zrefcecnj,f czbhc lf cfd-
[flt,ekb rdljvbc mhjybrf0 rfidbkb lfe’keht,ekb hjwf  lf ct,bs vjcfkjlytkbf7 kb-

lfrfdt,bc vtjht lqtcdt b.j7 uflfflubkt,f ezbhlf7 vbcb wtynhb 3tvgfsbf4 fvn- pf bfcrjcufy dthw ufufhxb-
yfw,tkflvf ibvibkj,f uf- cfe,fhb fqfh itt’kj7 rd- rbwt,lyty7 hjv wb[tib cff- js=
vjfw[flf7 hfw $_ lqbc lt,jlf lf se cfvjmfkfmj rfidbkbc afhvfrjkjubehb hfqf ,tdhb ufdfuh’tkjs7
rkbybrfib fh uflfb.dfyl- ofvt,f vbvlbyfhtj,lf7  cffrfidbkvf wb[tib thsb

ufyvfdkj,fib uh’tklt,j-
lf7 hf smvf eylf7 [bkafat- yty7 vjrdlt,jlf7 vfy hec-     ,fdidbc ufrtst,f erdt vj-
,bcf lf [,jc qdb’kbc gfi- sfdbc wb[bc uh’tkdflbfyb   hj- fcohj=
ntnbc vbhsvtdbc ajypt= gftvyt,bc jsf[ib kbpf bfc- wf  sdfkwhtv- bvbc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs7
kbfyb e.dt,jlf cfpjufljt-

cffrfidbkbc lfrfdt,blfy rj lffat[v’bvf= hjv cffrfidbkc gfnbvhj,bc
vjrktl7 hjwf yfwbjyfkt- ,fc 2 cffrfidbkb bcts lqt- lfchekt,fvlt rbltd % otkb
lff[kjt,bs ths rdbhfib vbc-
,b ufb’f[jlyty7 hjv cffrfi- ib /.fds xfult,ekb7 ueiby fmdc lfhxtybkb7 lblb ify-
vf sfyfgfhnbtkt,vf lf yfw- dbkb wb[tib ofvt,bcf lf fhf-   cf[tkb cbf7 @_@( okbcfsdbc vbcb
vtlbfv uffxfqtc cfbyajhvf- flfvbfyehb vjg.hj,bc vc[- lf udfhbw rb dth ufb[ctyfj7 rfyjybthb lf erfyjyj idb-
wbj rfvgfybf7 hjv cffrfidbkb dthgkb b.j7 vfu lhjc cffrfi-
erblehtcfl lfe’kehlf7 cf-
vfu lhjc cffrfidbkb kbpf kt,bc hfjltyj,fv yfwvj’-
frfidbkc uflfflubkt,f ezb- hfj,bc fvjvhxtdtksf hbw- 2 cbvfhskt ubs[hfs7 fqfh
hc7 cffrfidbkc cfe,fhbw fqfh [dc uflffzfh,jc= vfiby7 hjwf vb[tbk
ite’kbf7 cffrfidbkb rdlt,f lf  [jkj7 se cffrfidbkb cffrfidbkbc vjv[htt,b dfgbht,lb vb[tbk cffrfidbk-
pt cfe,fhc8 ntktdbpjhcfw rb
se cfvjmfkfmj rkbybrfib cfc-  .dtkf ofhlutybk ,hfk- sbsmvbc otkboflbf7 fqfh de.eht, bvbc ibibs7 hjv
ohfajl fh uflfb.dfyty7 vjr-  lt,fib ufvn.eylf lf wb- beo.t,bfy gfnbvhj,fib    
dlt,f=
  itvs[dtdbs fh
[tib rbltd lbl[fyc vje- v.jab tmcghtpbltynbc
fb7 cojhtl bv gthbjlib7 obf ]ljvf7 pehbrtkf dfif- nfy]df-ofvt,bs rdljvbc lfdbyf[j7 vfuhfv vfc itvltu7
hjwf [,jc qdb’kbc gfint- kjvb’bcf fh b.jc7 vstk itcf[t,7 dhwtklt,f hfw ltlf-idbkbc eyfvecj cfm-
mdt.fyfpt vbcb idbkt,b bh- byajhvfwbf7 hjvkbc wbtkpt rbltd thsb byajhvf-
,tyty= wbf ufdhwtklf7 sfdb dtqfh it-
   
sfyf[vflfw vb[tbk dbrfdt8 otcbs7 eylf udb[fhj-
    cffrfidbkbcf lf kbpf ltc rbltd thsb gfnfhfc fvmdt.-
vt vjdb.dfy xtvsfy bkbrjc lf
 bfcrjc f[kfl it’tybk yfl vjdkbyt,f7 vfuhfv fvfs bv-
bkfhbjyc lf .dtkfyb thsfl     idbkc ubekb fkfcfybfv [tkf ,jhjnt,f lfstctc lf
dbw[jdht,s 2 vt7 bkbrj7 rbtdbc wtynhib lqtcfw bctsb wbybpvbs wlb-
kj,ty cfresfhb rtsbklqtj-

bkfhbjyb lf vthb8 vt vt.jkt,f  'dbhflqbht,ekb ,byf ,bc lfwdfc7 hjv tc ,fdidb fct-
sb v’bvt ndbhsbc cfnfht,kfl
   uflfeajhvf8
efvhfdb idbkb7 idbkbidbkb7
vtwjlt,f=
 ve[hjdfybc fv,j[bc
idbksfidbkb7 bvfsb idbkt,b lf    lhjc lf[dhtnbkb fvfcobyfs fv enbafhvf lt-
vstkb cjatkb xdty dbmyt,bs8 vtht   lfrfwvf rfwsvj’ekt cffrfidb-
tc wbhrb eylf lfvsfdh-
ubf rhbfkfidbkbc
xdty ufdvhfdklt,bs lf vstkb lf  kbc vjyf[ekt,bc itvltu uf-
ltc lf lfvsfdhlt,f v[jkjl yfw[flf 2 vbzbhc vbcb fv
mdt.fyf xdty dbmyt,bs8 xdty dbmyt,bs vfiby7 hjwf cffrfidbkc 3db- 
vlujvfhtj,fib [bkdfj888 seh-
vstkb mdt.fyf lf fhfcjltc fqfh dfvtlblfy4 bm lff,heyt,ty7 vfs ijhbcff7 dbyw vt7 'fkbfy brkt,c ojyfib8 
lfdb[jwt,bs7 fqfh lfdbktdbs7 cflfw kbpf bfcrj lffat[v- cffrfidbkc rbltd thsb
’bvf= idbkbc lf,flt,fc
fqfh ufdsfdlt,bs8 UFUH'TKT,F

fh ekjwfdc5 VT-$ UDTHLPT

afmnbf7 t8o8 tkbnf- .dtkf bv vt7 gbhf-



gfhkfvtynfhb




vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc 'vf


gfhkfvtynfhb
gfhkfvtynfhb
hjv  hek rjhea- vfyrbtht- lfl7 dfh

,fc7 hjvt- bltfkbc-
wbek cbcnt-
vfc eiefkjl

 cfc- kbw7 pjuf-
 nb lf v]t-
]tkc b[lbc [tkv’qdfytkj,-
lfl7 yfwb-
lf7 fvbnjv fh hf flfvbf-
s,bkbcbc
eylf ufudbrdbh- jyfkeh ybc /evf-
ths-ths ltc7 hjv vfy lf vj’hfj,f- yehj,bc7
rfhu rkb- vfcsfy lff[kj-
ybrfib 3db- t,ekvf gbht,vf csfy fcj- rfwsvj.df-
dfvtlib4 lf fhf wb[tib8 vfc eylf ev- bv gthbjlib itb’bytc lblb mjyt,f8 tc fhbc wbhlt,jlf lf hfcfw cf[tkvobajc htj,bc v]thf7 fh lfdfyf[t,s vcja-
rehyfkjy lf hjujhw ghjnjrjkb
ifdb aekb7 rjheawbekb vtsjlt,bs vb- obyffqvltu b.tyt,lyty7 f[kf ths- kbjc7 hjv xdty dfhs dtkehb cf-
vfytsbc obyffqvltu b.tyt,ty7 fhf- pjufljt,f7 fhitvlufhb cf[tkvobaj7
qt,ekb sfy[t,b7 tc fhbc htrtnbs vbqt,e-
lf otcb vjbs[jdc7 lff,heyjy bm7 cf- kb sfy[t,b7 hjvkbc cbcntvfw cojhtl cff-
lfw vfy cfc]tkb eylf vjb[fljc bct7 rfidbkvf xfvjf.fkb,f sfdbcb [tkbceakt,bc athb f[fkb lf ewyfehb fv ghjwtc- cflfw rkfdty ghtpbltynt,c8
gbhj,t,ib8
hjujhw c[dt,b b[lbfy8 3TV BVTLB4 ib yfvldbkfl fh fhbc= 3BVTLBYBECB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
3BVTLBYBECB4
 
3

LFCFO.BCB


VT-# UDTHLPT











 
 










 mfhsdtkjc hjv vfhnbd vfv- vrdktkt,b rb fvf.fl lflbfy
 hfdkt,fl lfikbc7 vfsfw vi- mexfib7 idbkt,c mjyt,t,c

dtybdhfl bwbfy7 vfuhfv aekb

eajhvt,ty7 ,enfc lf cfyl-
cfvij,kjpt vtnfl e.dfhs lf hjc cfmvtt,c lhjvjzvekc
 jvbc gfhnbbc udthlbs luf- eojlt,ty888


yfy= f,f7 thsb vt fvjdbqj [vf7 cffrfidbkb rtsbkvjo.j-
 vfibydt cfnecfqjib vbrhfdty ,bk gfkfnfib rb fhf7 wb[tib
sfdc8 eylf xfkgtc= hfnjv frjnhb-
uekbchtdbc ituh’yt,f

vfmdc7 hjwf ity lf ityc idbkc  fkt,s gfkfnfib0= hf fphb
fmdc vbc gfnbvhj,fc7 se kem-
u[tlfds trhfypt8 thsflthsb7  cbc yjvthib eylf b.jc ufvj-

hfnjv fh vbylf bwb7 vbcb cbr-
dlbkb0 bctd fv e,flher [tkb-  zbvekb0= vbcb vjyf[ekt,bc
ceakt,fc lf,hfklt,f8 vb[t-  itvltu cffdflv.jajlfy ufvj-
cekt,b rjvtynfht,c fhbut,ty

bk cffrfidbkvf lbl[fyc ey-  2 wb[tc dth /uej,cj8 
lf bodfkjc lf bnfy]jc7 hjv
,jkjc acbmbfnhbekib ht-     
;bvbc vbth vjrkekvf kfylt,-     
vf vjueljy= 
  
,jkjc lf ,jkjc7 dby wb7 hjvtkbw fhfths ,hfklt- ufhtoht,b fvltybc eakt,fc    fhfdbc


[fhs7 hfv itumvyfs fctsb wbd- ,fc e.tyt,lf cffrfidbkc7 lqtc dth vbcwtvlyty sfdt,c8  cflfvlt eylf vbdeidfs of- fmdc eakt,f7 vfs ijhbc7 fhw
cbc[kbfyt,b7 hjv fhf lf fh vbcb yjvth gbhdtkb lfvwdt-  ut,ekb jvbc dbsjv utythkt-  fvthbrfc7 rfwsvj’ekt cffrfi-
lfcheklf smdtyb j]f[bc gfh- kbf8 aeb7 fcts rfwj,fc lf  fvltyc dth bkfgfhfrt,- ,b lf vjqfkfntt,b7 hjv fh  dbkc cfc]tkb uflfedfljc8
gfib fv mdt.fyfib0= fldjrfnj,fc= c[dfsfijhbc7 lf lf [fk[bc ofhsvtek mj- fcdtyt,s ufvxtyb lf f[fkb

  
okt,bc oby fldjrfnfl f.dfyt,fc cffrfidbkbc 3yf,ei- jvbc ofvjo.t,fc wlbkj,ty0

2 abmhj,s7 bctd gfhgf-   
it,ty cfmfhsdtkjib0 yfpt efhb vbs[hf7 sehvt7 lb- ht,c4 fh lfehbut,lf7 sbsj mdt.ybc qfkfnbcsdbc hjlbc  fvthbrtkvf tmcgth-
2 ht;bvb [fk[c hjv fof- lb [ybs flht uf.blekf ae- ub;b .dtkf mdt.fyfib hjv /.fdc eylf fujy gfce[b  rfwb7 hjvtkbw udfvt,c bs- nt,vf ]th ,fbltybc ]fyvhst-
vt,lf7 tc ltlfrfwb vbkbjyb- kpt8 kbf rhbfkfidbkbc lfw- ufxtybkb8     [jdlf7 vrdktkj,t,c erdtslf kj,f itbcofdkjy7 wjw[fkb
fy mjyt,t,c kfhfl bajhvt,- df hfib fo.j,lf0=     lf f8i80 hjvtkb lf cfyfwdkfl cf[tkvobaj ,b- vevbf hjv epbs ghtpblty-
lf7 lqtc rb xfkbc afcfl [tk- qfkfnb lfc]flb hjv b.jc  b.j fmtlfy vtjvfhb0 lfbhbutc e]tnblfy ghtvbt,c fhbut,lf7 nfl lf vtht ufbidbhjy sb-
ib xfult,ek mjyt,t,c cffrfi- lf vemsfl it’tybkb mjyt,bc    utythkj,f lf sfdb rfwt,b mexfib w[dbhc fh eylf /.ja- sb c[df mdt.ybcfrty7 sjhtv
dbkbc 3yf,eiht,c4 ehbut,c8 rjyabcrfwbf vjf[lbyjy7 tc    /ujybfs8 hectssfy jvb cf- ltc8 lbf[7  vjyfujyb bmyt,f bc fmwbf7 hfw
hf fhbc tc7 se fhf pqdfhuf-    ghtpbltynbc cfcf[ktcsfy uf-
lfcekb wbybpvb lf xdtyc  bvfhsf8 rbltd ths[tk dfv,j,7
cekib xfaehs[t,f0=  2 fvbc gfce[fl smdf erdt thsflthsb bhfrkb qfhb,fi-
 2 hfqf lhjc hj,fmb’t lf dbkb udfrfdt,c7 hjvtkvfw fvt-
    ubhudkbfybfj888 hbrtkt,c ufcfut,fl es[hf7
   2 cojhtl fvbnjv eylf vj[- hjv cfmfhsdtkj vfs [eine-
   dltc lf xf]ltc wb[tib7 xtvb ht,pt cbfhekc fh fgbht,c8
    'vbc7 cfylhjc lf ,tdhb c[df   
   gfnhbjnbc vrdktkj,bc ufvj=   
     
2 cfvij,kjc qfkfnbc  
ve[kb mfhsek rfyjyvlt,-  
kj,fib fh ltdc888  
2 vtht hf eikbs [tkc7 cffrfidbk-yfw[hjdbc vjv[ht utythkt,b     
hjv fv cfrbs[pt bveifjy lf lf gjkrjdybrt,b 2   2 bc7 hf- 
rfyjyvlt,kj,fib xfbljc tc  cfw lqtc tc yf’bhfkt,b ,t-
ve[kb0 .jdtklqt hjv udfc-

 lf  lfdty7 lfo.t,ekb ubekb fkf-
vtybyt,ty7 hf mjyt,fc akj,c

cfybfsb lfvsfdht,ekb dfyj
lfvyfifdt  vthf,bidbkbs7 fhbc xdtyb vfc-
  
 [hfl fult,f= rfwbidbkc fh



  
 [fhbdbs udbahb- fbynthtct,c7 hfc duh’yj,s7

tcfe,hf
fkt,ty oby obstk yfzthc cf- hjwf xdtyb 'vt,bc7 vfvt,bc7 idb- 

frfidbkbc ht;bvbcufy ufvof- kt,bc cfmvtt,b sfhjpt ltdc7 
ht,ek flfvbfyt,c7 hfnjv fh


itfmds tc wdkbkt,f rfyjyib0
ufcfovtylbf tc mdt.fyf7 fbdcj
yfudbs= 





 

   .dt,f7




cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb

3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb

fvthbrbc itthst,ekb
infnt,bc .jabkb
fh vbdt-
cf[tkvobaj vlbdfyb
hect-
 cfkvt,b sbc obyf- @__( otkc hjujh lfecf[tkf
 cfmfhsdtkjcsfy
 hectssfy fqvltu lfrfdibht,bs jhb gbhj,f lf
 ahtyt,bc
cfymwbt,b vfy es[hf 2 3ufcfut,bf48 hf
 fqlutyfc= 2
fvbc vfubd-
]th rbltd ufvjlbc0 fii-vf lfehtrf he-
 ctsc lf fct uflfo.lf cfmfh-
hfl7 vsfd- @__( ot-
 sdtkjc ,tlb0 @__( okbc
hj,f eylf jvb jh lbl cf[tkvobajc ij-

kc7 fudbc-
pheyfdltc njc jvbc hbc pfdbc lflt,bc itcf’kt,-
sbsmjc ptl fothbfs yfwb-
jyfkj,f8 mdt.ybc htgenfwbfpt7 rfntujhbekfl gf- itvltu eylf lfotct,ekb.j7 sev- kj,f [jv fh b.j0 bynthtct,b cfv lqtib uflfyfobklf 2 vfc
it[tlts7 hfc lftvcufdcf ce[j,ltc uf;qtht,ek ,hfklt,t,c 2 cf- wf7 abyfycehb rhbpbcbcf lf c[df trj- itvltu7 hfw xdtyb nthbnjhbt,bc @_ ghjwtynb lfbrfhuf7
  fqfhf- mfhsdtkjc upbs cfymwbt,bc udthlbc fd- yjvbrehb ghj,ktvt,bc ufvj tc it-
v[jkjl itiajst,ek ufyw[flt,t,c dbcvtys lf fvfc fh vj/-
athc dfv,j,  .jkbf fhfdbsfhb cfymwbt,b7 hjvkt,cfw cfmfhsdtkjcufy lqtc
 hjvtkvfw lblb [ybs
kbc itcf[t,= e’kt,tkb uf[lf8 fmnbehfl bs[jdty8
flht vb/.blf cekb tivfrc8 rf- 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3FVTHBRBC [VF4 3POSTV4
4  

 






vfiby7 hjltcfw kfvbc yjvth gbhdtk stvfl bmwf [eht,bs fhwths[tk ecfhut,- 
wjw[fkb cffrfidbkbc vrdlhfl ufvjw[flt,f7 abkv kbf888 sehvt7 nfy]fdty lf fof-
vt,ty7 cbyfvldbktib ,bzb ue-

3/thjrhfnbbc4 uvbhb7 cffrfidbkbc ht;bvbc lhjc kfj,c 2 gfkfnfib mfkt,c fh 
yfofvt,b   brkt,c= 
[tkbceakt,fcf lf tdhjgfhkfvtynfht,c vfcrfhflbc hf eakt,bs tmwtdf fct 
cfibykfl tmsyt,c0 fvudfhb cfm-
lfchekt,bcrty vjeojlt,c5
wbtkbc ufvj7 otcbs7 gfnbvhj- 
2 cfvoe[fhj htfkj,ff7 hjv ,bc dflf eylf ufe[fyuh’kbd- 

   
lqtc cffrfidbkbc gfnbvhj,bc     ltc7 rfhwthib xfcdfy7 ntktaj-
stvf fhfv[jkjl mdt.ybc ibu- yb xfvjfhsdfy fy hfbvt vcufdcb


ybs7 fhfvtl cfthsfijhbcj lfc]flb qjybc’bt,f uffnfhjy8

2 ew[jtkb tmcgthnt,b
fhtyfptw ufyb[bkt,f8 ufvj[vf-

c[dfudfhfl abmhj,ty8 bcbyb   
eht,f fhbc bv tdhjgfhkfvty- fvnrbwt,ty7 hjv vb[tbk cff-   
nfht,bc v[hblfyfw7 hjvkt,bw rfidbkbc cbwjw[kt cfahs-  bc .dtkfpt vtnb
rflht,b  abkvblfy 
wjnf [ybc obyfs rjheawbf- cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc lfvyfif-

[bc mdtiff8
ib fv[bktc8 thsflthsb genb- 2 ew[jtkb tmcgthnt,b fh dtf7 dbyw rb lqtc cfc]tkfqc- 3/thjrhfnbf4 2
yb fh ufvj[vfeht,bf cffrfidb- fv,j,ty7 hjv vfc rkbybrfib hekt,bc lfotct,ekt,fib pbc8  +htfkehb ghjnjnbgb 
kbc lfgfnbvht,fc7 hjvkbc ojkf tresdybc8 c[df yt,bcvb-    
` ofvt,f wb[tib 
gbhlfgbhb se fhfgbhlfgbhb thvf gfnbvfhvf hjv smdfc7 sfdc    
vtuj,fhbw uf[kfds8  welfl duh’yj,j7 3dbdfvtlbc4
2 cfvoe[fhjl7 cffrfidb-
   
rkbybrfib eylf vjfsfdcjy0
kb v[jkjl cfpqdhbc rdt-
 
se7 hflufyfw c[df gfnbvht,bc

sbcf lf gb]frt,bc ufvj uffcf-

j]f[t,c aekb fhf fmds lf ew-
vfhsktc lf fhf cbcntvehb


[jtkb tmcgthnt,b dth xfvj/-
lfyfifekbcsdbc8
2 vfhskfw7 cfc]tkfqche-


 .fds7 eylf lfbxfuhjy0  kt,bc hjvtkb vbybcnhbf lf-
 zthbkb0 fhwthsb= lf,fk
  
 hujkpt 2 ,flhfut,pt lf wb-
      
[bc vjvcf[eht gthcjyfkpt uf-
  


lfn.lf ]j[b=
     
 rjvajhnekfl w[jdhj,c
   
vfibyltkb utythfkehb ghj-
2 uflfzfh,t,ekb yfsmdf- 
 
rehjhb  
vb [jv fh fhbc bv flfvbfybc  
 fhw vbcb vjflubkt 
vbcfvfhsbs7 hjvtkbw7 sfyf-   

  b[lbc cfc]tkc
ueyltkt,bc7 j]f[bc otdht-   
cbcntvehb lfyfifekbc ufvj888
,bcf lf vjodtekb tmcgthnt- 
,bc smvbs7 vjvfrdlfdbf0
 cfl fhbc  hf

2 tc .dtkfathb bv vfcrfhf-
lbc yfobkbf7 hjvtkbw cffrfi-  uf[lf vbcb lfrfdt,f0 sdfkoby
dbkbc ufvjcf[cytkfl fhbc  /.fds7 vtnbw7 ktmwbt,c rbs[e-
 
kj,c lfvyfifdt 
fnt[bkb8 rfwvf lfrfdt,fvlt re-   hjvtkcfw 3jwyt-
zbc jgthfwbf ufbrtsf lf ytk-

 
ytkf lfcecnlf7 hf fhbc fvf- ,bc4 [tkbceakt,fib vjcdkbc
ib exdtekj0 cfqfl vjfphjd-  lqblfy dfv[tk8 


yt gbhjdyt,f hjv fh fhbc lf   
acbmjgfsb uf[kfds7 tc [jv

  
flhtw dbwjlbs0 cffrfidbkb


  
vstkb w[jdht,f sfvfij,c7  lfvyfifdtf7 hjvtkvfw rjy-
hflufy xdtekt,hbdb yf’bhf-  wkfuthfl fmwbf ne,lbcgfyct-
hb7 vfuhfv fhw vbcsdbc vjes-

kff=  [jdbf dbyvtc gfce[b8 
smdtyb ufptsbc aehwkt,b-
lfy vbylf7 [tkbceakt,fc vbd-   
vfhsj5   

      

      
 
   oby lf erfy hfnjv lffnf-    
 ht,c sfdbc wjkt,c0 vfiby c[df  
    gfnbvht,cfw vbtwtc fvbc ea- 
  kt,f= hjujhw dbwb7 cfc]tkfq- bvtlb vfmdc7 ghtpbltynb cf-
hfnjv df.tyt,s ew[j mdt.- chekt,bc lfotct,ekt,bc ib- kjvt pehf,bidbkb vb[tbk cf-
ybc vjmfkfmtc cfmfhsdtkjc lf ufyfotcb fqybiyekc rh’f- frfidbkc fh itbo.fkt,c8 obyf-
vjmfkfmtpt oby0 vfy [jv cf- kfdc8 uh’tkdflbfyb gftvyt,bc- fqvltu itvs[dtdfib7 bcbw cff-
mfhsdtkjpt smdf efhb0  sdbc cgtwbfkehb cfcnevhj- rfidbkbc udthlbs fqvjxylt-
    t,b fhct,j,c lf vfc fv vjvcf- ,f bcnjhbbc cfyfudtpt=
fqfchekts rfyjyb cffrfi-
 dbksfy vbvfhst,fib= bc fh
fhbc fv[tkf .ehflqt,bc qbh-
dabmhj,7 cb= ubyf[fds7 hjujh uf/.fdlfs



rbyjht;bcjhb
3ubhxbc4 kblthb7

gfhkfvtynfhb
cfmfhsdtkjib fii-bc tkxb

.jdtklqt cfc]tkfqchekt,bc
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc ltlf

mfhsdtkt,bc
evtntcj,fc  lfotct,ekt,blfy gktlt,ib
ehxtdybf7 he- ,fbltyc cf- uf[dtekb vbwdfkt,ekt,b0 hj-
ujh rkfdlyty wtvbs gfnbv-
ctsvf ufb.df-
blevkj ht,c0 vt fvfc .jdtklqt cfre-
ljrevty-
yjc cfresfhb
]fht,b fa[fpt- sfhb sdfkbs de.eht,lb= 
sblfy lf w[bynt,b fqvj- 
exbytc7 hfw
dfkblfy lf    
itfchekjc    
@__( okbc !_ okfvlt   
cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbnbre-
gfnbvhj,fc bsdfkbcobyt,c8 vcufdcb
wtw[kbc ito.dtnbc itsfy[vt,f7 dblht fq-  
lutc gbhlfgbhb ahtyt,b8 fh dbwb7 fmds se
 
 kbrdblfwbfc lb-
hb sfvfibc tc tnfgb eylf
,hfklt,f nhfvgcfw ofe.tytc 2 hf
    
fhf hectsib vw[jdht, mfhsdtkt,c cfmfhsdt- lfchekltc lf eahj cfby-  
kjib lf,heyt,bc ghj,ktvf7 serb vfs tc fhbc tc7 ghtpbltynt,bc se ltvjr- lb [fybf7 wlbkj,ty7 nthtcj ghjwtcb lfbo.jc7 
cehs7 vfuhfv lfyfvldbkt,bs dbwbs7 hjv 'f- hbcrty vbcfcdktkbw yfwbj- tcfe,hf
hfnbbc erecdkf fii-ib0 vjofvdkfw fvbnjv

yfkehb vj’hfj,bc lfikff=
vj[lf= 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
kbfy ,tdhb hecb xfvjlbc cfmfhsdtkjib=
3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3NDBNTHB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 
 
5


ufbynthtct,s7 hbsb
/ufdc lqtdfyltkb

cfmfhsdtkjc ,tlbcothf
vbcb vjmfkfmbc 2
@! okbc cf,byf
uekf[vtljdfc ,tlc0
vfiby7 vjlbs7 ]th 

 bcnjhbf vjd-
.dts5
s,bkbcib7 ajybzfkbc lf-
cf[kt,fib vw[jdht,vf @! okbc
ujujv7 hjvtkbw jyrjkjub-
ehb gfwbtynbf7 lff[kjt,bs
cfvb sdbc obyfs 3vfhlfktb-
idbkbc cfvtlbwbyj wtynhib4
jgthfwbf ufbrtsf7 cf[kib uf-
othblfy !_ lqbc itvltu rb

vewkbc qheib ufecf’kbcb xfenjdt,bfs 2 vfs tc lfeltd-
nrbdbkt,b lfto.j8 v'bvt vl- hj,bs fy uekuhbkj,bs vj-

ujvfhtj,fib v.javf gfwbtynvf edblfs7 vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjc
rdkfd vfhlfktbidbkbc rkbyb- thjdyek c[tekib7 vbc cek-
rfc vbfrbs[f7 cflfw tmjcrjgbf cf lf uekib cffrfidbkb lf

uflfeqtc lf es[htc7 hjv vew- yfw,fylf chekbfl ituyt,e-
kbc qheib .dtkfathb hbupt kfl xfnjdtc c[dflfc[df lhj-
bcf lf ofhvjvfdkj,bc 

/mjylf7 nrbdbkt,b rb mbvbj-
sthfgbbs ufvjodtek ereht-  df-
fmwbfc vbfothtc lf lbtnf lf- ibyunjyblfy7 vjcrjdblfy lf
eybiytc8 ,hbectkblfy=
vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf7 cf,byfc lf rbltd5
vlujvfhtj,f fhfse fh ev]j- ifekt,hbd uekuhbkj,fcsfy 
se7 e,hfkjl7 flfvbfyeh itw-
,tclt,jlf7 eahj lf eahj
ljvfcsfy0 
v’bvlt,jlf 2 ujujyfc ufedf-
kj,f cnfy]fdlf7 vewtkb cf- ufycfresht,bs cfbynthtcj 
ibykfl cnrbjlf7 uekb tht- bc fhbc7 hjv jgthfwbbc itv- 
jlf888 jyrjgfwbtynb 3vfh- 
ltu vfhlfktbidbkbc rkb-

lfktbidbkbc cfvtlbwbyj ybrfib ufecf’kbcb nrbdbkt-
wtynhib4 fqfh vbdblf lf c[df ,bs vbcek gfwbtync tmjcrj-
rkbybrfc 2 3ybe /jcgbnfkc4 gbf xfenfhtc lf vewkbc 
todbf7 cflfw htynutyjcrj- 
qheib xfnjdt,ekb vfrhf-
gbbs lflubylf7 hjv vewkbc

ntkb888 dth fqvjexbytc=
qheib7 fhw vtnb7 fhw yfrkt- yese 
,b7 vfrhfntkb b.j xfnjdt-  hjvt- 
kbw s,bkbccf lf vstk cfmfh-
,ekb8
sdtkjib wyj,bkb rkbybrff7 

w[flbf7 @! okbc cf,byfc
vfrhfntkb fh uflfe.kfgfdc= bctsb vj’dtkt,ekb lf ]fhs-
vfc cfvtlbwbyj bycnhe- ib xfcf,fht,tkb tmjcrjgbbc 
fgfhfnb elufc7 hjvtkbw vew-

vtynb vewtkib vfhlfktbi-
kbc qheib vfrhfnkbc[tkf cf-

dbkbc rkbybrbc bv tmbvt,vf
xfenjdtc7 hjvkt,vfw cfvb ufyc dth fabmcbht,c fy bctsb
sdbc obyfs jgthfwbf ufert- fhfghjatcbjyfkb tmbvt,b
/.fdc7 hjvkt,vfw tmjcrjgbe-


stc8
ufcek rdbhfc   hb cehfsbc ofrbs[df lf uf-
 vfhlfktbidbkbc ibadhf fh bwbfy0 dby lf hjlbc eylf fvjbqjc
rkbybrbc hecsfdbc abkbfk- thsbwf lf vtjhtw7 wjnf fh cfmfhsdtkjc cekblfy lf c[t-
ib uflfelt,tkb jgthfwbf b.jc7 'ytkfl ofhvjcflutybf= ekblfy ibu xfnjdt,ekb 
 2 cffrfidbkb lf yfw-

xfenfhlf lf vewkbc qhelfy cfrbs[fdbf7 [jv fh udfmdc
vfrhfntkbw fvjbqtc8 hjujhw cfmvt tmbvt,bc vbth sfdbfy- [hjdf0
tmbvt,b fw[flt,ty7 gfwbtynb rbltd hfvlty [fyc itb’kt,f7

sb itwljvbc vbxmvfkdbc
sfdc rfhufl uh’yj,c lf vbc vwltkj,fcsfy7 hfw lfyfif- ufe’kjc cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tk-
cbwjw[ktc cfahs[t fqfh vobajt,hbdvf c[tekvf lf

ekbc njkafcbf0
tvemht,f8 vjrktl7 tc .dtkfathb itcf- thjdyekvf cekvf vfsib vfr-
,fvbcvf eo.t,t,vf eylf ufvj- hfntkbdbs xfnjdt,ekb ew-

vfhlfktbidbkbc rkbyb-
rbc [tkv’qdfytkj,f lf tmb- fhrdbjy7 fv wel bcnjhbfib rb [j c[tekt,bs 2 
vt,b gfwbtynbc vewtkib vfr- rfhub bc fhbc7 hjv @! okbc  vjudhbk
cf,byf uekf[vtljdf cbrdlbkc

hfnkbc xfnjdt,fc bvbs cfibytk nrbdbkt,c0
uflfehxf=
[cybfy7 hjv cfvtlbwbyj ,hb- thsb mfhsekb crf,htpe-

kb ifbhb fct bo.t,f 2 pqdf-
uflf7 hjvtkvfw cf,byf uelf hf tkbc cf,byf uekf[-
vtljdfc ,tlmdti v.ja cfmfh-
kf[vtljdfc )-cffsbfyb jgt- ib ,flt uflfdfult7 vfc fvj/.-

sdtkjc0
hfwbf ufertsf7 uflfqkbkb
hf tidtkt,f mdt.fyfc7 hjv- df vfrhfntkb888
b.j7 sevwf7 sfdfldt fqybi-
kbc c[tekcf lf cekibw bct mfhsdtkb [fk[b eylf
yfdty 2 tc vjv[lfhc fh fvfh-
fhbfy xfnjdt,ekb  b.jc bc vt,flehb7 hjvtkbw
skt,c lf vpfl dfhs7 .dtkf-
yfbhb     mfhsek thjdyek-cf[tkv-
   hjujhw obajt,hbd pqdfib ,fltc uf-
mfhsek htfkj,fib7 ufycf- vfrhfntkb cf,byf uekf[vt- lfbcdhbc lf bmblfy cf,tlbc-
resht,bs rb7 mfhsek gjkb- ljdfc vewtkib0 othj vfrhfntkc 2 cffrfi-
nbrfib ahfpf 2  hjujhw  dbkcf lf yfw[hjdfc cfvelf-
 2 'fkbfy  nfy]fdlf ufecf’kbcb vjl fvjbqt,c=
[ibhfl ufvjb.tyt,f7 vfuhfv th- nrbdbkt,bs vbc vewtkib xf- vewtkib vfrhfntkxfnjdt-
sj, kbnjyb lf fhfahbc vfm- njdt,ekb vfrhfntkb7 cojhtl ,ekb cf,byf uekf[vtljdf uf-
ybcb uf[kfds7 hflufy7 3gf- bct nfy]fdty lf fofvt,ty cfmfh- lfhxf=
ce[bcvut,kj,bc fvqt,b47 sdtkjc vbc cf[tkvobajt,hbd cekcf lf c[tekib vfrhf-
htfkehfl7 gfce[c fhfathpt cekcf lf c[tekib  ntkxfnjdt,ekb cfmfhsdt-
fut,c=    kjw eylf uflfhxtc=
bvtlbf7 vfhlfktbidbkbc 
rkbybrbc tmbvt,b7 hjvkt,vfw .dtkfpt cfdfkfkj rb7 bwbs7 
@! okbc jyrjgfwbtync vehf fhbc0 hjujhw vfhlfkt-
wtkib vfrhfntkb xfenjdtc7 bidbkbc rkbybrbc tmbvt,vf 
egfce[bcvut,kj mfhsdtkb lf tmjcrjgbcnt,vf dth fy fh
gjkbnbrjct,bdbs fh vjbmwt- ,jkj rdb-

3ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc4
otdhb


3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 kblthb

vj’hfj,f 3fb bfc4
sfyflfvae’yt,tkb
itybiytc vfs vbth cf,byf ue- 

dbfy lf  hfib kjc- ghtvbthbc
kf[vtljdfc vewtkib xfnj-
vfhskf fbqt,ty= dt,ekb vfrhfntkb7 cfmfhs-
rjyrhtnekfl hjujhb ey- dtkjc fcbfsfcj,bs vjmfkf- fy]tktcbc lfdjcib db-
lf b.jc lf hfib eylf ufvjb- mtw cojhtl fct dth fy fh fvx- gjkbwbfv pbnpt mb-
[fnjc gfwbtynbc vewtkib vfr- ytdc7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjc cek-
hfnkbc xfvnjdt,tk tmbvsf cf lf c[tekib cffrfidbkb lf
lfrfdt,bcfc kbrj,c 2
gfce[bcvut,kj,f7 tc  yfwctmnf  fhb- cfvb flfvbf- mdt.fyfib
 fy xfnjdt,ekb= yb vjrkf 2 bydtcnbwbt-
  eylf
,b fh [jh-
rb7 yfvldbkfl ths ,tl
ufycfpqdhjc7 hjvtkvfw vjrd- mdti fhbfy cfmfhsdtkj lf cf-
hfj7 tdhj-
ktdf erdt lfbo.j8 ,byf uekf[vtljdf= gfhkfvtynvf lf mfhsdtkvf 3eakt- wbtklt,fj8 cfbynthtcjf7 se trjyjvb- gfhkfvtynib 3ufzt-
se cfzbhj uf[lf7 cfmvtib rehb phlf fh udfmdc7 hjujh itflubyf lbkt,b4 2 t8o8 jgj-
cf,byf uekf[vtljdf lf cf- ,flfvwdtkt,vf4 vrfwhfl lfuvtc 3lt-
cfvfhsfklfvwfdb jhufyjt,bw mfhsdtkj=
vjrhfnbekb erecdkf40 ,hjelthvf
xfthsdt,bfy lf lfflutyty7 hfc- fhbc ufyc[dfdt,fw5 vfhlfkt- 3sb,bcb ,fyrbc4 vjut,fv @_@@ okbc !! pbwbf7 ufhts ufvjtnb-
sfy udfmdc cfmvt 2 vtlbrjct- bidbkbc rkbybrbc tmbvt,c cf- erdt itmvyf kjc-fy]tktc-vfuybncrbc cbf0
,bc vbth ufvjdktybk ghjat- ,byf uekf[vtljdfc vewtkib
sdtib )##8^ vky kfhb= ts=
cbek lfeltdhj,fcsfy7 lfyf-  ufvbpyekfl fh 3BVTLBYBECB4 3BVTLBYBECB4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4
6  

