Journalism

TV Broadcasting
How Television Broadcasting Works (Process of TV Broadcasting)
While millions of people watch television each day, many of them are not quite sure how the
technology works. Television has been around for many decades and although some of its
components have changed over the years, the way in which television broadcasts work is pretty
much the same.
Elements of Broadcast Television
There are a several major parts that are required in order to receive television broadcasts. They
include an image source, a sound source, a transmitter, a receiver, a display device, and a
sound device.

 Image Source
The image source can be defined as the program. It can be a movie, TV show, news program,
etc. The image source is just the source’s video and does not include the sound. The image
source is usually recorded on camera or flying spot scanner.

 Sound Source
Once the image source is obtained, for e.g. a video of a movie, sound is needed to complete the
medium. The sound source is the TV program’s audio signal, whether coming from a movie, TV
show, news program, etc. It can come in the form of mono, stereo, or even digitally processed
surround sound.

 Transmitter
A transmitter is what sends both audio and video signals over the air waves. Transmitters
usually transmit more than one signal (TV channel) at a time. A transmitter modulates both
picture and sound into one signal then sends this transmission over a wide range for a receiver
(TV set) to receive.

 Receiver
A receiver (TV set) receives the transmitted signals (TV programs) and turns radio waves, which
include audio and video signals, into useful signals that can be processed into an image and
sound.

 Display Device
This is either a TV set or monitor. A display device has the technology to turn the electrical
signals received into visible light. On a standard TV set, this includes the CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube) technology.

 Sound Device
The sound devices are usually speakers that are either built into the TV set or that accompany
the TV set and turn electrical signals into sound waves to play audio along with the video
images.
  Broadcast Television Signals
Broadcast Television Signals are video and sound signals that are transmitted over the air.
Anyone using a television set that has a receiver and an antenna can pick them up for free.
Antennas are used to grab as much signal as possible and to sometimes amplify the signal.
All TV sets have the ability to switch the receiver’s tuner to pick up specific channels. Each
channel is transmitted on its own frequency, which the TV set can tune into and receive.
Broadcast TV vs. Satellite TV and Cable TV
There are three main ways to receive TV programming, one is through broadcast television and
the other two are through satellite and cable TV.

 Broadcast TV
Broadcast TV is when audio and video signals are transmitted over the air waves from a ground
based transmitter. These signals are usually picked up for free and are on specific frequency
spectra.

 Satellite TV
Satellite TV is usually a digital TV signal that is broadcast from a satellite orbiting the earth.
They are usually pay services that require special equipment to receive programming and
operate on special frequencies.

 Cable TV
Cable TV is a pay TV service that sends out signals not over the air, but through cable that runs
from the cable company to the viewer’s home. Many cable types, from copper to fiber optic
cables, are used. The signal can be analog or digital.
TV News Production Process: Explained
Television news is an integral part of our daily lives, providing us with up-to-date information and
keeping us informed about the world around us. However, have you ever wondered about the
intricate process involved in bringing the news to your screens? In this article, we’ll take a deep
dive into the TV news production process, shedding light on the behind-the-scenes efforts that
make it all possible.
Stages of TV News Production
#1 Editorial Planning
The TV news production process begins with editorial planning. Newsrooms have dedicated
teams of journalists, producers, and editors who collaborate to identify and prioritize news
stories. They conduct research, monitor breaking news, and decide which stories deserve
coverage. Factors such as newsworthiness, audience interest, and journalistic ethics play
crucial roles in this decision-making process.
#2 Gathering Information
Once the news stories are selected, reporters and journalists are dispatched to gather
information. They conduct interviews, gather facts, and collect visual elements to support the
story. This phase often involves field reporting, where journalists visit locations relevant to the
news, speak with sources, and record footage.
#3 Scripting and Editing
Back in the newsroom, the gathered information is meticulously reviewed and analyzed.
Journalists work on scripting news stories, summarizing the key points, and presenting the facts
in a concise and engaging manner. Editors further refine the scripts, ensuring accuracy, clarity,
and adherence to the news organization’s standards. Visual elements, such as video clips and
graphics, are also integrated into the final script.
#4 Studio Production
Once the news stories are scripted and edited, it’s time to move into the studio. TV news studios
are equipped with multiple cameras, teleprompters, lighting setups, and control rooms. Anchors
and reporters deliver the news from the studio, often with the assistance of teleprompters
displaying the script. Camera operators, directors, and producers coordinate the shots, ensuring
smooth transitions and engaging visuals.
#5 Live Reporting and Remote Broadcasts
While studio production is a significant part of TV news, live reporting, and remote broadcasts
add an element of immediacy and authenticity to the news. Journalists report live from the field,
covering breaking news or events as they happen. These live reports are often supported by
satellite trucks, which enable transmission of the signal from remote locations back to the
newsroom.

