Q.4.

Discuss the various organized structure of a Tv channel

INTRODUCTION:
Every organization has its own organizational set up which makes it run. Looking at the TV
channels set up, organizations are important. Every organization action is very important
when we are talking about TV channels, we must first know that TV channel is important
organisation where every second counts. News channel is the time bound news transmission
unit. The news head or channel head is the highest officer. Under him, the reporter,
cameraman, bulletin, producer work, news collected for difficult parts of the country and
abroad. All the news that comes to the newsroom is edited. The copy editor and bulletin
producer give the news a final shape for transmission. The video and bites collected from
field or agency are added into the script before transmission. The time frame of a news
bulletin is fixed, therefore it cannot be extended. But during emergency situation there is no
fixed time for news.
BODY
Therefore, it is very important to have highly efficient organizational set up for a TV channel
to create high value products, name and credibility its viewers. Always the economic
condition decides its organizational structure. Firstly it’s important to know government
owned National broadcaster’s organisation Door darshan. In India in every Door darshan
centre there is a Regional Director, under him 3 important departments are there. They are:
1. Programme department
2. Administrative Departments
3. Technical department
1. Programme Department: In the programme department there is one functional
producer. Under him or her more than one producer and an assistant producer is
employed. The work of programme department is to produce interesting news,
information and entertainment programmes.
2. Administrative Department: The administrative departments looks after the mostly
all the administrative work of the organisation. Under the administrative department
all other department works. The department is headed by a section officer.
3. Technical department: The department is run under the direct supervision of the
Station Engineer. Under the central technical department, Executive Engineers run the
show. The department has Programme transmission room, control room, electrical
engineer, sound engineer and computer engineer.
PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS:
Other then government set up, various private channels have established multiple
news channels. The organizational set up of private news channels is very different
government channels. There is also a difference between each channels own set up.

President
Vice
president
News Sale manger Program Chief Business
Director Manager engineer Manager
Producer Local/ Production Transmitte Accountant
regional/national/internationa manager r man
l manager
Assistant Account executive Talents Remote Building
Producer man maintenanc
e
Anchor Traffic manager Studio IT cell Transport
crew(Creativ engineer DSNG
e heads)
Assistant Security
Editor
Reporter
Meteorologis
t

President or Managing Director: He is the head of TV news channel. He is chief of the

services, differently some channels has an owner who works as the representative of the
owner. In some channels managing director is over all incharge, he looks after production
advertisement, finance, etc along with management of liaisons and relationship. He is the
decision-making authority.
Vice President: To reduce The President’s burden of work in some channels there maybe a
vice-president who carries out these decisions taken by the managing director regarding
smooth functioning and policy matters.
News Directors: There may be News Directors under the vice president. They work as head
of news bureau, under their direct supervision the production and transmission of news is
done. They give the direction to which news should be given imp. To do such work in some
channels there maybe chief news editors, news editor has some assisting staff like news co-
ordinator. He works as a bridge between Newsdesk and Editor.
Producer: There may be more than one producer in one news channels. A group of
producers prepare news bulletin and the second group prepare special attractive programmes
over the recent events. Daily news bulletin is prepared under the direct supervision of first
producers. To prepare hourly bulletin is his main work. He is also called the bulletin
producer. The second category producers are called programme producers. By transmission
of fresh news they engage viewers, is his chief motive, News channels work 24x7 so every
time different news transmission.
Copy Editor: To help the producers, a group of copy editors work, every time when new
news comes in it is their duty to prepare correct and speedy bulletin.
Anchor: They are the face of the channel. General public know the channel through the news
caster or anchor. They are very popular among general public. The popular and reliability of
a news channel depends upon a good news caster. Viewers regularly see the channels because
of the presentation skills of the anchor. Their main job is to present the news in proper
manner.
Reporter: The backbone of a TV news channel is the reporter. They are connected to the
society, they reach the spot as soon as they get information were the incident has happened
and get the information. They immediately inform the office about the event. Main duty to
send collected info to news desk, due active dedicated work of news reporter the news
channel becomes lively.
Cameraperson: Those who accompany the reporters to the incident spot and take photos or
videos are known are camerapersons. Understanding the importance of the event and
morality of journalism they take the pictures with care. Persons discussed above work under
the news division.
In addition to this a team of technical persons work in news channel. IT, RF broadcast,
MCR, PCR, Electricals, Electronic, sound are the technical persons. Without their help it is
not possible to telecast news in time.
Business Manager: In addition to this every news channel has a business manager. Under
him a number of business executives. Their main work is to collect revenues through
advertisements. Along with this they also try to improve viewership of the channel.
Editor: The editor links write-up received from different sources are with visuals with proper
timing and editing. They remain present in the editing room meticulously edit and connect
the news write-up and visuals eliminating the unnecessary part. They maintain the balance
and equality in every news item.
Q.2. Elaborate with examples various tools and techniques of television reporters.
INTRODUCTION
Television is a complex medium, and here lies the confusion. Television can record and
communicate sound just like radio. It can also display the printed words on the screen, just
like newspapers. It can broadcast still photographs, the stock market index, and the editorial
cartoons. But none of these things is what television does best. What television can do that no
other medium except motion pictures can accomplish is to communicate events with pictures
that move. Television's primary strength is the television's screen, and through that screen its
ability to help viewers practically experience and hence understand those events. By news
reporting, it means collection or gathering of facts about current events or background
material required for a news story or feature. Reporters do it through interviews,
investigations and observation. Reporters are given directions by editors to cover a particular
event, known as assignments. They may be general assignments or special ones. Reporters
write the news stories, which are called copies. For effectively gathering and conveying the
news there are various tools and techniques used by TV reporters which are discussed below.
BODY
There are 3 most important elements while preparing for television news
a)Shooting for the visual element
b) Recording for the audio element and
c) editing for contextualizing and giving the raw info a structure to present before the
audience
For these purpose TV reporters have different tools
Traditional:
Camera (DSLR, Box camera, Dolly track camera)
Audio recorder/ micro cassette recorder ((eg. Dynamic mic and condenser/ capacitor mic)
typewriter, teleprompter, photo cameras
Cotemporary/ New media tools: Smart phone (MOJO Journalism), Online/ web, Digital
Tools
Furthermore, there are some common and basic techniques used by news reporters during
news gathering and reporting. Some of those are mentioned below.