 

rfntujhbekfl fh tv[hj,f7
hflufy fvbc vofht ufvjwlb-
kt,f uffxybf lf lqtvlt bv-

rbc ev’bvtc itltut,c 2 nt-
hbnjhbt,bc lfrfhudbs
lfo.t,ekb7 utyjajylbc
uf;ktnbs lfvsfdht,ekb=
lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 cbyfvl-

dbktib7  mfh-
sdtkb [fk[bc ufyo.j,f 'fkb-
fy rfhufl bwbc lf fvbnjvfw
fhbc7 hjv cfresfhb mdt.ybc 2
fvthbrbc gjpbwbt,c7 hjvkt-
,bw [ibhfl fhfyfbh sfy[dtl-
hfib fh vjlbc mfhsdtkb [fk-
[bc f,cjkenehb evhfdktcj-
,bc gjpbwbt,sfy7 sdbsjy rb
fh f[vbfyt,c7 fhfvtl c[dt,c 2
sfdbc vfhbjytnt,c f;qtht,b-
yt,c8 vfufkbsfl7 fii-bc tkxb
yfwt,b fvthbrbc tkxc vfhskf dth ,tlfdc7 gbhlfgbh uffv;-
qfdyjc cffrfidbkbc gfnbvhj-
cfmfhsdtkjc lbhtmnjhfl ,blfy ufsfdbceakt,bc ceh-
dbkb7 vfuhfv fvfc ufvj[fnfdc
fo erdt dflfufcekb jv,el-
fvthbrbc itthst,ekb fy wtrfc vtjht cvtybc  gbhbs=
infnt,bc tkxvf  cojhtl ltuyfybcf lf fii-bc
 hjvtkbw erdt vlbdyfl cftkxjc v[fhlfzthbs wlb-
vthfvltytl ,tlfdc kj,lf  sfdbcb
fqbmdfvty= eakt,fvjcbkt,bc ufvj.tyt-
,bs ufvjt’t,yf fhfcfvfhskb-
mfhsdtkb thbc cf[tkbs
kfgfhfrc7 vjhbub fyb lf fhfrfyjybthb upt,b
ufvfjuyt,tkb 3ufycfresht,ekb gfnbvhbc4
ufyw[flt,f uffrtsf 2 wb[blfy ufvjcf.dfyfl= ufb[ct-
dabmhj,7 cfmfhsdtkjcf yts rtkb ltuyfybc ufyw[flt-
lf hectsc ijhbc ,f 2 ybyj kjv]fhbfc !__-
gbhlfgbhb ahtyt,bc ghjwtynbfy ylj,fc dew[f-
fqlutyfpt vtnfl lt,j= lbf[7 fvfc fv,j,lf fvt-
mfhsdtkt,c hectsbc hbrbc tkxb cf[fk[j lfvw-
dtkpt7 hjvtkcfw mfhsdtk
vbth fa[fptsblfy lf [fk[ib yekghjwtynbfyb
t8o cfv[hts jctsblfy ylj,fw fh uffxylf=
]fht,bc uf.dfyf cfmvt bc fhbc7 hjv 
ufe[fhlt,fsj=  lf cfmfhsdtkjc c[df
rb vfuhfv7 mfk,fnjyj rt-
3lfe’byt,tkb vtuj,ht,b4
cffrfidbkib [tlfdty thsfl-
kb7 hf rfdibhibf cfmfhsdtkjc
ltjregfwbf hectssfy gbhlf-
gbhb fdbfvbvjcdkbc fqlutyfc-
sfy0 
ituf[ctyt,s7 hjv hectsvf
cfmfhsdtkjcsfy gbhlfgbhb 
ahtyt,b @_!) otkc7 s,bkbc-
ib  ufvjxt- 
ybkb gjpbwbbc cfgfce[jl fr-
h’fkf= w[flbf7 tc xdtyb vjmf-
kfmtt,bc bynthtct,bc cfpbfyj

uflfo.dtnbkt,f b.j lf serb
lqtc hectsb sdbsjydt vju- ths bycnhevtync7 hjvkbc
db[cybc vbc vbth lfotct,ek vtidtj,bsfw fm cbnefwbbc
cfymwbfc7 xdty fvfpt efhb hf- fhtdfcf lf vtjht ahjynbc
njv eylf dsmdfs0= uf[cyfc it’kt,ty=
 smdt- fvbnjvfw fhbc7 hjv rtkb
yb it[ctyt,bc ufhtitw dbwbs7 ltuyfyc fhfcjltc ewlbf7 cb-
hjv cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhb- vfhskbcsdbc sdfkt,ib xft-
t,b hectsbc vbth fhbc jre- [tlf lf cffrfidbkbcfsdbc vj-
gbht,ekb7 [jkj smdtyb vb- tojlt,byf 2 sfdb lffyt,jc
ybiyt,f bvfpt7 hjv ltjregf- ]fyvhstkj,bc sdbslfpbf-
wbbc vbqotdfvlt hf lhjc ahtyt,bsf lf fdflv.jaj,bc cb-
yt,bc fqlutyff fy hf lhjc trj- vekbht,bs wb[blfy ufvjc-
yjvbrbc ufydbsfht,fcf lf cf- dkbc vwltkj,fc=
mfhsdtkjc vjmfkfmtt,bc cj- fvthbrbc tkxb sfdbcb fhf-
wbfkehb vlujvfhtj,bc ufev- lbgkjvfnbehb7 ecfvfhskj
]j,tct,fpt pheydff7 'fkbfy ufyw[flt,t,bs fhfgbhlfgbh
/ufdc fhfrtsbkvjcehybc e[- tatmnbfy lf[vfht,fc cojhtl f.tyt,c cffrfidbkbc gfnbvhj-
htdbc ufvj e[th[ekj,f vfbyw lf cedthtybntnb= vjcojyc7 vbc vbth ufrtst,e-
ti xfhtdfc cfmfhsdtkjc cfm-
tuh’yjs7 ufyfw[fltc 2 [jv cbyfvldbktib7 3obstkb cnhfntubekb gfhnybjhbc- kb fhfthsb ufyw[flt,bc vb- ,blfy ufsfdbceakt,bc vjs-
vtt,ib=
ufy dtkjlbs7 sevwf7 vjkj- [tldbs itudb’kbf lfdfcrdyfs7 [jdyfc7 hfw qbf obyffqvltuj-
  fv fhfrj- [tlfds7 cfmfhsdtkjc [tkb- [fpt,b4 cfmfhsdtkjc [tkb-
lbyb lqtvlt vjkjlbyfl hxt- hjv  cf- ,fibf hjujhw cfvfhsfksfy7
htmnek7 fhflbgkjvfnbeh ceakt,f bct ufsfd[tllf7 ceakt,fv rb fhf7 cojhtl fvt-
,f= bmyt, rtkb ltuyfyvf ea- bct mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc by-
lf7 hfw vsfdfhbf7 cfmfhsdt- hjv obstkb [fpb uflfrdtsf hbrbc tkxvf uflfkf[f7 hjwf mfhsdtkjc ltjregfwbbcfs-
nthtct,sfy=
kjc bynthtct,bc cfpbfyj ufy- lf 3vsfdfhb cnhfntubekb rbltd ths[tk lfudbmybf sb- hj rjyrhtnekfl udbs[hfc7 dbc erhfbyek upfc7 fye he-
 ufyw[flt-
w[flt,fc evfk ufvjt[vfehyty gfhnybjhb4 uffyfo.tyfj= sb lf erdt vthfvltytl vju- hf upbs ofhvjelutybf cf- ctssfy cfv[tlhj rjyakbm-
xdtyc mdt.fyfib ew[j cf[tkv- firfhff7 hjv yfwt,b fvthb- ds[jdf7 xdtyb cfvij,kjc by- mfhsdtkjc ltjregfwbf lf nib itcdkfc udsfdfpj,c= ,t,b wfkcf[fl ofhvjflutyc
obajsf bynthtct,bc ufvnfht- rbc tkxc vfhskf cfmfhsdtkjc nthtct,bc obyffqvltu dbvjm- hf lffrkj xdtyvf [tkbcea- sevwf7 vfy7 otcbs7 rfhufl ey- cfmfhsdtkjc cfibyfj cfmvt-
,tkb rjktmnbehb yfwt,b7 lbhtmnjhfl fy wtrfc vtjht vtljs= kt,fv fv vbpfyc0 dbyfblfy lf bwjltc7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjc t,ib xfhtdfc7 hfcfw mfhs-
hjvkt,vfw7 yfwdkfl bvbcf7 vlbdyfl fqbmdfvty7 hbsbw ufcfut,bf7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjc fii-bc tkxc cfmfhsdtkjc lqt- vjcf[ktj,bc f,cjkenehb dtkvf [fk[vf lf mfhsekvf
hjv cfmfhsdtkjc cfibyfj cfm- xfyc7 se hjujh tcvbs vfs lf- evsfdhtcb vbpfyb ltjregfwbff dfyltkb [tkbceakt,bc gj- evhfdktcj,f hectssfy cfvcf[tkvobajv itcf,fvbcb gf-
vtt,ib c[df mdt.ybc tkxbc xf- vjerblt,kj,f7 sfdbceakt,f lf fv ghj,ktvbc vjudfht,fib pbwbt,b sbsmvbc fhfcjltc [tlhj rjyakbmnbc upfc ce[b eylf ufcwty=

bvbcsd-




yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc
otdhb
hfu,bc rfdibhbc ufvutj,bc
3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb7

lybghjc vthb
sfdv]ljvfht


otdhb
eakt,flfvwdtkb
hjltv-
lt eylf bc7 hjv cf-
dbvtuj,- mfhsdtk-
hjs er- jc lfhxtc
hfbyfcsfy tdhjge-
wfkv[hb- kb gthc-
dfl0= fct gtmnbdf
fh ufvjdf= lf /mjy-
.dtkfathc sfdbcb cf[tkb eylf lf- 'fkbfy rfhubf7 hjv 3mfhsekb jwyt,f4 fhbc !_ ltc ifycb7 vbbqjc tdhjrfdibhbc jvbc gbhdtkbdt lqblfy
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib cfmfhsdt- dfv,j,lb7 hjv 
thmdfc 2 bub cfmfhsdtkjcsfy rjy- fhct,j,c vtwtyfnb kjc [tkbceakt,fib 2 .dt-
rfylblfnj,f7 vb[tbk cffrfidbkb
mdt.yblfy /evfybnfhekb vbpybs ey-  fhbc cfresfh sfdpt it.-
akbmnibf bcts aeylfvtyneh cf- kfathpt7 hfw [lt,f cfmfh-
dfht,ekb cfmjytkb8

rbs[ib7 hfcfw xdtyb mdt.ybc ecfa- sdtkjib7 gfce[bcvut,tkbf lf ufb.dfyjy8
3mfhsekb jwyt,f4=
hs[jt,f /mdbf8 3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3HTPJYFYCB4
 
7

 
 hjwf gjkbwbtkt,vf
ecfvfhskjl itfdbohjdtc0

lqtc [jv erdt .dtkfcfsdbc yf-
stkbf7 hjv dbtnyfvbc jvb b.j
.dtkfpt cbc[kbfyb tgjgtf vt-
jht vcjakbj jvbc itvltu7

hjvtkibw fuhtcjhb fii 2
yjvth gbhdtkb ,bhsdekb
ptcf[tkvobaj 2 cfvfhw[db-

yjl lfvfhw[lf= lfvfhw[lf
bctdt7 hjujhw ufcek otkc
ufvje.dfytc obhdf fdqfytsib
lf hjujhw offut,c erhfbyf-

ib7 hflufy vbcb cfmvt cfvfh-
skbfyb fh fhbc=
fvthbrtksf jgthfwbfv db-
tnyfvib v’bvt lfqb lffcdf vt-

jvfhsf acbmbrfc8 ]fhbcrfwt-
,b vb[dlyty7 hjv vj,bkbpt-
,ekb b.dyty vidblj,bfyb

vjcf[ktj,bc ufcfyflueht,-
kfl7 cf[kib wjw[kfl lf,-
heyt,eksf evtntcj,fv rb
tc cfibytkb ecfvfhskj,f

dthf lf dth lfbdbo.f8 

  
   

 
  

  
vfhnj
mbvbehb bfhfqbc ufvj.tyt,bs
fii-vf $__ fsfcb dbtnyfvtkb
cffrfidbkbc yfwt,bcf uffyfluehf lf hf lblb fv,f-
lf fvthbrtkb tkxbc  dbf dfibyunjybcsdbc7 se jh-
vbkbjybfyb7 thsb vezf cfmfh-
jwyt,f f[lf 2 hjujhw  sdtkj ufb;e;t,f=
bmyf7 cfmfhsdtkj fii-c vfuhfv itvltu dbtnyfvtkt,-
lftvcufdcf5 mfhsdtkb vf bcofdktc ,h’jkf lf fvt-
cfv[tlhjt,b7 hjvkt,bw hbrtkt,c sfdpfhb lfcwtc=
rjivfhb7 hjv ]eyukt,blfy
thf.cf lf fdqfytsib vjekjlytkfl ufvjxtybkb
fvthbrbcsdbc jvj,lyty7 .jabkb vc[dthgkb evjo.f-
iby lf,heyt,bc itvltu kjl ufecojhlt,jlf7 cf[k-
ib lf,heyt,ek fvthbrtk ]f-
'fhwdfdty ,fyrt,c7 hbcrfwt,c7 vfs vstkb w[jd-
tcdhbfy vidblj,bfy ht,bc vfy’bkpt fh f’ktdlf
vjmfkfmtt,c lf vjcdtyt,fc7 [ibh itvs[dtdfib
cbwjw[ktc cebwblbs rb e,b’ut,lf sfyfvjmfkfmtt-
,bc7 mfkt,bcf lf ,fdidt,bc vb-
vfhs ufefpht,tkb lfyfife-
fchekt,ty7 hjujhw
fvfc dbtnyfvufvjdkbkb kbcrty lf ,jkjc 2 sdbsvr-
fvthbrtkb cfv[tlhjt,b dktkj,bcrty= fphvf7 hjv
frtst,lyty8 eahj bcbyb vjfn.etc7 ufvjb.tytc
,by’ehb gjkbnbrehb vbp-
vtnbw7 pjubthsb yt,bcsdbc lf zez.bfyb [tk-
uflfvlufhb mfhsdtkb sfsvfybdbs vbfultc7 dbtnyf-
cfv[tlhj7 hjvtkbw vbc jvbc dtnthfyt,b zreb-
erhfbyfib yb ljkfhb vbbqj lf fhw cf- lfy itifkf8
vfhsfklfvwfdt,c lff.tyf ]f- lbf[7 cojhtl tcff 
cf,h’jkdtkfl af7 bct jcnfnehfl ufexbyfh-   hjvkbsfw
uftvfhsf7 fgbht,c7 lf8 vbcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 mfh- lffdfllyty fdqfytscf lf yfnj-
fa[fptsbc ufdkbs sdtkvf jabwthvf7 jhltyj- fii-bc c[df vbcbt,ib vt,h’j-
cfmfhsdtkjib nfyrt,bs cfyvf   kb mfhsdtkt,b7 hfw tkjlt,f
hjvtkbw !% otkb b,h’jlf erhfbyfib lfmbhfdt,ek vt,h-
lf,heyltc lf cfv[tlhj cfthsfijhbcj vbcbt,ib7 vfs ’jkt,cfw888 fhflf7 xdtyc uvbh
uflfnhbfkt,bc upbs ijhbc7 fdqfytsib7 ufcek rdb- obyfght,c ufwbkt,bs eahj
cffrfidbkc 'fkfeakt,f hfc7 w[tk othnbkt,ib yfvcf- v’bvt ,h’jkt,bc itvltu7
lfe,heyjc8 [eht,b fvthbrtkb cfv[tlhjt- seylfw lblb cfvfvekj
,bc vcufdcfl7 fbo.dbnf lf acb- jvbc rdfklfrdfk7 fh foe-
  mbrehb fikbkj,bc ajypt cf- [t,lfs fhfdbsfhb acbmbre-
!_ sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib erhf- ufht]jib % flfvbfyb ufvjfcfk- hb fikbkj,f se cbylhjvb7
byfib bvltybdt mfhsdtkb lfvf cbwjw[ktc8 ufvjlbc7 hjv hflufy b,h’jlyty cfvfhskb-
bqegf7 hfvltybw !@ okbc ufy- 3dbtnyfvbc cbylhjvvf4 xdty- fyb cfmvbcfsdbc7 bwfdlyty cfv-
vfdkj,fib thf.cf lf fdqfyts- sfyfw ufbqdb’f0 fhflf7 tc [jv ij,kjc lf ufbvfh]dtc rbltw=
ib 2 $_ vt,h’jkb= c[dbcb itb’kt,f7 f[fkb7 gthvfytyne- vtlbwbybc tyfpt 
jvt,b c[dbc vbofpt7 hjvkt,- kb nhfutlbt,bc lfcf,fvb uf[-  fhbc gjcnn-
ibw vjn.et,ekb mfhsdtkt- ltc0 ufyf thscf lf jh mfhs- hfdvekb cnhtcekb fikb-
,b vjyfobktj,lyty7 fhfcj- dtkc ufvjedkbf 3cfvidblj- kj,f7 fye v’bvt acbmbrehb
ltc lfcheklt,f lf7 qvths- ,j vbcbt,bc4 ibhvbs itybq- vlujvfhtj,f7 hjvtkbw ofh-
vf ye myfc7 fdqfytscf se er- ,ekb fgjrfkbgnehb jvt,bc vjbmvyt,f flfvbfybc acbmb-
hfbyfib yf,h’jkt,vf jvb ib- vfhfsjyb0 rfpt ptv’kfdhb ytufnbehb
yfw ufyfuh’jy8 frb7 fsefi- uf[cjds ,jtdbrb 3htv,j5 ptvjmvtlt,bc itltufl8 
dbkc7 hjvtkvfw cfufht]j- gbhdtkb cbc[kb4 2 hf vjb- 
ib fnt[f chjkf7 tujyf7 hjv vjmvtlf dbtnyfvbc jvbc dtnt-   vjd-
bctd fdqfytsibf lf fa[fpt- hfyvf cgtwhfpvtkvf  ktybc nhfdvekb [fcbfsb
sbcsdbc b,h’dbc=
fhwse ijhtek ofhcek- 
ib mfhsdtkt,b cfwbykfl fbu-
lt,lyty .dtkfc7 dbyw bn.j- d[tlfds7 yt,bcvbt-



fyfkbnbrjcb
ufthsbfyt,ekb jgjpbwbbc4
otdhb
3yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,f 2

hectsbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf
vbybcnhb

tdhjgfib fii-bc cf[vtktsj
]fht,bc .jabkb vtsfehb7
utythfkb
lf7 hjv jltcvt cfmfhsdtkj- hjv cfmfhsdt-

ib ku,n eakt,t,b lfrfyjy- kj7 vcjakb- hb ;ehyf-
lt,jlf7 vfuhfv tc vj[lf= mfh- jc c[df mdt.- kbcnbc lf-
sdtkt,b dthw bvfc lfb]tht,- yt,bc vcufd-
lyty7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjib it- gfnbvht,f7
cfl7 lfcfd-
bfhfqt,ekb flfvbfyt,b v’td- ktsbc v[hb- firfhf rhb-
kt,c fb.dfylyty lf7 lfcfdkt- lfy ptojkfc vbyfkehb
sbc vcufdcfl7 ,fyrt,c uf’fh-
wdfdlyty7 vfuhfv tctw htf-
ufybwlbc7
cfmvbfyj-
,bc ufhlf7
hjvtkbw
kj,fl bmwf= fdqfytsib yf,- qbfl lf eh-
h’jk   hj- w[dfl vjbs[jdc hectsbc obyffqvltu cfym- ghj,ktvehbf7 ;ehyfkbcnc se fgf- vfhflbekb rbs[df htfkehb cfahs[t fh-
vtkvfw @_@_ okbc @! jmnjv- wbt,sfy vbthst,fc8 fv gfnfhf mdt.fyfc lf vbc ct,j,c7 hjv cfmfhsdtkj-
,thc peulblbc wtynhib ,fy- vsfdhj,fc fmdc ufv,tlfj,f7 smdfc7 hjv bcbyb nbvht,ty gjkbnbrehb vbptpt,bs7 3udtidtkt,f hfvt04
itibyt,ekb eylf b.dyty c[df ;ehyf- ib7 gbhlfgbhb vybidytkj-
rib flfvbfyt,b lffn.dtdf7 it- cfresfhb bynthtct,bs7 trjyjvbrehb byntht- erdt fhw bct hbnjhb-
b’kt,f ufeuj rbltw 2 vfc [jv ct,bs7 b[tkv’qdfytkt,ty7 tc itmt,fc bvcf[e- ,bs7 cf,zjsf rfdibhb fq-
fhfdby vjerkfdc7 e,hfkjl7
kbcnt,bw8 rekfl ;qthc8
ht,c8 lutc=
vjs[jdybkb yf[tdfhb vbkbj- 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3GTMEDIA4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4
8  

heytc8   uffxfqf tc lfyfifekt,hbdb

 2 jvb8 ufcek otkc bub tmbvt-
rbs[ekj,ty lqtc dbtnyfvbc ,bc lfyfifekt,hbdb itwlj-
cbylhjvbs lffdflt,ekb mfh- vbc ufvj v’bvt jhv[hbdb gytd-
sdtkb cfv[tlhjt,b 2  vjybbs uflfb.dfytc rkbybrf
 cflfw lqtc vb-

   
[tbk cffrfidbkb yt,bdhj,c8


   tvth]tycsfy itbfhfqt,ekb
  hjv thf.cf lf fdqfyts- ajhvbfyt,bc lfyf[dbcfc +rk-
ib n.ebke,hfkjl lfbqegf

bybrbc itbfhfqt,ekb lfw-
$_ mfhsdtkb ]fhbcrfwb7 fcj-

df uff’kbthtc cffrfidbkbc
,bs lfzhbkcf lf [tb,fhpt bm .jaybc ufvj‘7 xtvvf vtuj-
 hjv fqfhfathb dsmdfs= ,fhvf hfnjvqfw xfsdfkf7 hjv
   se
hjujh bqt,ty mfhsdtkt,b
bctd fa[fptsibf lf vbc lf-
cfn.dtdt,kfl vbdblyty7 hbc
fvthbrtkt,pt fsj,bs fsfcb itvltufw lfktof .dtkfathb7
ljkfhbs yfrkt, [tkafcc7 hfw [tks vj[dlf7 'bhbsflfl7
sevwf7 fdqfytscf lf thf.ib cfvtlbwbyj fqzehdbkj,f8
fhfyfrkt, hbcrfdlyty +hjv vtlgthcjyfkvf7 lf[vfht,bc
fqfhfathb dsmdfs fvthbrek
yfwdkfl7 fqiajst,f ufvj[f-
cfv[tlhj gtycbt,pt‘= mfhse-
nf 2 fmfjlf7 fcts iktuc dth
ufdevrkfdlt,bsj lf j]f[bc
kb rjynbyutynb7 hjvtkbw
otdht,b b’ekt,ekb uf[lyty7
vzblhj rfdibhibf cfresfh fchekt,lf fvthbrekb ,f-
pt,bc lfwdbcf lf gfnhekb-
evotj,bc ufywlfcsfy cf[b-
ht,bc cf,h’jkj fvjwfyt,c7 uflft.dfyfs bub fkflfidbkbc
afsj cbnefwbfib tatmnbf-
velvbdb iajsdbcf lf cfa- rkbybrfib7 cflfw tmbvt,bc
yb vjmvtlt,bc ite’kt,kj-
hs[bc mdti bv.jat,jlf 2 vwltkj,bc vbe[tlfdfl7 ufh-
,bc ufvj7 hjltcfw flfvbfyc
fdqfytkt,b ,fpt,c [ibhfl lfbwdfkf8
uflfhxtybc bjnbcjltyf if-
tc[vjlyty sfdc7 [jkj yt- lqtc vbylf7 drbs[j fv ecb-
ycbw rb fhf fmdc8 fvjdyj mfk,fnjyc7 3tvgfs-
acbmjkjubehb nhfdvbc ,bcvbth 3egjdfhc47 fhfc-
hekokjdfy vfofyofkfc fy bbc4 [tkv’qdfytkc5 
itvltu yfhxeylt,f bctsb
lfvf[fcbfst,tkb cbvgnjvt- 3cf,hfkj fdqfytk vfs[j- 
,b7 hjujhbwff acbmjgfsj- dfhc47 vbofpt at[ibidtkf  
kjubehb [tkf[fkb ufywlf7 v]ljvcf lf vjcfc[fvib uf[- 
qfvbc rjivfht,b lf iajs- dtekc7 itt’kj7 rj,hfcfdbs   
dbc vfqfkb ljyt8 tc cbvgnj- vcohfak ittnbf vbf[kjt-   
vt,b itb’kt,f ufvjdkbyltc ,ekb gfnhek-]fhbcrfwbc- 
hjujhw eiefkjl nhfdvbc sdbc lf nfycfwvkbc afhsj vbylf7 drbs[j fvthbrbc
vbqt,bcsfyfdt7 fctdt vhfdf- cf[tkjt,ib lfvfkekb ;fy- tkx rtkb ltuyfyc7 hjvtk-
kb okbc itvltufw +=‘8 gjc- ubfyb lfyt,bs jhbdt v[hb- vfw ufcek gfhfcrtdc ntktdb-
nnhfdvekvf cnhtcekvf lfy cfcbrdlbkj lfhn.vf pbbs bwhef 2 3hectsc ce-
fikbkj,fv itb’kt,f ufvj- vbt.tyt,byf sbhrvkt,cf se hc7 offhsdfc mfhsdtkt,c
bodbjc bctsb ghj,ktvt,b7 vewtkib7 hjujhw tc fhf- tyf7 bltynj,f lf cedthtyb-
hjujhbwff ltghtcbf7 utyt- ths[tk vjv[lfhf8  ntnb4 lf fvbnjvfw fh fhbc
 bctdt7 hjujhw .dtkf
hfkbpt,ekb iajsdbsb fi- cfzbhj hectssfy gbhlfgb-
]fhbcrfwvf7 dbyw fdqfytsb uf-
kbkj,f7 gfybrbc itntdt,b7 hb fdbfvbvjcdkbc fqlutyfj8
vjbfhf7 bwjlf7 hjv lqtc se
flbmwbf7 cebwblehb mwtdf7
cfcofekt,hbdfl uflfhxf7 [d- vfi7 hf de.js 
fuhtcbekj,f8
fk itb’kt,f 'fqkbdbs vjr-  lffdflt,ek fsfcj-
.dtkf ptvjvj.dfybkb ahf- ,bs mfhsdtkc7 fii-bc bynt-
pf bv mfhsdtkt,c t[t,fs7 hjv- kfy7 vfuhfv dthfathc bqjyt,c
rjynhfmnbc lfchekt,fvlt8 888 htct,bcsdbc c[dflfc[df w[tk
kt,bw jvj,ty cfmfhsdtkj- othnbkib hjv b,h’jlyty0
lfy ijhc lf fhf cfmfhsdt- lf lfh,jlf fsefidbkb fdnj-
kjcsdbc7 vfs ijhbc 2 db- vfnbs [tkib sfdbcb ,bybc th- hfnjv fh abmhj,c fii vfs
sb fbdyblfy vtjhtpt7 hflufy htf,bkbnfwbfpt0  
tnyfvbc cbylhjvbs lffdflt-
,ek fdqfytsbc dtnthfy 
txdtyt,jlf7 hjv sfdc bwfd-    
 hjvtkvfw
lf cfv[tlhj ,fpbc vjfk.t    
vj]f/tlt,bcufy= fdqfytsib rb7
obyf rdbhfc cfufht]jib cbc[-
   
hjujhw fsefidbkc 

kbfyb cfcfrkfj vjfo.j=

   
 mfhsdtkt,-
3smdty b,h’dbs thf.cf lf   
fdqfytsib smdtyb nthbnj-  isfeythutc7 bc vf mfhsdtkt,b eylf lf[jwjy0
hbekb vskbfyj,bcf lf ce- fa[fptsbcf lf cfvfxf,kjc lf- smdty tc ubylfs0
dthtybntnbcsdbc7 fa[fpt- cf,heyt,kfl7 cfmfhsdtkjc vbylf7 drbs[j ptktycrbc7

sbcf lf cfvfxf,kjc lfcf,- nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc rtkb ltuyfyc lf mfhsek
heyt,kfl= fvbcsdbc cfmfh- fqcflutyfl b,h’jlf= cfufht- hflbrfkeh jgjpbwbfc7 .dt-
sdtkjc yfnjib vbbqt,ty7 ]jib rb vfhnj lqtc ufb[ctytc7 kfc7 dbyw ervf.jabkjf7
[jkj yfnj lft[vfht,f cf- se hjujh lfcltdlf lqbcbs- hjv lqtc7 ef[ktc bcnjhb-
mfhsdtkjc7 offhsdfc sfdb- vpbcbs  sfdbc vt- fib gbhdtkfl7 cfmfhsdtkj
cb 'bh’dtkb nthbnjhbt,b eqktc 3vfrfhjdbs4 [tkib7 fhcfl lf fhfdbc tjvt,f5 ye-
hectsc4= 2 lfcfdkehb ghj- hbc itvltufw vteqktv7 hf smvf
gfufylf !@ okbc ufyvfdkj,f- se cfzbhjf hjv mfhsekb
eylf7 vbfnjdf888
ib isffujyt,lf fv .fk, st- fhvbbc fsfcj,bs ]fhbcrfwb
tjvjc hectsc7 sfdc lftc[fc

yfvldbkfl fh vbyljlf
pfc ueke,h.dbkj mfhsdtk
hectsbc ,fpt,c fa[fptscf lf
uf[ctyt,f7 vfuhfv vjvbotdc5
]fhbcrfwt,c lf jregfyn fu- ifhify lfdrfhut xtvb ef[kj-
htcjht,fl fupfdyblf cfthsf- tcb ,fdidj,bc vtuj,fhb8 fh vby- w[bydfkbc htubjyib7 3mfhse-

ijhbcj vbcbt,ib cfcbrdlb- lf vbcb f[kj,kt,bc itoe[t- kb jwyt,bc4 vidblj,bfyb gj-
kjl= fdqfytkt,b .jdtksdbc ,f lf cf[tkc fh dbn.db8 bub kbnbrbc cfobyffqvltujl0=

lbl gfnbdc cwtvlyty ueh]t,c7 fa[fptsib b,h’jlf7 vjudbf-
cfyfv mfhsekvf rjynbyutyn- yt,bs rb vb[dlf7 dby lf hfnjv
vf 2 .dtkfpt vhfdfkhbw[j-
 qfvtek vlevfht,fib fdnjvfnb rfrfyt,c8

dfyvf yfnjc fhfotdh mdt.yt,c
ijhbc= 2 vfs vbofpt at[b fh
dbc lft't,c fv]thfl n.dbf0 fhflf7

lffluf8 itvltu rb fii-vf fd-
qfytsblfy vjrehw[kf mfh- fsefidbkvf [jv erdt vjbrkf sfdb0

sek rjynbyutynpt flht7
fhw cfmfhsdtkj vbbqtc yf- dbtnyfvbc lhj cfmfhsdtkjc lhjc
njib lf fhw fa[fptsb lf
w[bydfkbc htubjyb lfe,- % cffsbs ecoht,c=




cfmfhsdtkjc reknehbc7
cgjhnbcf lf f[fkufphlj,bc
vbybcnhb






3ubhxbc4 otdhb7
gfhkfvtynfhb
gfhkfvtynfhb
tmbvb7 ybrf vtkbfc vfvf
sfdv]ljvfht
gfhkfvtynfhb
cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt- pecnfl dbwb7 tc fhbc  lfhoveyt,ekb dfh7 hjv yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc hsekfl ofhvjvblutybf 
,f  hjv cfmfh-   lfutuvb-  vbe[tlfdfl bvb- fhxtdyt,b bmyt,f vfsb lfikb-   vlujvfhtj,bc itlfht,f
kb7 xfsdfkf7 felbjxfyfothbc  ghjhecj,f 2 bcbyb fy- fh itb’kt,f7 he-
sdtkjc cf[tkvobaj xf,vekb cf7 hjujh lfvsfdhlt,f yfwb-
cf lf mfhsekb gjkbnbre-
ufdhwtkt,fc itt’kj ufdkt- hb cbdhwblfy ufmhj,bc sf- nbvtlfcfdktstc ybibc lfrfdt- cek wb[tib ofvt,bs fvj[fltc
fqvjxyltc cfv[tlhj lfgbhbc- jyfkeh vj’hfj,fib fhxtdyt- ,fc wlbkj,ty7 hfw 3mfhsekb cekb7  rb erdt
ybc vj[ltyf fhxtdyt,bc itlt- hbqb8 cb,by’eht ufvjdf fv
gbht,fib= ,b7 c[df gfhnbfib fh ofdf= gfhnbblfy8 jwyt,bc4 cffhxtdyj cnhfntubff8 w[hf sdtf7 kemc-gfkfnfib
ut,pt8
3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3TV GBHDTKB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4 3TV BVTLB4 3GFKBNHFYBECB4 vrehyfkj,c8 3GBHDTKB FH[B4
 
9









 2
bzbyst,bfy fynbhecekb
hbnjhbrbs7
fahbfkt,ty fynbhecek
lhjifc7 velfv c[df
,fyfrib t’t,ty
genbybcnt,cf lf
rhtvkbc futynt,c7
vfuhfv ewf,tlfl
fqvjxylt,f7 hjv





seylfw  fdb-
qjs7 hjvkbc gjkbnbrehb
gjhnhtnbw sbsmvbc vskbf-
yfl hecekb njyt,bcf lf in-
hb[t,bcfufy itlut,f5
cffrfidbkb cofdkj,lf rb-
tdbc eybdthcbntnbc cfthsf-
ijhbcj ehsbthsj,fsf byc-
nbnenib7 hjvtkbw cf,zjsf
eibihjt,bc rflht,bc kf,j-
hfnjhbfl b.j fqbfht,ekb=
cffrfidbkb vcf[ehj,lf
erhfbybc cfcfpqdhj ]fhib7
hjvtkbw 3rfut,tc4 cfrehfnj-
hj cathjib itlbjlf=

cffrfidbkc gjkbnbrehb
upbc ufrfadfib t[vfht,jlf
ltlbc 'vf stveh fkfcfybf7
hjvtkbw ]th cf,zjsf 3rfu- v[hbdfl ufeemvf cfdbpj ht- sjlpt7 hjvtkbw vidblj,bf- kbfyfl hecekb b.j=   hjvtkbw he- ltufw rb wjw[fkb sfdbs dth
t,tc47 [jkj itvltu hecekb ;bvb7 v[fhb lfezbhf hect- yb fmwbt,bc lfh,tdbs7 elf- fqfhw bvfpt cfe,fhib ctssfy ,bpytcrfdibht,c lq- tktjlf cffrfidbkbc [tkb-
3attc,tc4 yjvtyrkfnehfc of- sbc ufotdhbfyt,fc vcjakbj yfifekj flfvbfyt,bc mexfib lfdrfhufds lbl lhjc7 hjv tvlt fh o.dtnc8 fvfcsfy7 rj,f ceakt,bc vbybcnhb lf itv-
hvjflutylf= cfdfzhj jhufybpfwbfib lf lf[jwdbs7 gjkbnbrehb jgj- cffrfidbkbc vbth vjcrjdblfy yf.jabfc df;b7 hjvtkbw yfw- lujvib yfwvj’hfj,bc cfght-
3dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc4 [vf vbcwf tdhjcf,zjc htpj- ytynt,bc ltdybsf lf lfgfnbv- cfufyut,jl xfvj.dfybkb lf vj’hfj,bc vbth jregbht,ekb pbltynj rfylblfnb7 cf,zj-
kewbfc7 hjvtkibw tothf7 ht,bs7 wb[tib gfnbvht,bc mfhsekb trjyjvbrbc vfvfl 3hecsfdb-@4-bc cfrjynhjkj sf rfdibhbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf

rekvbyfwbeh vjvtynib7
hjwf itdfhlyf’bc uflfluj- hjv hecekb cfv[tlhj bynth- cbcntvehb ofvt,f-ufegfnbe- ufvotct,ekb   gfrtnc akj,lf7 cfmfhsdtkj- cfvbybcnhjc rjcvjcbcf lf
vbc cfrbs[b o.lt,jlf7 cff- dtywbf ofhvjflutylf gfce[c ht,bs7 njnfkehb afhekb  vskbfyfl hecekb gjkb- cf lf hectsbc jhvfub vjmf- ,bhsdekb itbfhfqt,bc ufy-
rfidbkc hecsfdtkbc ufvpbh- mfhsekb v[fhbc vbth w[bydf- sdfksdfkbsf lf vb.ehflt- nbrehb lf abyfyceh-trjyj- kfmtf8 .jabkt,bc .jabkb sfyfvi-
pt hectsbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf kbc lf,jv,dfpt= ,bs7 itrdtsbkb gjkbnbre- vbrehb cbcntvbc ghjlemnb bcbw rfhufl utvf[cjdht,fs7 hjvtkb 
vbybcnhb  tl- fqfhfathc dfv,j,s cffrfi- hb vrdktkj,t,bsf lf vrfw- uf[klfs bctdt7 hjujhw yfw- hjv hectsbc vjmfkfmtj,fcf vjrktl7 yfwbjyfkeh vj’-
uf udthlbs= dbkbcf lf yfwvj’hfj,bctek hfl wtynhfkbpt,ekb cf[t- vj’hfj,bc f[kfyltkb gj- lf hecek gfcgjhnc sdbs hfj,fc cfblfyfw fh eylf it-
vthtw7 hjwf cffrfidbkbc mdt.ybc vfhsdbc cnbkcf lf vt- kbceakj dthnbrfkbs vs- kbncf,zjc sfdv]ljvfht  @__( okbc fudbcnjc jvbc itv- vjefhj7 .jdtkb v[hblfy
'fkfeakt,bc chekfl ufv-

.fht,bcfsdbc fzfhblfy 
 ufyltdyf uf[-

lf cfzbhj7 bctd hectsbc cf-
ufhtj cfmvtsf vbybcnhb
 xfvjdblf lf  
f,fib’t vjcrjdib ofb.dfyf= 
 

vstkb )-okbfyb vvfhsdt-
kj,fw c[df fhfathb b.j7 se
 
fhf lfcfdkehb hbnjhbrbc
ajypt hecekb cfmvtt,bc rt-
st,f lf rhtvkbc bynthtct,bc 

vcf[eht,f=
 
  

 ÓÐÀ-
 rjljhbc [tj,f lf
f[fkujhbc hfbjyb=
 



 mfh-
sekb cnhfntubekb j,btm-
nt,b @__( okbc fudbcnjc
jvbc itvltu=
bubdt @__( okbc fudbcnjc
jvbc itvltu cffrfidbkbc [t-
kbceakt,fv hectsc wfk-

yfwbjyf-



gjkbnjkjub

s,bkbcbc cfrht,ekjc
lble,bc vf;jhbnfhb




gfhkfvtynfhb
fyfkbnbrjcb

3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 kblthb
keh vj’-
 2 fltbi-
dbkbc [tkb-
c,bzc7 hjvt- hfj,fib
kbw f[kf  lfutuvbkb
fhxtdyt,b

lfrdtst,c fc-
hekt,c7 /uj- fhbc yfwb-
ybf7 !! okbc
itvltu [fk[c
jyfkehb
lffdbo.lf  vj’hfj-
xfyc7 gfnbvfhb 
 ht;bvb= fhf7 ,fnjyj dfif’t7 udf[-   hect,bcs- ,bc tgbnfabf8 @_@$ okbc fhxtdyt,- se dbyvtc bvtlb fmdc7 hjv
 sfdbc gfnhjyt,c lftvem-
dbc ,byf vbembhfdt,bf7 hj-
pt  [vfc rb fhf7 
cjdc7 hjujh fhsvtdlbs [fk[c mjyt,fc7 qf- jvib ufvfh]dt,ekb 
vbc # cffspt b’ekt,bs fajhvt,byt,lbs cf- wf cfpjufljt,fc fveyfst,7  ufvjb[cybc hf7 se fh uffsfdbceakt,ty7
[tkvobajpt fy vthf,bidbk-fltbidbkbc rf- hect,b fh itvjdeidfsj lf fv dth vbbqt,ty8 fvbs lfvsfdhlt,f .dt- n.dtj,blfy lf [tkbceakt- fkfgfhfrlt,f hjujhw jm-
hbc ,bpytcvtyt,pt7 vtht rb ityb 3htajhvbht- lhjc vfspt ,byfc fmbhfdt,7 hf kfathb8 ,fib yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj,fc hjc vjovt @__( okbc jvpt7
,ekb4 becnbwbbc cf[kb hjujh 3fstsht,lf4 rfwb [fh0 lff,heyt,c7 'fkbfy wlt,f= fctdt 2 cfmfhsdtkjib vbc it-
fv .dtkfathc8 3BVTLBYBECB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 vj.dfyfpt8 3FBGHTCB4
10  


rhtvkbc relb vjexfyc7 se-

vwf rb7 babwt,f 2 ghjlfcfd-
kehb dfhj=
tc bc itvs[dtdff7 hjwf fhw
abwb udofvc lf fhw ,jkj
udfrdbhdt,c=
ghjlfcfdkehj,fc bxtvt,c
cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,fib
cf[tkvobaj vbybcnhbc .jab-
kb vjflubkt7 .jabkb yfwlt-
genfnb lf f[kf cfresfhb
gfhnbbc 2 3lhjfc4 sfdv]lj-
vfht  hj-
vtkbw hectsbc eibihjt,bc
rflht,bc yfvldbk cfvztlkj-
ib 2 vjcrjdbc cfthsfijhb-
cj ehsbthsj,fsf cf[tkvob-
aj bycnbnenib7 bubdt 3vub-
vjib4 cofdkj,lf=
,jkj okt,bc ufyvfdkj,f-
ib cfmfhsdtkjib se dbyvt
hecb xfvjdblf7 
 lfo.t,ekb lf
 lfv-
sfdht,ekb7 .dtkfc tktyt
[jinfhbf vbedfhlf lf ufvjt-
rblf7 pjuc cndtybs ufvjezt-
lf .eht,b lf pjucfw kf.t
rdthw[t,b lfeibyf7 vfuhfv ,j-
kjc fqvjxylf7 hjv [jinfhb-
fcf lf vbc j]f[c hectsbc at-

lthfkehb ,be]tnblfy gt-
hbjlekfl vbkbjyj,bs he-
cekb he,kb thbw[t,fs8

erfyfcrytk ,hb.dcfw rb uf-
ezbhlt,f bvbc lf]tht,f7 hjv
vbkbjyj,bs hecekb he,-

kb7 
 hectsbc atlthf-

kehb ,be]tnblfy hjv thbw-
[t,fs7 ufhlfwdkbkb yfstcf-
dbc 2 wyj,bkb mfhsdtkb

v[fndhbc cjkbrj dbhcfkf-
’bc /jyjhfhbf7 hjvtkbw vb-

cb cffdnjhj eakt,t,bc vtv-
rdblhtt,c rfyjybs thut,fs=
cfcfwbkjl fh t.jaf flf-
vbfyc fv cfrbs[sfy lfrfdibht-
,bs kbfrf [jinfhbfc vfvbc7 lfo.t,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkj- hecekb cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc dt,ekb7 lbl fynbhecfl sfd- fhw fv cfvfhw[dbyj afmnbc fctsbf fvfsb vjhfkb7 ea-
wyj,bkb genxbcnbc  ib itvjcekb hectsbc vjmf- vbth itvjupfdybk gbht,c ofhvjxtybkvf 3zbztv4 sfdbc ufvjfirfhfdt,bc itvltu ito.- hj cojhfl7 vjhfkehb
 rjvtynfhbw 2 kfmtt,b7 hflufy ite’kt,tkbf7 thsvfytsbcufy uffhxtdc7 vfu- vfhskt,f vtnfl ececehfl dtnc lf rdkfd [vfvfqkf vj- acrthb7 hjvtkbw fv]thfl
hectsbc ,be]tnblfy aekb uffhxbj7 vfs ijhbc dby fhbc hfv bc rb afmnbf7 hjv  cwflf 2 vfhsfkbf7 xtvb vl- bs[jdc cfmfhsdtkjlfy he-   uf[dhbnf
hfnjv fh eylf fdbqj7 f,f7 genbybc ht;bvc ufvjmwtekb    uvehb hectsbc vjmfkfmtf ctsbc vjmfkfmtt,bc uf’tdt,fc7 lf rbltd ths[tk lffvnrb-
genbyc lfdenjdj7 hjv ea- lf dby 2 hecekb cgtwcfvcf-    lf cfmfhsdtkjib hectsb- vtjht lqtc rb hectsbc vjmf- wf7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjib fh-
hj vtnb nfyrb b.bljcj0 [eht,bc futynbj=  lfy xfvjdblf7 vfuhfv lf,f- kfmt vluveht,bc vbth uflf[- cfl lf fhfathib7 sdbs jre-
fb7 fct t,h’dbfy yfwt,b he- dth utn.dbs7 fmdc se fhf  lt,bc vjovj,fib eothbf7 lbk ,bybc mbhfc xfbrtwfdc ]b- gbht,ek fa[fptscf lf cf-
ctsc lf fct njdt,c  sfdfl dfif’tc hfbvt cgtwvt- hjwf dfif’tc cfblevkj uf- hjv sfdbc lhjpt cfoeshjc ,tib pecnfl bct7 hjujhw vfxf,kjib ufykfut,ek he-
 hecek fhvb- sjlb fy cgtwltntmnjhb7 ecrlf lf wyj,bkb uf[lf7 hjv erhfbyfib7 rth’jl7 [fhrjd-   2 hecek cfv[tlhj ,fpt,ptw rb7
fc nfyrt,bc ufhtit= hjvkbc vtidtj,bsfw hect- vij,kt,bc cf[tkpt htubcn- ib vjtdkbyfj= ctsbc atlthfkehb ,be]t- hectsb bv[tkf lblb ljpbs
hectssfy ,h’jkbc sfdb- sblfy genbybc ht;bvc uf- hbht,ekb ,byf hectsbc vjhf smvf eylf7  nblfy uflvjhbw[ek he,k- fh fhbc ofhvjlutybkb7 hj-
ct,ehb cnhfntubf fmdc 3cn- vjmwtek lf cfmfhsdtkjib mfkfmt gjgjdpt fmdc ufmbhf-  fynbhecek hbnjhbrfc t,c= ujhw yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj-

hfntubf fqvfityt,kbc4 sfd- ,fib=
v]ljvfht   dfif’tv fctdt lffvnrbwf7 hjv
 hjvtkcfw ubhxtkvf  qbhcbf7 mfhsdtkvf cfpjuflj-
  vtu- t,fv fvbthblfy fhf dfif-’tl7

hekfl 3zbzt47 fye gfnfhf lf- fhfvtl ÓÐÀ-’tl vjb[ctybjc7
fhmdf8 hflufy mfhsekb 3dfif4-c
tc bc dfif’tf7 hjvtkbw [vbc fltrdfnehb it’f[bkb hece-
ÓÐÀ
xf[ktxfvlt bs[jdlf hectsbc kib 3ÓÐÀ4 uf[kfds=
vjmfkfmtt,bcfsdbc cfmfhsdt- cfmfhsdtkjib jhcf[jdfyb
kjc cfpqdhbc xfrtndfc7 vrth- lf jhcf]ljvbfyb yfwctmnfy-

lpt v]bqc bhn.fvlf 2 fh lf- nt,bc 3dfif4 lf 3ÓÐÀ4 ths-
deidt,7 hjv xtvb mdt.fyf he- [tk lf cfvelfvjl eylf lfv-
ct,vf ofktrjyj lf [tkbcea- sfdhltc=
kt,fc erb;byt,lf 2 cfcohf-
ajl uf.fhts erhfbyfib jvbc 

se lfdei-





ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc
gjkbnjkjub7 ghjatcjhb
kblthb
yfwbjyf-


tmcgthnb

gjkbnbrjcb
.jabkb lbgkjvfnb
kehb vj’- dt,s7 hjv bc

hfj,bc lfi- vfhskfw vb-
pfyvbvfhse-
kf ufhlfe-
dfkbf7 ofut-
,ekb v[fht kfl vjofv-
lfnjdt,c ktc7 fh v]t-
gfhnbfc lf hf7 hjv tc
itvlujvb ct- cfmfhsdt-
hbf oby udt- kjc [tkb-
kjlt,f8 cfm- ceakt,bc
thsflthsb7 dbcfw vbifc  cfpqdfhuf- vbc ufrtst,f se udbylf7 yfwvj’hfj,bc ltge- ufrtst,ekbf7 hflufy  lfpbf- yfwbjyfkehb vj’-
cbrdlbkb fh eylf7 3mfh- hts cfvrehyfkjl rb fhf7 lf- nfwbfv eylf fbrhbajc uelf-yf,flb lf lfyt,f .dtkfpt yfrkt,fl czbhlt,fs8 eylf bs-
sekb jwyt,ff47 fb7 jgjpb- e.jdyt,kbd rfhwthib eylf njdjc cfvfhw[dbyj gfhkfvtynb7 cflfw sf- hfj,f fhxtdyt,bc itv-
mdfc7 hjv 'fkbfy ,tdhb flfvbfyb itlbc vfcsfy7
bmytc uflf.dfybkb8 vbif thsj- dbfysb itcdkbs [tkbceakt,f sfdbc lhjpt
wbf rb uekib abmhj,c7 yt- dbc hf itfmdc7 frjynhjkt,c dbyvt0 ltu lfbikt,f=
,f7 vtlgthcjyfkb 2 cfc]tkc uflffhxbytc8
nfd hfvt lftvfhsjcj=
b[lbc= 3CFTHSJ UFPTSB4
3}JH}BFY SFBVCB4 3GBHDTKB FH[B4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4
 