#6 Post-Production and Finalization

Once the news segment is recorded or broadcast live, it undergoes post-production. This
involves further editing, adding graphics or overlays, and fine-tuning the audiovisual elements.
The goal is to ensure that the news story is presented accurately, concisely, and in an engaging
manner. Producers and editors work together to create a final product that meets the quality
standards of the news organization.

#7 Distribution and Broadcast

With the news story finalized, it’s time for distribution. News organizations use a variety of
methods to distribute their content, including broadcast television, cable networks, live
streaming platforms, and social media. The news is disseminated to viewers through scheduled
programs, breaking news alerts, and online platforms, reaching a wide audience across various
devices.

TV News Production and Newspaper Production: Comparison

 Speed and Immediacy

Television news production is known for its ability to deliver breaking news in real time. TV news
can provide live updates and immediate coverage of unfolding events. On the other hand,
newspapers have longer production cycles and publishing schedules, typically delivering news
on a daily or weekly basis. While newspapers can provide more in-depth analysis and
background information, they may not be as immediate as TV news.

 Visual and Audio Elements

TV news utilizes audiovisual elements such as live footage, interviews, and visuals to engage
the audience. Viewers can see and hear the news as it unfolds, making it a dynamic and
immersive experience. In contrast, newspapers rely on printed text, images, and infographics to
convey information. While newspapers can include photos and graphics, they lack the dynamic
nature of TV news.

 Length and Detail

TV news segments are typically concise and condensed due to time limitations. News anchors
or reporters present the key points and highlights of a story in a limited timeframe. Newspapers,
on the other hand, can provide more in-depth coverage, allowing for detailed analysis,
background information, and longer articles. Readers have the opportunity to spend more time
with the content and explore different perspectives.

 Interaction and Engagement

TV news provides a passive viewing experience where viewers receive information as it is
presented. Interaction is limited to call-ins, live chats, or social media engagement during
specific programs. Newspapers, on the other hand, offer readers the ability to engage actively
with the content. They can read, highlight, take notes, and refer back to previous articles.
Newspapers also offer the advantage of being portable, allowing readers to consume news at
their own pace and convenience.

 Accessibility and Reach

Television news reaches a wide audience through broadcast networks, cable channels, and
online streaming platforms. It can reach viewers across different geographical locations and
demographics. Newspapers, while also accessible online, may have a more localized or niche
readership. However, newspapers often have archives and online editions that can be accessed
even after their initial publication.

 Production Process
The production process for TV news involves multiple stages, including editorial planning,
information gathering, scripting, studio production, and post-production. This process requires
coordination among various professionals, such as journalists, reporters, editors, camera
operators, and producers. Newspaper production involves similar stages, including story
selection, research, writing, editing, and layout design. However, the medium of print allows for
more extensive editing and design considerations.
While both TV news and newspapers serve the purpose of delivering news, they differ in their
format, delivery speed, engagement levels, and production processes. Each medium has its
strengths and limitations, and consumers often choose based on their preferences for
immediacy, visual/audio engagement, depth of analysis, or portability. Ultimately, both TV news
and newspapers contribute to the overall landscape of journalism, catering to different
audiences and their unique needs.

Relevance of TV News and Newspaper

 Diverse Audience Reach

TV news and newspapers cater to different segments of the audience. While TV news appeals
to those seeking immediate and visually engaging updates, newspapers serve readers who
prefer in-depth analysis, background information, and the ability to consume news at their own
pace. This diversity in audience preferences ensures that both mediums can reach and serve a
wide range of individuals with varying needs and preferences.

 Multiple Platforms and Digital Presence

Both TV news and newspapers have adapted to the digital age by establishing a strong online
presence. TV news outlets provide live streaming, on-demand videos, and news updates
through their websites and mobile apps. Similarly, newspapers have transitioned to online
editions, making their content accessible globally. This expansion into digital platforms has
enabled them to reach a wider audience and adapt to changing consumer behaviors.

 Trust and Credibility

Despite the rise of social media and online sources, TV news and newspapers are still
considered reliable and trustworthy sources of information. Established news organizations
follow journalistic standards, fact-checking procedures, and adhere to ethical guidelines. This
commitment to accuracy and credibility fosters trust among their audience, especially in an era
where misinformation and fake news are prevalent.

 Local and Global Coverage

TV news and newspapers provide both local and global coverage, ensuring that audiences are
informed about events and issues that matter to them. Local news outlets often focus on
community news, while national and international news organizations cover a broader range of
topics. This comprehensive coverage helps individuals stay informed about local happenings,
national affairs, and global developments.