a) Finding the lead

Ravi is a reporter of a newspaper in a metro city. One evening, he gets information that an
aircraft has crashed near the airport. In the next five minutes, he gets more information
regarding the accident as follows.
It was not a passenger aircraft.
The PM was travelling in that flight.
It was an Air Force flight.
It was coming from Mumbai to Delhi.
Only ten passengers were on board.
The PM’s personal Secretary and five other senior officials were also
on that flight.
The accident happened because of engine failure.
No survivors in the accident.
Ravi now has to write the story. He has to find a lead. He thinks of various options as the first
sentence. Finally, he arrives at the following sentence as lead - “PM dies in plane crash ”.
The lead, or opening sentence, is the most important part of a news story. A good lead attracts
readers’ attention to the story. The same is the case with listeners and viewers. A good lead
will catch their attention and compel them to go through the story. Like news stories, leads
also can be hard or soft. A hard lead is suited for serious stories. A soft lead is ideal for
human interest stories and feature type reports.
b) Finding the angle.
The angle of a news story is its most vital part. A news story is based on the angle it takes.
Once a reporter gets all the facts about a story, the choice of selecting the right angle begins.
The reporter has to decide it quickly because the story has to be reported at the earliest. So
every reporter faces this question of deciding the angle. Let us see how an angle is selected
from a set of facts given. The following salient points are from the union budget presented in
parliament.
A National Programme to be launched for the elderly. Government to establish 16 Central
Universities.
Income tax exemption limit hiked, exemption limit for women tax payers
increased.
Farmers to get Rs. 60,000 crore agricultural debt relief package.
Excise duty reduced from 16 percent to 14 percent.
Small cars, two and three- wheelers to cost less.
The reporter has to select the most appropriate angle from this. Though all these facts are
important for a reader, the reporter has to decide the most important one. Considering that
India is an agricultural country and more than 60 percent of the people depend on farming for
a living, it will be appropriate if we decide the debt relief for farmers as the angle of the story.
While deciding the angle, the reporter has to weigh various factors. If the reporter is working
for a newspaper, the angle should be selected accordingly. If the reporting is for an economic
paper, then the angle changes accordingly. If it is for a foreign agency, then the angle changes
for overseas readers.

c) Body of a story
Once the lead is finalised and the angle decided, then comes the body of the story. It is the
fleshy part. All the facts and figures comes in the body. While writing the body, a reporter
has to be fluent in the language .A good story requires an easy flow. By this, we mean the
reader should be able to sustain interest till the last sentence. For writing a story, the most
commonly used method is of an inverted pyramid.
BASIC APPROACH TO NEWS WRITING
x Think of what you should say if someone asked: what's new?
x Keep sentences short.
x Each sentence should ideally contain one idea.
x Start with what, move on logically to how and why.
x Including why in the lead usually complicates the writing.
x Be original, shun clichés and journalese.
x Use active verbs. Have people doing things in your sentences.
x Avoid a mass of facts.
x The fewer figures, the better.