11


fhtcnjdbxbc ofcdkbc itvltu

erhfbybc [tkbceakt,fib

hecekb cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc
igbjyt,bcf se rhtvkbc
ufdktybc futynt,bc
hfjltyj,f thsbs
itvwbhlf=

dfb7 hf ,j’b oftmwfs mfhsdtk yfwkb,thfcnt,c=
eb7 hf vjekjlytkfl xfvj/rhf e,tleht,bc pfhvf=
j/7 hjujh ewf,tlfl itbobhf ve[sfkvf itvs[dtdfv

vfhsfkbf7  th- c[dfyfbhfl hjv dsmdfs7 ib cfw[jdht,tkb rjhgecbc t8b8 rhtvkbc vsfdfhb bltj-
sb it[tldbs7 lblb fhfathb fhtcnjdbxvf sfdbcb thsb ufy- fatsmt,f erhfbyekb v[fhbc kjub lf hecekb bvgthbf-
sfyfvlt,j,f trfdf 2 erhfbybc w[flt,bs o.fkib xf.fhf er- vbth hecekb hfrtnbc xfvju- kbpvbc ghjgfufylbcnb 
ghtpbltynbc jabcbc [tkv’q- hfbyekb lf tdhj-fvthbre- lt,fv ufvjbodbfj 2 e’bkj-  fctdt vbc pehuc erfy vluj-
dfytkbc vhxtdkfl veifj,lf7 kb vtlbbc vstkb cfbyajh- ,fcf lf uflfqkbkj,fc vbfot- vb hectsbc cgtwcfvcf[eht,b
vfuhfv7 htfkehfl7 ptktycrbc vfwbj-ghjgfufylbcnekb yf- hf= bct lfintht,ekfy lf uf,hb.-
[tkbceakt,bc vsfdfhb bltj- hfnbdb bvbc itcf[t,7 hjv nt- vbfothf7 vfuhfv 'fkbfy ,td- dt,ekfy7 hjv erhfbybc lfp-
kjub lf cgbrthb uf[klfs= hjhbcnekvf cf[tkvobajv hvf fh lfe]thf lf cjwbfkeh dthdbc futynb fhtcnjdbxb dth
rth'jl7 erhfbyfib hect- 2 hectsvf mfkfm lybghjib mctkib mjmjkfw lff.fhf 2 ufeibahfds=
sbc itzhbc itvltu fhtcnjdb- cfw[jdht,tkb rjhgecb lf- hjvtk e’bkj,fcf lf uflfq-  ,tdhb hjv fh ufdfuh’tkjs7
xb @$ cffsbc ufyvfdkj,fib cf- ,jv,f lf vidblj,bfyb vjmf- kbkj,fpt kfgfhfrj,7 e’b- cfmvt fctf5 f[kj ofhcekib
ntktdbpj lf bynthytn-fh[t,- kfmtt,b7 vfs ijhbc7 ,fdidt- kjt,b lf uflfqkbkt,b bc fktmcb fhtcnjdbxb rhtvkbc
pt b.j ufvj]ubvekb7 hjujhw ,b lf[jwf= erhfbytkb ]fhbcrfwt,b fhb- vsfdfhb bltjkjubc 2
cfv[tlhj-gjkbnbrehb vbvjv- vtjht v[hbd7 fy7 hjvkt,bw cfvij,kjc  gfhn-
[bkdtkb7 hjvtkbw rhtvkbc
obyffqvltu cfbyajhvfwbj-  ahjynbc [fppt bwfdty7 ity ybjhb b.j lf vfcsfy thsfl

rb ntktdbpbfcf lf bynth- t,h’jlf 3lfcfdkehb zbhbc
ghjgfufylbcnek jvc ofhvfh- rjyathtywbbc dbltj7 hjvtk- jyb lf bwdfkf se fhf athb

ytnib kfmkfmbc vtnc fhf- itvjzhfc gjcncf,zjsf cbdh-
sfdlf lf erhfbybc vjcf[ktj- athc frtst,j= ptw   fynblfcfdkeh-ghjhecekb- wtib47 f[kf rb erhfbybc cf-
,fc bkepbt,bs rdt,fdlf 2  'fkbfy ,tdhc v.bcdt vjfujy- ghjhecekb gfhnbf 3cf’vjc4 lfy lfcfdkeh-fynbhece- obyffqvltuj lf hectsbc cf-
sfdv]ljvfht  kbcfrty0
 lf  ifd,ytkb
lqtc se fhf [dfk jregfy- cfhut,kj ufyw[flt,bc ufrt-
ofhcekbw7 hjwf bub vrdtshfl  lf rhtvkbc bltjkju- tc rbs[df ufycfresht,bs fm-

nt,c ufd.hbs lf se zrdbf- st,bc ufvj erhfbybc [tkb-
fynblfcfdkeh lf ghjhecek vf  th- nefkehb uf[lf lqtc7 hjwf

yfl fh bmyt,bfy7 nfyrt,bs ceakt,blfy uffbvfcmytc=
vjcrjdcfw vbdflut,bsj= gjkbnbreh cfmvbfyj,fc tot- sj,kbdb jhufybpfwbbc 2 fhtcnjdbxc erhfbybc cfobyf- ujybdhek tzdpt eahj vf-
c[dfyfbhfl hjv dsmdfs7  jlf rhtvkbc ths-ths vsfdfh 3fynbyfhby]bcathb tdhfpb- fqvltuj lf hectsbc cfcfhut,- qfkb cnfylfhnbs itudb’kbf7
ekb ahjynbc4 itmvybc itcf- kj ufyw[flt,bc ufrtst,bc uf-
 bltjkju   dbdfhfeljs7 hjv 

 hjvtk-  nfyltvib8 [t, ufvjfw[fltc8 ghtcrjyat- vj sfyfvlt,j,bc lfnjdt,f vj-

 ofcdkbc itvltu erhfb-
cfw hecek cthbfkt,ib vtj- rth’jl7 @__% otkc7 hjwf htywbf7 hjvtkbw fhtcnjdbx- e[lf=

ybc [tkbceakt,fib hece-
ht[fhbc[jdfyb hjkt,bc itc-

kb cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc igbj-
hekt,bc cfrvfj ufvjwlbkt- yt,bcf se rhtvkbc ufdktybc
,f fmdc7 erhfbybc vjcf[ktj,bc
obyfit 3lfsf sesfi[bfc4 gth-  futynt,bc hfjltyj,f thsbs

itvwbhlf=
cjyf;bc 2 pt,jc fvgkefib uf- [jkj .jdtkudfhb dfhfelbc
vjlbjlf7 fhmbaj ctsehc zf-  ufhtit7 uflfzhbs lf lf,t]b-
ib hjv /.fdc xf.elt,ekb lf  st,bs itudb’kbf dsmdfs7 hjv
[fk[bcsdbc 3bvtlc frtst,b-
yt,c48  mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc obyf-

fqvltu vt,h’jk jvbc gfhnb-
 hjujhw er-

fc 2 yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj,fc
hfbybc [tkbceakt,bc ufdkt-  cf[bs erhfbybc
ybfyb abuehf7 ufycfresht,bs  [tkbceakt,fib ths-thsb
cfbvtlj b.j yfwbjyfkehb vj’-
cfmvt bc fhbc7 hjv  vsfdfhb cf.hltyb ufvjtwfkf=
hfj,bcfsdbc7 hjvtkcfw [tkb- lf rbltd5 3fcfdfk-lfcfdf-
 ufyfw[flf 2 lybghjib
ceakt,fib lf,heyt,bc thsf- kbc4 @_@# okbc )-!% bfyd-
lths bvtlfl bcqf lfhxtybf7
cfw[jdht,tk rjhgecc hfrt-
hbc yjvthib ufvjmdt.yt,ek
hjv erhfbyf hectsc lffvfh-
nf hect,vf rb fh tchjktc7
othbkib 
w[t,c lf vtht ufvfh]dt,ekb er-
fhfvtl hecekb hfrtnf7 hj-
 dothlbs7 hjv fktmcb
hfbyekb fhvbf cfmfhsdtkj-
vtkbw cfw[jdht,tk rjh-
fhtcnjdbxbc vtuj,fhcf lf rkb-
cfw uffsfdbceakt,c 3bdfyb-
gecc lftwf lf fatsmlf7 er-
hfbybc cf/fthj sfdlfwdbc ybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 kemc-gfkfnf-

idbkbc ghjhecekb ht;bvb-
cbcntvfv xfvjfuljj= ib fhnbcnj,bs lfrfdt,ek cf-
cfufy48
t8b8  ufyw[flt- frfidbkc7 hjvtkbw7 vbcbdt
frb7  ths[tk

,bs7 lybghjib cfw[jdht,tkb smvbs7 sfdc fcb ghjwtynbs
ufyfw[flf rbltw 2 ef[kjtc erhfbytkfl uh’yj,c7 'fkbfy
rjhgecbc fatsmt,f lf vidb-

vjvfdfkib7 hjwf erhfbyf
lj,bfyb vjmfkfmtt,bc lfqeg- vje[lt,jlf fhnbcnjdbxbc
hectssfy jvib egbhfntcj-
df hect,bc ufvbpyek mvtlt,fc ojlt,f fy cekfw fhnbcnj-

rb fhf7 erhfbybc cfv[tlhj 'f-
,fc vjbgjdt,c7 vjudbotdc7 dbxbc udfhb=
xdtyb 'fkbc ltvjycnhbht,f
kt,bc afnfkeh itwljvfc xdtyb othbkbc ufvjmdt.yt,b-

cfmfhsdtkjibw vjdf[lbyjs
vj/.jkbf= lfy fsbjlt lqtib 
,eyt,hbdbf7 fv ufyw[flt,bc
lf mfhsdtkt,b ghjhecekb  fktmcb fhtcnj-
[tkbceakt,bcfufy lfdb[cyf-
ufvj  erhfbyfib dbxb lfrfhuf=
sj=
cf.jdtksfj fqiajst,bcf lf vf leubysfy thsfl xffnfhf7 ufcekb okbc pfa[ekib7 eahj pecnfl7 
bubdt  uf[klfs t8o8 yfhby]bcathb htdjke-
 erhfbybc [tkbceakt,b-
hbc[dbc j,btmnfl bmwf lf vb- fct b.j lfcfsfeht,ekb 2 hjwf erhfbybc ghtpbltynbc
erhfbybc [tkbceakt,bc vbth wbbc itltufl erhfbybc cf-
lfy ofcekb  cf-
cb sfyfvlt,j,blfy uflf.tyt- jabcbc [tkv’qdfytkbc vhxt-
ofhvjt,ekb fynbmfhsekb sfdtib   3lfcfdkehb zbhbc7 hjujhw
[bs thsb lblb mjvfubc7 uek-
,bc vjs[jdybs hflfib [tkvj- dtk  leubysfy
gjkbnbrbc ths-thsb akfu- ghjlfcfdkehb [tkbcea- athitwdkbkb mfvtktjybc7
itvfnrbdhbcf lf kj,bcnbc uf-
otht,bc ituhjdt,fw evfk lf- ehsbthsj,bcf lf @__% otkc
vfyb7 hjvtkbw fmnbehfl tot- kt,f vjdblf7  itvjzhf gjcncf,zjsf cbdh-
htit lfhxf=
bo.j= vfcsfy thsfl xfnfht,ekb
jlf ghjgfufylbcnek rfvgfyb-  ghjhecekb lf fy- wtib48
  gf-
sevwf7  lffc- ghtcrjyathtywbbc itcf[t,
fc cfmfhsdtkjc jvib xfsht- nblfcfdkehb gfhnbbc 2   
nbvfhb yfw,tkflbc mjvfuj,fc7
ohj lf cfyfv sfyfvlt,j,blfy  hjvtkbw @__% /rbs[tc7 egfce[f 2 bv ghtc-
dbcf lf t8o8 vtjht ahjynbc 3cf’vjc4 sfdv]ljvfhbc vjfl-
fk,fs7 vjvfdfkibw uffuh’t-
ufult,ekbc cf[tkb lfthmvtj- otkc 3gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwt-
uf[cybc vbvfhsekt,bs= ubkt lf ths-thsb kblthb rjyathtywbfpt erhfbybc
kt,c7 vfuhfv tc vb[tbk fhnbc-
lf7 ofcdkbc itcf[t, ufyw[flt- uf[klfs8 bynthytnib f[kfw ib lfcfdkehb zbhbc mfvtkt-
fqfhfathc dfv,j,s vb[tbk lfpdthdbc vsfdfhb cfvvfhs-
njdbxbcfsdbc lblb dthfathb
,f sfdfldt lfothf7 [jkj cf- [tkvbcfodljvbf @__% otkc jybdbs itvjzhfpt4 oe[lf7
cffrfidbkbcfsdbc vfhskvcf- dtkjc sfyfvihjvkbc hfyu-
itqfdfsb bmyt,f7 hflufy hect-
resfhb yfsmdfvb 2 lybghj- vjcrjdib ufvfhsekb bv ghtc- sdbsjy uf[lf se fhf mfvtkt-
]ekt,bc fhblt,bc vbpybs vbv- ib dbv.jat,jlbj=
sbc cfcfhut,kj ufyw[flt,bc

lbyfht gjkbnbreh cgtwjgt- ufrtst,bc ufvj erhfbybc [tkb-
hfwbfpt7 hjvkbc ths-thsb ceakt,blfy ufult,ekb rfwbc

vsfdfhb vjyfobkt fhtcnjdb- cbn.dfc ,ev,ekbc ojyf lf xf-
xbw uf[klfs= kbc afcbw fqfh fmdc=
vfuhfv [fyuh’kbd tc cjat-

fob hfqf fhtcnjdbxc ekf-
kb uff[fht,c dbyvtc ufyf0 gfhfrbf lf hfqf 
ufcek rdbhfc 

 ufeaezt,bf /fthb
 sfdbcb thsb ufyw[flt,bs rkbybrf 3dbdfvtlbc4 oby7 
erhfbybc [tkbceakt,fc .tk-

  gfkf-
ib lfyf ufvjecdf7 [jkj he-
ctsbc [tkbceakt,fc lblt,e-
nbc afy]hbc mdti=
kb cfxemfhb ufertsf= 
12  
lyty7 [jkj vj[ewt,cf lf ,fdidt,c
2 !@% uhfvc888 bv cfibytkvf ,kjrf-
lfv vfiby cf,zjsf flfvbfyt,c ite’-
kt,tkb itf’kt,byf lf r,bkt,fvlt
itbfhfqt,ekb vnthb lffvfhw[t,b-
yf7 vfuhfv eahj o.tekb lf lfvs-
hueydtkbf ,kjrflf7 hjvtkcfw
3cbwjw[kbc upf4 fh uffxybf7 hfl-
ufy bc fhf uf.byek kfljubc n,f-
pt7 fhfvtl ecfvij,kj lf uflfu-
dfht,ek sfj,fpt uflbc=
ueibyoby7 udbfy qfvbs7 othts-
kbc ufvpbhbc v[hblfy 3lbyfvjc4

cnflbjyc xfdefht lf bv cfib-

ytkvf qhbfywtkvf lf [vfehvf7
hjvtkvfw xtvb .ehsfcvtyf kf-
vbc ofktrf7 cf,jkjjl lfvfho-
veyf7 hjv mdt.fyf vfhskfw ,kj-
rflfibf8 tc bv  
!)$# okbc !( bfydfhc  ufvjcekb [jh[jwb7
cf,zjsf fhvbfv uvbhekb lf obdbk-rbdbkb lf [vfehb b.j7

iteytkt,tkb hjvtkbw vcjakbj vtlbbc .e-
obyffqvltuj,bc itltufl hflqt,bc wtynhib fhfths[tk
vjtmwf7 hjujhw tdhjgbc vfci-
sdfkeodltytkb obstkb nf,bs ths-thsb .dtkfpt eahj
bvgthbbc vtjht ltlfmfkfmbc 3sfdbceafkb4 cbdhwt8 cbyfvl-
2 ktybyuhflbc ,kjrflf dbktib tc uf[kfds ufh.dybkt-
uffhqdbf lf ths ,bc ,eyfub7 hjvtkcfw fv js[b
okbc obyfs gjkbnbrehfl lf
otkboflib7 !)$$ okbc vjhfkehfl ufh.dybkb lf vj-
@* bfydfhc7 mfkfmb qfkfnt  
afibcnt,bcfufy cf,jkjjl ufvjtcfhxkf lf [tkbceakt-
,bc vbth xfnfht,ekb fynbyfh-
uffsfdbceakf8 /bnkthbc rjnbrekb htblb7 hjujhw fl-
vbth cfufyut,jl lfutuvbkb djrfnvf7 cek sdfkt,bc ,hbf-
jgthfwbf rjlehb kbs uffghjntcnf8 ewyfehfl
cf[tkojlt,bs lfodhbkt,ekb [vbsf lf sdfkt-
,bc vjhw[db af[ehbs 3,fcbfyc4
3yjhlkb[n4-b7 fye vfiby ktqdbc ajsjkbdbs ftaf-
3xhlbkjtsbc yfst,f47 hf wyj,bkb utytnbrehb vjqf-
hjvtkbw vjcrjdfvlt kfnt  hj-
vtkvfw ufyfw[flf 2 tc thsb sf-
ktybyuhflbc fqt,fc bcf[fdlf dbceafkb cbdhwt vfbyw lfu-
vbpyfl7 cf,jkjjl xfakfdlf8 dbnjdtsj= c[df ,tdhbw bwfdlf
vfiby 3,fcbfyc4888 vfs ijhbc7 pj-
sbsmvbc )__-lqbfyb7 eahj coj- ub 3,fcbfrb4 b.j7 pjub 2 [tkaf-
hfl rb7 (*@-lqbfyb cfibytkb fk- cbfyb7 pjub 2 ,jcbfyb7 [jkj
.bcufy ufsfdbceaklf  pjub 2 sfdfl ,jcb888
vbth !*_# otkc lffhct,ekb mfkf- fb7 vfufkbsfl7  
mb7 [jkj eybzbthtcb uthvfytkb ut-  hjvtkbw vfiby ibyfufy
ythfk-atklvfhifkb  cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjc ,jcfl ve-
 hjvkbc uf[vfeht,e- ifj,lf7 vsfdhj,bc cf[kbc oby7
kb yfihjvb 3sfdlfwdf4 lqtcfw .dt- hecsfdtkbc ghjcgtmnpt7 itrht-
kf cthbjpekb cfv[tlhj stjhtnb- ,bk gkfyfmtit,cf lf yfhrjvf-
rjcbc cfvfublj obuyfl bsdkt,f7 kt- yt,c7 hjvkt,bw cojhtl 3,fcbf-
ybyuhflsfy lfvfhw[lf lf afibc- yblfy47 3ufkthblfy4 lf c[df ,e-
nehvf uthvfybfv cnhfntubekb fvj- yfut,blfy 3vjvcthlyty4 lf nt-
wfybc itchekt,f dth it’kj8 /bn- ktrfvtht,bc oby qyfjlyty lf
kthbc cnhfntubf rb bvfib vluj- gbhib ljh,kc dth brfdt,lyty7
vfhtj,lf7 hjv v[jkjl ktybyu- ,jlbib vje[flf7 hfw lblb cb-
hflbc lfrfdt,bs7 cflfw vfiby # vb- nenewt lf cbf,lkt uf[klfs=
kbjy @__ fsfcpt vtnb rfwb w[jd- uf[fhbfc tc cfmwbtkb bvfc /ufd-
hj,lf lf ### evc[dbktcb cfofh-
lf7 ktybyuhflbc ,kjrflbc
vj aeymwbjybht,lf7 uthvfybf uf-
lhjc mfkfmbc lfvwdtkt,c
frjynhjkt,lf cf,zjsf rfdibhbc
  
trjyjvbrbc !@ ghjwtynpt vtnc lf
 ifi[fybcf lf [binbc yfw-
  fhvbfsf lf]ueat,f
3xhlbkjtsb4 lbl lf[vfht,fc uf- dkfl erfyfkb hjv vbtidbhfs
eotdlf fhvbfsf lf]ueat,f 3wt- fylf ittsdfkfs 2 ,jlbib7 ,f-
ynhc47 hjvtkbw vjcrjdc entd- njyj atklvfhifkj7 fh dbwj-
lf888 ufhlf fvbcf7 ktybyuhflbc rty- lbs7 se xdtyb lfg.hj,f uceh-
othjpt afibcnehb lhjibc fahb- lfs7 sjhtv obyffqvltuj,fc
fkt,bs7  vskbfyfl uf,f- hjujh ufubotdlbsj0=
njylt,jlf ,fknbbc pqdfpt lf af- vjrktl7 3lbyfvjc4 cnflbjybc
ibcnt,c yjhdtubblfy lf abytsblfy oby mexfib ufvjatybkvf flfvbf-
cnhfntubekb ndbhst,bc hectsbc yt,vf lf [fk[vf7 hjvkt,cfw 
nthbnjhbfpt uflvjnfyf 'fkbfy uf-  fkvehb fclbjlfs7 ue-
efldbklt,jlfs8 kb vjvbrktc8 fhwthsb fh b.j
pecnfl fhfdby eo.bc7 hfvltyb uth- bmblfy bctsb7 hjvtkcfw sfvfh
vfytkb lf cf,zjsf vjmfkfmt tvc[dth- vtat !@_# okbc ,fcbfybc 'kt-
gkf ktybyuhflbcsdbc ,h’jkfc8 dfvjcbkb nhbevabc oby gbh]-

dfhc uflfcf[fdlf lf vtht se-

hm-ctkxersf $__-fsfcbfyb eh-
ljc obyffqvltu cf,h’jkdt-
 kfl ufupfdyblf8
 cnfkbybc ,h’fyt,bs7 veif- 
 

vjcfvcf[ehtt,c7 hjvkt,bw 
 xfh[t,sfy lf lfput,sfy 
 

bluyty lf cfvrdlhj-

cfcbwjw[kj jvib xf,vekb 


 mdt.ybcsdbc ghjlemwbfc



mvyblyty7 lqt-qfvtib
 v[jkjl @%_ uhfv gehc 

ktybyuhflbc ,kjrflbc lhjc
f’ktdlyty7 [jkj vj[ewt,cf

flfvbfyt,b dbhs[t,c zfvlyty7 b.j
rfyb,fkbpvbc itvs[dtdt,bw8
cnfkbybc ,h’fyt,bs7 veif-vjcfv- lf ,fdidt,c 2 !@% uhfvc888 
cf[ehtt,c7 hjvkt,bw xfh[t,sfy lf e,tleht,f bc uf[kfds7 hjv
lfput,sfy bluyty lf cfvrdlhj-cf- bv cfibytkvf ,kjrflfv vfiby
fyfkjubehb cbnefwbff sbsm-
cbwjw[kj jvib xf,vekb mdt.ybcs- cf,zjsf flfvbfyt,c vbc .dtkufy 2 cfmfhsdtkjpt vj-
dbc ghjlemwbfc mvyblyty7 lqt-qf- abmhfk lf vjkfgfhfrt f[fkufp-
vtib v[jkjl @%_ uhfv gehc f’ktd- ite’kt,tkb itf’kt,byf lf hlj,fc vt dthcfl d[tlfd= mfhs-

dtkb f[fkufphlt,b lqtc fhf
r,bkt,fvlt itbfhfqt,ekb


vnthb lffvfhw[t,byf888 UFUH'TKT,F

VT-@ UDTHLPT 13

 lftvfkf8 fhflf7 vfyfvlt
utywb abytsib v.ja ufvcf[ehlbfc
ntktajybs tcfe,hf lf sfdbcsfy

vbbgfnb;f8 fdcnhbbc cfufhtj cfmvt-
sf cfvbybcnhjib ufvcf[ehlbfc db-
pf fh ufeuh’tktc lf hjv fhf vbcb
ef[kjtcb vtuj,fhb lf lblb sf.df-
ybcvwtvtkb7 tdhjgfhkfvtynbc dbwt-
ghtpbltynb lf fdcnhbbc rhjyghby-
wb7 vbcb elblt,ektcj,f 
 fhfdby bwbc7 hbs lfc-
heklt,jlf cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpblty-
nbc djbf;b8 ufvcf[ehlbfc dbpfc fh
f’ktdlyty sehmtsbcf lf idtbwfhb-
bc cfrjycekjt,ibw8 eahj vtnbw7
uthvfybfib ufehrdtdtkvf gbht,vf me-
xfib cwtvtc mfhsdtkb tvbuhfynbc
LFCFO.BCB  uthvfytkb vteq-
GBHDTK UDTHLPT kt  vbptpb7 lblb fk-
,fsj,bs7 bc uf[klfs7 hjv hece-
mdt.ybc ltjregfwbfpt7 ltvju- lfy ivblnb pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc td-
hfabek rfnfcnhjafpt7 trj- hjgekb vjupfehj,bc lhjc fthj-
yjvbrfcf lf vbnfwt,ek mfh- gjhnib lf[dlf lf gbhdtk ghtpb-
sek cjakt,pt7 fhfvtl rjv- ltync lblb lf[vfht,fw ufeobf8
gbenthek sfvfit,cf lf vfs ufvcf[ehlbfcsfy it[dtlhbc itv-
ef[ktc dthcbt,pt ,zj,ty= ltu ufehrdtdtk dbsfht,fib ufh-
fhf 2 cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbf7 lfbwdfkf sehmtsbc ghtpbltynb
fhf 2 cfmfhsdtkjc utjuhfabf7   hjvtkcfw td-
fhf 2 mfhsekb tyf lf kbnthf- hjgblfy erfy lf,heyt,ekb cf-
nehf7 v[jkjl 2 cf.dtkgehj
byukbcehb lf hrbybc kfufvb
mfhsdtkjc ltdybkb ghtpbltynb
ndbycf lf gbhib7 hjvtkbw sfdc
bctd eylf it[dtlhjlf8 ufvcf[eh-
udthlpt fh ufufnjrt,byt,c lf fv
lbfcf lf jpfkc ijhbc tc itsfy[-
mdt.ybc cbnehatc ,jkjvlt fh vt,f fhct,j,lf7 vfuhfv jpfkc fh
ufyufwltdbyt,c7 hfsf ew,fl ue- lfcwfklf888
kb fh vjubnhbfkltc lf fh ufb- .dtkf ptvj[ctyt,ekb afmnb sf-
abmhj bc7 hfw ths[tk w[jyt- dbc vjujyt,t,ib fqothf eptyftcb
,ekvf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfv cfcf,zjc ltgenfnvf lf pdbfl ufvcf-
mfhsdtkjc ufw[flt,ek vjqf- [ehlbfc sfyfvt,h’jkvf 
kfntt,c mdt.ybc evfqktcb  hjvtkvfw cfmfhsdtkjc gbh-
nhb,eyblfy ufc’f[f 2 3rfhub7 dtk ghtpbltynsfy thsfl tdhjgf-
vt welb dfh7 vfuhfv fv cfo.fkib bvjupfehf lf @_!$ okbc @* bd-
vf mdt.fyfv hf lfubifdfs04 kbcc mfhsek wbahek vtlbfib uf-
ktybyuhflbc ,kjrflbc lhjc /bn- vjfmdt.yf 'fkpt cfbynthtcj ljre-
kthb bvtljdyt,lf7 hjv cfbvgthfnj- vtynehb vfcfkf 2 3pdbfl ufvcf-
hj mfkfmbc lfvwdtkt,c7 ,jkjc lf [ehlbfc vjupfehj,f tdhjgfib48
,jkjc7 ufnt[lf lf rbcthc vjeqhtw- fb7 hfc drbs[ekj,s vthf, rbryf’bc
lf888 vfvf-gfgbs ktybyuhfltkt,cf lf vjujyt,t,ib5 3uthvfybbc cfrjyce-
obstkfhvbtkt,c7 hjvtksf ijhbcfw
kjc /tkcbyrib dbpt,bcfsdbc ufyvt-
vfiby  bhbw[t,j-
lf7 afibcnt,pt fhfyfrkt,b vnthb uf- jht,bs vbdvfhsts8 rjycekvf fbkfy

vjexylfs 2 dbhs[t,b7 hjvkt,bw mf- bbybvffc ghbdfnekfl ufyew[flf7
kfmbcsdbc ufyresdybk bctlfw vobh hjv fgkbrfwbt,bc itnfyfc fphb fh
fmdc7 jabwbfkeh7 othbkj,bs gf-

cehcfs-cfyjdfutc gbhovbylfl fyfl-
ueht,lyty8 fb7 pecnfl bv dbhs[t- ce[pt rb wbdb efhb ufyfw[flf8 fvbc
gfce[fl pdbflvf rfywkth rjkc afm-

,bdbs entdty lf [hfdty mfhsek
reknehfc7 xdtyc bltynj,fcf lf cbs othbkb ufeupfdyf lff[kjt,bs
vfhskvflblt,kj,fc bc uflfudfht- fctsb cekbcrdtst,bc5 3rjveybc-

,ekt,b lf uf.blekt,b7 bc vt[est nehb ht;bvbc lhjblfy dwlbkj,
rjkjytkt,b7 hjvkt,vfw xdtyb uthvfybfib vj[dtlhfc7 cflfw vf-

e,tlehb cfvij,kj lblb [fybf7 vfxtvvf 2 mfhsekb kbnthfne-
,kjrflfib vjfmwbtc lf vbc ,jkjv- hbc rkfcbrjcvf 2 ufyfskt,f vbb-

lt vjcfcgj,fl utuvfpjvbthfl b,- qj lf hjvtksfy vtw7 hjujhw
h’dbfy8 vrdktdfhc7 efvhfdb hfv vfrfdib-
 vbrhjajybfyb zbyrt,b lf ht,c8 rjveybcnt,b xtvb mdt.yblfy
futynt,b evfqktc cfcekbthj

fh vbidt,lyty7 f[kf smdty smdtyc
bthfhmc trktcbbc cfrehs[tdtkib mdt.fyfib fh vbidt,s8 hfv itufib-
edfhlt,bfy lf obhdfc eikbfy7  yfs7 fhfyfbhb gjkbnbrehb7 vbse-
 ufehrdtdtkb ofhvjvfdkj,bc mfh- vtntc 3ltcnhemwbekb4 vjmvt-
sdtk 3vcf[bj,c4 cfthsfijhbcj rjy- lt,bc ufikfc vfyl fh dfgbht,8 rth-
rehcpt nfic v[jkjl bvbnjv erhf- ’j vjodtdbs vcehc xfvjcdkf=4
dty7 hjv mfhsekb wtrdf cjljvbc- w[flbf7 tc othbkb7 egfce[jl lfh-
nt,bc hbnefkfl ufvjfw[flf lf mfh- xf7 sevwf7 byajhvfwbfv uthvfyek
sekb xj[f of,bkof7 tc bvfc ybi- ghtcfib uf;jyf lf evc[dbktcvf uth-
yfdc7 hjv vfyekvf ufptsvf Frankfurter Al-
 gemein-tv ufvjfmdt.yf othbkb 2 3vt-
 nthyb[b ,jyib47 cflfw tothf5 3pdb-

fl ufvcf[ehlbfc sfdbcb cbvfhskt

fmdc8 vbcfqt,bf tc cbvfhskt se

fhf7 xdtyb ufyc]bc cfufyb fh fhbc8
w[flb bcff7 hjv fv cbvfhsktib hf-
 qfw 'fkpt ecbfvjdyjf rfywkth

rjkbcfsdbc8 c[dfyfbhfl hjv b.jc7

hfnjv ittobyffqvltut,jlf thsb
rfwbc mdt.fyfib itvjidt,fc04
 vjrktl7 fdnjhc tzdbw fh it/gfh-
 dbf bvfib7 hjv uthvfybfib pdbflbc
itidt,f-fhitidt,bc cfrbs[c rjkb
 o.dtnlf8 vjudbfyt,bs uthvfybbc cf-
 cfmfhsdtkjc @_@@ otkc ufhtj cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjv enba-
tdhjrfdibhbc rfylblfnbc cnfnecb hfl ufyfw[flf5 dbpfpt efhb fh udbs-
fh vbcwtc lf erhfbybcf lf vjklj-
mdfvc7 e,hfkjl7 fgkbrfwbf fh it-
dfcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 .ehbs vjsht- vfybbc ,eyltcnfucf se gjkjyt-
ekb 3tdhjgekb gthctmnbdf4 vbeu- sbc ctbvib7 fvthbrbc ctyfncf se vjenfybfj=
ltc7 cojhtl bvbc en.efhb ybifybf7 eyuhtsbc gfhkfvtynib888 cfmfhs- fb7 bv cbc[kbfyb lf ecbylbcj tgj-
hjv mdt.fyf ,kjrflfibf= dtkj lf vbcb ztivfhbnb kblthb mblfy lfbo.j7 'dbhafcj mfhsdtkt-
  ufvelvt,bs udbx[brbyt- ,ytkvf 'fkt,vf bcts cfvfhw[dbyj ,j7 cfmfhsdtkjc ,kjrflfib vjmwt-
,ty lf erhfbybc jvbcrty udtmfxt,bfy7 ,kjrflfib vjfmwbtc7 hjv fv st- df7 hjvtkbw lqtcfw uh’tklt,f=
tctw bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv lfud,kjrtc= vfpt itxtht,f qbhc= ktybyuhflsfy obstkb fhvbf
cfmfhsdtkjc ,kjrflfib vjmwt- hjujhw wyj,bkbf7 !))@ okbc hjvw lfvfhw[t,ekb.j7 mdt.fyf vf-
dfc sfdbcb [fyuh’kbdb lf cfvfhw- ltrtv,thib pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfv xtx- byw fh lfbqegt,jlf7 hflufy cf,-
[dbyj bcnjhbf fmdc8 tc bcnjhbf ]th ytsblfy tdhjgfib bvjupfehf8 cf- zjsf rfdibhc jvbc vjcfut,fl
rbltd cfmfhsdtkjc gbhdtkb ght- mfhsdtkjc ltdybk ghtpbltync ey- epfhvfpfhb htcehcb /mjylf7 [j-
pbltynbc [tkbceakt,fib .jaybc uhtsbc vfibyltkb ghtpbltynb  kj xdty lfvfhw[t,bc eakt,f fh
lhjc lfbo.j lf vtht vbcb ltdyb-

udfmdc7 hflufy thsb mfkfmb rb fhf7
kj,bcfc ufuh’tklf8  vstkb mdt.fyf fvthbrbc futynehbc

 itdfhlyf’bc vcnjdht,c [b- ,kjrflfibf=
,ekfib fh vjerkfds7 gbhdtk ght-
pbltync .dtkufy rkfdlyty 2 uth- 
2 2023 wlis 23 ianvari 1 6 - 7 (17

(1744 -17
-1755 )
yf f[cjdlf7 sfy acbmbrehfl
lffdflt,ekb b.jj8 hjujhw
bwbs7 cfv[fhfekbc vrdktkj-
,bc vtht tc rfwb cfresfh cf[-
kib vbdblf7 bfhfqb fbqj lf
sfdb vjbrkf7 sfy7 hjujhw
wyj,bkb uf[lf7 jhb bfhfqbs8
w[flbf7 jhb bfhfqbs bc sfdc
dth vjbrkfdlf7 vjrktc lf itv-
ltu tc .dtkfathb ths eo.b-
yfh ufcdtyt,fc lf rkfctkt,bc
,fdidj,bclhjbyltk hfqfw
o.tyfc lferfdibhtc8 f[kf bvf-
cfw ituf[ctyt,s7 hjv vfiby rf-
[tsb erhfbyfib sfditafht,e-
kb rhbvbyfkbc  
 ufdktybc mdti b.j7
hjvtkcfw cfwtwt,b f[kfw fmdc
ufluvekb8











 
 

mfhsek-erhfbyek v[fhb cbv,jkehfl vfbyw lf- ht,bcsdbc gfce[c fut,byt,c8 lfwdf cfufyut,jl eylf b.jc
tzbhfsj888  sbsc emytdlf vj,bkbpt,ekb7 cfzbhjf7 uffm-
ehsbthsj,fcf lf
2 cfmfhsdtkjv vfssdbc .dt- cfmfhsdtkjc 2 smdtysfy vt- nbehlyty vtcfpqdhtt,b lf it-
cfmfhsdtkjib kfathb uffrtsf7 vfs ijhbc7 jht ahjynbc [fpb eylf b.j- fvjovjy .dtkf gbhb7 dbyw er-
vbvlbyfht vjdktyt,c ufupfdytc cf/fthj sfdlfwdbc cj7 vfuhfv dbhs[fcfdbs ufbmwf hfbyblfy itvjlbc7 ufycfres-
cbcntvt,b lf tktmnhjyekb xfcf’bhfl ufyobhekb utvblfy8 ht,bs bmfehb vt,h’jkt,b8
t[vfeht,f fvthbrtkb
jvbc itvfath[t,tkb fqzehdb- rbs[dbc ybiyt,b xylt,f ufcek
;ehyfkbcnb 
2 jvib vjyfobkt vj[fkb-
kj,f8 hfw itt[t,f lfzthfc7 rdbhfc rbtdbc ths-ths jkmib ctt,bw0
 ujyxfhtyrjcf lf vstk vfs dthnvahtybc xfvjdfhlybc it- 2 .dtkf7 dbyw bm b,h’dbc= 
lf cfmfhsdtkjc ueylc7 erhfbytkb [fk[b vfkt ltufl erhfbybc ibyfufy cfmvt- 
ufrjzfdc lf mdt.ybc ufyflue- sf vbybcnhbc   
[tkbceakt,fc vtnb 
cba[bpkbcrty 
vjeojlt,c5 ]TAHB CBKDTHVFYB5  yf,h’jk gb-

ht,c [ibhfl fmds cnhtcbcufy
2 vfhsfkbf7 ufcek rdbhfc  vbcb gbhdtkb vjfl- ufvjodtekb fikbkj,f8 vfs
hfvinfbybc fdbf,fpfpt it[dtl- ubkbc  lf cf- yfhrjnbrc f’ktdty lf dtqfh

hbcfc vjrfdibhtt,vf cf,jkjj [tkvobaj vlbdfy  [dlt,bfy ufyc[dfdt,fc jvcf lf
uflfo.dtnbkt,f dth vbbqtc7 vb-  lfqegdbc ufvjw8 dth- htfkj,fc ijhbc8 erhfbyfib
fodlbc se fhf uthvfybf erhf- nvahtyb erhfbybc cfufyut,j v.jab fv;fvbyltkb ]fhbcrfwt-

byfc 3ktjgfhlbc4 nbgbc nfy- cbnefwbt,bc cfvcf[ehc tres- ,b lf vj[fkbctt,b abyfyclt-
rt,c7 vfuhfv cehdbkb bvbcf7 dyjlf lf firfhff7 hjv erhfb- ,bfy ew[jehb cgtwcfvcf[eht-
hjv fv nfyrt,vf erhfbybc vb- yfib vjyfcnthb fthbfs8 fvfc ,bc vbth7 eylfs7 hjv cfmfhs-

ofpt uflfbfhjy7 'fkbfy lblb dfv,j, gbhlfgbhb vybidytkj- dtkj hectssfy rjyakbmnib
fmds8 lf se tc vj[lf7 hfw 'f- ,bsfw 2 odfdty vfhskvflb- xfthsjc lf vfsb lfabyfyct-
kbfy vttzdt,f7 tc bmyt,f  lt,keh nf’ht,c7 zbyrt,bc wtr- ,fw ufuh’tkltc8 tc .dtkfat-

 ktybyuhf- dt,c fo.j,ty8 utythfkvf  hb 'fkbfy rfhufl bwbfy fvt-
lbc ,kjrflbc ufhqdtdbc (_  ufcfut,fl smdf5 erhfb- hbrbc tkxvf 
okbcsfdpt uthvfybbc v[hblfy yfib hectsbc jvb7 cfdfhfe- lf cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltyn-

