ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 2

Lecture 4&5

The Muscular system 1&2

‫ هوازن أمحد ملفون‬/‫أس تاذ دكتور‬

)‫أس تاذ عمل الفس يولويج (فس يولويج الغدد الصامء واملناعة‬

PROF. DR. HAWAZEN AHMAD LAMFON

Professor of Physiology (Endocrine physiology)

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The Muscular system

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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM?

 made up of over 600 different muscles.

 consists of two different types of tissue:

 connective tissue
 muscle tissue

 Muscles are made of bundles of muscle fibers which are held

together by connective tissue.

What are the Functions of the Muscular System

1. To create movement by working with bones, ligaments, and
tendons.

2. To move food through the digestive system.

3. To move blood through the body by pumping the heart.

4. To produce heat.

5. To provide protection to inner organs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLE TISSUES

1. Contractability : ability to shorten and thicken.

2. Extensibility: ability to stretch (when muscle is relaxed it becomes

longer and thinner) some muscles work while others relax.

3.Elasticity: ability to return to original length.

4. Irritability: ability to respond to stimulus.

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 Types of Muscles

Voluntary Involuntary
 Muscle action that is NOT under your
control.
 Muscle action that is under your control.
 Most skeletal movement is voluntary.
 Cardiac and smooth muscle are
• Examples: involuntary.
• Examples:
• Walking, talking, running,
writing, jumping, stretching • Heart beating, food
moving through the
digestive tract, reflexes
(skeletal)

Skeletal muscle can be both voluntary and involuntary (reflexes).

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Types of Muscles:
1. Skeletal Muscle:

• Attached to the bones for movement. Helps protect the inner

organs.

2. Cardiac Muscle:

3. Visceral or Smooth Muscle:

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Visceral or Smooth Muscle
 Lining of Internal Organs and Blood Vessels
 Involuntary

 Non striated
 Function:
1. Squeeze, exert pressure by slow and prolonged contractions
2. moves food and blood through the body.

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Cardiac Muscle
 Special type of muscle found only in the heart. This type of muscle
causes the heart to beat.

 Involuntary

 Striated and branched

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Skeletal Muscle
 Majority of muscle in the body. Long, thin contractile fibers.

 Voluntary

 Striated: Striations due to arrangement of thick and thin filaments.

 Found attached to the skeleton for movement by TENDONS.

 Helps protect the inner organs.

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Skeletal Muscle Structure:
• Muscle - made of bundles

• Bundles- many muscle fibers

• Muscle Fiber – many myofibrils

A single muscle cell is a muscle fiber

• Myofibrils- filaments (thick or thin)

• Thick filaments –myosin protein

• Thin filaments –actin protein

• Thick and Thin give striated look

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 The length of each myofibril is divided into repeating units
called sarcomeres.

• A sarcomere is the functional unit of skeletal muscle

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Muscle Attachment to Bone
 Muscles are attached in opposing pairs.

 One Muscle contracts to raise the limb, while the second will
contract to lower it.

 Bicep / Triceps

Motor Neuron
 Nerve cell that innervates skeletal muscle tissue.

 Dendrite
o Receives information

 Axon
o Transmits information
o Has vesicles containing neurotransmitter that will stimulate
or inhibit muscle contraction.

 Neuromuscular Junction -Site where branch of motor neuron

(motor nerve ending) comes in contact with sarcolemma of skeletal
muscle fiber
 A type of synapse

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Motor unit
 A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal
muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals.
Groups of motor units often work together to coordinate the
contractions of a single muscle; all of the motor units within a
muscle are considered a motor pool.

 A single motor neuron, however, can innervate many muscle fibers.

The combination of an individual motor neuron and all of the
muscle fibers that it innervates is called a motor unit. The number
of fibers innervated by a motor units called its innervation ratio.

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Energy for Contraction
• Muscle cells require huge amounts of ATP energy to power
contraction.

• The cells have only a very small store of ATP.

• Three pathways supply ATP to power muscle contraction

ATP Supply for Contractio

ADP + Pi
Pathway 1
DEPHOSPHORYLATION Relaxation
CREATINE PHOSPHATE

Contraction

creatine

Pathway 3
Pathway 2
GLYCOLYSIS ALONE
AEROBIC RESPIRATION

glucose from bloodstream and

oxygen from glycogen breakdown in cells

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Energy for Contraction
• ATP initially supplied from cellular respiration

• If ATP is abundant, is converted to creatine phosphate and

stored in skeletal muscles.

• When ATP is low, creatine phosphate supplies phosphate to

ADP making ATP.

• CP & ATP stores only good for about a 10 second maximal

contraction.

• ATP must then come from cellular respiration or glycolysis.

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 Methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity
Glucose (from Glucose (from
glycogen breakdown or glycogen breakdown or
Methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity
delivered from blood) delivered from blood)
CP ADP O2
Glycolysis Pyruvic acid
in cytosol Fatty
acids O2
O2 Amino Aerobic respiration
Creatine ATP
2 ATP acids in mitochondria
Pyruvic acid
net gain O2 ATP
CO2 38
Lactic acid H2O
Released
to blood net gain per glucose

(a) Direct phosphorylation (b) Anaerobic mechanism (glycolysis

(c) Aerobic mechanism (aerobic cellular
[coupled reaction of creatine and lactic acid formation)
respiration)
phosphate (CP) and ADP]

Energy source: CP Energy source: glucose Energy source: glucose; pyruvic acid; free
fatty acids from adipose tissue; amino acids
from protein catabolism

Oxygen use: None Oxygen use: None Oxygen use: Required

Products: 1 ATP per CP, creatine Products: 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid Products: 38 ATP per glucose, CO2, H2O
Duration of energy provision: 15s Duration of energy provision: 30–60 s. Duration of energy provision: Hours

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Exercise and Skeletal Muscles
• Intense, strenuous exercise

– Muscles exceed capacity of respiratory and

cardiovascular systems to deliver oxygen for contraction.

– ATP supplied anaerobically through glycolysis

– Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

– Lactic acid builds up in muscles

• Causes muscles to fatigue

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 Lactic acid

Waste CO2 + H2O+Energy

Heart Glycogen +ATP +CP

Sodium Lactate

Liver

Glycogen (Liver)

Glucose (blood)

Muscles (Glycogen) (Cori cycle)

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