CONCLUSION
There are qualities required for the making of a good reporter. It does not mean that all
reporters possess these qualities. It varies from person to person. But it is better if a journalist
cultivates it because it pays him in the long run. The following are the qualities -
News sense, clarity, objectivity, accuracy, alertness, inquisitiveness, time
consciousness, patience, imagination, farsightedness, self-control, integrity,
sincerity, fearlessness, tactfulness, mobility, enthusiasm, readiness to face
challenges, reading habit.
A news journalist’s job is to uncover facts that can be verified and attributed to trusted
sources. At the same time they have to capture the interest of millions of people who might
go through their channel. It is a tasking job and using the right tools and techniques is crucial
to maintain the standard quality of reporting.
Q.3. Explain in detail the planning and processing of Tv live reporting.

Organizing Thoughts
Reporters learn early in their careers how to organize their thoughts quickly. They also
develop the skill of ad-libbing. The best way to organize material for a live report is to use a
reporter's notebook. This device is particularly handy because it fits into a handbag or jacket
pocket. Always take more than one pen or pencil. (In freezing weather or pouring rain, a
pencil works a lot better than a pen. In anticipation of going live from the scene, broadcast
reporters must keep notes on a variety of happenings. First, they must keep track of important
comments that are made, whether during a news conference or a one-on-one interview. They
must note exactly when the remarks were made so they can be located quickly on the
videotape or audiotape. Some reporters take courses in speedwriting; others develop a system
of their own. Experienced reporters learn that they cannot get so involved in taking notes that
they lose control of the interview. They make entries only when comments are important
enough to be used as a sound bite or in the narration that will surround it. TV reporters who
have a camera with a time code recording system that shows the actual time of day that each
scene is recorded only have to note the time when they hear something important. TV
reporters have at least one and sometimes two people with them in the Outdoor
Broadcast(OB) truck. Sometimes the news conference or individual interview is micro waved
back to the station while it is in progress. An associate producer or a writer at the station may
monitor the feed and make notes. When the feed is over, producers can quickly confer with
the reporter on which sound bites he or she wishes to use and then instruct the tape editor to
cue them up. The reporter then does a live from the scene, and the sound bites are played
from the station. The reporter returns after the bites to do a live close. It is also possible to do
everything from the mobile unit. New technology allows TV crews to record and edit video
in the truck, add the reporter's narration, and actually play the story from the truck without
using any of the support equipment at the station. Another major difference between
reporting live for radio and TV is obvious: The audience does not see the radio reporter. It
does see the TV reporter, which adds some complications. TV reporters may memorize his
script so that he is not constantly looking at his notebook during his time on camera.
Ad-Libbing
Certain methods can help reporters improve their ad-libbing ability, or speaking without a
script. Word association is one common method used by reporters to make sure they do not
run out of things to say during a live remote. Many reporters write down a list of key words
or phrases in the order in which they want to cover their material. When they exhaust all the
information dealing with a key word, they move to the next one on the list until they have
covered everything. Good ad-libbing reporters need only that one word or phrase to keep
them going, which is important because reporters are often forced into remote situations that
require a considerable amount of ad-libbing.
Memorizing and Delivering Live Reports
Some reporters have an amazing abili1y to memorize scripts. For most reporters, however,
memorizing one minute of copy presents a problem. Because all TV reporters are asked to do
live reports, they must either develop the abili1y to memorize their material or use some
tricks to help them. Most stations and networks have no problem with reporters glancing
down at their notes during live reports, particularly during a breaking story. It's less
acceptable, however, especially in a routine live report outside a ci1y-council meeting or the
mayor's office, to see a reporter's head bobbing up and down every few seconds to read notes.
Changing Lens Shots
On particularly long, taped standups, some reporters have the cameraperson change the shot
during the delivery. The opening camera shot might be wide as the reporter delivers the first
part of the standup. Then, the reporter can pause while the cameraperson moves in for a tight
shot. The reporter then delivers the second half of the script, and the audience is unaware that
any break in the delivery occurred. The two shots have to be drastically different to avoid a
jump cut-the jerking of the head that would be seen if the camera shots were too much alike.