.jabk cch rfdibhbc nthbnj- ljl7 vjkfgfhfrt,bs lfchek- vf 
hbfpt f[fkb itzhf= hfvinfby- lt,f lf fhf ,h’jkbc dtkptj8 2 eahj rjyrhtnekfl888
ib tc it[dtlhf @_@# okbc @_ fvfc ufhlf7 ,h’jkf hjv ufuh- 2 vfs hfvltybvt lqbc ob-
bfydfhc cbv,jkehfl lftvs[- ’tkltc lf uthvfybfv erhfbyfc yfs ufyfw[fltc 2 hectssfy
df fv bcnjhbek sfhbqc7 hj- lfvfnt,bsb nfyrt,b vbfojljc7 gbhlfgbhb ahtyt,bc fqlutyfc
ltcfw cf,zjsf fhvbfv ,kjrf- vfs vstkb trbgf;t,b tcfzbhj- fh vbdtcfkvt,bsj7 fye rjya-
lf uffhqdbf lf mfkfmib lfh- t,fs7 hflufy erhfbytkt,vf bv kbmnbc vjv[htyb fhbfy= vfs
xtybksfsdbc cfrdt,bc vbojlt- nfyrt,bc vfhsdf fh bwbfy8 cekfw fh fqtkdt,s hects-
,f vjf[th[f8 vtjht vcjakbj 2 ]th]thj,bs ,h’jkf ib v.jab vbkbjypt vtnb mfh-
jvbc gthbjlib tc b.j uflfv- uh’tklt,f7 cflfw mfhsekb sdtkbc ,tlb8 pehf,bidbkc7
o.dtnb yf,b]b afibcneh uth- ktubjybc otdht,bw vjyfob- hjujhw cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdfh-
vfybfpt ufcfvfh]dt,kfl8 tc sf- ktj,ty lf fvfcsfy thsfl7 cfhlfkc7 bcbw eylf fbyntht-
hbqb fhw hect,c fdbo.lt,fs cfmfhsdtkjc vbvfhs vemfhbc ct,ltc7 cfblfy itvjlbc cfmfh-
lf fhw 2 uthvfytkt,c= dbltjxfyfotht,c fdhwtkt- sdtkjib bfhfqb 2 fdqfytsb-
2 vfuhfv lqtc c[df cbne- ,ty888 lfy7 erhfbyblfy se c[df mdt.-
fwbff7 hfvinfbybc ,fpfpt it[- 2 mfhsdtkb ktubjythb7 yt,blfy lf cfl byf[t,f= ufvjv-
dtlhfib !% mdt.ybc sfdlfw- hjvtkbw dbltjc fdhwtkt,c ’bt,kt,vf cfvtuhtkjcf lf lf-
dbc vbybcnhb vjyfobktj,- lf fv,j,c 2 cfmfhsdtkjc uf- cfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib eylf
lf888 lfdedkbj 2 fh xfyc acbmbre- lfbo.jy bv cfo.j,t,bc lfsdf-
2 fv itvs[dtdfib uflfo.dt- hfl ufojyfcojht,ekb8 serb kbtht,f7 hjvkt,bw lfrfdib-
nbkt,f ,thkbyib eylf vbb- ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s vsfdhj,bc ht,ekb b.j s[bkbc ghjtm-
qjy7   vjobyffqvltutsf rfdibht,c nt,sfy888 
   erhfbyfcsfy lf bv bfhfqbc 
 ,eyltcnfubc .jab- vjwekj,fc7 hbcb itvjnfyfw   
kb otdhb lf tdhjgfhkfvtynf-
hb   
 ite’kbfs7 cfmvt vtnfl cthb-  fct hjv7 cfmfhsdt-
jpekbf8 fh lfufdbo.lts7 cf[-
mfkbidbkj,bc udfhbf 2    kbc lfcfodfdfl ,fdidc fcfysc
kjib cbnefwbf ufefhtclt,f7
serb vsfdhj,f fh itfxtht,c
7 [jkj uthvfybbc rfyw-   f’ktdty7 [jkj vrdktkj,bc xf- mdt.ybc ibuyblfy hqdtdfc7 fh

kthbc  [ct- cfltyfl bfhfqc fxtxt,ty ufe- itfxtht,c vfdyt,keh fyfkb-
yt,fpt /bnkthbc fhvbbc utyt- ojyfcojht,tk flfvbfyt,c8 nbreh wtynht,cf lf fhfcfv-
hfk-ktbntyfyn   2 hfc uekbc[vj,s0 sfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,c8
 bo.t,ty cfe,fhc8 fvb- 2 ufuf[ctyt,s .dfhtkib

2 w[flbf7 sdfkc fltdyt,s
njv ahs[bkfl=  @__% okbc @@ vfbcc vjv[lfh cffrfidbkbc cfcfvfhskj
    bywbltync7 hjltcfw ufcdtyt- ghjwtct,c 8 hf vj[lt,f7 se-
   ,fib xfcekb  rb vfc uffsfdbceakt,ty0
 sfyfrkfctkvf vjrkf lf 2 cffrfidbkb vjrktdflbf-

  
 itvltu sfdb vjbrkf8 cfv[fhf- yb sfvfibcsdbc ufvjb.tytc lf
 ekb ghtvbth-vbybcnh  vbfultc8 f[kf ubylf7 kjubyb-
2 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv  cfmvbc ths-thsb tmc- lfy uflfdfhltc7 ubylfw 2 kj-
gthnb b.j7 hjvtkcfw sfdb- ubypt vbt,fc7 vfuhfv cfc]tkb

jvbc lfo.t,blfydt cfmfhsdt-
kjv erhfbyfc elbltcb lf[- lfydt tzdb ittgfhf ufpbs ;df- eylf vjb[fljc8 erdt cfcfwb-
vfht,f ufeobf7 ufcek rdbhfc ybfc ufueldfib8 fvbnjv bc cfc- kjf vfubc tmcgthnt,bc kfgf-
hflfc otdhvf fktmctb ujyxf- ohfajl vjbijhtc vbcbdt bv hfrb ltvtywbfpt=
htyrjv ufyfw[flf 2 cfmfhs- sfyfrkfctkbc [tkbs7 hjvtk- tcfe,hf
dtkjc xdtysdbc thsb n.dbf ptw fv,j,lyty 2 cfv[fhfekbc- 
fy lfyfw rb fh ufvjeupfdybf7 ufy ,fdidj,bclhjbyltkb o.t- 
2023 wlis 23 ianvari 1 6 - 7 (17

(1744 -17
-1755 ) 3


 
LFCFO.BCB B[8


3UTYTHFKBCBVECB4


@_@@ OKBC 1$#-
$$7 @_@# OKBC

2 ) fghbkbc stvfc vbde,-
hjs=  lf7 ufycf-
1!-@7 #-$7 %

heylts= se itdfhlyf’t ( fg-
resht,bs7  xt-
cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjc hbkc s,bkbcib b.j7 vfiby hf
vb fphbs7 cf,zjsf rfdibhbc 

ufvjlbc7 ) fghbkbc cflfvc-
wtrfc vlbdfyb lfyuhtdf fh eyljlfs8 se fct



]tkj tmcgtlbwbfc tlefhl
fh b.j7 itdfhlyf’t cf,zjsf
7
fv,hjcjdbxb gbhflfl [tkv-
’qdfytkj,lf0 rfdibhbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf vb- ) fghbkb ujh,fxjdbcsdbc
ybcnhbc gjcnpt hfnjv lf,-

hjvtkbw7 sfdbcb 2 dth dbn.db7 hjv gbhflfl b.j cbc[kbfyb cbehghbpb7 hj-
[tkv’qdfytkj,lf7 vfuhfv  heylf0 itdfhlyf’tc hjv cf- vtkbw vfc vjeo.dtc lf cfibyt-
cnfnecblfy mfhsdtkjib xfvjcf.dfyfl fv- kb afmnbc obyfit lff.tytc=

pflt,lyty7 tc afmnbf lf fvf-
ufvjvlbyfht7 (_-bfyb   
2 t8b8 ) fghbkbc e,tle-
ib chekfl utsfy[vt,bs=

okt,bc gjkbnbrehb  ht,fib ujh,fxjdb ufhtekb
2 itdfhlyf’tcf lf ujh,f-

ghjwtct,bc iefuekib  fh .jabkf0
nhbfkt,lf7 [fpufcvbs 2 bc gfhnbt,b7 hjvkt,vfw xjdc ijhbc cbfvnr,bkj,f 2 xtvb fphbs7 fh .jabkf=
b.j0   
2 fhf7  
fw[flt,c7 hjv pdbfl !)(( okbc yjtv,hbc fmwbt,b

lfbo.tc 2 3bkbf zfdzfdf’bc   
ufvcf[ehlbfcf lf vthf, cfpjufljt,f47 3thjdyek-
   
rjcnfdfcfsdbc rfhubc      
ltvjrhfnbekb gfhnbf47 [jv

 
vtnb fhfathb fh b.dyty vfhsekb itdfhl-

yf’bc vbth0 2 lffrjyrhtnts=
ufertst,bf5
2 hfcfrdbhdtkbf7 b.dyty=
2 se bcbyb thsvfytsc dth 2 ) fghbkbc itvltu wtrfc
gktyevb xfnfhlf888 fv lhjc vt

3bkbf zfdzfdf’bc cfpjufljt-
bnfylyty7 vfiby ujh,fxjdb
2 fvfc erdt vthfvltyfl dfv- erdt eveitdfhb db.fdb8 vjcrjd-
,bc4 itcf[t, dthfathc utn.-
itdfhlyf’bc cfufhtj cfmvt-
,j,7 vfuhfv vfbyw ufdbvtjht,5 ib itvjvsfdfptc cfn.tj vteh-
dbs7 vfuhfv  hjv
sf vbybcnhj,fc hjujh bnfy-
lbf[7   lf0 ytj,bc vbybcnhbc vjflubkbc
lf   gbhlfgbh itdfhlyf’bc rfwb
rfhubc vtnb fhfathb ufvbrt- b.j lf 'fkbfy f[kjc b.j vfc-  sfyfvlt,j,f7 hfptw rfntujhb-
ekb efhb dsmdb 2 vt vfylts
st,bf7 sevwf7 tc c[dfv eylf sfy7 tc itvb’kbf7 lfublfcne-  ofvjvcdktkb fh dfh-vtsmb= vf-
bkfgfhfrjc= iby bctsb cbnefwbf itbmvyf7
2 ,fnjyj ]ev,th7 smdty hjv wtrfc itvflutykj,blfy
]EV,TH GFNBFIDBKB5

bkfgfhfrts7 dthfdbsfh hfvltybvt fstekb rfwb ufvj-
ghj,ktvfc fvfib dth d[tlfd= b.dfytc7 vfs ijhbc7 
2 /rbs[ts f,fibc hfbrjvbc
.jabk gbhdtk vlbdfyc 
  
vt db.fdb thsflthsb flfvbfyb7
 2 f,fifib7 cjatk

hjvtkbw uf[klbs eveitdf-
jynjajib7 dby uffrtsf rjyc- hb7 vfuhfv gfhnbbc wtrfib lfv-
nfynbyt ufvcf[ehlbfc cf[k- njdtc lf bmblfy fhfdbc ufvj-
veptevb7 hfibw !%_ fsfcb vf- de.dfybdfh8 hjujhw itvltu
ytsb lfb[fh]f0 yfv.jabw fh

vbs[htc7 tc .jabkf gbhflfl
b.dyty lf fhw b.j vfufsb fl-  uflfo.dtnbkt-
ubkb888 fhw bwjlyty7 dby uff- ,f7 hjvtkcfw esmdfvc 2 ]ev-
rtsf lf hf uffrtsf= ,thb wtrfib lfdnjdjsj= f[-

2 !))!-!))@ okt,bc ctm- kf ufdb[ctyt, ths 'fkbfy
ntv,th-bfydfhib cfmfhsdt- vybidytkjdfy afmnc7 hjvt-
kjib hfw vj[lf7 bc hf b.j kbw lfrfdibht,ekbf xtvb lf
2 ltvjrhfnbekb htdjke- ujh,fxjdbc gbhbcgbh cfe,fh-
sfy=
wbf se cf[tkvobaj uflfn-
hbfkt,f0
2 w[flbf7 cf[tkvobaj uf-
2 tc hjlbc vj[lf lf cfl0
2 cfdfhfeljl7 tc vj[lf
lfnhbfkt,f7 pdbflb bfhfqbs
!)(^ fy !)(* otkc7 .jdtk

lffv[tc=
itvs[dtdfib7 ) fghbkbc nhf-
utlbfvlt lblb [ybs flht8
2 dby vjfo.j tc uflfnhb-

fkt,f0
  
 2 cfmfhsdtkjib xtv
  

obyffqvltu dby fuhjdt,lf vf-

rjvghjvtnbht,tk vfcfkt,c0

2 

 
2 itdfhlyf’bc ufhtit uf-
lfnhbfkt,f vj[lt,jlf0   
2 fh fhct,j,c7 ufvjhbw[e- 
  
kbf7  uf-     

htit cfmfhsdtkjib dthfyfb-  2 fh [fhs smdty cfm-
hb cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt- vbc rehcib0 2 fhf7 fctsb hfv
,f dth vj[lt,jlf= gbhdtkfl vtcvbc888 itdfhlyf-
2 fa[fptsbc jvb dby uff- ’t [jv smdtyb vtuj,fhbf7 smdty
udthlbs pbc lf bvfc /rbs[ts7

xfqf0
2 xdty= vfc twjlbyt,f-vtsmb= itdfhl-
2 fa[fptsbc jvb itdfhlyf’bc [ctyt,fpt ujh,fxjdvf [t-
yf’tv uffxfqf0 kb fbmybf lf vbs[hf 2 
2 fhf7 v[jkjl itdfhlyf’t  fhflf7 vt vfhskf
fa[fptsbc jvc dth uffxfqt,- vtujyf7 hjv itdfhlyf’t vbcb
lf7 hflufy fa[fptsbc jvbc vtuj,fhb b.j7 vfuhfv7 sehvt7
erfy c[df 'fkt,bw bluyty8 bv vfs ijhbc7 cek c[df ehsb-
'fkt,blfy7 hjvkt,cfw fa[f- thsj,f .jabkf8 fvbc itvltu
pt,bcf lf mfhsdtkt,bc thsfl ujh,fxjdb bctd vjvbnhbfk-
.jayf [tkc fh f’ktds7 pjub lf vbs[hf 2 
tdhjgfibf7 pjub 2 hectsib7 
[jkj pjub 2 fvthbrfib= 3!)() okbc vfhnib7 dblht 

  
 
2 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfv sf- 
db vjbrkf se vjrktc0
2 fh dbwb7 vfuhfv7 vujyb7
) fghbkb lfnhbfklt,jlf7 
2 tc cfe,fhb cfl itluf0
2 tc cfe,fhb itluf ,bzdby-
pdbflb sfdc vjbrkfdlf= sfib7 cflfw ujh,fxjdb cfv-
2 hfnjv abmhj,s fct0
2 bvbnjv7 hjv cfmfhsdtkj-
ujh,fxjdb itdfhlyf'tc
ib lf,heyt,bs sfdbc vbpfyc
dth vbfqobf888 pdbfl ufvcf[eh-
lbfc vrdktkj,fc sfdb ufdfyt-
cfufhtj cfmvtsf
,js7 cj[evb hjv lftwf lf
[fk[b ze,thbc upfc ufe.tytc7 vbybcnhj,blfy eidt,lf=4
cfvtuhtkjcrty vjvfdfkb upf
dby uflfrtnf0

2 itdfhlyf't lf vbcb [fk-

[b fv upbc uflfrtndfc pdbfl
ufvcf[ehlbfcf lf kjsb mj-
,fkbfc f,hfkt,ty=
2 /jlf7 tc fhbc888









4 2023 wlis 23 ianvari 1 6 - 7 (17

(1744 -17
-1755 )

sfdhj,j fufhfrpt b.j xfvj- ufvfhsekb cfe,hbc itvltu7
cekb8 lff[kjt,bs qfvbc @ cf- w[flbf7 dbwjlb7 hjv 
fsb bmyt,jlf7 vt lf ujh,fxj-

 lf  ijhbc
db thsvfytsc hjv lfdijhlbs lf’f,ekb ehsbthsj,f b.j8
lf vfibydt lfdehtrt ibyfufy vjrktl7 vbdtlb ujh,fxjdsfy
cfmvtsf vbybcnh  lf drbs[t 2  

   
2 ijsf ujhuj'tc vt cbrd- 
lbkbc oby itd[dlb lf dhwt- 

kb bynthdbe xfvjdfhsdb7 2 vjrktl vbgfce[f ujh,fxjd-
hjvtkvfw lblb bynthtcb ufvf=
vjbodbf= 2 bv cbfib itdfhlyf’bc
2 ijsf ujhuj’t rfhub rf-

fhit.dfyf hfc ybiyfdlf0
wb b.j7 vfuhfv vfufcfw ittif- 2 tc bvfc ybiyfdlf7 hjv
kf= 
2 hf ittifkf0   
2 hf ittifkf lf ) fghbkc   
hecsfdtkpt cfv[tlhjt,b 
cfthsjl fh eylf .jabkb.d- 
yty7 bm eylf .jabkb.j gjkb- mfhsdtkt,bc vbvfhs hjuj-  2 fye vtht itdfhlyf’tv
wbf=

hb lfvjrblt,ekt,f /mjy- ) fghbkb vjfo.j lf itvltu7
vjcfkjlytkb ufhsekt,t-

2 ufcfut,bf7 vfuhfv ijsf lf0
2 rfhub7 'fkbfy rfhub= rb- ,bc ibibs7 ujh,fxjdvf vbcb

ujhuj’tc dbyvtv hfvt /rbs-
ltd ths[tk dbvtjht,5  ufidt,f dtqfh uf,tlf0
2 ths hfvtc utn.dbs5
[f0 .dtkfathb [jv hect,vf
    ) fghbkb dbyw vjfo.j7

uflfo.dbntc sdbsyt,ehfl0
2 lf     
qvthsvf ce.dtkfc uflfe[flf=
 ijhbc lb- fb7 bc cfwjlfdb [fk[b hjv uf- 
 
lb lfgbhbcgbht,f vj[lf888


obhtc7 qvthsvf fhfdbc fgfnbf=
fqfh vbylf f[kf fv stvfpt    

2 ujh,fxjdsfy it[dtlhb-
cfe,fhb7 hflufy .dtkfathc vf-

byw dth dbn.db8 vjrktl7 bmyt- 
 cfc rbltd hfc ufb[ctyt,s0
2 !)() okbc vfhnib7 dbl-
,jlf lff[kjt,bs qfvbc cfvbc
2 erdt vthfvltytl ut-
yf[tdfhb7 hjwf 
rbs[t,bs7 fqfhw rb dbwb 2 ht ) fghbkc bc e,tleht,f 
lfudtvfhst,jlf7 wtrfc gkt- 
) fghbkb mfhsdtkt,c it-
 ,bzdbysblfy lfdeht-
yevb xfnfhlf7 fhxtdyt,bcsdbc

dfhlyf’tv vjudbo.j0 /mjy-
rt lf drbs[t 2 
dtvpflt,jlbs8 gbhflfl xtvs-
lf vfc bctsb ufdktyf lf 'f-

 kf7 hjv vcufdcb hfv lfvje-
dbc tc b.j wtrfc ,jkj gkt-

 rblt,kfl xftlbyf0
yevb8 fcb rfwbc cbf itluf lf


 ijsfv 'kbdc ufb[- gbhdtkb cbfib xfothtc wyj-

ctyf 2 rb7 dbqfw b.j vjcrjdb-  ,bkb rbyjht;bcjhb 
lfy xfvjcekb lf hfqfw vfcf-   f,ekf’bc itvltu 
kt,c yfvldbkfl fuhjdt,lfj=  vjlbjlyty gjkbn,behjc 
2 vfbyw hf vfcfkt,pt b.j

otdht,b8 thsflthsb7 dbyw fv 
cbfib fh b.j7 uf[klfs coj-
 
cfe,fhb0
2 utn.dbs= lbkbs ujh,f- htl itdfhlyf’t888 gktyevb bc-
xjdb dyf[t lf vjdf[ctyt 2 vb-  bc b.j vsfdhlt,jlf7 hjv itd- 
[tbk cthuttdbx7 hjujhw oe-  [dlb ujh,fxjdc8 ,bzdbysfib 
[tk ufdfhrdbt7 fctsb hfv vfh-

skfw .jabkf7 dbqfwt,b vjc-

rjdblfy xfvjcekfy lf smdty 
obyffqvltu vfrjvghjvtnbht-  xdtyt,c7 mfhsdtkt,c7 hrbybc
,tk vfcfkt,c yfvldbkfl fu- [tkrtnt,b /mjylfs888 dbqfwfv
hjdt,lyty-vtsmb= 2 rfhub7 vj/- tc [jv uffrtsf0 dby b.dyty bc
rblt [tkb ityc utythfkc lf    ghjdjrfnjht,b7 hjvkt,vfw
xtvsfy vjcrjdib xfvjb.dfytj=   ) fghbkbc qfvtc xdtyt,c hrb-
tc hjv vbs[hf7 ujh,fxjdb lf-
vtvidblj,f lf ,bzdbysblfy    ybc [tkrtnt,b vbcwtc lf coj-
htl fvfc vj/.df 
vjcrjdib ufahbylf8 w[flbf7  lfmdtvlt,fht,fib v.j-
xfdtlbs vjcrjdib7 cflfw vt7 ab v[twt,bc vjmvtlt,f0 bwbs
 se fhf7 hjv cfthsfijhbcj
 thsvfytsc itd[dlbs8 3obstk ]dfhc4 [tkb fhf fmdc
ijsf ujhuj’tv ujh,fxjdc vjothbkb bv lfcrdyt,pt7 hj-
fvjvoehfdfl vjf[ctyf .dtkf- vtkbw xdtyt,vf lfltc0 
athb lf lfecf[tkf udfht,b7   s,bkbcib
se dby xfvjdblf vjcrjdblfy7 'tukb hjv lfelutc7 tc yjh-
hfc t’t,lyty7 hfc brdktdlyty vfkehbf0 cfmfhsdtkjib cj,-
lf7 cfthsjl7 hfib b.j cfmvt= xfrbcf lf htbufybc 'tukt,b
2 hfc erfdibhlt,jlf tc eylf blutc lf cnfkbybc 'tu-
.dtkfathb0 kb fhf0
2 tc .dtkfathb erfdibhlt- 2 tc 'fkbfy vybidytkj-
,jlf  wtrfc dfyb lf crfylfkehb cfrbs-
vlbdyj,fc cnfdhjgjkbc v[f- [bf7 hfvfw itcf’kjf7 lblb
htib7 cflfw cfprdt,bc eahj- dyt,fsfqtkdf ufvjbodbjc=
cb b.j thjdyt,bs mfhsdtkb vjrktl7 smdty fw[flt,s7
2 ujh,fxjdbc f[kj vtuj,fhb7 hjv ) fghbkbc qfvtc vjvb-
[jkj bv mfhsdtkbc 'vf fm7 cf- nbyutt,c ijhbc b.dyty bct-
mfhsdtkjib7 veifj,lf vce- st,bw7 hjvkt,cfw dbqfwt,-
,em vhtodtkj,fib8 ujh,fxjdvf hrbybc [tkrtnt,b7 rth-
vf smdf 2 xfvjdblyty xdtysfy ’jl7 fhvfnehbc yfzht,b lf-
cnfdhjgjkib lf xtvb mfhs- ehbutc0
dtkb vtuj,hbc obyffqvltu lf- 2 f,f7 hf7 rfwj= 
bo.tc hfqfw vjmvtlt,t,b7 hj-
vtkbw lfbzbhtcj= 
   
 fv .dtkfathc both-
   
lf lf bybiyfdlf888 tn.j,f7 bv
  
mfhsdtkb rfwbc cfiefkt,bs  

ujh,fxjdpt eyljlfs ufcd-
  

kf888 lff[kjt,bs s[esvtn
 
2 bmyt, ufvofht,ekvf
oesib xdtyb cfe,fhb lfvsfd-
rfwvf bv cfibytkt,fib cfl-
hlf8 ujh,fxjdvf ijsf ujh-
qfw fhvfnehbc yfzthb vju-
uj’tc vflkj,f uflfe[flf lf
kb]f lf bv vrdktkt,c lft-
rf,bytnblfy ufvjdtlbs8 uf- hbf=
cfcdktksfy lfud[dlf cf,zj- 2 fhf7 bc fhvfnehbc yfz-
sf rfdibhbc eibihjt,bc vb- ht,b ufvpflt,ekb b.j lf mfh-
ybcnhb  hjvtk- sdtk ,bzt,c lfehbutc= tc b.j
cfw ujh,fxjdvf es[hf 2 vybi- ghjdjrfwbf888
dytkjdfy vfcfkt,c uflvjuwt- 2 itdfhlyf’t fv lhjc cfl
vj= fv it[dtlhblfy lff[kjt- b.j0
,bs jh rdbhfib ;ehyfk 3juj- 2 itdfhlyf’t fv lhjc erdt
ybjrib4 lfb,tzlf othbkb s,bkbcbc fthjgjhnib ,h’f-
bvbc itcf[t,7 se hjujh 3fdth- ylt,jlf888 lbf[7 ( fghbkc it-
,jdrt,lyty4 lf fodfkt,lyty dfhlyf’t erdt s,bkbcib b.j7
[fk[c bvbc ufvj7 hjv ujh,f- hfcfw  
xjdbc obyffqvltu xdtyt,f vbt- flfcneht,c=
wfs8 bc mfhsdtkb 2 ujh,f-
xjdbc vtuj,fhb7 hjvtkbw lf- tcfe,hf
zthbkb /.fdlfs7 cek vfkt 
wb[blfy ufvjeidtc888 ufuh’tkt,f
2 cfthsjl7 ujh,fxjdc bmyt,f
2023 wlis 23 ianvari 1 6 - 7 (17

(1744 -17
-1755 ) 5
@! bfydfhc7 cf,zjsf gjpbwbff8 
2 gbhbmbs= 
bvgthbbc ae’tvlt,kbc


dkflbvth ktybybc    

ufhlfwdfkt,blfy pecnfl 
)) okbcsfdpt7 hectsbc  
eibihjt,bc cf,zjc    2 vcjakbjib hf bwdkt-
sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubktv  vtldtltdb fh uf[kfds xdt- ,f lbvbnhb vtldtltdbc fv
 ekt,hbdb cf[tkvobaj vjq- ufyw[flt,bs0
ufyfw[flf7 hjv dfot7 ituf[ctyt,s7 hjv7 2 bc7 hjv jvb sdbcj,hb-
rjyakbmnc erhfbyfcf lf  dfl f[fk afpfib uflflbc lf
cf.jdtksfj [fcbfsc bqt,c8 tc

tdhjgfib eylf tojljc
lfgbhbcgbht,f erdt fqfh it-


hjvtkcfw hectsb vjbafhukt,f gthbjlekfl
fewbkt,kfl vjbut,c=  gjpbwbt,bc lfrfdt,bs lf vt-

fvudfhfl ufvjtgfce[f ht erfy lf[tdbs fylf othnb-
kjdfyb cfhfrtnj lfhn.vt-

hectsbc .jabkb
ghtpbltynb tdhjrfdibhbc

,bs8 
 

lbgkjvfnbehb vbcbbc 
[tkv’qdfytkc     

 hjvtkbw 
 ,fc ,jkjvlt fh itewybf7 hjv

lfcfdktsbc mdt.yt,c 
 hfw vsfdfhbf7
  
erhfbybc itcfbfhfqt,kfl jvib xfhsekb cf[tkvobajc 2 hfw 'fkbfy /ufdc lblb cf-
vjeojlt,c8 vtldtltdvf  jvbc fctsb cnfnecb sfdbcsf-
vjcf[ktj,fc ofhvjflutyc7 fvb- vfvekj jvbc lfcfo.bcib
dfl hectsbc vjcf[ktj,fib fv
vfc yfgjktjybcf lf  jvbcflvb lfvjrblt,ekt,bc [f- thblfy hectsb ffvjmvtlt,c bjct, cnfkbybc wyj,bkb vb-
vfhsdbc ntmcnc 2 
 ghjgfufylbc vtmfybpvt,c8 
/bnkthbc fhvbt,bc
hbc[c phlbc8

obyffqvltu hectsbc
fmfvlt hectsbc vjcf[ktj-     
ufv’ktj,bc itcf[t,    
itf[ctyf5     
 [jkj hf itltubs

HFVFP UFUYB'T5

   
  lfcheklf bc jvb7 .dtkfcsdbc
   wyj,bkbf 2 afibcnehb cdfc-
 nbrbfyb lhjit,b ufvfh]dt-
,ekvf cf,zjsf ]fhbcrfwt,vf
  


vsfdfhcfhlfkc at[t,sfy lf-
 
 vcjakbjib v’dbydfht,c
 hectsbc obyffqvltu ifdb gb- e.fhtc=
 fhb7 hjvkbc vb[tldbs7 bub 2 cfmfhsdtkjv hf gjpb-
fhbc fuhtcjhb mdt.fyf7 fhflf7

 wbf eylf lfbrfdjc7 se he-
 cbyfvldbktib7 hectsb sfdc ctsb vfhskfw 3cfvfvekj
bwfdc ytjafibcnehb 'fkt,bc-
 jvbc4 afpfib uflfphlbc
ufy7 [jkj vbvlbyfht vjdkt-
erhfbybc tgjgtfc0
2 !)$!-!)$% okt,ib cfmfh-


yt,bc 3cfvfvekj jvfl4 ufvjw-
sdtkj cf,zjsf rfdibhib it-

[flt,bs7 ytk-ytkf bo.t,c f[f-
 vfdfkb htcge,kbrf b.j lf af-
2 kb htcehct,bc vj,bkbpt,fc8 ibpvc 2 wbdbkbpfwbbc fv fd-
.dtkfpt vsfdfhb fm bltjkj- sdbct,bfy cbvcbdytc 2 vj’vt

lfothf vtldtltdvf sfdbc
ntktuhfv fh[pt8 2 ubehb afmnjhbf 2 hectsc tht,sfy thsfl egbhbcgbhlt-
3ahs[bkfl7 mfhsdtkt,j7 [jv fmfvlt fhwthsb cfvfvekj ,jlf8 afibpvsfy vcjakbjc
se hectsb cfvfvekj jvc jvb fh ofeubf= vtybiyf thsb rtsbkb yt,bc cfpjufljt,bc
fw[flt,c7 tc ybiyfdc7 hjv ufhtvjt,fw5  vfibyltk jvc mfhsdtkb rfwb
gkfytnf f[fk ht;bvpt  sfdbcb ufyw[flt,f lf- cfhlkj,lf lf vbcb ybzbc it-
uflflbc=4 2 fv cbn.dt,bs fchekf cbn.dt,bs 2  ltufl ,h'jkf afibpvbc lf-
lfbo.j xdtysfy cfe,fhb xjmt,bs lfcheklf= vfuhfv fv-
jhufybpfwbf 3mfhsekb ;fvfl rtsbkb yt,bc sfyfvtl-
vbcbbc4 ths-thsvf hjdt vcjakbj cfpjufljt,fc
kblthvf7 cffrfidbkbc bv afibcnt,bc isfvjvfdkt,b
ht;bvbcufy lftvemhyty lf mfhsdtkt,vf
gjkbnhtghtcbht,ekvf afibpvbc htfybvfwbf fh eylf
,bpytcvtyvf lf tmbvvf lfdeidfs8
 vybidytkjdfybf bcbw7 hjv
 hectsbc v[hblfy fv jvbc 3cf-
vfvekj jvfl4 fqbfht,bs lf-
2 sbsmvbc thsb otkbf7 er- gbhbcgbht,f cfhoveyjt,hbd
hfbyfib jvb v’dbydfht,c7 hf- ajhvfnib tmwtdf= itb’kt,f7
vfw efvhfdb flfvbfyb bvc[dth- hectsbc v[fht fh lfdbrfdjs7
gkf7 lffyuhbf mfkfmt,b lf lf- vfuhfv itvbhw[dtybf bc mfhs-
cf[kt,ekb geymnt,b7 vskb- dtkb7 hjvtkbw vfhskvflblt-
fyfl vjifkf erhfbybc trjyj- ,tk cfhoveyjt,fc itt,h’jkt-
vbrf lf byahfcnhemnehf888 ,f=
sevwf7 hectsb fmfvlt vjdkt- 2 fvfcj,fib cfmfhsdtkjc
yt,c  fh fqbfht,lf lf 3afmnj,hbdvf4 ghtpbltyn-
  vf cfkjvt pehf,bidbkvf rb-
vjb[ctybt,lf8 @! bfydhblfy ltd ths[tk ferhf [tkb he-
gkfytnbc lqbc otchbub vsk- ctsbcufy ufvjodlbk vfh]dt-
bfyfl bwdkt,f7 dbyfblfy  yfc7 hjvtkvfw cfmfhsdtkjc
 ufvjfw[f- cf/fthj vbvjcdkbc fqlutyf
lf7 hjv lfcfdkts tdhjgtkb itcsfdfpf8
lf erhfbytkb afibcnt,bc 2 hjujhw xfyc7 xdtyb ght-
obyffqvltu fvbthblfy hect- pbltynb rdkfd 
sb   fofhvj-  lf bv lfcfdkehb 'fkt,bc
t,c=    ufdktybc mdti bv.jat,f7 hj-
    vtkcfw hectsb erdt 
     egbhbcgbhlt,f=
 lft7 ye itzfvc mfk,fnjyb ght-
   pbltynb hecek ifmfhc lf
 hecekb [jh,kbcufy ufvjvw-
   [dfh gehc= 
     
  
   
    
  hfl-   
ufy fv jvt,ib hectsvf vjob-    
yffqvltut gbhovbylfl lff-  cfkj-
vfhw[f= vt pehf,bidbkb ghtpbltynb
2 vfuhfv vtldtltdbc ufy- rb fhf7 ew[j mdt.yt,bc htpb-
w[flt,f ]th rbltd fh ybi- ltynbf= sdfkcfxbyj kb,thf-
yfdc bvfc7 hjv tc hectsbc kb lf afibcnehb ufyo.j,t-
cf[tkvobajc jabwbfkehb ,bc ghjgfufylbcnbf= bv 'fkt-
,bc vfhbjytnbf7 dbcfw jvib

afibpvbc v[fhtc xdtyb xf,vf
coflbf=
 mfhsdtkt,j7 lfabmht,bc

lhjf= dbyw mhbcntc t,h’dbc7
bc cfvij,kjcfw t,h’dbc7 rfh-
 ufl eylf ufdbfphjs xdtyb sb-
sjtekb yf,b]b7 hfsf eyt,e-
 hfl mhbcntc vjobyffqvltut-

sf ,fyfrib fh fqvjdxylts=
 
tcfe,hf
6 2023 wlis 23 ianvari 1 6 - 7 (17

(1744 -17
-1755 )

ghjatcjhb 


cf,zjsf vjrfdibht
htcge,kbrt,bc
cf[tkvobaj /bvyt,bc

itmvybc bcnjhbfc
t[vbfyt,f lf bv
vbptpt,c fcf[tkt,c7 hbc

ufvjw cf,zjsf
cfmfhsdtkjcf lf
tcnjytsbc /bvyt,b
.dtkf vjrfdibht
htcge,kbrbc /bvybcufy
 
ufvjhxtekb lf hsjdfyt,bs b.j ufvczdfke- yb fh /mjybf8 fhct,j,lf /bv-
kb8 .jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekbc
 
ufyc[dfdt,ekb b.j5 yb  hjvkbc
itvltu vjrfdibhtt,b cf,jkj- /fyut,bsfw .jdtk lbkbs xdt-
2 cf,zjsf rfdibhbc vjrfd- jl bvfpt it]thlyty7 hjv  yb hflbjtsthb b[cyt,jlf7 +sfdlfgbhdtkb dfhbfynb`
ibht htcge,kbrt,bc cf[tkv-
+[heixjdbc vbth uflfrtst,ekb dfhbfynb`
    vfuhfv bc fh b.j jabwbfke-
obaj /bvyt,b !)$$-!)$^  uf[lt,jlyty ufthjc hb /bvyb8 cf,zjsf cfmfhsdt-
okt,ib itbmvyf8 vfyfvlt7 hj- otdht,b7 [jkj lfyfhxtyb vj-
blblt vfhfl7 xdtyj cfvij,kjd7 blblt vfhfl7 xtvj cfvij,kjd7
kjc jabwbfkehb cf[tkvob-
ujhw cf,zjsf rfdibhb7 bct rfdibht htcge,kbrt,bc ofh- aj /bvybc ntmcnb lfothtc
uvbhsf rthf [fh ufemhj,tkb7 uvbhsf rthf [fh ufyf[kt,ekb7
vjrfdibht htcge,kbrt,b cfh- vjvflutytkb ufthjib bmyt,j- mdt.fyfc vbtw lblb cnfkbyb lbfl gfhnbbc yfstkb fphbs
ut,kj,lyty 3bynthyfwb- lf cf,zjsf rfdibhb8 fb7 coj-
 [fk[sf vjyj,bc lfvfv[j,tkb8 ktybybc cb,h’ybs fvfqkt,ekb8
[jkj ve-
jyfkbs47 hjvtkbw vcjakbj htl tc ghjwtct,b e’qjlf oby
cbrf itmvyf  
ityb jwyt,f fcheklf7 ityb jwyt,f fcheklf7
ghjktnfhbfnbc /bvybf lf bv afmnc7 hjv !)$$ otkc jab-
 [fpb ufdecdfs bv hbcsdbcfw cbc[kb qdfhtj7 hbcsdbcfw cbc[kb qdfhtj7
ovbylf vecbrfkehb sdfk- wbfkehfl vbbqtc uflfo.dt-
cfphbcbs 'fkbfy cfcbfvjdyj nbkt,f cf,zjsf vjrfdibht afmnc7 hjv rjveybcnehb cf- f.dfdlb7 nehaf mdt.fyfd vihjvtkb rfwbc vfh]dtybs
vjcfcvtybf8 mfhsdtkjc /bvyb cfvvf fhbc- bk[byt7 mfhsdtks v[fhtj8 f.dfdt,ekj v[fhtj8
2 hf b.j bvbc vsfdfhb vb- njrhfnekb ofhvjij,bc mfh- lblb jmnjv,hbc iembs ktybyvf lblb jmnjv,hbc lhjibc c[bdt,vf
ptpb7 hjv cf,zjsf vjrfdib- sdtkvf lfothf lf tc /bvyb rj- ity ufubyfsf vst,b zfqfhf7 ity ufubyfstc vst,b zfqfhf7
ht htcge,kbrt,bc /bvyt,bc veybcnehb tcnjytsbc /bvy- cnfkbybc cb,h’ytv 'ktdbs ituvjcf7 sfdbceakt,fv lf itvfhst,fv
itmvyf cojhtl !)$$ otkc7 sfy thsfl fhbc lfyfhxtyb .dt- uflfufmwbf vpbeh ,fqyfhfl8 uflfufmwbtc vpbeh ,fqyfhfl8
ufufybf vtjht vcjakbj kf vjrfdibht htcge,kbrbc vj’vt tht,bc j]f[ib vj’vt tht,bc j]f[ib
jvbc lhjc uff[ctylfs0 /bvybcufy ufyc[dfdt,ekb bvbs7 lfvrdblhlb7 ufb[fhtj7 fvfqklb7 ufb[fhtj7
2 cnfkbyvf7 hjvtkcfw cf,- hjv fhw thsufy lf fhw vtj- f.dfdlb7 nehaf mdt.fyfd vtuj,hj,bs lf uvbhj,bs
zjsf rfdibhb sfyfvtlhjdt htufy     bk[byt7 mfhsdtks v[fhtj8 ufvfh]dt,ekj v[fhtj8
tdhjrfdibhbc nbgbc ufthsb- 
e[cjdfh lhjlfy ,ho.byfdlf ityb e[cjdfh lhjlfy ,ho.byfdlf ityb
fyt,fl tcf[t,jlf lf cflfw .dt-  
fphb7 [vfkb lf ufv,tlfj,f7 fphb7 [vfkb lf ufv,tlfj,f7
kf vjrfdibht htcge,kbrfc  
lqtc ityc lblt,fc7 yfstk vjvfdfkc lqtc cfmfhsdtkjc yfstk vjvfdfkc
sfdbcb cedthtybntnb eylf  
cztlc ktybyehb ohsj,bc sfj,f8
/mjyjlf7 !)$$ okblfydt lf- 2 cf,zjsf cjv[tsbcf lf cztlc cnfkbyehb ohsj,bc sfj,f8
bo.j pheydf7 hfsf ufthjib c[df vjrfdibht htcge,kbrt- cf,zjsf lhjif lfuyfsbc7 rjveybpvbc vpt lfuyfsbc7
cf,zjsf vjrfdibht htcge,- ,bc /bvyt,ib hecb thb yf[- vptcfdbs vjtkdfhtj7 rfirfif7 vjtkdfhtj7
kbrt,b itcf,fvbcb cf[tkvob- ctyt,bf0 f.dfdlb7 nehaf mdt.fyfd blblt vhfdfk;fvbth7
ajt,hbdb fnhb,enbrbs7 vfs 2 rbltd ths[tk dbvtjht,5 bk[byt7 mfhsdtks v[fhtj8 xtvj cfvij,kj v[fhtj=
ijhbc7 /bvybs7 qbhctekfl hjujhw kbndbcf lf kfndb-
bc7 bct cjv[tsbc7 fpth,fb]f-
ofhvjxtybkb.dyty8 fmtlfy uf-
ybc7 ief fpbbc htcge,krt,bc7   ufhrdtdbs othbf7 hjv cfmfhs-
vjvlbyfht7 !)$% otkc bfk-
nbc rjyathtywbfpt ofvjf.t- erhfbybcf lf ,tkjhecbbc  
dtkj  hec-
vf thvf rb fh uflffmwbf7 hj-
yf obyflflt,f7 hjv ufthjib cf,zjsf /bvyt,ib cfufyut,jl   ujhw tc tcnjytsbc ufhlf lf-
stmdcvtnbdt vjrfdibht cf,zj- fhbc vj[ctybt,ekb    yfhxtyb cf,zjsf vjrfdibht
 vfu-
sf htcge,kbrf wfk-wfkrt uf-
hfv cfmfhsdtkjcf lf tcnj-  
htcge,kbrt,bc /bvyt,ibf [fp-
otdhbfyt,ekb.j7 hjujhw uf-
ytsbc /bvyt,ib fvfc dth d[t-  /bvybc f[fk7 lfvf[by]t,ek
ufcvekb7 fhfvtl xdtyb cfvij,-
thjc lfvae’yt,tkb mdt.yt,b8 kjc ofhvfnt,bc cfae’dtkbf
cfvoe[fhjl7  lfds8  lf uflfrtst,ek dthcbfib   
 hjvtkbw fmfv- eahj vtnbf cfe,fhb rjve-  vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv
lt cnfkbyc .dtkfathib v[f- ybpvpt7 fctdt ufereqvfhst,e- cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tk-
hc ezthlf7 ,tkflbc fv vjs- CDBVJY VFC[FHFIDBKB5 kbf cf,zjsf rfdibhib cfmfh- vobaj /bvybc vtjht dthcbblfy