 Investigative Journalism
Both mediums play a crucial role in investigative journalism. Investigative reports often require
in-depth research, analysis, and time for fact-checking, which TV news and newspapers are
equipped to handle. Investigative journalism serves as a watchdog, uncovering corruption,
holding those in power accountable, and providing the public with valuable insights that help
shape public opinion and promote transparency.

 Context and Analysis

Newspapers, in particular, excel at providing context and analysis. They often publish opinion
pieces, editorials, and long-form articles that explore complex issues, offer diverse perspectives,
and delve into the underlying factors shaping the news. This depth of analysis can contribute to
a more nuanced understanding of events and encourage critical thinking among readers.
In a media landscape filled with various sources of information, TV news, and newspapers
continue to offer unique value in terms of immediacy, credibility, diverse coverage, investigative
journalism, and in-depth analysis. While the digital age has brought changes to consumption
habits, these traditional media forms have adapted. They continue to serve as trusted sources
of news and information for individuals seeking reliable and comprehensive coverage.

Examples of TV News
Here are examples of some TV news programs from various countries:
1. CNN Newsroom: CNN’s flagship news program provides comprehensive coverage of
breaking news, politics, business, and global events. It features live reports, interviews, and
analysis from correspondents around the world.
2. BBC News at Ten: A popular evening news program from the British Broadcasting
Corporation (BBC), delivering in-depth coverage of domestic and international news, politics,
culture, and more.
3. ABC World News Tonight: This nightly news program from the American Broadcasting
Company (ABC) covers major national and international news stories, as well as features on a
wide range of topics.
4. Al Jazeera News: Al Jazeera’s news program offers a global perspective on current affairs,
providing extensive coverage of news from the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe, and beyond.
5. ZDF Heute Journal: A leading news program in Germany, ZDF Heute Journal provides
viewers with in-depth analysis, interviews, and reports on national and international news.
6. France 24: A 24/7 international news channel, France 24 covers news from around the world
with a focus on French and European perspectives.
7. NDTV News Hour: A prominent news program in India, NDTV News Hour covers a wide
range of national and international news stories, politics, and social issues.
8. NHK News 7: This Japanese news program from NHK delivers comprehensive coverage of
domestic and international news, politics, economy, and culture.
9. SABC News: The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) offers a variety of news
programs covering local, regional, and international news, along with specialized segments on
business, sports, and entertainment.
10. CCTV News: As the state broadcaster in China, CCTV News provides news coverage with a
focus on domestic affairs, international relations, and economic developments.

Conclusion
The TV news production process is a complex and collaborative effort that involves numerous
individuals, each contributing their expertise to deliver accurate and timely news. From editorial
planning and information gathering to scripting, studio production, and post-production, every
step is crucial in ensuring that news reaches the audience effectively. By understanding this
behind-the-scenes process, we can better appreciate the hard work and dedication of the
journalists, reporters, editors, and production teams who bring us the news each day.

FAQs
What is the process of television news production?
The process of television news production involves several stages:

1. News Gathering: Reporters and journalists collect information through research, interviews,
and on-the-ground reporting.
2. Story Selection: Editors and producers determine which stories are newsworthy and relevant
to the target audience.
3. Script Writing: Journalists write scripts, outlining the key points and structure of the news
story.

4. Filming and Editing: Camera operators capture footage, interviews, and visuals on location.
Editors then edit the footage, selecting the best shots and arranging them into a cohesive
sequence.

5. Anchoring and Reporting: News anchors and reporters present the news on camera, either
live or recorded, following the prepared scripts and incorporating visuals.

6. Post-production: Graphics, titles, and additional elements are added to enhance the
presentation of the news story.

7. Broadcasting: The final edited news package is aired on television, reaching the audience
through scheduled news bulletins or dedicated news programs.

Throughout the process, ethical considerations, fact-checking, and adherence to journalistic

principles are crucial to ensure accuracy, fairness, and impartiality in reporting the news.
What does a TV news producer do?
A TV news producer is responsible for overseeing the production of news segments or
programs. Their role involves a range of tasks, including editorial decision-making, story
selection, scriptwriting, coordinating with reporters and journalists, managing production teams,
and ensuring smooth execution of the news broadcast. Producers work closely with editors,
camera operators, anchors, and reporters to create engaging and informative news content.
They are also involved in post-production processes such as editing, graphics, and packaging.
TV news producers play a vital role in maintaining the quality, accuracy, and timeliness of news
production while ensuring that the content meets the requirements and standards of the network
or station.