[jdyfc v[fhb fh fe,f vfiby7 sdtkjc fhct,j,bc afmnb8 [heixjdbc ,h’fyt,bs7 cnfkb-
hjwf gjpbwbf fct- rth’jl7 othbf7 hjv sbsmjc ybc cf[tkb fvjifystc lf kt-
sb rfntujhbekb fh .jabkf= cfmfhsdtkj cf,zjsf rfdib- ybybc7 jmnjv,hbcf lf rjve-

2 hf uf[lf fvbc vbptpb0 hfvlt 3fvfqklf4= /bvybc ntm- ybpvbc 3stvt,b4 itxehstc7 tc
vjut[ctyt,fs7 cnfkbybcfl- cnbc sfdlfgbhdtk htlfmwb- f,cjkenehfl cedthtyekb7
fib cfufyut,jl fmdc [fpb ufc- fvf.b lf sfdbceafkb thbc /bv-

vb lfvjrblt,ekt,fib xth-
xbkb ufwbkt,bs vfmcbvf- vekb cfmfhsdtkjc vhfdfkf- ybf7 hjvtkbw uf;qtysbkbf
sfcokjdfy cf[tkvobajt,- thjdyekb qbhct,bc uh’yj-
hbd nhflbwbfcf lf e’dtktc
kbcnb lf itegjdfhb b.j7
,bs=

reknehfc lf yfsmdfvbf7 hjv
dblht hepdtknb=
2 ,hbnfytsc cehlf7 uft- 2 hf uf[lf bvbc vbptpb7
cfmfhsdtkjcf lf mfhsdtkb
hjc lfvae’yt,tk mdt.yt,ib rfwbc 3fphb7 [vfkb lf ufv,t-
hjv cfmfhsdtkjcf lf tcnj-

wfkrt cf[tkvobajt,fl uft.-
ytsbc ufhlf .dtkf cf,zjsf
lfj,f e[cjdfhb lhjblfy
dfyf f[fkb ptkfylbf lf rfyf-
vjrfdibht htcge,kbrf hec
,ho.byfdlf=4
lf8 fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht7 cnf-
thc vflkj,fc e[lblf uf-
eahj vtnbw7 /bvybc lf-

kbybc ptvj[ctyt,ek obyflf-
lfhxtybcf lf cf[tkvobaj-
cfo.bcib ufhrdtdbs fhbc vb-
lt,fc  rfntujhbe-
t,hbj,bc itmvybcsdbc0 fct-
ybiyt,ekb7 hjv xdtyc cfvij,- sb /bvyb cnfkbyvf udfxemf0
kfl fh egbhbcgbhlt,jlf7

kjc dbyvtc lf7 vfs ijhbc7 he- 2 ufcfut,bf7 hjv cnfkbybc
hfcfw dth dbn.dbs  cb thbc obyfit cfvfs[jdhj7 bybwbfnbdbs vtjht vcjakbj
 fvthbrbc ghtpbltynb cf[dtofhb lf cfvflkj,tkb jvbc lhjc lfb,flf lf itbmv-
vjmvtlt,lf ghfuvfnekfl lf fhfathb fmdc7 gbhbmbs7  yf fctsb ahfpf 2 
vfy cnfkbyc fh vbcwf cfief-       
kt,f7 ufthjib thsbc yfwd-    
kfl stmdcvtnb [vf /mjyjlf8    2 vfuhfv fv ahfpfc cfmfhsdt-
se fv stmdcvtn [vfc lfdfvf-     kjib fhfdbsfhb ufcfdfkb fh
nt,s bv [vt,cfw7 hjvkt,bw     /mjybf8 mfhsdtkvf rfwvf .j-
jlyfd vjudbfyt,bs t8o8 cjwb-     dtksdbc bwjlf7 hjv vbcb cf-
fkbcnehb ,fyfrbc mdt.yt,cfw     
[tkvobajt,hbj,f hectsbc
tmyt,jlfs lf bvfcfw ufdbs- 
bcnjhbbc obfqib fh lfo.t,e-
dfkbcobyt,s7 hjv sdbs rfgb- kf8 .ehflqt,f vbdfmwbjs bvf-

nfkbcneh ,fyfrib fh b.j th- cfw7 hjv cnfkbybc cbwjw[-
 
ktib cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjc
2 c[dfsfijhbc7 cf,zjsf
sj,f +bnfkbfib cjwbfkbc-
wtrf v[jkjl mfhsdtkt,bs
cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj
nt,b v’kfdhj,lyty7 [jkj lt-
b.j lfrjvgktmnt,ekb vfiby7
/bvybc sfdlfgbhdtk ntmcnc
ujkbcnt,b cfahfyutsib
hjwf c[df vjrfdibht htcge,-
htahtyfl ufcltdc wyj,bkb
cnfkbyc fqvthst,lyty`7 vb- cnhbmjyt,b 3cjctkjc47 fye
dfks bmfvlt7 hjv vstkb uft- bvfdt cnfkbybc vbth cb.vfo- kbrt,bc [tkv’qdfytk gjc-
hj cnfkbybc uekv[ehdfkt dbktib lfothbkb cfmdt.- nt,pt 'bhbsflfl hect,b
v[fhlfvzthb lf uekitvfnrb- yjl fqbfht,ekb ktmcblfy czfh,j,lyty8 ybrjkcrt,bc
dfhb itb'kt,f .jabkb.j7 hfw htcge,kbrt,bc cf[tkvobaj 3lbkf47 cflfw 3bdths v[f- tgjmf cfmfhsdtkjib cnfkb-
fvthbrbcf lf ,hbnfytsbc by- /bvyt,bc itmvybc itcf[t,= hbc4 yfwdkfl xfothbkbf ybc cbrdlbkbc itvltu lfbo.j=
nthtct,ib fh itlbjlf8 fhw 2 !)$$ okfvlt cfmfhsdt- 3mfhsdtks v[fht4 lf ktm-
bc lfudfdbo.ltc7 hjv cnfkb-
kjc /bvyb fh /mjybf0 cb fct brbs[t,f 2 3f.dfdlb tcfe,hf
2 cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhf- 
yuhflbc7 jgthfwbf 3,fuhfnb- nehaf mdt.fyfd7 bk[byt mfh-
nbek htcge,kbrfib !)!(-
jybcf4 lf rehcrbc nhbevabc !)@! okt,ib fhct,j,lf /bv-
sdtks v[fhtj=4 ufuh’tkt,f
itvltu fvthbrbc itthst,ekb 2 itwdkbk ntmcnibw rb
yb 3lblt,f47 hjvkbc vecbrfw
bmyt,f

infnt,bcf lf ,hbnfytsbc  lf-
vjcf[ktj,bc elbltcb yfob- othf7 [jkj fvbc itvltu7 dbl-
kb cnfkbybcflvb ofhvjel-
utytkb cbvgfsbbsf lf fqa-
ht !)$$ okfvlt7 cf,zjsf cf-
mfhsdtkjc jabwbfkehb /bv- 
2023 wlis 23 ianvari 1 6 - 7 (17
(1744 -17
-1755 ) 7

 svahbyfdbc lf]ljvbcfc lf-
bqegf8  fm fhfath ie-
sfyfvlt,j,blfy rb 
 cek c[df cffdbfwbj fq-
itcf[t, lf cfv[tlhj-cf/ft-
 fibf8 nhfutlbf lbcgtnxthbc kevbc itvltu vj[cytc7 hjvt-
hj ’fksf cfhlfkc7 fdbfwb-
bc vfhifk ;bufhtdc vbcb lf-
 ,hfkb b.j8 vfiby vstkb ue- kbw neibyjib ufbvfhsf8 mdtbst,f lf .dtkfpt ijht-
 ylblfy v[jkjl lbcrdfkbab-
wbht,ekb dbyjuhfljdb lf
fqkevvf7 hjujhw .jdt-
ksdbc7 ofhvfnt,bs xfbfhf
ek ufhybpjyib ufupfdyf
 dctdjkjl ,j,hjdb uflf- lf cfhlkj,bc vflkj,f lf-
e,h’fyf8 vfhifkvf ufzbh-

dt,bs lfb.jkbf 
hxyty7 hjvtkcfw lft’byf lf bvcf[ehf8 uf[fht,ekvf vtsf- hjv  utyinf,bc frf-
ehvfw sfyfvjcfvcf[ehtt-
 htbcc dth vbecohj8
,sfy thsfl rfhufl uflf/rhf8
ltvbfib cfcofdkt,kfl
pecnfl fv lhjc bub cfco-
uftidfs8
 sfyf- abk vtsfehc ufvjtw[fljc7 frfltvbfib
vlt,j,blfy vfvfvbcbc ,h’f- hfajl ufvjb’f[tc vfvfcsfy 2
hjv gjkrjdybrb cnfkbyb  lbl[fyc fh lf.jd-
yt,bs jh]th vjb[cyf 2  ofhvfnt,bc fqcf-
sfyfvlt,j,blfy kjsj,bc yt,ekf8 bub !)%@ okbc ct-
!)$# otkc7 hjltcfw dfc- lf gjkrbc ufh.dybc ufvj b[- ybiyfdfl sfdbc fufhfrpt fdb-
bkb gjkrjdybrb b.j lf cyt,f84 tc ,h’fyt,f !)$# okbc fwbbc vstkb cfvtsfehj it- mntv,thib xfhbw[tc7 !)%#
cffdbfwbj gjkrc vtsfehj- @^ vfbcbs fhbc lfsfhbqt,e- vflutykj,f itrhb,f8  okbc vfhnib rb itbfhfqt-
,lf lf !)%@ otkc7 hjlt- kb7 ctmntv,thib rb sfyfvj- .dtkfpt udbfy ufvjw[fllf8 vf- ,ekb ’fkt,blfy 
cfw bc vjcrjdbc cfv[tlhj cfuhtt,vf lfb.jkbtc  vfv vfibydt itfn.j cbvsdhf-   
kt8 3vsdhfkb [fh7 2 es[hf  lfbs[jdtc8 vbptpb fh
 idbkb cfvcf[ehib lft,- fe[cybfs8 bvfdt okbc @( fg-
cnfkbyvf7 2 oflb fmtlfy84
jkmbc cfv[tlhj-cf/fthj
heyt,byf8
’fksf vtsfehb7 utythfk-
hfqfwbc smvfc wlb- hbkc bub its[pekb ,hfk-
hfw itt[t,f vtjht itvs[dt-
ktbntyfynb uf[klfs8
kj,lf7 vfuhfv  uf- lt,bs lffgfnbvhtc lf ( ot-
gbhdtkfl vj[cybc vbpt- dfc7 obstkb vjtlybc sfdpt   bvtjhf5 3f[kfdt uf,h’fylb kb wb[tib uffnfhf8 ,tkflbc
pb gjkrbc jabwht,bc of- cf/fthj fqkevbc lhjc sdb-  
fmtlfy84 ,fyrtnbc itvltu evwhjcb idbkb !)^@ okbc
vjo.t,ekb stdpfj,f uf[lf8 svahbyfdb vfhskfw lfbqe- 
    fufhfrptdt vjfot- vfhnib m8 .fpfyib uflfcf[-
bcbyb stdpc lbyfvbnbs [j- gf7 jqjyl fhf wfib7 fhfvtl
xrfkjdbc fthjlhjvpt lfidt-
  hf [tkb ,h’fyt,fc idbkbc kt,fib .jaybcfc ufhlfbw-
wfdlyty7 fvbc itltufl thsb
,bcfc8 cfufyut,j rjvbcbfv lf- gjcnblfy ufsfdbceakt,bc dfkf8 bub $_ okbcf b.j8
jabwthb lfbqegf7 jhb rb7
vfs ijhbc dfcbkb7 lfbzhf8 flubyf7 hjv nhfutlbf vahb-
 vfibydt uffsf- yfdbc lfeltdhj,bs vj[lf 2
lf]ljvbcfc vfy ufehrdtdtkb 

dbceakf idbkb sfyfvlt-
,j,blfy8 vbcb cfresfhb [t- vbptpbs ufvjhsj vfh]dtyf
kbs lfothbk ,h’fyt,fib ’hfdf8 sdbsjy fqkevvf rb of- 
yfsmdfvbf5 3lfe.jdyt,kbd hvfnt,bs xfbfhf lf 
 hjujhw vbcvf 

vjb[cyfc gjkrbc vtsfe-
jhufybpfnjhvf lf [tkv’qdf-

hj,blfy gjkrjdybrb 
 lf xtvc ufyrfh- ytkvf7 cfhlkj,bcufy vflkj-
,f vbbqj8
uekt,fvlt fhwths cfvt-


sfehj sfyfvlt,j,fpt fh /jrtbcnt,bc ueylb !)%_
lfbidfc8 gjkrc lf vbc .j- otkc7 cdthlkjdcrib7 sdb-
vjwtvek itvs[dtdfib b’e- f[klf sfy lf b[ctyt,c7 hjv7 fhw rb vb,heyt,ekf8 tc cf-  vjkj-
kt,ekb dfhs7 uthvfytk vb- hjltcfw ajhvfkehb v[fht [fcbfsj tgbpjlb hb,tynh- njdc vybidytkjdfyb cfvsf-
 ybcnhc dthoveyjs8 obuyib7 lfvsfdhlf lf ltrfyjpjdb jgbc obuyib fh itcekf8 dhj,j ufyw[flt,bcfsdbc
 hjvtkbw  yb- vfcsfy thsfl rf,bytnblfy uf-
lbjlf7 hb,tynhjgb itvltub
vtncfw utn.dbs8 lff[kj-
t,bs bv lhjc7 hjltcfw cc-
felbtywbf cs[jdf8 rhtvkib
lf,heyt,ekvf vjkjnjdvf
 ehy,thubc wb[tib cbrdlb-
kbs lfc]fvlt lfothf7 vfhs- cbn.dt,bs ufvjtltdyf5 3uflf- hr-bc tkxb dbk/tkvinhf-  feo.f 2 3uthvf-
 kfw lfodhbkt,bs fhbc fq- twbs cnfkbyc7 hjv vt tc fh ctpt ufvjb’f[tc7 vjcrjdib ut- ybfv jvb ufvjudbw[flf84 fct
 othbkb7 hjv @@ bdybcbc qf- vbyljlf84 ltrfyjpjdb vbcrty hvfybbc tkxvf uhfavf  hjv7 jvb jabwbfkehfl uf-
vjw[fllf7 sevwf7 tc ufvj-

vbc # cffspt vfy dbk/tkv-
w[flt,f7 ghfmnbrekfl7 ut-

inhfctpt sfdbc rf,bytnib
ufvjb’f[f cf,zjsf tkxb hvfybbc fhvbbc vfcbht,ek
  
cfpqdfhpt cf,zjsf ]fht,bc
itntdfc lftvs[df8 fvfcsfy7
sfdlfc[vf vfhskfw dthfue-
 rjywtynhfwbbc itcf[t, ufy- kb uf[klfs7 hflufy uthvf-
 w[flt,f uffrtsf lf feo.f7 hjv
uthvfyekb v[fht b’ekt,e-
ybfv vbc vbth lflt,ekb sf-
dlfec[vtkj,bc gfmnb lff-
fv fdfynbehbc bcnjhbfv crjdib uflfb.dfytc7 !)$$ kbf7 ghtdtywbekb lfhn.vf hqdbf8 cfuekbc[vjf7 hjv
xdtyfvlt vjkjnjdbc7 be- otkc rb7 obstkb fhvbbc of- ufyf[jhwbtkjc8 fvbc itvltu jhbdt tkxb 2 ltrfyjpjdbw
ujckfdbtkb utythkbc  hvfnt,ekb itntdbc it- tkxc uthvfybbc vsfdhj,bc vt- lf iekty,ehubw 2 cfre-
 lf c[dfsf vltu7 jabwbfkehfl lf,- vjhfylevb uflfcwtc8 yf[tdf- sfhvf vsfdhj,t,vf bvc[dt-
vjyfs[hj,bs vjfqobf5 heylf ,emfhtcnib7 hj- hb cffsbc itvltu uthvfyekb hgktc8  !)$%
jvbc lhjc7 lff[kjt,bs ujhw gfhnbbc lf cf[tkv- fhvbbc yfobkt,vf ,fknbbc okbc bfydfhib /bnkthbc
!)$# otkc7  ,h- obajc kblthb8 vfy fh lfb- pqdblfy ifd pqdfvlt cfpqdf- obyffqvltu itsmvekt,bc
’fyt,f ufcwf7 ,emfhtcnbc dbo.f f[fkufphlf rfwb7 hj- hb uflfrdtstc lf jvb lfbo.j8 ,hfklt,bs xfvjf[hxdtc8 
afibcnehb wb[blfy hevb- vtkbw ufmwtdfib lft[vfhf7 vb- fv vjyfs[hj-  rb !)%# okbc
ytk rjveybcnsf sfdrfwb cb ,tlbs lfbynthtclf lf fq- ,c vskbfyfl flfcneht,c ltrtv,thib lf[dhbntc7
  vjfxbyf7 hjv bc vjhbub meh- sfh]bvfy dfktynby ,tht;rj- hjujhw ,thbfc ef[kjtcb
ufvjt[cyfs8 cf,zjsf vpdt- lj,bcfsdbc cf[fk[j [tkbce- dbc vjujyt,f8 bub ltrfyjpjdc sfyfvjfpht8
hfdt,vf wb[bc lfwdfib ceakt,bc lhjcfw rdkfd wb[t-
cnb hujkb vj’t,ytc7 ths- ib .eh.ent,lf8 lt;vf sfdb-
thsb ueifub gfnbvhbc ufm- cb v[cytkbc ufsfdbceakt,f
wtdfib lf[vfht,fc lf/gb- ,h’fyf7 cfcofdkt,kfl uf-  lffgfnbvhtc lf cfrjywtyn-
hfwbj ,fyfrib /.fdlfs7 vf-
hlf7 vfuhfv cfafcehb jm- eidf7 lhjsf ufyvfdkj,fib  uhfv dthcbf cf,zjsf vpdthf-
hjsb vjbs[jdf8 fv jmhjc
wb[tib uflfupfdyf hsek
rb hevbytsbc rjvrfdibhbc
[tkv’qdfytkfl lffobyfehf8  dbc vbth vfsb bmblfy ufvjnf-
wt,bc lf hectsib xfvj.dfybc
ghj,ktvfc ofhvjflutylf8 fct lfbo.j rfhbthf .jabkvf  itcf[t, e,hfkjl kfvfpb kt-
cojhtl fv lhjc thsvf ]b,ubhvf7 hjvtkvfw itvluj-  utylff8 cbyfvldbktib fb7 hf
vj[lf8 ,thbfc ef[kjtcvf sf-
]b,bc mehlvf7 hjvtkbw cf-
c]tkc bvfdt wb[tib b[lblf
vib hevbytsbc 3nf[npt4 sf-
dfl lt;b itwdfkf8
 yfvjfphtv7 utythfkvf fvfbfr
lf lfvyfifdtsf cfv.fhjib bcqf lfudhxtybf7 lfdfvf-  mj,ekjdvf n.dt atklvfhi-
fkc7 hjvtkbw ’fkpt ufybw-
afhsj yfwyj,j,f /mjylf7 njs7 hjv fv rfwc ybrjkft  lblf f[kj,kt,bc ,tlc7 wj-
fv cfmvtib iefvfdkj,f itc-
sfdfpf8
xfeitcre thmdf8 vbcb itvlujvb
,tlb lf nhfubrekb fqcfc-
 kbc othbkb uflfcwf8 
 vfhskfw ufyfwdbahf
jgthfwbfv ofhvfnt,bs hekb .dtkfcfsdbc rfhufl atklvfhifkb gfekbecbc lfn.- cehlf8 vfy 3dfknthb4 [tkib itfn- cf,zjsf vpdthfdt,bc vj[th[t-
dtdt,bc ltnfkt,b fctsbf5 !)$# okbc hbfkf lf vfbjhc uflfcwf8 fh fhct,j,c ,ekj,fv8 vfuhfv mj,ekjdc
xfbfhf8 vj- fhbc wyj,bkb8 #! bfydfhc obstkb fhvbbc yfobkt- fhwthsb vjovj,f bvbcf7 hjv  vbcsdbc fv jgthfwbbc ltnf-
,vf cnfkbyuhflbc eybdthvfqbc cf-  fv lhjc vsdhfkb b.j8 c[dfsfij- kt,b fh ufev[tkbf8 bcbyb fhw
hlfac itvjfhn.tc fk.f7 cflfw uth- hbc7 atklvfhikbc lfn.dtdt,f rbyj- xdty dbwbs8 gfekbecbc jhb
vfytksf inf,b bv.jat,jlf8 cfhlf- abhptf fq,tzlbkb lf bub bmfw cfdct- df;bidbkb ahjynpt b,h’j-
ablfy lfyt,t,bc ybiyfl stshb lhj- ,bs a[bpkfl ufvjb.eht,f8 lf8 thsb lfbqegf8 vteqkt7 mf-
if ufvjabytc lf vtfdnjvfntsf ]ue-  lbl[fyc fh sfy[vlt,j- kbidbkb lf idbkbidbkt,b
ab vfbjhbc vtsfehj,bs ibuybs it- lf hect,sfy sfyfvihjvkj,fc8 bc7 hjv !)$% okbc ufpfa[ekpt vj-
dblf8 inf,ib hfvltybvt uthvfytkb vfy uthvfytk ]fhbcrfwt,c !)$$ otkc rfdibhtt,vf uffsfdbceaktc8
jabwthb lf inf,bc eahjcb 2 ut- lfyt,t,bc vjojlt,bs vbvfhsf7 ahj- sfdfl gfekbecb ulh-ib
ythfkb ivblnb bv.jat,jlyty8  ynpt fhct,ekvf vlujvfhtj,fv lf /b- !)%# okbc jmnjv,thib lf-
 bm fh b.j8 cf,zjsf vfbj- nkthpt sfdlfc[vbc xfikfv ufyfgbhj- ,heylf8 bub lhtpltyib w[j-
hvf cfhlkbc flubkcfv.jatkb brb- ,f8 cbrdlbkbs lfc]bk itsmvekt,c ij- dhj,lf7 cf[fk[j gjkbwbfib
 s[f8 ivblnvf vtpj,tk jsf[ib ufvf- hbc ,tdhb vbcb f[kj vtuj,fhb fqvj- +ajkrcgjkbwfb‘ [tkv’qdf-
 dfkb rfhb exdtyf7 cflfw gbcnjktn- xylf8 ytk sfyfvlt,j,t,pt veifj-
 vjvfh]dt,ek  vbecohtc8 gfekbecbc vteqkt7 mfkbidbkb lf ,lf8 ufhlfbwdfkf !)%* okbc
xfyc7 atklvfhifkc sfdbc vjrdkf idbkbidbkt,b /bnkthbc ,h’fyt,bs ! st,thdfkc8

3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 cfufvjvwtvkj cf[kb8 dt,-udthlb bynthytnib5 www. asavali.com tk-ajcnf5 mail@asavali.com
20 

atbc,emb5 www. facebook.com/Asavali.com ufvjlbc @__# okbc * fghbkblfy8


eylf ufyt[jhwbtkt,byf7 vfu-

erhfbybc ghtpbltynvf
hfv bc ufdblf rjynhjkblfy7

cfymwbt,b lfeotcf vfr-rtbybc vtuj,fhb uf[lf lf
,eibc flvbybcnhfwbbc vbsb-

gbht,c7 hjvtksf
st,bs vjfvobaf vjdktyt,b7

ijhbcff cffrfidbkbc
hfcfw itltufl @__( okbc fu-
ht;bvbc .jabkb dbcnjc jvb vj/.df8 cffrfidbkbc
gjkbngfnbvfhb7  ufhitvj velfv aecaect,lyty
3rfdrfcbbc bckfvehb  hectsib vjqdfot mfhsdtkb
jkbufhmt,b7 vfuhfv tc vfbyw fh
rdktdt,bc wtynhbc4  ybiyfdc7 hjv bub hectsbc
lbhtmnjhb7 vjcrjdib futynbf8  
vjqdfot gjkbnjkjub tkbnfv 2  ufrtst,fc8 hectsc fh czbhlt-  
   2 ge- ,f cfmfhsdtkjcsfy rjyakbm-   
nbyb fb’ekf7 ]fht,b erfy uf- nb7 cfvfubthjl7 lfcfdktsbc   
hjvtkbw lqtc xdtyb vjt.dfyf7 hflufy tc cfv[tlhj htfmwbekb 'fkt,b vfmcbvfke-  
cnevfhbf5 jgthfwbf fh b.j vfssfy it- hfl wlbkj,ty7 cfmfhsdtkj 
sfy[vt,ekb lf fh cehlfs vb- hectssfy jvib xfbshbjy8 fv 
2 lbf[7 vjd[dlb erhfbybc kbfhlt,bc lfrfhudf8 hect,vf vbpybs vfs cfmfhsdtkjib cf- 
cf[tkvobajc vbth lfotct,ek erhfbyf vskbfyfl hjv lfbrf- bvtlj futynehekb mctkb tue-    
bv cfymwbht,eksf cbfib7 hj- djy lf rjynhjkbc mdti vjfm- kt,fs yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj-  8
vtkcfw [tkb gbhflfl erhfb- wbjy7 ,tdhb cfabmhfkb ufex- ,bcf lf cffrfidbkbc cf[bs8 f[kf7 hjwf cffrfidbkb gfnbv-
ybc ghtpbltynvf ptktycrbv ylt,fs7 sfyfw7 tc ufhtvjt,f hj,blfy sfdbc lfqotdfc kf-
vjfothf8 gthcjyfkehb cfym-
2 sevwf7 cfmfhsdtkjib
fewbkt,kfl ufvjbodtdc lbl vj,c7 bub ,jkjvlt ufifh;lf
wbt,b bsdfkbcobyt,c fmnbdt-
cffrfidbkc erdt lfcfdktsbc
rjyahjynfwbfc hjujhw lf- hectsbc gjkbnbreh tkbnf-
,bc ,kjrbht,fc7 cfdfzhj jgt-
rb fhf7 hectsbc futynfl vb-
cfdkeh cfabyfycj cbcntvfc- ib7 sevwf7 cfmfhsdtkjc [tkb-

hfwbt,bcf lf erhfbybc nthb- sfy7 bct hec jkbufhmt,sfy9 ceakt,fc fh .jaybc df;rfwj-
njhbfpt itcdkbc itpqeldfc fvfcsfy7 fv[tkf nthbnjhbbc ,f7 sfdlf]tht,ekfl fqelutc

lf c[df qjybc’bt,t,c8 fvfc ufh- ufrjynhjkt,f 'fkbfy hse- lfcfdktk kj,bcnt,cf lf gj-
lf7 erhfbybc [tkbceakt,fv kb bmyt,f8 fvbnjvfw zbfyeh- kbnbrjct,c7 hjvkt,bw wlb-
vbvfhsf tdhjgfc lf fvthbrbc lt,f tc jvb8 kj,ty7 mfhsdtk [fk[c sdf-
itthst,ek infnt,c7 xtv vb- kt,ib yfwfhb itf.fhjy lf efv-

2 hectsbc dthnbrfkib
vfhs fyfkjubehb qjybc’bt- fvxytdty7 hjv cfmfhsdtkj hfdb v’bvt lfyfifekbc xfvlt-
,t,b vfsfw ufyf[jhwbtkjy8 sfdc brfdt,c jvib xfhsdbc- yb cffrfidbkb gfnbvhj,blfy
fhflf7 erhfbybc cgtwcfvcf[e- ufy8 fhct,j,c bvbcb fk,fsj- ufvjb[cyfy8 fvbc vbe[tlfdfl7 cf-
ht,b7 hjvkt,vfw xtv itcf[t,

,f7 hjv jvbc mfhwtw[kvf cfmfhsdtkjc vfbyw fh uffxybf td-
byajhvfwbt,b itrhb,tc7 'fk- mfhsdtkjc vfbyw uflfef- hjrfdibhib ufotdht,bc gthc-
pt ececeht,b fqvjxylyty 2 hjc0 gtmnbdf8
xtvb vjmfkfmtj,fw rb dth lff- 2 hectsbc v[hblfy cfmfh- 2 erhfbyfib jvb fbcf[f se

pecntc lf hectsbc vjmfkf- sdtkjc fv tnfgpt cfahs[t fh fhf hec cfpjufljt,fpt0 vjc-
mtl vjvb[ctybtc8 tvemht,f8 bub c[dflfc[df ;tc- rjdbc mexfib ufvdktkc tn-
2 hbc ufvj uflfutrblfs nbs ufvj[fnfdc rbltdfw s,b- .j,f7 hjv jvib xf,vekb
kbcsfy ehsbthsj,t,bc vj-

ptktycrbc flvbybcnhfwbf0 mdt.ybc vjmfkfmtf0
fy hfl eojlt,s erhfbybc otchbut,bc cehdbkc8 3d[tlf- 2 hectsib lblfl fh buh’-
[tkbceakt,fc 3cfmfhsdt- ds7 cfmfhsdtkj7 hjujhw c[df yj,f7 hjv mdt.fyf jvibf xf,ve-
kjc vnthc04 mdt.yt,b7 hjujh ufybwlbc pt- kb8 lff[kjt,bs vcufdcb cbne-

2 bcbyb lfcfdktsbc cgtw- ojkfc lfcfdktsbc v[hblfy7 fwbff7 !))# otkc fa[fptsib
cfvcf[eht,bc xdtekt,hbdb hjvtkbw bs[jdc7 hectsbc mfhsdtkb f[fkufphlt,bc yf-
kfmbt,b fhbfy8 fvfc ufhlf7 er- atlthfwbbc obyffqvltu lfot- obkb cbwjw[ktc hjv cobhfd-
hfbybc [tkbceakt,fc fhfv[j- ct,ek cfymwbt,c itethslyty8 lf lf fv ajypt s,bkbcbc htc-
kjl itafht,ekb7 fhfvtl vf- bc7 hjv gfnfhf mdt.fyfc lf vbc njhyt,blfy nfi-afylehbc
qfkb sfyfvlt,j,t,bs lf cf- [tkbceakt,fc .jaybc ufv,t- [vf ufvjlbjlf= sevwf7 hect-
cfs,eht gbhj,t,bs ephey- lfj,f7 smdfy7 hjv cfresfh gj- sbc ghtpbltynvf ufyfw[flf7
dtk.jabkb /.fdc wyj,bkb yf- kbnbreh lf trjyjvbreh by- bxytdty8 tc gjpbwbf ltlfvb- hjv vfc jvb ]th fh lfeo.bf7
wb lfvyfifdtt,b7 hjvkt,vfw nthtct,c sfdfl e[tkv’qdfyt- cbc xfyfothbc ufcf]fhjdt,bc ]th v[jkjl cf,h’jkj jgthf-
cfmfhsdtkjib cbc[kbc n,t- kt,ty 2 gfnbdbcwtvfc bodtdc47 itvltu eahj ufv.fhlf888 wbfc fnfht,c888 hectsc epfh-
,b lff.tytc8 seylfw  2 ufyfw[flf ,hbabyupt he- 2   vfpfhb htcehcb fmdc jvbc [fy-
 fdbqjs7 ctsbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf vbybc-  uh’kbdfl ofhvjt,bcsdbc8 
hjvtkbw lfpdthdbc eahj- nhvf  fct      
cfl /.fds lfybiyekb= gbhf- hjv7 hectsb vjv[htf7 fqlutc    
lfl vt ptktycrbc ht;bvb yf- cfmfhsdtkjcsfy cf/fthj vb-    
wbjyfkehb vj’hfj,bc ufuh- vjcdkf7 fhw lbgkjvfnbehb       
’tkt,fl vbvfxybf8 ehsbthsj,bc fqlutybc obyf-    
2 sfyfvlt,j,blfy uflfl- fqvltubf lf7 gbhlfgbh se    
uf jktmctb fhtcnjdbxb7 hj- bhb,fl7 fmfvltw fhfths[tk     
vtkvfw eyt,ehfl fqbfhf7 vbeybiyt,bf fvbc itcf[t,7 sev-  hects- 2 fhflf7 mfhsdtkb gjkb-
hjv hfrtnf7 hjvtkvfw lytg- wf7 cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt- sfy b.j itsfy[vt,ekb bc nbrjct,bcf lf tmcgthnt,bc
hjgtnhjdcrib cfw[jdht,t- ,f ]th]thj,bs dth ,tlfdc fvbc wdkbkt,t,b7 hfw cffrfidbkc  yfobkb dfhfelj,c7 hjv cf-

kb rjhgecb ffatsmf7 hect,- mfhsdtkjcsdbc ,tlybthb [f-

vf rb fhf7 erhfbybc cf/fthj yf vfc vtht lflut,f7 hfw he-
sfdlfwdbc cbcntvfv bchjkf8 ctsb jvib lfvfhw[lt,f8 sm-
2   dtyb fphbs7 hf tkbc cfmfhs-
hfrtnbc xfvjult,fcsfy lfrfd- dtkjc jvib hectsbc lfvfh-
ibht,bs sfdbc ufyw[flt,fc vt- w[t,bc fy ufvfh]dt,bc itvs[-
jht lqtcdt cthbjpekb itw- dtdfib0
ljvf eojlf lf ,jlbibw vjb- 2 v[jkjl eueyehc itb’-
[flf7 vfuhfv afmnbf7  kt,f tujyjc7 hjv hectsbc
 lfvfhw[t,bc itvs[dtdfib cfmfh-
vcufdc rkj- sdtkjcsdbc gjpbnbehb gth-
eyt,cfw itb’kt,f ofvjcwlts cgtmnbdt,b ufvjbrdtst,f= ]th
cbvfhskt888 f[kf fv ]fv,fpt,c thsb7 hectsb bct fh xfvjbi-
ijhbc vbvlbyfhtj,c iblf kt,f7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjpt rjy-
,h’jkf7 dby lftgfnhjyt,f ht- nhjkb cfvelfvjl lfrfhujc9
;bvbc obfqib vtn aekc lf 'f- fctw hjv vj[ltc7 cfmfhsdtkj
kfeakt,fc8  fv evotj vlujvfhtj,fib fqvjx-
ofvjwltybc ufvj itemvytc uf- ylt,f vbc vbvfhs fuhtcbekfl
htvjt,f7 sfyfvlt,j,f lftnj- ufyo.j,bkb bckfvehb mdt.yt-
dt,byf7 sevwf7 sdbsjyfw ceh- ,bc ufhtvjwdfib7 hjvkt,bw
lf ofcdkf 2 bc [jv erhfbybc xdtyc mdt.fyfc lfukt]ty lf lf-
ghtpbltynbc crfvbc lfcfrfdt,- byfobkt,ty= cf,tlybthjl7 uf-
kfl tvpflt,f lf twlt,f7 pt- vjhbw[ekbf fv jvib hectsbc
ktycrbc itwljvt,c lhje- lfvfhw[t,f=
kfl uftvb]yjc8 tcfe,hf
2 fvfcj,fib7 fk,fs7 erhf- 

byfib jvbw lfcheklt,f0
2 fhf8 tc jvb rbltd otkb-
oflyf[tdfhc vfbyw ufuh’tklt-

,f7 dblht erhfbytkt,c che-
kfl fh fvjtoeht,fs htceh-
ct,b8 hfw vsfdfhbf7 fv jvbc
 
lfchekt,f fv tnfgpt fhw fvt-
hbrfc fo.j,c lf fhw 2 he-

ctsc8 fvthbrf vfhsek mfjcc
mvybc7 erhfbytkb vtjvht,bc
cbwjw[kbc afcfl wlbkj,c

hectsbc lfcecnt,fc7 hjvtk-
cfw sfdbceakfl itt’kj7 lf-
trfdt,byf rbtdb lf [fhrjdb7 vfu-
hfv tc fh uffrtsf8 hecekvf
 
21

       
hjwf mfhsdtk
actdljkb,thfksf
.bfv.hfkb uehe 
 thtrkt
vtatc cfvij,kjc
vjqfkfntl fw[flt,lf7

bcbw eylf cwjlyjlf7
hjv mfhsdtksf ybcsfyf yf’bhfkt,c fh dtv-
cf[eht,bs=4
vfiby7 @_!) otkc7 ktdfy
cfsf.dfyt,tkb

udbhudbyjcybc [fnt,f ,th’tybidbkc 
,tlbcothfcfdbs  ]th rbltd fh /.fdlf ufvjw-
[flt,ekb cfmfhsdtkjc vjqf-

ftltdyt,jlf lf
kfntl7 vfuhfv efvhfdb c[df fy-
vjcdtyt,fc fh vbcwtvlf= nbmfhsekb i[fvbc uflvjys-
/jlf7 fvf okbc !% bfydfhc [tdf rb ,kjvfl vjtcohj lf

vfqfpbfib i[fvmbvbrfnb fvb-
njvfw fh vb/.bltc8
  ktdfy ,th-
dthfathc bn.db7 thsj,
’tybidbkb rf[tsblfy7 rth-
’jl7 .dfhkblfy ufvjf,ey-

’ekf7 cflfw bub bkbf zfdzf- eo.byfhb lf edyt,tkb ghj-
df’bc itcf[t, cf]fhj ktmwb- ntcnbc ajhvff5 ,th’tybi-
bc ofrbs[dfc fgbht,lf8 dbkcf lf vbcyfbht,c vfqfpb-

rf[tkt,vf ,th’tybidbkbc fib 2 ufv.bldtkb7 htcnj-
fdnjvj,bkc upf uflfert- hfyib 2 vbvnfyb7 cflfkfmj-
ntc lf thtrkt vtabc vjqf- ib 2 lfkfmb7 dekrfybpfwb-
kfntl itvhfw[dtkc cfie- fib 2 [tkjcfyb7 ,typbyuf-
fkt,f fh vbcwtc7 .dfhkbc cfvfhs cfluehpt 2 jgthf-
3tdhjrke,ib4 itcekb.j8 njhb7 ,fyrib vjkfht fh vj-
hjujhw .dfhkbc 3tdhj- .dfhkblfy uff’tdf=
tvcf[ehjc lf fct ufcwtc gf-
rke,bc4 [tkv’qdfytkvf  w[flbf7 
ce[b vbc fynbmfhsek .bfv-
 ufyfw[flf7 ,th’tybi- .hfkj,fc= lbf[7
 wjw[fkb sfdbs fh
dbkc eylf oftrbs[f ktmwbf cehc bvbc fqbfht,f7 hjv rf- 
stvfpt 3bkbf lf fmnbdbpvb48 [tsblfy vbc vbth vjqfkfntl 
lferdbhlbs ktmwbbc st-
vfc 2 3bkbf lf fmnbdbpvb48
ithfw[bkvf   
erefmwbf lf sbsc [tkbcea-
vfhnj cf[tkojlt,fw w[fl- kt,bcfrty bidthc 2 3mfh- 
.jac7 hjv ,th’tybidbkbc sekvf jwyt,fv4 vfhubyf- 
ktmwbf bv 3jgthblfy4 eylf
.jabkb.j7 hjvtkbw sfyf-
kehb7 t8o8 ghjhecekb 
vtlhjdt mfhsdtk rdfpbkb,t-
]ueat,b vjvbmcbf lf ktm-


wbf xfvbifkfj=
hfksf vbth bkbf zfdzfdf’bc cfthsjl7 ,th’tybidbkc
mfhsdtkb sfdc gfgf thtrktc
vbcfresht,fcf lf sfyfvjfp-
htl ufvjw[flt,fc uekbc[- idbkbidbkfl7 bvbc cekbth cxdtdbf7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjc 
vj,c8 dbsjv bkbf bctsbdt isfvjvfdkfl vbbxytdc lf7 ,e- gfnhbjnb vjmfkfmtt,bc vbth 
vbc vbvfhs ufvjsmvekb .j-
kb,thfkb b.j7 hjujht,bw yt,hbdbf7 ,th’tybidbkc cf-
dtkb ghjntcnb se ervf.j- 
lfw offo.lt,f7 bm vjcs[jdc
 
gfce[c cfvij,kjcsdbc cbc[- abkt,f [tkbceakt,fc lff,- 
hfkjc9 sbsmjc tc .bfv.hfkb 
 
klfys[tekb lf vhfdfknfy-
kb,thfkb cfystkbdbs ovby-

 lf c[df yfw-utb-fmnb-
dbcnt,b fhbfy8 fynbthjdye- ]ekb vtabc itehfw[.jabc
lf rfwbf7 mdt.fyfpt vfubyt,t-

kb7 fynbtrktcbehb7 fynbn- ufvj8
vsfdfhbf7 hjv tc vidblj,b- kb fh /.fdc lf se dbyvt cfl-
hflbwbekb7 t8o8ku,n stvbc
eakt,t,bc lfwdfcf lf ths- fyb7 fhf’fkflj,hbdb lf rfyj- vt a[fc ufvjextyc7 bc fewb- 

ybthb ajhvt,bs vj[ltc7 hjkt,kfl dbqfwbc lfmbhfdt,e-
yfbhcmtcbfysf mjhobyt,bc kb fy ofmtpt,ekb eylf b.jc8
lfrfyjyt,fpt jhbtynbht,e- ujhw !% bfydfhc .dfhtkib
vfufkbsfl7 fct b.j @_!) 
b.j 2 ,th’tybidbkbcfsdbc
kb bltjkjubf7 hjvkbc fltg-
nt,cfw ptvj[ctyt,ekb udfvt-
otkcfw7 hjwf ,th’tybi- 

abpbrehb itehfw[.jaf
dbkc yfdskeqbc ,fphj,f-
,b ofhvjflutyty7 dbsjv bkbf fhfdbc vbe.tyt,bf lf7 smdty

pt7 ths-ths vfqfpbfib7 i[f-
zfdzfdf’bc bltjkjubff lf ofhvjblubyts7 vbcsdbc fhw

vmbvbrfnb fh vb/.bltc lf
bkbf hjv lqtc wjw[fkb .j- rfhufl wyj,bkb rf[ehb rfhbcrty vbesbstc 2 smdty-
abkb.j7 ,th’tybidbkbcf lf

3w[hfcfhsekbfyt,b4 vbe’- yfbh yf’bhfkt,c fh dtvcf[e-
,jrthbfc7 vidbklf’bcf lf xth- qdybfs8 ht,bsj= tc fv,fdb cjwbfkeh
ujktbidbkbc7 ,fbf gfnfhfb-  fdnjvj,bkc f[kf vt-!( cfereyt hjv bl-
mctkib sfdfl ,th’tybidbkvf
fcf lf trf ubufehbc sfyfvp- uflfeluyty lf fh uffnfhtc= uff[vfehf5 3yfdskeqib7 fu- utc7 ,th’tybidbkbc vbth it-
hf[dtkb bmyt,jlf888  fb’ektc7 erfy hjcthdbcbc vfqfpbfib ufv- ehfw[.jabkb 
sevwf7 tc bmbs b.jc= uf,heyt,ekb.j= .bldtkvf se vtgfnhjytv  vfcpt cek c[dfyfbhfl b’b-
fv itvs[dtdfib .dtkfpt  lffyf[dtc7 hjv kjrjrbyt,sfy cf,h’jkdt- t,lf iehc7 vfuhfv lblvf vt-
vybidytkjdfyb bc fhbc7 hjv vtat thtrktc vjqfkfntl uf- kb mbvbrfnb fh vjv.blf7 atv sfdbc vfubyt,tkc @!-t cf-
 .dfh- vjvw[flt,tkc fhw bvbc vjhf- smdtybcsfyf yf’bhfkt,c fh ereybcsdbc itcfathbcb vt-
kblfy  ufvj- kehb eakt,f fmdc7 bkbf zfd- dtvcf[eht,bj8 vjcfkjwfl sjlb lfegbhbcgbhf 2 ufvj-
fulj= zfdf’bc cf[tkc fvjtafhjc7 vb- ufmds cfmvt7 fv[8 mjwt,j=4 [fndbc sfdbceakt,bc afh-
  ,th’tybi- sevtntc7 hjv ,th’tybidbkb vfydt ufvjfmdt.yf dbltjw7 hj- ukt,ib7 fhf’fkflj,hbdb
dbkc rbltd ths[tk lffyf- ths lhjc bkbfc cf[tkcfw vtkibw xfyc7 hjv f[fkufph- vtsjlbs uff,ey’ekf rf[t-
[df lf fuh’yj,byf 2 xtvb cf- welfl fnhbfkt,lf8 lf vfvfrfwb vfqfpbbc rfhc sblfy=
mfhsdtkjc vjqfkfntl uf- ufb[ctyts vbcb yfsmdfvb5 fqt,c lf ,th’tybidbkc te,-
vjw[flt,f hjv vjbyljvt7 tc 3bkbf zfdzfdf’tc 2 fcts mfh- yt,f 2 3uf,h’fylbs7 smdt-
fv,fdb fct fldbkfl fh xfubd- sdtk vothfkc fh dbwyj,=4
kbcj= cfvfubthjl7 ,th’tybidbkb
frb7 rf[tkt,b7 hjvkt,bw .df-
htkib ,th’tybidbkc lfe[d-
3fmnbdbcn bkbf zfdzfdf’tc4
bwyj,c lf fvbnjv fgbht,lf
hjujhw xfyc7 gfnfhf rf[bc vfubyt,tkb ,th’tybidbkbcfsdbc rf[tsib
lyty lf ktmwbbc ofrbs[dbc .dfhtkib 2 bkbfc vij,kb- v[jkjl thsflthsb flubkbf ufvj.jabkb lf yt,flfhsekb 2
cfiefkt,f fh vbcwtc7 eh mfkfmib oftrbs[f ktmwbf
[fpufcvbs crfylbht,lyty 2 3bkbf lf fmnbdbpvb48 cfpjufljt,hbdb nefktnb stkfdbc wtynhib7 cflfw rf[tkt,vf vbcb
gfgf thtrktc idbkbidbkt- vfuhfv  fh lf-
,b dfhsj= fyt,f= uflblt,ekb lf xfhxjib xfcvekb gjhnhtnb xfvjrbltc=
vfhnj rf[tkt,b rb fhf7 .dt- mfhsdtkt,bc cf.dfhtkvf
kf gfnhbjnb lf gfnbjcfyb vtatv .bfv.hfkb kb,thfkb 

fytrljnbf7 yfwbjyfke-







3thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc4
fyfkbnbrjcb
jgjpbwbjythb gfhkfvtynfhb

kblthb
ths-thsb vakj,tkb
ntktrjvgfybf 3vsfdfhbc4
3nf,ekfc4 lfvae’yt,tkb
hjwf lfvyf- hb vj’hfj,f

ifdt  vblbc se fhf
hjvtkcfw gjkbnbrehb
ufvcf[ehlbfc
[tkbceakt-
lfcfchekbc-
,bc lhjc fhf- rty7 tc fhbc lf-
thsb cfpfht- vjrblt,ekb
kb lfyfife- bvfpt7 yfwbjyf-
kb fmdc xflt- kehb vj’hfj-
ybkb lf rhb- ,f hf fhxtdfyc
gbhfl cfe,ht,ib xdtyc ew[j-
redtbnc fmdc yfdsj- ue,fpb uekc uda- vbyfkbf7   [tkc bi-
tk gfhnybjht,sfy 
uffrtst,c lf dbc cfcfhut,kjl8  
dthc lf hecek cgtwcfvc[eht,sfy sfyfvi-  cfcfhut,kjl se uffrtstc fhxtdf-
,bc cf,flj7 xdty udfmdc [fycj= fvbnjv lffnf- hjvkj,fc f,hfkt,c8 f[kf uf[lf vbeqt,tkb    f,hf-
yb7 hf smvf eylf7 f,cjkenehb gjkbnbre-
kt,lf jvbc lfo.t,fc8 lblb tz-
vjqfkfntt,bc cf,f- ht,ty ibkfakfdbdbs vthf,bidbkb7 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkbc lfyfif-
db fhct,j,c vbcb lf hecekb
ekt,hbdb cbcntvbc fhmbntmnjhbf lf vst-
hb sdbsvrdktkj,f bmyt,f8
lj7 fvjlbc lf fvjlbc8 jgjpbwbehb fh[t,b8 kb vbcb [tkbceakt,f fv rfwc t.hlyj,jlf0 cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc ehsbthsj-
3TV BVTLB4 3FBGHTCB4 3HTPJYFYCB4 ,bc itcf[t,8 3FBGHTCB4 3BYNTHGHTCYBECB4
22  


 vfh[ekb lf f[kf erdt

 yba[dt-
,bc pjvt,b fhfflfvbfyehfl
lblbf7 hfw bvbc gbhlfgbhb
vnrbwt,ekt,ff7 hjv jltc-
qfw mesfbcib vjcbfhekt
hjvtkbqfw fhfflfvbfyb
cojhtl fv yba[dt,bs lflb-
jlf=
f[kf rb vbde,heylts ley-
lerb  
vbth lfutuvbk uflvjnhbf-
!* bfydfhc itdfhlyf’bc tc fylth’b7 hjkt,fc888 ufdhwtkt,ekb by-
ujhw cffrfidbkc8 vfhskfw7 ajhvfwbbs7  
  hjujhw rb itdfhlyf’bc th-  [tkt,fg.hj,bkb kj-
cfmfhsdtkjc suekb vjofat lfhoveylf7 wfdc ubekb fkfcfybfw 2 ye
hjv cfmfhsdtkjib cf[tkv- utibybfs7 fv cb,thtib vtw
uflfhxtybc ajhvekf uflvjvfnhbfktc7 vfuhfv
obaj  utu-
ufvjbujyf lf vf xfakfdlf7 rkbybrf 3dbdf- [jv [tlfds7 bvbc itvltu mf-
ufvjudbw[flf 2 vtlbc4 kjubyib bct uflfn- hbdbs lfdmhbdfhj=
hbfklf7 hjv mfk,fnjyb  vstkb fv bcnjhbbc nhf-
htdjkewbehb   uflvjfnhbfkf ubpvb bvfib vlujvfhtj,c7 hjv
wdkbkt,t,bc lf vidtybthb  itmvyf= uflvjnhbfkt,f fhfv[jkjl
ufhtit7 mdt.ybc [f,tbidbkbc vbth uf;qtht- mfkt,c7 fhfvtl itcf’kjf7 rf-
,ekvf 3uflvjnhbfkt,fv4 wt,cfw vjeobjs lf tc o.td-
uflvjnhbfkt,bc ite’kt,tkbf7 fh ufudf[ctyjc kfrhekdbfyb ghjwtlehf
ufhtit7 hjvtkbw xtvb rjktubc   cojhtl yfwvj’hfj,blfy lf-
 vbth okt,bc ob- bo.jc= fct7 vfufkbsfl7 se

,b’byf bdfybidbkvf yfs cjwbfkeh mctkt,ib ufd- lqtc yfwvj’hfj,fib thsvf-
lf 3mfhsekvf hwtkt,ekb thsb utuvehb  ytsbc 3rtsbkt,bc47 3rfhut-
jwyt,fv4 hectsbcrty yfrdtcb7 cflfw bub xdtekb tyfr-  

,bcf4 lf 3ltlt,bc4 
dbvfnj,bs vjes[hj,lf cf-

 fhbfy lfrfdt,ekb7
uflffnhbfktc7 pjufljt,fc7 hjv sdbsufvjw-

dbyvt ufvjhbw[fdc bvfc7 hjv
vjvfdfkb fhf udfmdcj=

[flt,ekb ;ehyfkbcnb lf lfutuvbkb iblf fhxtdyt,bc
cgtwcfvcf[ehbc yjvhbfyb itvltu7 hjvkbc itltut,bw
vjrktl7 se fv #@ okbc ob-
fthjgjhnib dthfahbc lblt-
futynb   erdt uf.fk,t,ekbf7 
yfs ]f,f7 ujuf7 bhbyf7 ubjh-  s,bkbcbc fthjgjhnib
ub7 styubpb7 vtjht styubpb7 ,bs ufx[htrlyty7 hflufy vf-   ktdfy [f,tbi-
ufcrdfyxtc7 uflvjfnhbfktc lf
tklfhb7 ujubf lf vfsb lfv- iby tc flfvbfybc vcufdcb fh- dbkb fy dfyj vthf,bidbkb
gfzfybrt,bfyb yba[dblfy cek ct,f lff[kjt,bs @__ rbkj
mfit,b cfmfhsdtkjc [cyfc
uflvjfnhbfkjc0
ljkfht,bc 3gfxrt,b4 fvjeqtc= vfbyw b.j lf jhb gjkbwbt- dabmhj,s7 fvbc cfahs[t
mdt.ybc uflfnhbfkt,fcf lf utkfc .fkfvvf7 hjvtkvfw kb fvjltyf yt[dbc rfchc dth htfkehbf=
thjdyekb [tkbceakt,bc yfvldbkb fv,fdb rjvbreh at- fotdlf8 fvbnjv  fvbnjv 
lfv[j,fib [tlfdlyty7 hfw vfs ht,ib ff;qthf7 ,eyt,hbdfl
hects-fvthbrbc v[fhlfzthb-  dthcbf tkbcnhfrjc  dehxtds7
ufudf[ctyf wyj,bkb cwtyf rb- pjjvfqfpbfib 3rfnbc ghj,-
sf lf kjwdf-rehs[tdbs yjitltdhblfy 3tc fhbc iti-
3uflvjnhbfkt,bc4 itcf[t,
fqfchektc rbltw7  eahj kjubrehb lf cojhbf8 rf4 b.bljy lf fhxtdyt,bc itv-
kbkb itikbkb7 itikbkb fqfhfathc dfv,j,s bvbc it- ltu .jdtkb itvs[dtdbcsdbc
    vcjakbj47 cflfw aekpt ufcf[t,7 hjv erfyfcrytk [fyc 3thsb flubkb4 wjnf [ybs vf-
 cf,jkjjl bv
ub;t,ek cbltlhc fvjfnhbf- byw lfbwjy7 hflufy vjcfkj-
lfcrdyfvlt vbdblyty7 hjv xdty mesfbcib7 cfqjhbbc n.tib7
kt,ty7 lfaths[fdty lf ufcf-
v[jkjl uflvjnhbfkt,f vbvlbyfht byahfcnhemne- lytkb uflvjnhbfkt,bcfc
qt,c7 hjvtkbw 'e'ert,ib lf- bc fh lftvfhsjs7 hbc ufrt-
udbidtkbc= hekb cfveifjt,bc lhjc
vfkf7 jcnfnehfl uffult,b- ufrdbhdt,ekb veit,b v[ht,c st,fcfw ufsf[cbht,ek 
[f,tbidbkc hjv ndbyb vfh-
skfw uflvjnhbfkt,ekb yt,ty8 bxtxty7 hflufy dthfahbs fe[-   #% kfhfl
fmdc lf byntktmnbc yfcf[b fh gjpfc7 hjvtkibw tc uh’tk- cybfs bc fv,fdb7 hjv sbsm- .jdtklqt fdfkt,lyty8
uffxybf7 w[flbf7 vfuhfv vbcvf yba[dbfyb fvthbrtkb vcf[bj- vbc .jdtkb [bc 'bhfc gjekj- fb7 tc abmht,b fqudb’hf fvf-
yf,;eneht,vf ite’kt,tkbf7 ,bf uflfqt,ekb7  ,ty mfkbc 3rhe;fjbfy4 yba- cobyfs uf;qtht,ekvf 3ufl-
fh ufudf[ctyjc mdt.ybc vfhs-  /mdbf8 fv gjpfib tkbc- [fdc8 cfrdbhdtkb fv fv,fdib vjnhbfkt,bc4 stvfv7 hjvt-
kfwlf vsfdfhb uflfvnhbf- nhfrj rbkf’tc s,bkbcbc bc fhbc7 hjv jltcqfw lf- kbw cfmfhsdtkjc fv]thfl dt-
kt,kbc 2 

hfdbsfh cfahs[tc dth item-
wyj,bkb ufyw[flt,f7 hjvt- vybc7 hflufy uflfnhbfkt,bc
kbw tlefhl fv,hjcjdbxvf ,jhjn lf ufdktybfy vfvfvsf-

gfhkfvtynib ufvfhsekb cf- dfhsfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 ufl-
ufyut,j ,hbabyubc lhjc uf-
vjnhbfkt,bc fdnjhb 
   

fdhwtkf 2 dbcfw uflfnhbf-
 rtpthfidbkbc
vbth yf.bl lhfabc gfknjib
kt,f eylf7 kjubyib uflfn-
 ufvjo.j,bkb ub;bf=

hbfkltcj=
vpbcmdtitsib fhfdbc bct
pecnfl fh fqechekt,bf 

hjvtk






3[fk[bc 'fkbc4 otdhb


sfdv]ljvfhtj,bc rfylblfnb
fyfkbnbrjcb
otdhb
gjkbnjkjub

 v[f-  
htv uffdh- 
wtkf xfyf- eylf lf-
othb7 cflfw
de]thj0
 fub-
yt,c 
hjvtkbw
 cfgf- sfdbc lh-
ce[jl  jpt gfh-
yfwbjyfkt,c htdjkewbbc
htdjkewbehb wdkb-  v[fhtv uffdhwtkf xfyfothb7 hjv  nbblfy ofdblf lf kfy’qfdlf vstk vjo.j,f hjv itt’kjs7 fmfvlt
 sfdlfwdbc gj-
kt,t,bcf lf mdt.ybc  ubyt,bc qbhcb b.j8 pbwbfib xff.tyf7 ]th 3[fkfc- yfwbjyfkeh vj’hfj,fc7 se hjvt- fs]th vjfo.j,lyty8 
uflvjnhbfkt,bc uf- yfwbjyfkehb vj’hfj,f .jdtksdbc njbc4 ufeidt,c7 itvltu fsb- kbw udte,yt,f yfwbjyfkehb vj’-  bmyt,f7 
 yf-
htit fhfathb ufvjdf8 hecek bynthtct,pt fc[fvlf o.fkc= fyib uffhn.fvc8  rbltd hfj,bc lyv vfmdcj0 wt,bc sfdv]ljvfht7 vybidyt-
,tdh hfvtc bn.dbc8
3HTPJYFYCB4 3HTPJYFYCB4 kj,f fhf fmdc8 3F[FKB SFJ,F4
3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4 3TV GBHDTKB4
 
23


htcvtyt,sfy8 bm vfktdt itdbn.dt7 lfvhqdtd lfvyfifdtl ufvjfw[flf lf cf-
hjv erhfbybc vjmfkfmtj,f xfvjvfh- vfhsfklfvwfd jhufyjib lfb,fhf= sev-
sdtc4 +bmdt7 ud8 #_#`8 wf7 cffrfidbkb mfkfmblfy mfkfmib lflb-

fvbc itvltu vtvefhbcnb lfodhbkt,bs jlf7 fynbcf[tkbceakt,j vbnbyut,c
fqothc7 hjujh xfahbylf fvthbrblfy gj- fnfht,lf lf fh vblbjlf lfrbs[dfpt=

kjytsib7 cflfw gjkjytsbc [tkbcea- ,jkjc7 cgtwhfpvbc lf[vfht,bs7 bc rb-
kt,bc lf[vfht,bsf lf tdbc wtynhib7 cfresfh vlblhek fgfh-

 lfgbhbcgbht,ekb erhf- nfvtynt,ib fb.dfytc 2 eahj pecnfl7
LFCFO.BCB B[8 3F-L47 bybc jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc v[fhlfzt- cf[ehfdpt fv’dhfkb xfvjfshbtc= lf hf-
hbs7 gjkjyts-erhfbybc cfpqdfhsfy vj- jlty cfwyfehbf7 hjv rbtdbc wb[tib xf-

@_@@ OKBC 1)-%@7 @_@#
OKBC 1!-@7#7$ ,bkbpt,ekb fcj,bs fmnbdbcnbc abpb- .elt,ekvf  ibvibkj,f lf-
rehb 'fkbs7 hjujhw bn.dbfy7 cfpqdfhb bo.j5

uffhqdbf lf itbzhf mdt.fyfib7 hjvkbc [t- 3gbhdtkbdt lqblfy ufvjdfw[flt
kbceakt,fv vjmfkfmtj,f xfvjfhsdf5 ibvibkj,f7 sevwf7 [esb lqt7 hj-
3xdtyb vjv[htt,bc thsvf yfobkvf vtkbw bm lfd.fdb lf dibvibkj,-
ufvjfhqdbf vtcfpqdhtt,bc cgtwbf- lb7 gfnbvht,bcsdbc fqvjxylf cf-
kehb rjhbljhb lf ufvjtvfhsyty cbfvjdyj7 hflufy hfwbjyib ewt,
 
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb4 fuh’tkt,c
xdtyrty8 w[flbf7 vtcfpqdhtt,b dth ufxylf mf,f,b7 rfhub vodflt,b7 hj-
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc mfhsek ujhw fv,j,ty [byrkt,bw7 it,hfoe-
itfxtht,lyty vfs8 fv lhjc lf,yt-
tyfpt lfcnfv,ekb vtvefht,bc ekvf   itvjv- kb rfhnjabkb lf ,tdhb c[df lt-
vbvj[bkdfc8 tc obuyb yfwsf [tlf lf vbs[hf5 f[kf hf eylf dmyfs7 kbrfntcb7 hjvkt,cfw cbpvhfl se
abehthvf ]th rbltd erhfbyfib vbif= vbdeut5 bekbf7 hf eylf dmyfs7 yf[fdty gfnbvht,b8 ufyeo.dtnkbd
fhfathb7 e,hfkjl7 eylf ofd.dts wlbkj,lyty xtvc wleyt,fc cfzv-
w[jdht,bcfc ufvjcwf lf bvltyfl kbs7 vj/mjylfs lf vf’fkt,lyty7
cfw smdty frtst,s7 cbc[kbc cfvfh- [fk[c7 c[df upf fqfh lfudhxtybf7 fv-
fhbc cfbynthtcj7 hfvltyflfw skbc .fk,b cfmvtt,bc fq’dhfc7 fv bc ufhlf8 hfvt vtzfvf4 +bmdt7 ud8 #!$‘8
cojhtl fv yfihjvbs utuvfdlf cfmvtt,bs dfzhj,fc lf ifynf;c7 tc [fk[vf [tkib f.dfybkyb uflfudb.- c[dfsfijhbc7 fm cffrfidbkb gbhlfgbh
cfmfhsdtkjib cfhtdjkewbjl fhbc pecnfl bc7 hfcfw frtst,lf dfyf erhfbyfib lf vt fqvjdxylb7 ghfm- othc7 .dtkfpt vtnfl hfv itfibyf lf lfs-
bfyerjdbxb lf vfy7 hjujhw bwbs7 nbrekfl7 yf[tdhfl fhfktufkeh hueyf gfnbvhj,bcfc5
3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,fc47 hjujhw
vlujvfhtj,fib888 tc cbnefwbf5 [tk-
'fkbfy welfl lffvsfdhf lf sm- 3wb[tib .dtkfpt 'ytkbf7 hjlt-
fljka /bnkthb sfdbcb 3vfby dtyw fhfathb utkjlt,fs rfhub- cfw qhzbfkt,c ufcfqt,t,b lf qhzb-
ib f.dfyf7 ufhqdtdf 'fkbfy /ufdlf
rfvgabs47 fye 3xtvb ,h’jkbs4= vtsmb4 +bmdt7 ud8 #__`8 3dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc4 hfqfw vj-
fkt,c rfht,b7 velvbdfl ub.eht,c
fye7 se cffrfidbkc lfde]tht,s7 jlt- ,flhfub bmtlfy lf7 hf smvf eylf7
 sfdbc vtvefht,-
vtynt,c lf xtvpt 'fkbfy fvfqtkdt,-
cbc jkmbc ue,thyfnjhj,blfy ufgfyqe- velvbdb rjynhjkb cf,jkjj lfs-
ib lfodhbkt,bs .dt,f7 hjujh vjfwe-
kfl bvjmvtlf [fk[bc it’f[bkvf5
ht,bc itvs[dtdfib7 bc gjhjityrjc ht- hueydbcrtyff ufvbpyekb8
htc lf uffgfyqehtc jltcbc jkmbc ue-
 ceasf mfhsek dfhb-
djkewbbs lftvemhf= vfhsfkbf7 bm v[jkjl [esb qf-
,thyfnjhj,blfy= vfc itvltu7 hfw7 vbcb-
fynib7 vfuhfv tctyb b.dyty erhfbyt-
wfkrt ufy[bkdbc stvff bcbw7 hjv cff-
vt db.fdb7 vfuhfv ufydbwflt cf,zj-
kt,b4 +bmdt7 ud8 #_*`8
dt smvbs7   rfidbkb wjw[fkb sfdbs fh xfvjlbjlf hjujhw [tlfds7 cffrfidbkc vfibyfw ht-
sf wb[bc chekb rjivfhb7 sfy gth-
bc7 hjujhw jltcbc ue,thyfnjhb7 ufvj- cfmfhsdtkjib7 hjujhw utyghjrehjh- djkewbf tkfylt,jlf7 vfuhfv bc erhfb-
cjyfkb kfgfhfrj,lf v[jkjl he-
b.tyf   sfyfvlt,j- vf  itf[ctyf7 cfmfhsdtkjib
cekfl7 ghfmnbrekfl7 erhfbye-
ybc [tkbceakt,fv cf[tkvobaj cfpqdhbc
,blfy uflfcf.tyt,kfl7 vbcb ]thbw lfl- kfl cbn.dfc dth ufbujyt,lbs8 tc
uf5 bctsb ufywlff7 sbsmjc erhfbyfib
3@^ vfbcbc lbkfc7 cfmfhsdtkjc rb fh [fh7 fhfvtl hectsib4 +bmdt7
lfvjerblt,kj,bc lqtc7 lfhove- ud8 #!$‘8
vfuhfv7 ,tdhb hjv fqfh ufdfuh’tkjs7
47
yt,ekb dfh7 sfhbqb itvs[dtdbs fh
itehxtdbfs7 cfjkmj flvbybcnhf- lfcfdktsbc ptojkbs7 cfcfvfhskjv cf-
wbbc ityj,fib lfv[dlyty ybq,bf- frfidbkb v[jkjl flvbybcnhfwbekb ]f-
hbvbs ufvjeidf ufhts=
/jlf7 fvbc itvltu  th-
yt,b7 hjvtksfw erdt lftkemfs
sflthsb upf lfhxf 2 cffrfidbkb uft-
hfvltybvt rf,bytnb xtvb rf,bytnbc
gfyqeht,byf bm7 cfblfyfw itvjfgfyqe-
ufhitvj lf bmfehj,fc x[htrlyty8
hjujhw vfs fvb[cytc7 t’t,lyty st- htc erhfbyfib 2 gjkjytsib=
veh ybiybfyb’bc ljrevtynfwbfc8 cffrfidbkb fct fqothc fv ,jkj lfrf-
  fv lhjbcsdbc dt,fc lf erhfbyblfy uf’tdt,fc5
erdt fqfh veifj,lf xtvsfy7 sev- 3vfs vnfwtc [tkb7 svt,bs vbs-
wf7 sfdlfgbhdtkfl vfhskfw vt[- hbtc7 [tkt,b fvjvbnhbfktc7 xfv-
vfht,jlf cfjkmj flvbybcnhfwbf- ntytc vfymfyfib8 eylf ubs[hfs7 hjv
ib8 sfdbc lhjpt bc b.j cfmfhsdt- 'fkbfy txmfht,jlfs7 hflufy gjkb-
kjc utythfkehb rjycekb jltcf- wbbc lfwdf fh /.fdlfs7 ghfmnbre-
ib lf7 hjujhw cgtwhfpvbc [tkv’- kfl7 ,fylbnehb sfdlfc[vf b.j888
qdfytkvf ufyvbvfhnf7 t’t,lyty vbc bcbyb rth’j lfwdbc cfvcf[ehblfy
vbth cfuflfcf[flj rjltmcbc lfhq- b.dyty8 hfvlty]thvt sfdpt lfvf[-
dtdbc rjvghjvfnt,c lf tc itt[t,j- nyty lf rbcthib bct ofvbzbhtc [t-
lf @__*-@__(-@__) okt,c4 +v8 cff- kb7 jh]th lfdrfhut ujyt,f8 vbvb.-
rfidbkb7 3’fkbc ufvjqdb’t,f47 ud8 @))‘8 dfytc dthnvahtybc vjtlfypt8 jhb
vtvefhbcnb7 hf smvf eylf7 dbhtivfrj,c dthnvahtybs fdahbylbs7 sfy sfd-
2 ghjrehfnehf cojhtl ue,thyfnjhbc pt xfvjvfwdtc melb lf velvbdfl
abyfyceh vfmbyfwbt,c mtmfdlf flubkj,- vbyfst,lyty afhfyc8 melb yf[tdhfl
hbd cfgtycbj ajylsfy lfrfdibht,bs=

ufvzdbhdfkt b.j lf sdfkt,b ptl-
hfw itt[t,f cffrfidbkbcsdbc xdtek vbc- vtnb ufyfst,bc ufvj vtodjlf4 +bm-
nbabrfwbfc lf lhfvfnbpt,fc7 @^ vfbcc dt7 ud8 #!*`8

2 cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc lqtc

2 
ufuh’tkt,f bmyt,f


2 tc cfcfwbkjw fqfh fhbc7 hflufy er-
hfbyfib cffrfidbkbc ufhlf cfmfhsdtkjc
fhfdby t,h’jlf=

tc @_!^ otkb b.j lf cffrfidbkc erdt
uf.blekb /mjylf cfmfhsdtkjc vjmfkf-

mtj,f jltcbc jkmbc ue,thyfnjhbc cf- cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bf lf bmyt,
dfh’tkib= ityc upfc tobj lf xdtyw lfudfcdtyjj=
vjrktl7 cffrfidbkvf  vjrktl7 hfvltybvt sdtib 

lfehtrf dbsfht,bc ufcfhrdtdfl8 vfy rb rb-  vfbyw uffgfyqehtc jltcbc jkmbc
tdib xfcdkf itcsfdfpf7 utythfkeh ghj- ue,thyfnjhj,blfy lf vfyfw7 lfgbht,b-

rehjh  thsfl ufdfhrdb- cfvt,h7 lfbo.j htdjkewbehb vpflt,f
js .dtkfathbj8 cffrfidbkb fct fqothc 2 itmvyf gfhnbf 3vtvfh]dtyt 'fksf rfd-
it[dtlhfc ghtpbltynbc rf,bytnib7 uty- ibhb4 lf ths-ths erhfbyek jgjpb-

ghjrehjhbc sfylfcoht,bs5 wbeh fh[pt cfntktdbpbj uflfwtvbc ofv-
 .dfyj,fw brbchf ghtpbltyn 

 xdty dbwbs7 vbif7 hjv vfkt  gbhlfgbh tsthib cfubyt,kfl5
cfmfhsdtkjib fhxtdyt,b utmyt,f8 hf 3ths-thsb vjmvtlb vt,h’jkb

smvf eylf7 se ity of[dfk lf xf- erhfbybc itbfhfqt,ekb 'fkt,blfy
vjcwbklt,b erhfbybc gjkbnbrfc7 vjdblf xtvsfy uflfwtvfib7 vjbs-
fk,fs7 vbudb[dlb lf utcvbc7 hjv fv [jdf cbvqthf lf bvqthf cbvqthf

cfmvtc fhf fmdc gthcgtmnbdf8 se fvfc  gbhlfgbh tsthib7
fh fgbht, lf fm ubylf rdkfd ufyfu- 3gjhjityrj 2 ijrjkflbc erfyf-
h’j gjkbnbreh cfh,btkpt fmnb-
kb48 dabmhj,7 tc b.j ,jkj oth-
ehj,f lf ghj,ktvt,bc itmvyf7 vf-
nbkb7 hfvfw gjhjityrjc uflffo.-
iby itcf,fvbcb bmyt,f htfubht,fw8
fvfc kewtyrj vte,yt,jlf gjhjity- dtnbyf7 itvltub yf,b]t,b uflftl-
bcbyb rth'j lfwdbc cfvcf[ehblfy
rjc sdfkoby7 hjvtkbw7 e,hfkjl7 uf8 fv uflfwtvblfy jhb rdbhbc itv-
xevfl b.j lf rdthc erhfdlf kewty- ltu fh[bc lbhtmwbfv lf[ehf xtvb
b.dyty8 hfvlty]thvt sfdpt
rjc8 hfcfrdbhdtkbf7 fctsb vpfrdhj,f sjm-ije7 [jkj rbltd fsbjlt
dth vjdbsvbyt lf gjhjityrjcsfy ve- lqbc itvltu ufdtvupfdht fvthbrf-
lfvf[nyty lf rbcthib bct ofvbzbhtc
ifj,bc gthbjlib gbhdtkfl fdeobt ib8 vbyljlf vtuj,ht,bc vjyf[ekt-
[vfc8 vbdf[fkt jhbdtc5 smdty tn.j,f7
dth [dlt,bs7 hjv7 ghfmnbrekfl7
,f7 vfuhfv fctdt hfvltybvt it[dtl-
hf vmjylf lfybiyekb fvthbrbc [tkb7 jh]th lfdrfhut ujyt,f=
 upfc fluf[fhs7 bc7 hf- rjyuhtcib ctyfnjht,sfy7 rjyu-
24  

 cfthsjl7 yt,bcvbthb

bvbcfsdbc7 hjv ifmhbfyb lbf,tnb fh ufhsekltc lf
jhufybpvc cfibib sfyvltdb lffdflt,t,bsfw fh itenbjc7 vodfybkb lf ,jcnytekb7 hj-

fewbkt,tkbf7 abpbrehb fmnbdj,bcf lf rdt,bc cfufyut,j vtkbw hsek yf[ibho.kt,c7
ht;bvbc lfwdf8 mfhsdtkb vtwybthb7 /jvtjgfsb lf tmbvb fye e]htlbcc itbwfdc7 lbf,t-
  cojhtl fv ht;bvbc nbfybcsdbc 'fkpt cfcfhut,-
itcf[t, udtcfe,ht,f lf fw[flt,c7 hjv lbf,tnbfyt,bcsdbc kjf8 e]htlbcb7 hjujhw ot-
vrfwhb lbtnf lf ibvibkj,f cfcnbrfl frh’fkekbf5 cb7 yfokfdt,ib b]bh]dt,f lf
cbvf’qhbc ituh’yt,fc bodtdc8
2 ifmhbfyb lbf,tnb sfyf- egbhfntcj,f hsek yf[ibh-
vtlhjdt rfwj,hbj,bc ths- o.kt,c eylf vbfybzjc8 hse-
  
thsb ev’bvtcb lf njnfke- kb yf[ibho.kt,b jhufybpvib
   
hb ufvjodtdff8 cfmfhsdtkjib ytkf bikt,f lf cbc[kib ifm-
 
 hfw it-
ifmhbfyb lbf,tnbs lffdflt- hbc ljybc etwfh vfnt,fc fh t[t,f 
,eksf hbw[db .jdtkokbe- bodtdc8 itcf,fvbcfl7 gfyrhtfcbc
hfl rfnfcnhjaekb cbcohf-  lf7 cf-
]bhrdfkbw yfrkt,b lfndbhs- thsjl7 cfytkt,kt,c7 lbf,t-
abs bphlt,f8 fvbc vsfdfhb vb- dbs veifj,c888 fctsb ghjlem-
ptpb rdt,bc fhfcojhb ht;bvb nbfyb fv ghjlemnt,c eylf
nt,bf 2   thbljc7 hflufy vfs vj[fhie-
lf fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht zfh,-
ojybfyj,ff8 chekb gfce[bc-
   kb cf[bs 
vut,kj,bs dfw[flt,7 hjv
   uffxybfs lf cbc-
 
2 hbcb [jhwb eylf itzf- [kib ifmhbc ljybc cohfa vf-
nt,fc bodtdty8
   vjc lbf,tnbfyvf lf hbcb 2
 fhf0

2 lbf,tnbfyb eylf vjthb-
   2 lfrdbhdt,ekb dfh7 hjv
2 ,fnjyj rf[f7 dbcfw ifm- lbf,tnbfyt,b [ibhfl brdt-
hbfyb lbf,tnb erdt fmdc7 hj- ,t,bfy c[dflfc[df afat,bs=
ujh eylf brdt,jc lf hf ht- vfbyw hjvtkb afaff .dtkf-

;bvbs eylf bw[jdhjc7 hfsf pt eahj vfhut,tkb0
lbf,tnehb fyubjgfsbf7 yta- 2 lbf,tnbfybcsdbc ufycf-
hjgfsbf7 htnbyjgfsbf lf resht,bs vfhut,tkbf 
c[df ev’bvtcb ufhsekt,f sf- 

dblfy fbwbkjc0 
2 egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 cf- 
ibib ufhsekt,t,bc sfdblfy    
fcfwbkt,kfl lbf,tnbfyvf flf-   

vbfyvf .jdtklqt at[bs7  
   vf- 
byw eylf bfhjc= cfertstcjf   
wehdf lf dtkjcbgtlbs ctbh- 
yj,f888 abpbrehb lfndbhsdbc   
lhjc flfvbfyb lbl tythubfc 2 hfvltyfl cfcfhut,kjf
[fh]fdc vfiby7 hjwf fv tyth- lbf,tnbfybcsdbc h’t7 h’bc
ubbc o.fhj uf[kfds ukerj- 2 ,fnbcf lf b[dbc [jhwpt ghjlemnt,b lf rdthw[b0
pf7 hjvkbc cbzfh,tw cojhtl hfc bn.dbs0 2  
lbf,tnbc ufyvfgbhj,t,tkbf8 2 fh itb’kt,f7 hflufy ,f- lbf,tnbfybcsdbc cfcfhut,kj
   nbcf lf ufycfresht,bs b[dbc ghjlemnbf7 hflufy rdthw[bc
 [jhwb 'fkbfy w[bvbfybf= uekb rfhu mjktcnthbyc it-
   2 fhfthsb lbf,tnbfybcufy bwfdc7 hjvtkbw lbf,tneh fy-
    vcvtybf7 hjv fhf.b cbc[kib ubjgfsbfcf lf c[df lffdflt,t,c
   ifmhbc lfhtuekbht,fc [tkc t,h’dbc8 thsb rdbhbc ufyvfd-
    eo.j,c= trh’fkt,f se fhf kj,fib lbf,tnbfyvf gfwbty-
   lbf,tnbfyc fkrj/jkehb nvf *-( vj[fhiekb rdthw[b
 cfcvkbc vbqt,f0 hjvw vbbqjc7 fvbs fhfathb
2 v[jkjl abpbrehb fm- 2 vbsbf bc7 hjv fhf.b lbf- lfifdlt,f8 hfw itt[t,f h’tc7
nbdj,bs cbc[kib ifmhbc ,tnbfyc fh dyt,c= vfhsfkbf7 ufycfresht,bs7 w[bvbfyc7 fct-
ljybc lfhtuekbht,f itcf’- fhf.b sfdlfgbhdtkfl cbc[k- sb h’t w[bvcfw itbwfdc lf
kt,tkbf0 ib ifmhbc ljytc vfhskfw lf,- h’bc ifmfhc7 fye kfmnjpfcfw7
2 fhf7 abpbreh fmnbdj,fc- kf cotdc7 vfuhfv [fyvjrkt
sfy thsfl fewbkt,tkbf hfw7 w[flbf7 lbf,tnbfybcsdbc
lhjbc itvltu ifmfhb bctd vfq-
 bvfcfw elb- vfdytf8 lbf,tnbfyt,b cojhtl
kf botdc lf cfibi pqdhfvlt
ltcb vybidytkj,f tybzt,f se flbc8 tc ufvjodtekbf bvbs7 fv vbptpbc ufvj vfojyc7 yfqt,c7
hfc7 hjlbc lf hfvlty]th hjv   [fzjcf lf rtabhc eylf vjt-
dzfvs= lbf,tnbfyt,bcsdbc vrf-   hbljy=
whb lbtnf lf ibvibkj,f cfc-      2 hfc tn.dbs ifmhbfyb
nbrfl frh’fkekbf8 lbtnfv lf  lbf,tnbs lffdflt,ek bv
ibvibkj,fv lbf,tnbfyb gfwb-  lbf,tnbfybcsdbc fhf.- flfvbfyt,c7 hjvkt,cfw 'f-
tynb itcf’kjf7 rjvfib xffu- pt efhtcb qdbyjf7 hjvtkbw kbfy e.dfhs ijrjkflb7 xfb
ljc lf vjrkfc= lbf,tnbfyt,- gbhlfgbh .eh’ybc ifmhbc cf- lf .fdf0
vf cfzvtkb vwbht ekeat,bs7 ,fljf8 fqfhfathc dbn.db if- 2 
[ibhfl7 thscf lf bvfdt lhjc mfhpt lf.tyt,ek qdbyjpt7 hj-  
lf lqtib [es-tmdc]th eylf vtkbw7 cfthsjl7 cfofvkfdbf888 
vbbqjy8  2 hfvltyfl htrjvtylt-  lqt-
  ,ekbf lbf,tnbfybcsdbc vo- ib cfvb-js[b aby]fyb eifmhj
   dfybktekb lf ,jcnytekb0 .fdf lbf,tnc fh dyt,c888 lbf,t-
 2   nbfyt,b fh eylf uftrfhjy fh-
wthsb cf[tj,bc rfyatnc7 [j-


 kj ifdb7 fye vofht ijrjkf-
lb7 cflfw rfrfjc itvwdtkj,f


  cfmvt *_ ghjwtynpt vtnbf7 lbf,t-
bc uf[kfds7 hjv ptvj[ctyt- nbfyt,bcsdbc lfcfidt,bf=
,ek ghjlemnt,ib itvfdfk
vfhnbd yf[ibho.kt,c jhuf-  2 ifmhbfyb lbf,tnbc uf-

vjcfdktyfl hjlbc eylf uf-
ybpvb cohfafl bsdbct,c lf dbpjvjs ifmfhb0
cbc[kib ifmfhb vjvtynfke-

2 cbc[kib ifmhbc ljybc
hfl vfqkf botdc8 cojhtl fvf- ufcfpjvfl bltfkehb lhjf
dt vbptpbs fhfhtrjvtylt,e- lbkf7 hjwf epvjpt dfhs7 fhf-
kbf lbf,tnbfyt,bcsdbc .eh- athb udbzfvbf lf fhw lfudb-
’ybc7 cfpfvshjc7 ,fyfybc7 ktq- ljc    ktdbf8 se fcts lhjc cbc[k-
dbc7 rbdbc7 [ehvbcf lf ytcdbc  lf cfthsjl w[bvb-
vbqt,f= cfvfubthjl7  ib ifmhbc ljyt #7)-lfy %7%
fy [jhwc=  vbkbvjk/kbnhptf7 tc yjhvff8
se ifmhbc vfxdtyt,tkb %7^-
 
lfy ^7)-vltf7 tc erdt lbf,tnbc
      
obyfht cnflbf7 fye ghtlbf,t-
   

nbf7 [jkj * vbkbvjk/kbnhc
  
  yt,flfh-
lbf,tnbfyc se itcf’kt,- ptvjs cf[tpt udfmdc xfvj.fkb-
sekbf rehlqkbc7 [,jc7 by-
kj,f fmdc7 ybujpb cek ]b,t- ,t,ekb lbf,tnb= udf[cjdltc
lfehbcf lf mfsvbc [jhwb lf
ib eylf /mjyltc7 hjvtkbw 2 
bcbw vj[fhiekb8 
ifmfhc lf,kf cotdc= bubdt sdb-   
ct,f fmdc s[bkc7 yeicf lf vpt-
   
  
cevpbhfc7 vfuhfv vfs ijhbc


   
ybujpb vfbyw .dtkfpt tatm-    
nehbf8 ybujpbw7 s[bkbw7 ye- 

ibw lf vptcevpbhfw lbf,tnb- 
fyvf ytlkb cf[bs eylf vbbh-  cf,jkjj ]fvib
sdfc= cfmvt bc uf[kfds7 hjv w[jdht,bc fctsb otcb ufvjbo-

   dtdc ojybc vfnt,fc lf ifmhbf-
  yb lbf,tnbc ghjuhtcbht,fc=
 
 tcfe,hf
 8 lbf,tnbfyvf 
 
25

@__* okbc @^ jmnjv,thc cffrfidbkbc 

ufh.dybkvf lf rdfpbafibcnehvf ht;bvvf
lffgfnbvhf mfhsdtkb vothfkb lf mdtkvjmvtlb
  hjvtkbw

3mfhsekb jwyt,bc4 [tkbceakt,fv @_!# okbc
!# bfydfhc hecsfdbc 1^ cfg.hj,bkbc 1!#

cfryblfy gjkbngfnbvhbc cnfnecbs
uffsfdbceakf8 gbhjdyt,f7 hjvtkbw cffrfidbkbc

obyffqvltu jgjpbwbeh 'fkt,c fabyfyct,lf lf
erfyfcrytkb jwlffsb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib

mdt.fyfib vjv[lfhb erkt,kbd .dtkf
vybidytkjdfyb gjkbnbrehb ghjwtcbc fmnbehb
vjyfobktf7 fw[flt,c7 hjv cf,zjsf rfdibhbc

lfyuhtdbc itvltu dfnbrfyvf7 gjkjytsvf lf
fvthbrbc itthst,ekvf infnt,vf hectsbcsdbc

erhfbybc [tkblfy ufvjukt]f lfutuvtc5
 
2 cfpjufljt,fc erdt .tk-
ib fvjedblf lf fqbpbfyt,c bv

gjkbnbrehb udfvt,bc ofvlf-
eoev [ctyt,f7 hjvkt,cfw smdty     ibhbc lfikbc itvltu lfcfd- vbc cfcbwjw[kj cbdhwtib it-
lf smdtyb rjktut,b7 yt,cbs  ktsvf lf7 egbhdtktc .jdkb- bzht,b7 ,fknbbcgbhtsbc mdt.-

se eyt,kbts7 fgbfht,s8 w[f-  cf7 fvthbrbc itthst,ekvf inf- yt,c w[dbhoby 3aerfcfdbs4
lbf7 gbhdtk hbuib7 duekbc[-  nt,vf hectsb uf’fhwdtc7 hfl- ffwkb lf vstkb hdf okbc ufy-
vj, fv e[ctyt,tkc 2     ufy mdt.yblfy !! nhbkbjyb vfdkj,fib ljytwrcf lf ke-

 hjvkbc udfh-cf[tkcfw     ljkfhbc qbht,ekt,bc mjyt- ufycrc lfe,jv,fd7 fvbc itvltu
lbkblfy cfqfvjvlt fnhbfkt-    ,f ufbnfytc888 %__ njyf v[j- hectsb hjv r,bkt,c ubxdtyt,c
,ty8    kjl 3ehfy-@#%4-bf ufnfybkb lf vj[lt,f bc7 hfw erhfbyfib
 

   2 hfnjv fh tujyfs7 hjv hectsblfy fvthbrfib888 vfhsf- [lt,f7 dbyvtc tzdb tgfht,f0 lbf[7
   hectsb [tkc itvje,heyt,- kbf7 vcjakbj trjyjvbrfib hectsc lfcfdktsvf c[df ufvj-
hectsbc obkb #-$ ghjwtync cfdfkb fh lfenjdf7 hflufy
 
    lfs0
 2 lfcfdktsc /mjylf bvbc fh fqtvfnt,f7 vfuhfv7 cfvfubt- fvjltyf mdt.fyf ]th ufvj[hf7
 hovtyf7 hjv hectsb dth lfe- hjl7 hectsb akj,c vcja- [jkj itvltu f,exfl fbulj lf
gbhbcgbhlt,jlf lf dth lffh- kbj vfcinf,bs rhbnbrekfl sfdib ofvjhn.vfw lfegbhf8


fb7 fvbc itvltu ,b’fvbcvfw lf n.fvlf lfcfdktsc seylfw cfzbhj lf fewbkt,tkb ytl-   
vbcvf kj,bcnt,vfw7 hjvkt,- bvbnjv7 hjv lfrfhufdlf sfdb- ktekbc $^-%@ ghjwtync7 
cfw rfhufl dbwyj,7 b.b.byjy cb obfqbctekbc 2 nbnfybc7 hfw vfc fybzt,c elbltc itcf’-  fa[fptsbc jvb 
 
hfvltybw eylfs=  fkevbybc7 ybrtkbc7 yfdsj,bc7 kt,kj,fc7 ptvjmvtlt,f vjf[-  itdfhlyf’tc rb-
   ufpbc7 cfcemt,bcf lf c[df lbyjc ukj,fkeh ghjwtct,- cthpt xfvj/rblf7 hfsf cfght-
    cnhfntubekb vfcfkt,bc uf- pt8 fb7 fctsb mdt.ybc byntht- pbltynj fhxtdyt,ib ufvfh]dt-
    cfqt,bc ,fpfhc= cf,zjsf rfd- ct,c hjv fh ufbsdfkbcobyt,7 ,f vjtgjdt,byf lf cfmfhsdt-
 kjcf lf hectsc ijhbc vel-
2 ,fnjyj vthf,7 cthutb kbceakt,f fh fgbht,c0  vbdb lf’f,ekj,bc rthf ittmv-
kfdhjdbc ufyw[flt,fpt kb-  yf=
,thfcnekvf vtlbfv thsb  2 fye itdfhlyf’tv fa[f-
qhbfywtkb fnt[f 2 cf,j-  ptsbc jvb fvthbrtkt,bc rfh-
kjjl lflfcnehlf7 hjv  yf[bs uffxfqf0
3mfhsekb jwyt,f4 hecekb     2 rb7 tc .dtkfathb fvthbrt-
ghjtmnbfj= cfmvt bc uf[kfds7    kt,sfy b.j itsfy[vt,ekb bct-
hjv kfdhjdvf vjbojyf cf-  dt7 hjujhw cffrfidbkbc [tkb-
mfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc    ceakt,fib vj.dfyf7 hfsf vfc
lbcnfywbht,f hects-erhf-  @__$ otkc7 
bybc jvbcufy lf ufvjsmdf  fhxtdyt,bcfc7 hectsbc obyffq-
cehdbkb7 hjv7 se mfhsdt-     vltu w[bydfkib vjhbub cfv-
[tlhj rjyakbmnb uftxfqt,b-
kt,b7 fa[fpt,b lf jct,b th-   
 ufb[ctyts7 
yf8 @__$ okbc bdkbcib cff-
svfytsib itsfy[vlt,bfy7 vf-
 lfo.t,ekb7 
rfidbkvf w[bydfkib jvb vfh-
iby hectsb fv ghjwtcc [tkc
 lfvsfdht,e-
skfw lfbo.j7 vfuhfv tc jvb
iteo.j,cj=
2  bv hfyubc gj- kb7 dby fh vjbyljvf xdtyb vfh-
kbnbrjcbf7 hjvtkbw ,tdhc sdf8 c[dfsfijhbc7 xdtyb ghby- uffxthf   hbc
abmhj,c7 yfrkt,c kfgfhfrj,c wbgekb gjpbwbf hjv lfbyf- ufvjw lfcf]tc lf vjrktc= @__(
lf7 hfw vsfdfhbf7 bwbc7 hfcfw [f7 fv ,jkj [fyc  otkc rb ;dfybf fqfh b.j lf cf-
kfgfhfrj,c= vt vbcfe,hbf fa-  c[dfyfbhb kfgfhf- frfidbkc [tkbc itviktkbw
[fpt,sfyfw7 jct,sfyfw lf ce.- rb lfbo.j= fhfdby /.fdlf7 hfsf fvthbrtkt-
dtkf fvfc fv,j,c 2 xdty vfbyw 2 3lbqvbc cbhbyjpib4 fvt- ,bc utuvf ,jkjvlt vbt.dfyf8
    

thsfl dbmyt,bsj= se hjujh hbrbc tkx rtkb ltuyfyc ue- 
vj[lt,f tc lf hf ajhvbs7 fvf-
    
kbc[vj,s0  
pt erdt eylf dbvc]tkjs8 2 tu vt fh vbsmdfvc7 smdty 
 he- smdbs= +bwbybc‘8

 
cts-erhfbybc jvvf vcjakbj- 2 [jv fh abmhj,s7 hjv 
ib cfmfhsdtkjc itcf[t, ofh- hects-erhfbybc jvb cbyfvl- 
vjlutyf f,cjkenehfl itw- dbktib tc fhbc hectsbc cf-   

dfkf8 jvfvlt hectsibw7 seh- vjmfkfmj jvb7 hjvtkbw er- 
mtsibw lf tdhjgfibw xdty db- hfbybc nthbnjhbfpt uffxf- 2 lf vfbyw7 xfbshtdty se
.fdbs thb7 hjvtkbw t’t,lf qtc0 fhf cfmfhsdtkjc ukj,fkeh
gfnhjyc lf fcts dbyvtc bgj- 2 hfw lqtc erhfbyfib [lt-

jvib0
dblf se fhf7 vfibydt ufvj[hfd- ,f7  2 
lf8 fvbc itvltu f[fk gfnhjyc  hjvkbc erf- 
lfdeo.t,lbs 't,yfc7 hfsf yfw  lufc= dfnbrfyc  fv [tkbceakt-

bcbw ufvjudtoehf8  ]th rbltd vt-!^ cfereyblfy7 ,bc gbhj,t,ib cfmfhsdtkjc
    fye gbhdtkb htajhvfwbbc erhfbybc jvib dth xfbshtdty=
   lhjblfy7 sdfkb ezbhfdc fv
 nthbnjhbt,pt7 vfuhfv vj[lf tcfe,hf
 bct7 hjv hjvbc gfgc cf,jkj- 
 jl v[jkjl 
     ithxf [tkib8 df- 
   nbrfyc ]th gbhdtkb vcjakbj
jvbc lhjc cehlf erhfbyfpt
ths 3vj- fvthbrbc
  



jgjpbwbjythb
gfhkfvtynfhb
rjynhjkbc lfotct,f7 vtht af-


gjkbnbrehb jhufybpfwbf
3thbc4 sfdv]ljvfht

behbcnb

 ibcnt,bc [tkbs eyljlf er- sfvfit gjkbnbre-
   hfbybc lfvjhxbkt,f888  hvf tkbnfv7
hjujhw cfvtpj,kjib7 bct td- sfdv]lj-
hjgfib7 fvfy cfmfhsdtkjcfl-
  
vfhtc4 hj- fqvjcfdkts
tdhjgtkt-
  
vb gfnbdbcwtvf ufpfhlf7 vfu-
hfv xdtyb e,tleht,f bc fhbc7
 ujh uflff-
,bcufy ufyc[-
hjv7 hjwf dfv,j,s 3f4-c7 fh .jkts fv-

dfv,j,s 3,t4-c lf fh dvjmvt-
 dfdt,bs7 it-
 cfm- [tkf gfh- cfybiyfdfl
lt,s= dt.yjl wyj,bkbf7 hjv vlbyf-
2 hfc uekbc[vj,s0 ht lytghbc vfhw[tyf v[fhtc
nbf0= vfh- bwbc7 hfc of-
2 tc t8o8 3fhfcfvsfdhj,jt- skf 3yfwvj’hfj,f4 rb fhf 3yfw e’- cfdfhfeljl7 3cffrfi-
bcnjhbekfl hect,b w[jd- hvjflutyc  bc bctsbdt .fk-
,b4 lf 3rhbnbrekb vtlbf47 hj,lyty lf fv nthbnjhbfc hfj,f4 uf[flf= hf smvf eylf7 rvf.j- dbkbc cbf4 itbmvyt,f fii-
hjvkt,bw htfkehfl 3vt[est ,b vtlfcfdktstf7 hjujhb .fk,bw fhbc
 thmdf8 !)!* ib7 hfsf itvlujv vj[ltc
rjkjyff47 cfyfv fv [tkbcea- okbc jmnjv,hbc htdjkewb- abkb bmyt,f 3jwyt,bc4 [tkbceakt,f7 pjubthsb jgjpbwbehb ntktdbpbf7 hj-
kt,fc fh lffv[j,ty7 vfyfvlt vf- kj,bht,f lf itbmvyfc 3cf-
fvlt  ybiyfdlf bjwyt,tc lf  itechekf8 vtkbw [tkbceakt,bc [tkito.j,bs ab-
sb lfabyfyct,bcf lf vjmvtlt-
yfyclt,f8
frfidbkbc fmnb48
,bc fhtfkbc itpqeldfc tc [t-

 3CFMFHSDTKJC HTCGE,KBRF4 3F[FKB SFJ,F4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4
26  


pfa[ekib uthvfybfib uf[klbs mjhobkib lf= vfhsfkbf7 vfc itvltu s,b-
kbcbc vjcf[ktj,f bphlt,f7

lfgfnb;t,ekb 2 xtvb f[kj,tkb7 @* okbc ujujyf
itcfybiyfd uthvfytk .vfodbkc vbcs[jdlf8 cnevfhsf vfuhfv ]th rbltd fh vbeqot-
dbf bv hfjltyj,bcsdbc7 hfw
b.j !))@ otkc= fv;fvfl s,b-
 
ijhbc rbltd # o.dbkb dyf[t5 2 @ mfhsdtk ujujyfc
erdt ittmvyf flubkj,hbd df;t,sfy j]f[b7 vtcfvt rb kbcib ! vbkbjy @_@ fsfcb
itvjlujvfpt fgbht,lf ehsbthsj,bc ufajhvt,fc8 flfvbfyb w[jdhj,c7 vfuhfv vf-

fv lbyfvbrfv vofhtl lfvfabmhf5 qvthsvf .dtkfc nt,f eahj eh,fybpfwbbc
cbrtst vbcwtc7 dbyw ew[jtk gfhnybjhc [fh]pt [lt,f7 dblht flfvbfyt-
,bc lf,flt,bc rdfklfrdfk8

f,tlybtht,c lf cfw[jdht,kflfw ew[jtsib hxt,f7
2 fctsb vjyfwtvt,bc vb-
vfuhfv hf ,tlb tkbc cfmfhsdtkjc7 dbyqf [tldbs7 hf tkbc xdtyc mdt-

ufvhfdklt,f xdtyc rehs[tek vbofpt0 ew[jtkvf .fyfc0
vrdktdfht,vf hf[fybf7 ufvjudbnfytc ufyfxtyb lf 2 se fct ufuh’tklf7 cfmfh-
mfhsdtkb thb vjvfrdlfdb tht,bc cbfib itb.dfytc888 sdtkjc tvemht,f tvbuhfwbe-

vodfdt rbs[dt,bs ltvjuhfac7 ghjatcjh  kb lf bvbuhfwbekb cbrdlb-
kb7 hfw bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv
 vbdvfhst5 2 3dthfahbs lfufvidblt,s8 xdtyc mdt.fyfib itvjdf 'fkbfy

ltvjuhfabekb vlujvfhtj,f ,jkj okt,ib rbltd ,tdhb ew[jnjvtkb lf cfmfh-
eahj lfv’bvlf7 vjcf[ktj,bc hfjltyj,f fhfvwse sdtkjc lfnjdt,c 'fkbfy ,td-
fqfh bphlt,f7 gbhbmbs 2 vrdtshfl vwbhlt,f lf se hb flubkj,hbdb vrdblhb7 it-

cf,fvbcfl7 fm ltvjuhfabekb
[tkbceakt,f lfe.jdyt,kbd fh lfbo.t,c pjvt,bc ,fkfycb ew[jnjvtksf7 fye
vbqt,fc7 ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib e’dtktc mfhsdtk thc
 
uflfityt,f vjtkbc=4 2 fv cfufyufij cbn.dt,bs lfbo.j
cfe,fhb v[wjdfyvf ghjatcjhvf5

2 cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj- kjib mfhsdtksf [dtlhbs-   
,bc @_!$ okbc fqothbc vjyf- vf obkvf vjbvfnf0   
wtvt,bs7 cfmfhsdtkjib w[jd- 2 cfvoe[fhjl7 fct fh fhbc8 bcbw eylf ubs[hfs7 hjv lt-

hj,c # vbkbjy ^() fsfcb flf- eylf ituf[ctyjs7 hjv fqothf vjuhfabek vlujvfhtj,fc
vbfyb7 vfuhfv !))@ otkc7 hj- nfhlt,f v[jkjl cfmfhsdt- vybidytkjdyfl ufycfpqdhfdc
ltcfw cfmfhsdtkj .dtkfpt kjc behbclbmwbbc mdti fhct- mjhobyt,bc cfiefkj fcfrb7 hf-

[fk[vhfdfkb uf[klfs7 vjcf[- ,ek nthbnjhbfpt7 hjvtkibw vfw hsekb trjyjvbrehb gb-
ktj,bc hfjltyj,f % vbkbjy @_!$ otkc7 cfvoe[fhjl7 erdt hj,t,bc ufvj ,jkj lhjc 'f-
$^* fsfcc itflutylf8 ufvjlbc7 fqfh itlbjlf fa[fptsb lf cf- kbfy vfqkf fbobf8  

hjv !))@ okblfy @_!$ okfv- vfxf,kj8 fct hjv7 vjcf[ktj,f-   
lt cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,f ib mfhsdtksf [dtlhbsb ob- 
! vbkbjy **( fsfcb flfvbf- kb ufbpfhlf ltvjuhfabekfl


ybs itvwbhlf= fvfcsfy7 rkt- fhwse gjpbnbehb vfxdtyt,- 
,fc ufycfresht,bs vrdtshb kt,bc vmjyt mfhsekb nthb-    
[fcbfsb /mjylf !))@-@__@ njhbt,bc lfrfhudbc itltufl=

okt,ib7 hjltcfw cfmfhsdt-
 
sevwf7 bcbw eylf bsmdfc7 hjv 2 vf[cjdc7 flht mdt.ylt-
kjc vjcf[ktj,fv # vbkbjy !)() okbc itvltu cfmfhsdt- ,jlf ithtekb j]f[t,bc
))! fsfcfvlt7 fye ths,fifl kj lfnjdf lf ew[j mdt.yt,ib

+mfhsek-hecekb7 mfh-
sbsmvbc vbkbjyyf[tdfhb flf- cfveifjl fy cfw[jdht,kfl uf-
vbfybs brkj= xdtybcsfyf vwb-
sek-cjv[ehb7 fpth,fb]fye-
tvupfdhf vhfdfkb tsybrehfl
ht thbcsdbc fctsb ntvgb yfv-
kb7 jcehb7 fa[fpehb lf f8i8‘
fhfmfhsdtkbw7 hfvfw7 sfdbc
ldbkb rfnfcnhjaff8 vbptpt,-
cnfnbcnbrf8 fv;fvfl se vbv-
v[hbd7 mfhsdtkb vjcf[ktj,bc
pt cfe,fhc fh itdelut,b 2 .dt-
lbyfhtj,c rdktdf7 vfufkb-
[dtlhbsb obkbc phlf ufyfgb-
kfv dbwbs7 hfv[tkf ufzbhdt-
sfl7 hfvltyvf mfhsdtkvf itm-
hj,f8 itvb’kbf ubs[hfs7 hjv c[df vtynfkj,bc7 fqvcfht,kj-
,f lf jvt,b ufvjbfhf cfmfhs-
vyf j]f[b sehm7 bhfytk7 by-
   ,bc7 nhflbwbt,bcf lf w[jd-
dtkjv fv !_ otkboflib=    ht,bc otcbc vbvltdfhb flfvbf-
ljtk888 fy ifdrfybfy gfhnyb-
vjcf[ktj,bc rkt,f @__@ yt,bc cfcfhut,kjl itbwdkt-
jhsfy0
okbc itvltufw uh’tklt,f7
   2 hjujhw erdt vjuf[ctyts7
 !__ fsfcb ,th’tyblfy cf- ,f8 smdty ofhvjblubyts7 vj- vfc itvltu7 hfw gbhflj,bc vjo-
sevwf7 ufwbkt,bs yfrkt,b mfhsdtkjib itvjhxf % fsfcfv- cf[ktj,bc hfjltyj,f erdt
ntvgbs 2 @_!$ okfvlt vj- vj,blfy fvjqt,ekbf thjdyt-
lt9 %% fsfcb t,hftkb itvwbh- vwbhlt,f fzfhfibw7 cflfw fl- ,bc fqvybidytkb uhfaf7 vcufd-
cf[ktj,bc cfthsj hfjltyj- lf !$%_-vlt9 $__ fsfcb hecb- ht rkt,fc flubkb fh /mjybf=
,fc rbltd #__ fsfcb flfvbfyb cb rdktdt,b jabwbfkehfl
lfy lfhxf v[jkjl @^ fsfcb !))@ otkc fv v[fhtib w[jd- fqfh nfhlt,f8 xtvb byajhvf-
lffrklf8 @_!$ okbc itvltu lf f8i888     hj,lf $_# fsfcb7 f[kf w[jd-
cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,bc fq- wbbs7 ,fknbbcgbhtsbc htc-
hj,c #%% fsfcb flfvbfyb9 ufy- ge,kbrt,ib erdt fqflubytc
othf fh xfnfht,ekf7 vfuhfv
  
cfresht,bs itvwbhlf vjcf[- thjdyt,bc uhfaf lf xdtyc [t-
xdty dakj,s vjyfwtvt,c7 hj-
  
ktj,f .dtkfpt [fk[vhfdfk bvt- kbceakt,fc vjdeojlt,7 lf-
vtksf sfyf[vfl7 vjcf[ktj,bc
 
htsbc htubjyib7 cflfw !))@ e.jdyt,kbd cfmfhsdtkjvfw
hfjltyj,f .jdtkokbehfl
   
otkc *(! fsfcb flfvbfyb w[jd-
rdkfd cnf,bkehfl vwbhlt,f8
  vb,f’jc vfs vfufkbsc8 c[dfu-
hj,lf7 fv;fvfl rb $^* fsfcbf
2 vwbhlt,f mfhsdtkb

lfhxtybkb= mfkfm mesfbcib dfhfl xdty lfdrfhufds fsdkbc

!))@ otkc @## fsfcb vjcf[- cfiefkt,fc lf ths fhwse
thbc [fh]pt0 vjcf[ktj,bc dbvtjht, 2 tc fhfjabwbf- vidtybth lqtc fqvjxylt,f7 hjv
hfvltyb ghjwtynbf mfhsdt- kehb7 vfuhfv vtn-yfrkt,fl kt b.j7 fv;fvfl w[jdhj,c !@)
fsfcb= fvfcsfy7  cfmfhsdtkjib c[df tht,bc
kb0 cfylj vjyfwtvt,bf8
2 !)() okbc fqothbc vj- ofhvjvflutykt,b czfh,j,ty
yfwtvt,bs7 cfmfhsdtkjc vj- mfhsdtkt,c= fvbc vtht rb7 hj-
2 s,bkbcbc vjcf[ktj,f-   
cf[ktj,bc *! ghjwtync mfh- wf mfhsdtkb thb evwbhtcj,f-
pt hfc udtn.dbs0 
2 s,bkbcib vjcf[ktj,bc
sdtkj,f itflutylf8 fv;fvfl ib fqvjxylt,f7 vjdktyt,b
  
.dtkfpt vtnb hfjltyj,f !))@
'ytkbf smdtyc rbs[dfpt pecnb c[dfudfhfl7 xdtysdbc cfrvfjl
  
otkc abmcbhlt,f 2 ! vbkb-  rf[tsbc
gfce[bc ufwtvf7 hflufy cfmfh- vjcf[ktj,f !))@-@_!$ okt,- gtcbvbcnehfl ufydbsfhlt,f=
jy @^* fsfcb7 vfuhfv tc hfj-
sdtkjc vjmfkfmbc gbhflj,bc ib !$$ fsfcb flfvbfybs itv-
ltyj,f7 @__@ okbc fqothbs7 
vjovj,blfy fvjqt,ekbf wbhlf9 cfvtuhtkj-ptvj cdfyt-
@__ fsfcb flfvbfybs itvwbh-

   
thjdyt,bc fqvybidytkb uhfaf7 sbc vjcf[ktj,f 2 !#@ fsf-   
itcf,fvbcfl7 fqfh veifdlt,f cbs lf f8i888 se lfdfrdbhlt-    
byajhvfwbf7 hjvtkbw thbc ,bs7 itdfvxytds7 hjv .dtkfpt   
hfjltyj,bc lflutyfib lfu-

hsekb vlujvfhtj,f mfhsdt-  
dt[vfht,f888 fvbnjv v[jkjl df- kt,bs lfcf[kt,ek htubjyt,- 
hfelb itudb’kbf7 bvbc vbe[t- ibf=  
lfdfl7 hjv vjcf[ktj,bc fq-

2 hjujhbf ij,flj,bcf lf 
othbcfc vfbyw df[ltys [jkvt cbrdlbkbfyj,bc sfyfafh-  
thjdyt,bc vb[tldbs lbathty- lj,f0
wbfwbfc lf itvb’kbf ubs[-
  
2 obyf okt,ib cfmfhsdt-
hfs7 hjv @_!$ otkc cfmfhs-

kjib eahj vtnb flfvbfyb b,f-

dtkjib mfhsdtkj,f vjcf[kt-
 
lt,jlf7 dblht rdlt,jlf7 sev-
j,bc cfthsj hfjltyj,bc (^
  
wf7 tc vfbyw c[df thjdyt,bc
ghjwtync itflutylf8
   
[fh]pt [lt,jlf8 ,jkj @ ot-   
2 lfe]tht,tkbf8 yese kbf7 cfmfhsdtkjib eahj vt-   
!)() okbc itvltu cfmfhsdt- nb flfvbfyb rdlt,f7 dblht b,f-   
lt,f= @_!% otkc cfmfhsdtkj-   
 ib lfb,flf ^_ fsfcb ,fdidb7    
[jkj @_@@ otkc 2 lff[kjt- 2 hfc uekbc[vj,c 3fmnb-
,bs $_ fsfcb= [dlt,bs0 cek
.dtkfv db- dthfathc hfqfw %-^ otkboflib ij,f-
ehb ltvjuhfabekb gjkb-


ghjatcjhb


frfltvbrjcb
ufpbc [fhbc[bc tmcgthnb7

trjyjvbcnb
wbs7 hjv uf- epfv  lj,f itvwbhlf @_ fsfcbs= tc

nbrf40
2 egbhdtktcfl7 ij,flj,bc
 hjvt- 'fkpt lfvfabmht,tkbf= of[fkbct,fc= ufbsdfkbcobyts
pbc [fhbc[b kbw jsf[ib fhfyfrkt, v’bvt dbsfht,ff 2 mdt.ybc vjcf[ktj,f vblbc
fh fhbc vf- fysbf7 vfuhfv hectsib7 erhfbyfcf lf ,fk- rkt,bcrty7 hjltcfw7 cfief-
qfkb7 hfl- vbc cbf[kj- nbbcgbhtsib7 fpbbc htcge,- kjl7 j]f[t,ib b,flt,f v[j-
dtc fewb- kbrt,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 cf- kjl ! ,fdidb= @ ,fdidbc lf,f-
lfw ij,flj,bc cfjwfhb ,e-
ufy fh bo-
vbylt,f7 vj-
kt,kfl ey-
vbf= itlfht,bcsdbc5 !)^% lt,bc itvs[dtdfib vjcf[ktj-
lf b.jc cfh-
okfvlt cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[- ,bc hfjltyj,f ewdktkb hxt-
lbc gbhlf- ,f8 vbybvev7 # idbkbc .jkf sb-
ktj,f fpth,fb]fybcfc czfh-
rvtkb7 tc cf-
gbh7 lf,fk- cbwjw[kjl
,j,lf #__ fsfcb flfvbfybs9 sjtekb mfhsdtkbcsdbc yjh-
vybidytkjdfyb gbhj,ff8 vtnfkjgkfcnvfcbc bc7 hfw f[kf xbytscf lf pj- vfl eylf bmwtc7 hflufy
rfkjhbekbf lf lf,fkb [fhbc[bcff8 fvbs ubths c[df mdt.fyfibf ufdhwt- fv;fvfl rb fpth,fb]fybc vjcf[-
afy]ht,bc ufrtst,bcfc cfhrvtkpt fhfdby abm- ktj,f !_ vbkbjyc uflfcwlf= v[jkjl # fy vtnb ,fdidbc lf-
fb[cyt,f bcbw7 hjv ufpc lqtc fh eothbf hj,c7 lbl afy]ht,c rb cbwbdbc ufvj fh fqt- kt,ekb7 3jvbrhjybc4 venf- ,flt,f ufyfgbhj,t,c vjcf[kt-
lblb vfnt,ff xhlbkjts rfd-
yjvbyfkehb re,vtnhb7 hfw ybiyfdc7 hjv ,ty7 fhw cfdtynbkfwbj fh[t,b veifj,c7 fv wbbc vt[est mdtdfhbfynbc
rfcbbc htcge,kbrt,ibw lf tc j,bc hfjltyj,bc phlfc=
ufpb fwltybkbf .dtkf cfzbhj cnfylfhnc8 rbltd mdtdfhbfynbf7 hjvtk-
lhjc ufybfdt,f yjvth gbhdtkb ecfahs[j- cfufyufijf7 hflufy 
t,ff8 cfw cfvtlbwbyj tyfpt XBB.1 tcfe,hf
/mdbf8
  
3HTPJYFYCB4 3HTPJYFYCB4 3RDBHBC GFKBNHF4  
 
27


 dtdc bynjmcbrfwbf +vjof- .jdtksdbc‘ vfcf;b8 cfthsjl7
cdtkb tuptvbc lhjc rfhubf rfrkbc ajskt,bc f,fpfyf7
hjvtkbw itub’kbfs itvltuyfbhfl xfbnfhjs5 fbqts $__
uhfvb rfrkbc ajsjkb lf lffc[bs fleqt,ekb o.fkb8 !%-
vdkf‘7 /thgtcbc dbhecb lf @_ oesb uffxthts7 ufoehts lf f,fpfyfib +o.kbs cfdct‘
 vrehyfkj,f rj- xffc[bs8 o.fkb jlyfd uffuhbkts +#( uhflecb‘ lf !%-@_
c[df8 fv lhjc flfvbfyb nrbdb- vgktmcehbf lf vjbwfdc ufy-
kbc ufhlf exbdbc ythdbc cfresht,ek ht;bvc 2 vtlb-
oesbs xfotmbs8 tc ghjwtlehf ufbvtjhts thsb rdbhbc
ufcodhbd vnrbdytek lf ,ei- vfy’bkpt .jdtklqt8
nerjdfy ufvjyf.fhc8
rfvtyneh7 vfyefkeh sthf-
gbfc8 bidbfsfl cfzbhj [lt,f
   
mbhehubekb xfhtdfw8
aTeroskleroziT gamowveuli
 fv erfyfcrytkbc it-
vs[dtdfib7 vwbht ufwbt,fv7 e[t- bvbcfsdbc7 hjv fh ufydb- hipertoniis mkurnaloba
h[ekvf vj’hfj,fvfw rb itb’- sfhltc hjvtkbvt ythdbc
fhf.b 2 _8% k9 sfakb 2
kt,f lffdflt,bc ghjdjwbht-
_8% k9 # ru [f[dblfy ufvjoe-
fyst,f7 sbsjtekvf xdtyu-
,f ufvjbodbjc8
hekb odtyb9 @% wfkb ,th’y-
fyvf lhjekfl eylf evre-
 lhjc vtlbrf- hyfkjc jhufybpvib vbvlb- ekb rfrkbc lfmewvfwt,ekb
vtynt,blfy ufvjb.tyt,f nrb- yfht fyst,bs ghjwtct,c7 nb[ht,b9 fqybiyek itvfluty-
dbkufvf.ext,tkb7 fyst,bc vjthbljc vrdtsh vj’hfj- kj,fc rfhufl dehtds thsvf-
cfobyffqvltuj cfiefkt,t,b7 ,t,c lf7 hfw vsfdfhbf7 lfb- ytsib lf dlufvs cb,ytktib
B ]ueabc dbnfvbyt,b8 vb- wdfc sfdb ufwbt,bcufy lf db- !_ lqbs7 hbc itvltufw df[lt-
csdbc ’fkpt tatmnbfybf +fhf ys yf.tybc ufoehdfc8
  

hecekb byatmwbt,bcufy8
ytdhbnb ythdbc vodfdt xt,bc7 qh’bkt,bc7 kj.bc7
ybrfgbc vblfvjib fenfytkb vbqt,f5 lqtib #-$ ]th
fyst,ff7 hjvtkcfw7
nrbdbkbs dkbylt,f8 pj- sbsj c/r
evtntc itvs[dtdfib7 u]th    zfvbc oby8
sfy f[kfdc ythdbc
vtwybtht,b fqybiyfdty7 hjv ufhlf fvbcf7 .jdtklqbeh hf-
 sfdbc nrbdbkib fy fdcnhfkbtk vtlbrjcsf
vrehyfkj,bc rehcb 2
wbjyc eylf lftvfnjc [bkb7 ,jcnytekb7 stdpb7 yeib lf
vuh’yj,bfht ifrbrib tikt,fs lf v[j- ]ueavf vtk,ehybc
kjl fenfytkb itntdt,bc @-# sdt8
ybjhb7 hfsf flfvbfybc uekvf cffsbdbs bveifjc8
lf,jkjt,bc lfpbfyt,f eybdthcbntnbc
+ytdhfkubf‘8 vbcsdbc
itvs[dtdfib vbvfhsfdty
chekafcjdfyb rdt,f fhfyfrkt, tatmnbfybf7 dblht tmbvt-
cfvtwybthj wtynhblfy7
tmbvc8
,bc vbth htrjvtylt,ekb gjkbdbnfvbyt,b8 sfyfw7 vrfwhb
fuhtsdt vfsvf
lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf  oby
nrbdbkb lfpbfyt,ekb e’qdbc bctsb gfsjkjubt,b7
/jkfylbtkvf rjktut,vf lbtnf fewbkt,tkb cekfw fh fhbc7 vsfdfhbf7 cfrdt,ib idb-
hjujhbwff ief .ehbc fyst-
lffcrdytc7 hjv lbdt 3]fljcyehb byuhtlbtynb4 itlbjltc8 fvfcsfy7 ,eyt-
,hbdb vj[vfht,f ,tdhfl ertstcbf7 dblht afhvfrjkjubehb
ythdbc ufcodhbd8
,f +jnbnb‘ lf c[df8 
ijrjkflbc lf qdbybc
 itb’kt,f ufvjb-  dbpefkehflfw
pjvbthb hfjltyj,bc ghtgfhfnt,bc ufvj.tyt,f8 rjvgktmcehvf ufvjrdktdt,vf fx-
itcfvxytdbf8 lfpbfyt,ek v[f-
htuekfhekfl ufvj.tyt,f
odbjc sdbs ythdbc7 ythde- dtyf7 hjv yfnehfkeh ghjlemnt,c jhufybpvb vskbf-
htc fdflv.jac nexbc res[t
cfuh’yj,kfl fvwbht,c yfl bsdbct,c lf bcbyb bveyehb cbcntvbc vjvfuht,fc
kb oyekbc vf[kj,tk jh-
lfidt,ekb fmdc lf dth f[t- rfhlbjkjubeh eo.j,c [tkc8 ufhlf rfhlbjkjubehb lffdflt,t,bcfsdbc
ufyjt,cf lf mcjdbkt,ib vb-
vlbyfht gfsjkjubt,vf7 by- h[t,c sdfkbc lf[ezdfc7 lffdflt,fsf hbcrc8 obyffqvltuj,bc ufotdbc eyfhbcf7 yfnehfkehb ghjle-
atmwbt,vf7 ufwbt,fv7 bynj- mesesjc lfidt,fc7 ofh,bc fvfcsfy7 tc cbwjw[kbc %-^ mnt,b cbwjw[kbc fmnbeh afpfc f[fyuh’kbdt,c lf vfc
mcbrfwbt,vf lf c[df8 ytdhbnb- fotdfc7 ufqbvt,fc lf c[df8 okbs uf[fyuh’kbdt,fc tmdcb +vfvfrfwt,ib‘ fy [esb +mfkt,ib‘ okbs phlbc8
csdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf bv hjujhw  .dtkf eo.j,c [tkc8
reyst,bc lfv,kf +gfhtpb‘7 ajhvbcsdbc7  
hjvtksf bythdfwbfcfw  lfvf[fcbf-
f[ltyc lffdflt,ekb ythdb8 st,tkbf ’kbthb nrbdbkb8
 nrbdbkb ’f- 
kpt vodfdt7 itntdbsb [fcbf-  uekvrthlbc ytryt,bc rt-
sbcff vzhtkb7 vnt[b7 vodt- ltkpt bo.t,f lf uflflbc
kb ituh’yt,t,bs7 hfcfw v[hbc7 ,tzbc7 [tkbc vblfvj-
f[kfdc bv vblfvjc lf,e;t,f7 t,ib8 nrbdbkb ’kbthlt,f
ufathvrhsfkt,f lf cbwbdbc vj’hfj,bcfc7 xfceysmdf-
ituh’yt,f7 hjvtkbw flfvb- fvjceysmdbcfc7 [vfvfqkf cf-
fyc foe[t,c8  e,hbcfc8
ijhbc .dtkfpt ufdhwtkt,e-  .dt- mayvlis foTlebiT
kbf cfvodthf7 rtabc lf ytr- kfpt [ibhfl tvfhst,fs bv
ysfijhbcb ytdhfkubf8
flfvbfyt,c7 dbcfw cxdtdbf yf-
aTerosklerozs mkurnaloben
  fyst,bc
,fyb sfdbs mexfib ufcdkf8
vbptpb vtnobkfl gbhbcf lf dbqt,s vf.dkbc odhbkfl lfzhbkb ajskbc ! c/
lffdflt,f itb’kt,f ufvjb-
ie,kbc qheib vbvlbyfht r-c7 dfc[fvs ! xfbc zbmf vleqfht o.fkc7 df.jdyt,s
xbhmjdfyb lf fyst,bsb ghj- odbjc rbchbc vfkt,bc jc-
jsf[bc ntvgthfnehfpt @ cffsb lf doehfds8
wtct,bf7 hjvtksfw mhjybre- ntjmjylhjpvf7 rbchbc re-
kb [fcbfsb fmdc8 lffdflt,bc yst,bc fyst,fv lf xdtekt-
vbqt,f5 zfvbc oby _7% xfbc zbmf s,bkb yf.tyb
ghjdjwbht,f itb’kt,f ufvj- ,hbdvf uhbgvfw rb8 vbcsdbc
lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf velvbdb lqtib #-$-]th8 vrehyfkj,bc rehcb5
bodbjc bctsvf vfhnbdvf vjm-
vtlt,fv7 hjujhbwff cfrdt,bc nrbdbkb rtabc fhtib7 hjvt- otkboflib $-]th7 #-# rdbhf8

vbqt,f7 vnrbdytek flubkpt kbw [ibhfl .ehcf lf mdtlf
evybidytkj ptojkfv lf c[df8 .,fpt uflftwtvf8 cfbynthtcjf wtcb ufhseklf lf [fyuh’kb-
cfthsjl7   bc afmnbw7 hjv   db vbvlbyfhtj,f vbbqj7 itb’-

.dtkfpt v’bvt lfpbfyt,f ne-   pju]th bo- kt,f fdsdbct,bfy ofhvjyf-
mvyfl uflfbpfhljc8
fk,fs7 ths[tk vfbyw 
aTerosklerozis mkurnaloba ufydbsfht,bc vbptpb ,jkj-
umjybfs next,pt vlt itcofdkbkb fh fhbc8 tc
[fk[eh vtlbwbyfib fhct,j,c vhfdfkb cf[bc nrbdbkbc7 odbcf lf lffdflt,f7 xdtekt,hbd7 vodfdtl
cfvrehyfkj cfiefkt,t,b7 hjvkt,bw lflt,bsfl cbvihfkbc ituh’yt,f8 tc ghj,ktvf eahj [ibhfl   bo.t,f lf hfvltybvt cffsib
pfvshbc lflujvfcsfy thsfl bxtyc sfdc8 pjubthsyb  tc ajhvf next,bc thsb fy jhbdt nexb cbdlt,f
vjmvtlt,c fsthjcrkthjpbc ufyrehyt,fpt lf fvbs fhffkthubekb fyst,bsb lf- bct7 hjv uflvj,heyt,ekb ne-
xbc fcjwbfwbf bmvyt,f8 bwdkt-
cfiefkt,f t’ktdf flfvbfyc7 cb,thtib sfdblfy fvfc v[jkjl tcstnbreh ghj,ktvfl vbbxytdty lf fdflt,ff7 hjvtkbw c[dflf-
fbwbkjc tc vtnfl ufdhwtkt,ekb lf fhwrb bwbfy7 hjv lffdflt,fc mtbkbnb /mdbf8 c[df vtntjhjkjubehb ,f nexbc athb7 pju]th rb ’f-
afmnjhbc +cbwbdt7 .bydf7 mfhb` kpt vemlt,f8 lffdflt,f bvbsff
fhfcfcbfvjdyj lffdflt,f8
afhekbf s[tkb vjyfwhb- lhjc dbsfhlt,f8 fv lhjc cfibib7 hjv itcbt,f itb’kt,f
[fk[ehb vtlbwbyf fsthjcrkthjpbc cfvrehyfkjl efvhfd  next,bc fyst,ff8
ufyfc[dfdt,ty lfvjerblt,tk lf cahj mthmbs8 fv lhjc flfvb- fyst,f 'bhbsflfl mdtlf uflfdbltc tyfpt7 w[dbhpt7 cf-
htwtgnehfc ofhvjflutyc7 vfuhfv fm ofhvjdflutys eahj
cbvgnjveh mtbkbnc7 hjvkt- fyc foe[t,c odf7 next,bc lf- next,c fpbfyt,c8 fqbybiyt,f [tpt lf c[df8
vtnfl ufvjwlbk lf vfqfktatmnbfy vwtyfhtek yfhtdc7
,bw jhufybpvbc c[dflfc[df jh- zbvekj,f lf c[df8 nexbc cbobskt7 ufhmjdfyt,f  lhjc pju]th
hjvtkbw [tkvbcfodljvj,bsf lf okbc yt,bcvbthb gthbjl-
ufyjc lfpbfyt,fc7 ybdsbtht,f- lf c[d8 vtntjhjkjubehb mtb- vtjhtekb byatmwbbc lfhsdb-
bcfsdbc vihfkfl fy ytlkfl vjcfgjdt,tkb vwtyfhtt,bf8 
sf wdkfc lf fhfcojh rdt,fc  mbvbeh ybdsbtht,f- kbnbc vrehyfkj,bcfc vsfdf- cfc dbsfhlt,f ptlfgbhekb fy
fqybiyekb htwtgnbc itlutybkj,f fctsbf5
erfdibhlt,f8 mtbkbnbc c[dfsf vbvfhs nexbc mcjdbkbc hb fhfcfcehdtkb ufhtvj afm- qhvf xbhmjdfyb 
!8 ybf[ehbc ajskt,b 2 $ ru9
lfc[df ajhvf fhct,j,c5 tmc- htfmwbbc itltufl dbsfhlt,f8 njht,bc ufvjhbw[df uf[kfds8  mtbkbnb8 fv erfyfcryt-
@8 sfakb 2 $__ u9 kbc ufhsekt,ff fdsdbct,bf-
#8 ybjhb 2 $__ u9 ajkbfnbehb7 fkthubek- tc bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv fkthubf 'bhbsflfl7 bybiyt,f cgtwbf-
itb’kt,f ufvjbodbjc rjcvtnb- kehb vrehyfkj,f8 yb cbvcbdybc xfvj.fkb,t,fw8
$8 kbvjyb 2 ( w9 rjynfmnehb7 ukfylek-
c[df itvs[dtdfib7 se mtbkbnc
%8 gbhiei[fc atcdt,b 2 $__ u8 fhekb7 vtntjhjkjubehb rehvf cfw[t,vf 2 gjvflfv7 rht- 
lhjekfl evrehyfkts7 tc
fqybiyek % rjvgjytync .dtkfathc thsfl dfnfht,s lf uhfyekjvehb8 vvf7 njyfkehvf cfiefkt,t-  lhjc pbfylt,f mdtlf
,vf lf c[df8 mtbkbnbc tc ajhvf
lffdflt,f cbwjw[ktc cf-
[jhwcfrtgib8 vfcfc uflfdbqt,s vbybc zehztkib7 lfdf[ehfds   nexb8 uflblt,ekb cfyt-
 mhjybrekb lffdflt,ff7 c[dflfc[df byntycbdj,bc cbob-
ahs[tc fh emvybc8
sfdpt ,bync lf !@ cffsbc ufyvfdkj,fib dlufvs s,bk ho.dt ]bhrdkt,blfy ufyeo-
hjvtkbw vrehyfkj,fc sb- skbsf lf fmthwdkbs dkby-

flubkpt #__ C-bc gbhj,t,ib8 fvbc itvltu vfcblfy uf- .dtnkbd ufvjb.jaf ytho-
smvbc fh tvjhxbkt,f8 fv lhjc lt,f8  .dbc odtst,b8 ytho.dbc ufve-
 
vjdoehfds odtyc7 xfvjdfc[fvs ,jskt,ib lf dfsfdct,s
lvt,ekb ufvj.jaf lf fjhsm-
   
vfwbdfhib8 lffdflt,f next,bc obstk   itlfht,bs
kt,f nexbc obstkb ptlfgb-
 
vbqt,f5 lqtib #-]th ltcthnbc rjdpbs7 zfvfvlt !% oesbs yfobkptf itvjafhukekb7 vfhnbdfl tvjhxbkt,f vreh-
fh fpbfyt,c rfyc +vbvlt,fht hbc ufvjihj,fc bodtdc7 hbc
  
flht8 gfhfktkehfl cfcehdtkbf cfrdt,sfy thsfl hfw itb- yfkj,fc8 fvbcsdbc ufvjb.tyt-
pjkc‘ lf fh dhwtklt,f gb- itltuflfw dbsfhlt,f mhj-

’kt,f [ibhfl vbdbqjs ybjhb7 sfyfw cfcehdtkbf7 lfdbo.js ,f cnthjblekb rhtvt,b7 lf-
hbc qhec kjhojdfypt8 ne- ybrekb fyst,f7 xylt,f o.ke-
 
sfdbc ! r,bkblfy lf lfdfvsfdhjs !7 sfdfvlt8 vfh,bkt,tkb vfkfvjt,b lf
xbc lfpbfyt,bc flubkb lf- kt,b lf yf[tsmt,b8 se ghj-

c[df8 
28  

 !8 yblthkfyltkb
abkjcjajcb9 ^8 bylbtksf ,tkf- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
lb vtmcbrfib9 )8 vjupfehj,f ohb-
   
ekb vfhihenbs9 !_8 ktjgfhlb9 9     
!!8 ahfyub vothfkb9 !@8 bfgjyehb
2 f8 $ cv-bc9 ,8 % cv-bc9

vfymfyf9 !#8 trktcbblfy ufyltdyf9
u8 ^ cv-bc8
!$8 'beljc cfzblfj zbkjab9 !%8 10 11      
hjvbc gfgbc ofhvjvflutytkb    
hjvtkbvt cf[tkvobajc vsfdhj,-    f8 3tmcwtkcbj-
fcsfy9 !^8 mfhsdtkb jmhjvmfylf- 12
hb49 ,8 3vlbyfht ejbt49 u8 3rekbyfyb48
rt,tkb +vt-!@-!# cc8‘9 @_8 stdpbc 
cf[tj,f9 @!8 vjrkt rf,f9 @#8 [fk[- 13 14     f8 !)%)
sf uflfcf[kt,f9 @$8 ijrjkflbc otkc9 ,8 !)^! o89 u8 !)^# o8
[t9 @*8 vfuybnehb bylemwbbc th- 
stekb9 @(8 ufysmvekb vjzblfdt9 15 
#!8 mfhsekb h’bc ghjlemnt,bc d8 f8 x[fb’tv9 ,8 u8 kjhsmbafyb-

abhvf9 #@8 cfvjs[bc ,fqb9 #%8 fdfl- ’tv9 u8 l8 f,fib’tv8
v.jaj,bc lhjt,bsb itcecnt,f9 16 17 18 19 20

#*8 hecekb vfymfyf9 $_8 mfhsdt-     
kb vcf[bj,b mfkb9 $!8 ehfyjcbc 21 22  f8 idtltsbc9 ,8 abytsbc9 u8 yjhdtub-
sfyfvupfdhb9 $@8 bnfkbtkb ht;b- bc8
cjhb9 $#8 abkvbc wfkrt cwtyf9 $$8 
mfhsdtkb ghjvtst9 $%8 vme[fht 23 24 25 26 f8 /fhlty-

nfib8 ,thub9 ,8 ujkctyfe9 u8 ivblnb8
 !8 mfkbc cfcbvqthj 27 
[vf9 @8 pfvshbc sdt9 #8 vbepbrkb9 f8
$8 ,fylbc vtsfehb9 %8 o.fkitedf- /8 ctyrtdbxc9 ,8 a8 cbekb-ghbeljvc9 u8 c8 kf-
kb ctkbc mcjdbkb9 ^8 sdfkbc 28 29 30 31 uthkjac8
hmjdfyf ufhcbc fyst,f9 *8 qjybc-     
’bt,t,b ]fyvhstkj,bc lfwdbcfs-  f8 jhb9 ,8 cfvb9 u8 js[b8
dbc9 (8 rbyjc lblb cb.dfhekb9 !*8 32 33 34

ofv.dfyb ,fkthbyf9 !(9 fq8 xfcf,t- f8 ]8 rjkbypb9
hb cfrhfdb9 !)8 uflfcfnfyb hflbj- 35 36 37 38 39 ,8 f8 kbyluhtyb9 u8 ]8 hjekbyub8
cfluehb9 @!8 ahfyub vjvqthfkb 
mfkb9 @@8 ubjhub cffrf’bc vij,kb-  f8 3vidblj,bc vnhtlt,c49 ,8 gfwbab-
ehb cjatkb9 @$8 ,bpfynbtkb gj- 40 cnt,c9 u8 gfnhekt,c8
tnb mfkb9 @%8 nhfvdfbc obyfvjh-      
,tlb9 @^8 cfcnevhj9 @(8 rey’ek    
nfbdfybc gjhneufkbehb cf[tkb9
41 42
2 f8 ,fhjrj9
@)8 rbyjc ufvjvujyt,tkb9 #_8 [t- ,8 hjrjrj9 u8 fvgbhb8
kjdyehb f,htievb9 ##8 ltybc 43    
eyfhbc vmjyt 2 s[tdflb9 #$8 w[f- 
lb7 yfstkb9 #^8 bubdtf7 hfw fhib- f8 3akfvtyujib49 ,8 3akevbytyct-
.b9 #(8 mfhsdtkb rfhlbjkjub9 #)8 44 45 ib49 u8 3cfynjcib48
ifdrfybfyb8
   cfvb ]bycbc

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hfsf ehsbthsj,f xb[ib fh vjtmwtc8 ,bs7 hflufy ]th ufb,ent,f7 vt- fhfvtl [ibh itvs[dtdfib vfs  
ht ufyfo.tylt,f8 itvlujv rb  fctsb cf-
 +@!8_%-@@8_^` /j,c ofhvjflutyc vt,fqtj,f lf  
itcf’kjf7 uf,hfpltc rbltw7 vt,jcnytj,f8 fvudfhfl7 bcbyb [bc rdt,bs lfotct,ekt,t,ib   
sfdc eahj rjvajhnekfl
cf.dfhtk flfvbfysfy ehsbthsj,f eahj vzblhj
hfw yfvldbkfl fh bmyt,f cf- cfresfhb [tkbs vj.dfybkb  vfs e.dfhs ,kty-
uh’yj,ty lf7 hfw vsfdfhbf7
lf cfylj uf[lt,f7 hfw mvtlbseyfhbfyj,fcf lf sfdlf]t-
cehdtkb8 ufhlf fvbcf7 /jhjc- vjcfdkbs cb.dfhekbs fvpf- lthbc lf tktmnhjuhbkbc
ite’kbfs7 cohfafl brdt,jy8
ht,fc ituvfnt,s8 vjvf,tpht,tkb cfveifjcf lf dfklt-
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lts7 rjvgktmct,b lf’kbjs lf eahj sdbsrhbnbrekb ekb7 vehf,t,b7 yfvw[dht,b7 yf- j]f[bc otdht,cf lf cnevht,c   
odybfybcf lf rfnktnbc se
[fhib lf rfhnjabkbcufy lfv- cbfvjdyt,bs itcsfdfpt,ty8 
cfkfst,bc vjvpflt,fw8 ief-
vfuhfv7 se vfc cflbkj,bcfc
b.js8 rfhub bmyt,f7 serb ]fyvhstkj,bc ufrf;t,fcf lf
pflt,ekb yt,bcvbthb rth’b8 ktlib rb hfbvtc ufvjfw[j,ty7
uftcfe,ht,bs f[fkb fv,t,bc
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fctsb vfvfrfwb7 mfk,fnjybc
  
hfsf .dtkf rvf.jabkb lfh-
 +@#8_^-@@8_*` vbvfhs cbvgfsbbc itvs[dtdfib7 itcf[t, fy vbvlbyfht vjdkt-

rfhub gthbjlbf behblbekb lf cfpjufljt,hbdb fewbkt,kfl ufcby]fdc vbc vb-

yt,c ufyb[bkfds7 bub vtnfl xtc8 vfsb lflt,bsb sdbct,ff
cfmvbfyj,bcsdbc7 vfuhfv f[fkb ghjtmnbc lfo.t,fvlt ev- th lfvpflt,ek fhfths rth’c7

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  
smdtysfy rjynfmnbs7 bct cf- e[tlfdfl7 rdt,bcufy reknc fh
hb jwyt,f f[ltc8 ,tdh vjekjlytk fv,fdcfw itbn.j,s7 yjc lf7 vtjht v[hbd7 lfhovey-

lbkbs8 ybifylj,kbdbf7 hjv mvybfy lf se lhj fylf ufy-
vfuhfv fhct,ekb vlujvfhtj,bc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl ]j,c7 ltc7 hjv cojhb fhxtdfyb uff-
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cf[ehib cflbkj,bcfc fhfth- cfrdt,c itb’tyty fy 3gbwfc4
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lfzthf ufvjfdkbyts8 tvjwbt,bcfufy ufcfsfdbceakt,kfl sb cfrbs[b uflfo.dbnjc8 vfc iterdtsty lf7 hfw vsfdfhbf7
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,jc7 bkfgfhfrjc7 c[dfc ecvb- bmyt,f8
 +@#8_*-@#8_(`
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fvbc ufvj7 itcf’kjf7 cfvjmvtljl f[fk upfc vbvfhsjs8    
ew[jsf ijhbcfw rb fldbkfl vjbgjdt,s gfnbdbcwtvfcf   
 
lf fdnjhbntnc7 jqjyl cfresfhb gjpbwbt,bc fuhtcbe-
kb cf[bs lfwdfc vjthblts8 rfhub gthbjlbf ijhtekb
 
vjupfehj,bcsdbc8 cfcb.dfhekj cathjib /fhvjybbcs-
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
 +@$8_(-@#8_)`
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ktvfc itmvybc8 sfyfvjfphtsf ufhtit hflbrfkeh wdkb-
kt,fc yehw cfmvtcf lf yehw gbhfl w[jdht,fib ye lf-

bo.t,s8 twflts7 it.dfht,eksfy cfmvt fh ofb[lbyjs7 hf-

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
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 


 
ajylb lf ufptsb
3kbnthfnehekb
cfmfhsdtkj4 fw[flt,ty
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 lfo.t,fc8 lqtc vjthblts uh’tkdflbfyb ghjtm-
nt,bc lfutuvdfc lf vtnb lhj lfesvts fmnef- rjyrehcb w[fllt,f itvltu
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lfy @!8$_ cffsfvlt8 utjvfuybnehb lqtf8 gbenthekb cbcntvbc itcf’tyfl8 fh fhbc cfcehdt- gjtnehb yfofhvjt,b +#-% ud8‘
ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc sfdbceakt,bcf lf htajh- kb ptlvtnb kfgfhfrb lf cfblevkjc ufv[tkf vt-
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okbc cfertstcj tktmnhjyekb dthcbt,bcsdbc5
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,f7 hfw [tkc iteo.j,c htajhvfnjhek cfmvbf- kbf ythdekb cbcntvf7 v[tldtkj,f7 dtyt,b7 at[bc okbc cfertstcj
tsivtsivadzis.fondi@yahoo.com
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ghbywbgt,bc lfythudfc7 f[fkb rfyjyt,bc vbqt,fc7 hbyb7 wbhrjyb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf n.egbcsdbc7
cf,fdidj yfofhvjt,b ufvjdkbylt,bfy @_@# okbc @! vfhnc7
kjvbcsdbc7 vidbkljcybcsdbc7 vtho.ekbcsdbc8yt- +ghjpf7 gjtpbf 2 #-% ud8‘ ;ehyfkbcnbrbc lqtc8
jhbubyfkeh sdbsufvjdktyfc7 bltbc htfkbpfwb-
fc7 fhfcnfylfhnek fphjdyt,fc7 f[fkb cfmvbc ufnbehbf dth’bcsdbc7 cfcojhbcsdbc8 cfrjyrehcjl vbbqt,f yjvbyfwbt,bc vb[tldbs gbhdtk flubkpt
@_@@ otkc ;ehyfk-ufptst,cf ufcekb yfofhvjt,t,bc fdnjht,c

vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc lf tktmnhjyek ufvjwtvt,ib uflftwtvfs aekflb ]bklj7 lbgkjvt,b
_(8@! cffspt7 xflbc !(8_^ cffspt8 vsdfht stdpt- ufvjmdt.yt,ekb yfofhvjt,t,b8 lf cfvf[cjdhj ghbpt,b8
,bc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc !_8@_ cffspt7 xflbc @!8@_ cfveifjt,bcsdbc7 cfpjufljt,bcflvb vbvfhsdbcs-
cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-$ lqt bo.t,f !!8@! cffspt8 6 dbc8 vfqfkbf byatmwbehb lffdflt,t,bs lfcyt,jd-
afpf‘8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc vjbvfnt,c tvjwbe- yt,bcf lf fkthubekb htfmwbbc ufvjdktybc fk,f- 
hj,f lf vuh’yj,tkj,f7 hfw lqtc lf [dfk htf- sj,f8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb fkrj/jkbc7 acbmjn-
kj,bc ituh’yt,fc itfvwbht,c7 fvbnjv twflts7 afy- hjgekb cfiefkt,bc vbqt,f7 cfblevkj cfmvbc ofh- (-sf vjofvtsf ybrttksf9 lqtcfc-
nfpbt,c fh f/.dts8 rfhub lqtf byntktmnefke- vjt,f7 ctc[bc fqt,f8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf ofekb [fnsf .jdkflovblbcf
hb fmnbehj,bcsdbc7 vupfdhj,bcsdbc7 behbcnt,- nthat,b7 ythdekb lf kbvaehb cbcntvf8 mdt,b5 qvhsbcvij,tkbcfsf5 3h’bs vf-
sfy rjynfmnbcsdbc7 rfgbnfklf,fylt,bcsdbc7 mjh- fktmcfylhbnb7 vfhufkbnb7 fvtsdbcnj7 ubithb7 vfh- cfphljt,tkb4 lf 3frfsbcnj49
obyt,bcsdbc7 rjynhfmnbc lfcflt,fl7 itvjmvtlt- ]fyb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf rehjcsdbc7 rbhx[b,bcs- vjofvbcf abkjstjp fynbjmbt-
,bcsdbc7 cgjycjhbc vj’bt,bcsdbc7 vjcfvpflt,tkb dbc8 ytufnbehbf dth’bcsdbc7 cfcojhbcsdbc8 kbcf9 ovblbcf tbkbfyjc hjvft-
kbcf7 ,hbnfytsib vjqdfobcf9 ovb-
behbcnt,sfy rjynfmnbcsdbc7 rfgbnfklf,fylt,bc- lbcf ,tytlbmntcb7 fyukjcfmcbcf8
 sdbc7 rez-yfokfdbc cfvrehyfkjl8 fh fhbc cfceh- 
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bo.t,f !!8#^ cffspt8 6 afpf‘8 vbvfhsekt,flf- nt,c lf lfbjrts afynfpbt,b8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lf- cf9 vjofvbcf fsfyfctcb9 vjofvt-

rfhuekb vsdfhbc gthbjlbf @_8!! cffsblfy @@8%( cecnt,ekbf sfdb7 ythdekb cbcntvf7 v[tldtkj,f7  sf gf[jvbcf lf gfgbhbytcb9 qbh-
cffsfvlt8 utjvfuybnehb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 nthat,b8 mdt,b5 vfhufkbnb7 fktmcfylhbnb7 ubit- cbcf vfmcbvt rfdcjrfkb,tkbcf7 

rfhub lqtf vupfdhj,bcsdbc7 ctbhyj,bcsdbc7 mdtk- hb7 fvtsdbcnj7 vfh]fyb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf mfk-  fsjytkbcf9 /bkfhbcf7 gbmnfbdb- 
vjmvtlt,bcsdbc7 itvjmvtlt,bcsdbc7 cgjycjhbc vj- oekbcsdbc7 qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7 s[bc hmbcsdbc7 std- tkb tgbcrjgjcbcf9 htvbubecbcf7 
’bt,bcsdbc7 mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 vwtyfhtt,bc lfhudf- pt,bcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf n.egbcsdbc7 kjvbcsdbc7 htvfyfc tgbcrjgjcbcf9 rtynbuth- 
uflfhudbcsdbc7 vjcfvpflt,tkb cfveifjt,bcsdbc7 vidbkljcybcsdbc7 vtho.ekbcsdbc8 

yecbcf7 rkfpujc tgbcrjgjcbcf8

uhbujk yjctkb tgbcrjgjcb-
cf7 ,fcbkb lblbc 'vbcf9 qbh-


vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc cbcf ljvtynbfytcb7 vtkbnbyt- ovblbcf ltlbcf xdtybcf lf vj- lfsf cfkjvt e]fhvtkbcf lf
_(8!) cffspt7 xflbc !(8_( cffspt8 vsdfht dth’bc kb tgbcrjgjcbcf9 qbhcbcf vfh- wbmeksf cojhbcf mfkoekbcf gthj;fdhf cbdybtkbcf9 qbhc-
pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc !!8!_ cffspt7 xflbc @#8$* bcsdbc7 [tkv’qdfytkj,fcsfy rjynfmnbcsdbc7 nfy- rbfyt [ewbcf lf brjyjvjcbcf9 ybyjcb7 mfhsdtksf ufyvfyfskt- vjofvbcf gfycjab fktmcfylhb-
cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-^ lqt bo.t,f !!8$$ cffspt8 6 cfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc7 fdt]bc7 cgjhnekb bydtynfhbc7 ytnfhbcf stjct,bf ltlfslb- ,tkbcf9 qbhcsf vfvfsf7cbyfcf lf tkbcf9 qbhcsf ghj[jht gib-
afpf‘8 ntyltywbt,b5 twflts7 smdtyb fpht,bc pec- vzhtkb cfuyt,bc itcf’tyfl7 dfh]bibcsdbc8 tatmne- frjybcf7 ,fcbkb lblbc lbcf9 st- hfbsc cfhrbyjpsfufy vjo.dt- ytkbcf lf uf,hbtk ktcyjdt-
nb ajhvekbht,f vjf[lbyjs8 ye uflfbqkt,bs hbf tyljrhbyekb cbcntvbc7 sbhrvkt,bc7 ifhlbc jafyt lf.elt,ekbcf7 dbityc- nbksf5 tcfbfcb7 cf,fcb7 vjctcb lf kbcf9 uthfcbvt gfkflfcbcf7
lf ittwflts7 ceasf /fthpt vtnb lhj uffnf- ,einbc7 .tkbc vrehyfkj,f8 vjthblts sdfkt,bc rtkbcf9 qbhcbcf fvjybcf9 qbh- vjofabcf vbcbcf vjctcb7 bthtvbf- fktmcfylhbtkb gfnhbfhmbcf7
hjs8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb mjhobyt,f7 cfabyfycj uflfqkfc7 cekcohfaj,fc7 cb]bentc7 fuhtcbekj- cbcf fynbgf fsjytkbcf8 cb7 gfdktcb7 flfvbcf7 cthubcf7 ljv- rhtntkbcf9 ^-sf qbhcsf vfvf-
jgthfwbt,b7 otct,bc lfhqdtdf7 sfdbc lf,fyf lf ,fcf lf tujbpvc8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf ytcb7 ghjrktcb7 bgfnbcf7 bcffrb- sf7 vtelf,yjtsf9 qbhcbcf
sfdb7 cbc[k’fhqdt,b7 uh’yj,fsf jhufyjt,b8 mdt-

svbc itzhf7 cnjvfnjkjubehb ghjwtleht,b7 qbhcbcf stjljcb lblbcf7 cf7 vfrfhbcf7 vfhrjpbcf7 ,tybf- fktmcfylht vqdb’fhtcb9 ovblb-
[tkitrhekt,bc lflt,f7 rfgbnfklf,fylt,f8 rfh- ,b5 obstkb bfcgb7 kfkb7 bfueylb8 gjpbnbehb pjuflw[jdht,eksf sfdbcf9 vbybcf7 tdctdbcf7 tkbfcb lf c[df- cf bnf bhkfylbtkbcf8
ub lqtf ntmybrfcsfy ehsbthsj,bcsdbc7 cohf- lqtf dth’bcsdbc7 cfcojhbcsdbc7 vtho.ekbcsdbc8 qbhcbcf dbnfkbcf9 ovblbcf vfsf vfssfyf9 qbhcbcf bjct, hfb-
afl itchekt,flb cfveifjt,bcsdbc7 vupfdhj,- ytufnbehbf rehjcsdbc7 rbhx[b,bcsdbc8 bhbcf9 qbhcbcf stjljcbcf7 stkb fyfkbnbybcf9 qbhcbcf st-  sf.-
nhfgtpeylbc vbnhjgjkbnb- jlektcb7 ybkjc ,h’tybc 'bcf9 dfybcwtvf gfnbjcfysf ]fzdsf
 rbs[t,bc vbvfhs8 lqtc fh fhbc cfcehdtkb cfab- cf9 /bubyjc hjvbc tgbcrjgjcb- qbhcbcf cntafytcb7 ibyjkfrjc ovblbcf lf .jdkflmt,ekb-
yfycj jgthfwbt,b7 mjhobyt,f7 rfgbnfklf,fylt- cf9 rht,f ovblfsf fyutkjpsf vjyfcnhbc fqvityt,tkbcf9 cf,f cf vjwbmekbcf gtnhtcb7 hj-
vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc ,f7 [tkitrhekt,bc lflt,f7 cnjvfnjkjubehb ljvybyjdib9 vjofvbcf ybrbaj- 6-bcf7 cth,tkb gbhdtkb vsfdfht- vtksfufy ufsfdbceakt,ek
_(8!( cffspt7 xflbc !(8!_ cffspt8 vsdfht dth’bc ghjwtleht,b7 svbc lf,fyf7 otct,bc lfhqdtdf7 cek- ht rhtntkbcf8 gbcrjgjcbcf7 mbkfylfhbc vjyfc- bmyf cfg.hj,bktib fyutkj-
pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc !!8#@ cffspt7 xflbc @#8%) cohfaj,f lf fuhtcbekj,f7 rfvfsb8 rfhub lqtf nhbc mnbnjhbcf9 vjofvbcf fuyb- pbcf vbth8 vjofvtsf5 gtdcbgt-
cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-* lqt bo.t,f !!8%! cffspt8 6 vupfdhj,bcsdbc7 cohfafl itchekt,flb cfmvtt,bc-

fcb9 [ctyt,f ,fcbkb lblbc ovblb- cb7 tkfcbgtcb7 vtcbgtcb lf vf-
afpf‘8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc cb.dfhekbcf lf cb- sdbc7 ntmybreh vjo.j,bkj,t,sfy ehsbthsj,bc-
vjofvbcf nfnbfyfcb lf vbcsf-
cf j]f[bcf5 vij,tksf vbcsf ,f- vbcltlbcf vfsbcf ytjybkfcb9
kfvfpbc vvfhsdtkb gkfytnf dtythf uflfbyfwdkt,c yf hjvib ofvt,eksf9 vjofvb-
sdbc7 nfycfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc7 cgjhnekb bydtynf- cf vthnb v[tlhbcf9 vjofvbcf cbkbcf lf tvbkbfcb7 'vfsf vbcsf vjofvbcf lfyfmnb obuybcv-
stdpt,bc pjlbfmjib +@_ st,thdkfvlt‘7 hfw eh- hbc7 vzhtkb cfuyt,bc itcf’tyfl7 dfh]bit,bcsdbc7 uhbujk yjctkb tgbcrjgjcbcf7 rbs[dtkbcf9 vqdltkvjofvbcf
sbthsj,bcfc uff’kbtht,c vuh’yj,tkj,fc7 hjvfy- gtnhtcb7 gfktcnbybc cfvfhbbc
[tkv’qdfytksfy rjynfmnbcsdbc8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 fdkjyfib9 qbhcbcf tdghfmcbf gtnht ct,fcnbtkb tgbcrjgjcbcf lfvfcrby uf,hjdtkbcf9 qbhcb-
nbrekj,fc7 mfjnehj,fc7 tvjwbehj,fc7 sfyfuh- lfcecnt,ekbf sfdb7 cbc[k’fhqdt,b7 uh’yj,fsf jh- lf yfdrhfnbcf lf lfsf vbcsf vfr- cf hjvbkt dblbytkbcf7 fsj-
’yj,bc eyfhc7 bynebwbfc7 tcstnehj,fc lf fctdt nf,tybctkbcf7 eahjcbcf7 tudb-
ufyjt,b8 mdt,b5 kfkb7 bfueylb7 obstkb bfcgb7 'j- gntib vjqdfobcf9 qbhcbcf tkbf hbyfcb lf stjct,bfcb9 qbhcbcf ytkbcf lf vbcsfyf5 ytcnjhb-
bkepbt,c7 ofhcekpt abmhc7 n.ebkbcflvb vbl- ob7 ,hbkbfynb8gjpbnbehb lqtf n.egbcsdbc7 kj- flfvbcf8 cf7 vfhnbybcf7 lfybtkbcf7 cb-
htrbkt,fc7 ptlvtn ylj,fcfw8 fctdt lfbynthtct- vtelf,yjbcf7 vtudbgntkbcf7 cfc-
vbcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf mfkoekbcsdbc7 qhbfyrfkbc- ofeksvjmvtlbcf9 vqdltkvjof-  qbh- cjcb7 pjcbvfcb lf uhbujkbcf9
,fc htkbubehb7 acbmjkjubehb7 tpjsthekb cf- sdbc7 s[bc hmbcsdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8 qbhcbcf jyjhfnbcf7 fhtkfnbc
vbcf nbuhb [ewbcf lf vjofvb- csf fv,f gfdkt ufyijht,ekbcf7
cf tdnhjgb obuybcvrbs[dtkbcf9 st,tkbcf lf bjfyt ukf[frbcf9 ovb- vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbcf8
vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc 
_(8!* cffspt7 xflbc !(8!! cffspt8 vsdfht uflfb-
yfwdkt,c +_#8%)‘ rehjc pjlbfmjib8 fvjlbc !!8%^ qjybc’bt,t,bcsdbc7 vtuj,hekb it[dtlht,bcsdbc7
cffspt7 xflbc @) bfydfhc __8%* cffspt +vsdfhbc vwtyfhtt,bc lfhudf-uflfhudbcsdbc7 [tkb itto.j,f
vt-( lqt bo.t,f !@8__ cffspt8 vt-@ afpf bo.t,f ifhlcfcmtcj cbcntvbc vrehyfkj,fc7 rfybc vjdkf-
!)8@_ cffspt‘8 vbvfhsekt,flfrfhuekb vsdf- cf lf rdt,fc8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb cfhbcrj mvtlt,f7 .blekj,c lf .blbc hecek lf mfhsek
hbc gthbjlbf _!8_! cffsblfy _#8%) cffsfvlt8 cekcohfab uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbqt,f7 rbchbc vrdts-
utjvfuybnehb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc rfh- hb vj’hfj,t,b7 jhgbh mfhib .jayf8 frjynhj- fynbrdfhek obuyt,c7 lf,tzlbkc
ub lqtf cfhtvjynj-fqvlutyb cfveifjt,bcsdbc7 kts cbn.dt,bw lf cfaektw8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lf- !)$% okfvlt
mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 cfcb.dfhekj rjynfmnt,bcsdbc7 cecnt,ekbf .tkb7 tyljrhbyekb cbcntvf7 cojhb
f[fkb yfwyj,j,bcsdbc7 vityt,kj,bcsdbc7 dfzhj- yfokfdb8 mdt,b5 fmfnb7 vfkfmbnb7 vfhufkbnb7 peh-   
,bcsdbc7 e’hfdb mjyt,bc7 gfhabevthbf-rjcvtnbrbc7 ve[nb7 mhbpjghfpb8 gjpbnbehb lqtf rehjcs-
nfycfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc7 cfvityt,kj vfcfkt,bc7
w[jdtkt,bc itcf’tyfl7 reknehek-ufcfhsj,b
dbc7 rbhx[b,bcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf dth’bcsdbc7 cfc- 
ojhbcsdbc7 vtho.ekbcsdbc8


cb.dfhekj it[dtlht,bcsdbc7 dfzhj,bcsdbc7 e’hfdb
mjyt,bc7 cfvityt,kj vfcfkt,bc7 w[jdtkt,bc7 nfy-  !8 gfyfcjybrb9 (8 xbxthjyt9 !@8 crbab9 !#8 gthbnjybnb9 !$8 yjvbyfkb9 !%8 ythgf9
vpt bv.jat,f vtho.ekbc pjlbfmjib8 fvj- cfwvtk-at[cfwvkbc7 gfhabevthbf-rjcvtnbrbc it- !^8 ,bhj,b]fyb9 @!8 ltknf9 @@8 fyubyf9 @%8 rfkfnjpjdb9 @^8 yfufyb9 @)8 htvb9 #@8 ba9 ##8 tkthjyb9
lbc _(8!^ cffspt7 xflbc !(8!@ cffspt8 vsdfht cf’tyfl7 f[fkb yfwyj,j,bcsdbc7 itvjmvtlt,bcs- #*8 hdfkb9 #(8 xfh[b9 #)8 [fkf9 $_8 ybckf9 $!8 cbhlfhbf9 $@8 nbnf9 $#8 ybybf9 $^8 vflf9 $)8 vfmcdtkb9
rehjc pjlbfmjibf8 fvjlbc !@8@! cffspt7 xf- dbc8 fh fhbc cfcehdtkb cfhbcrj mvtlt,fyb7 rbc- %#8 gfvbhb9 %^8 renb9 %*8 tct9 %(8 ybnb9 ^_8 nehybhb9 %!8 yjrbf9 ^@8 pekect,b9 ^%8 ytbvfhb9 ^^8
lbc #_ bfydfhc _@8_% cffspt +vsdfhbc vt-) lqt hbc vrdtshb vj’hfj,t,b7 jhgbh mfhib .jayf7 fhf9 ^*8 fhnthbf9 ^(8 nthfrjnf9 ^)8 rbrbyb9 *_8 cbwbkbf8
bo.t,f !@8!! cffspt8 vt-@ afpf‘8 utjvfuybne- wbdb lf ufpbfyb cfcvkbc vbqt,f8 cfaekt uffrjyn- @8 f,tkb9 #8 f.bhj9 $8 j,jkb9 %8 bpblf9 ^8 bcbyb9 *8 vbuhtyb9 (8 xbyfhb9 )8 xtvjlfyb9
hb lqtf8 ntyltywbt,b5 lqtc vjthblts lf’f- hjkts8 ]fyvhstkj,f5 lfcecnt,ekbf .tkb7 ty- !_8 hbyjkjubf9 !!8 yfkbf9 !^8 ,erkt9 !*8 hbkrt9 !(8 ,enrj9 !)8 ]fpib9 @_8 yjdtkf9 @#8 ufhfynbf9
,ek cfveifjc lf vidblfl lfbcdtyts8 vjsvbyt- ljrhbyekb cbcntvf7 cojhb yfokfdb8 mdt,b5 fmf- @$8 nbab9 @*8 yb[hb9 @(8 uhfnf9 #_8 tkbf9 #!8 vbc9 #$8 kfbrf9 #%8 hjlbc0 #^8 ythct9 #(8 xfyub9 #)8
,f ufvjfdkbyts8 bvfnt,c ufyfo.tyt,f7 vjthblts nb7 vfkfmbnb7 jybmcb7 pehve[nb7 vfh]fyb8 gjpb- [fvb9 $$8 yj[b9 $%8 fynb9 $*8 lte9 $(8 ,bcj9 $)8 vfnjyt9 %_8 mjhobkb9 %!8 dfbvfhb9 %@8 kebpbnb9 %$8
zjht,c7 lfgbht,t,bc ufwtvfc7 cekcohfaj,fc8 nbehb lqtf mfkoekbcsdbc7 qhbfyrfkbcsdbc7 gbathj9 %$8 vtyb9 %%8 htrjhlb9 %^8 rjkthb9 %(8 yfytnb9 %)8 neybcb9 ^#8 cfrb9 ^$8 ,fnb8
rfhub lqtf rjynfmnt,bcsdbc7 reknehek-uf-
cfhsj,b qjybc’bt,bcsdbc7 mjhobyt,bcsdbc7 cf-
s[bc hmbcsdbc7 stdpt,bcsdbc8 ytufnbehbf n.e-
gbcsdbc7 kjvbcsdbc7 vidbkljcybcsdbc8 

 
31
   
     

     

   
     
 !8 tktmnhjybrbc vofhvjt,tkb bfgjyehb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 cfthsfijhbcj rjhgjhfwbf9 (8 ublb bnfkbfib9 !@8 uh’tkb
lf dbohj cgjhnekb yfdb9 !#8 vewkbc fgrbc fyst,f9 !$8
12 qbht,ekt,f7 hjvtkbw fqybiyekbf afcbfy mfqfklpt7 ae-
kbc ybiyt,pt9 !%8 ctkfgbc cf[tj,f9 !^8 mfkfmb hectsib9
13 14 @!8 ,th’yekb l-c cf[tkb9 @@8 [f[bc kjhojdfyb ufhcbc fy-
st,f9 @%8 hecb ht;bcjhb9 @^8 [tkbc wtw[kcfchjkb bfhf-
qb9 @)8 hjvekecbc 'vf9 #@8 vjojyt,bc ijhbclt,ekb9 ##8
15 sdbsvahbyfdbc ahst,bc ,jkjt,bc vj’hfdb ptlfgbhb9 #*8
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athb7 yfwhbcathb cfmjytkb9 $!8 vlbyfht ief fpbfib9 $@8
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22 23 24 byukbctkb abpbrjcb9 %#8 vsfsf cbcntvf ief fpbfib9 %^8
cfg.fhb9 %*8 sfdbceafkb ajhvbc yfhrdtdb9 %(8 cbyfskbc
25 26 27 cbrfirfibc thstekb9 ^_8 cgjhnekb it]b,hb zflhfrib9 ^!8
abyehb ntktajyt,bc abhvf9 ^@8 cfv[hts fahbrbc htc-
ge,kbrbc vrdblhyb9 ^%8 ,hfpbkbtkb at[,ehstkb9 ^^8 se-
28 29 30 31 32
sb.eibc cf[tj,f9 ^*8 cbc[k’fhqdb7 hjvtkbw uekblfy
cbc[kc fodlbc c[tekbc .dtkf jhufyjc9 ^(8 ufvjvodfhb
33 34 35 36 37 38 athflb sb[f9 ^)8 s[bc [vbfyj,f9 *_8 bnfkbbc rey’ekb8
 @8 rftybc 'vf9 #8 vofht ujuhf9 $8 eltlvfvj9 %8
39 40 yf.jabtht,bc tudbgnehb mfkqvthsb9 ^8 abkvb 3888 xfvj-
dblyty vsblfy49 *8 ifrbrb9 (8 fkdbc [t9 )8 cfvupfdhj .esb9
!_8 w[dbhbc lffdflt,t,bc itvcofdktkb vtlbwbybc lfhub9
41 42 43 44 45 !!8 cfcbvbylt9 !^8 vc[dbkfl yfmcjdb 3rekekt,bfyb4 mcj-
dbkb9 !*8 fdcnhbtkb gjtnb9 !(8 .dfdbkbc wtynhfkehb
46 47 48 yfobkb9 !)8 abkvb 3888 v[jkjl mfkbidbkt,b fhbfy49 @_8
gfnfhf vjs[hj,f9 @#8 cfobylfhb9 @$8 thsudfhb uflfvlt,b
lffdflt,f9 @*8 nfhbab9 @(8 .fybc xbnb9 #_8 ,b,kbehb obyfc-
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 ofhvtn.dtkb9 #!8 mfkbidbkb= 2 byukbcehfl9 #$8 thsudf-
hb h,bkb n.fdb9 #%8 hf lhjc0 #^8 mfhskbc thbcvsfdfhb
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dbkb9 $$8 [fkbxf9 $%8 obycfhsb7 fqybiyfdc cfobyffqvltujc9
60 61 $*8 rjhtekb fdnjvj,bkb9 $(8 cjatkb leitsbc hfbjyib9
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62 63 64 vjvofvdktkb ybdsbtht,f9 %#8 bnfkbehb [fk[ehb vecbrf-
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65 66 67 nb9 %%8 evfqktcb vbqotdf cgjhnib9 %^8 cfqt,fdbc athbc
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68 ^$8 ibyfehb ahbydtkb8
69 70 rhjcdjhlbcf lf ktyndjhlt,bc gfce[t,b b[8 #!-t udthlpt
     

     
      
    


      
  

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kj,fc8
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itcf'kjf7 umjylts cfcbfvjdyj lf ibyfeh w[jdtkt,c8 b.fdbs rtsbkyb lf ue-
cfzbhj ityf'tyb8 kvjo.fktyb8
 mediakorporacia "asaval-dasavali". sagamomcemlo saxli "asaval-dasavali"

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ufyo.j,f uflfvjovt,fc fh tmdtvlt,fht,f8 vfcfkbc lfe,tzlfj,f fh vjnbdbhlt,f8

       
 othbkt,b ufvjupfdyts vbcfvfhspt5 s,bkbcb7 _!^_7 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkb48
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www. facebook.com/Asavali.com ufptsb lf,tzlbkbf 3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkbc4 cnfv,fib8

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   WWW.

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   

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     

    

 mediakorporacia "asaval-dasavali". sagamomcemlo saxli "asaval-dasavali"

ufyo.j,f uflfvjovt,fc fh tmdtvlt,fht,f8 vfcfkbc lfe,tzlfj,f fh vjnbdbhlt,f8

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