Perception

1. Selection
a. Salience-attention, urgency
b. Needs + interest
c. Symbolic-colour
2. Personal construct
a. Example: Parent-nurturing/not, patient/not, understanding/not, aware/not,
protective/not, mature/not
b. Example: student-hardworking/not, respectful/not, attentive/not,
organised/not, achieving/not
c. Example: student- similar/dissimilar, welcoming/closed off, trustworthy/not,
loyalty/not, charismatic/not, funny/not,
d. Fill in with more information as we get to know them longer
3. Prototypes-model for how something should be
4. Scripts-communicating without having to think/actively think
a. Job, serving script
b. Nonverbal script-nodding
5. Stereotypes:
a. Student: broke, depressed, tired, alchoholics

10/12

Speech Acts: things we do or say do something, change the world. Language → action
● Locutionary: actual language used to say something; what you say;actual words
○ Example: “can I see the salt?”
● Illocutionary: intended effect
○ Want someone to pass you the salt
○ Expressive speech acts: expresses emotions. “I love you” “aw man”
○ Representative speech acts: explains how world is “ball is green”
○ Directive speech act: “send me an email”
○ Commissive speech act: committing to doing something for someone else
“okay, I’ll send you the email”
○ Declarative speech act: changes something about the state of the world.
Saying “I do” in wedding. Recognition by state, government, higher power.
Naming your dog.
● perlocutionary: actual effect of speech act
○ Someone passing or not passing the salt

Speech Codes: socially/ in a communication setting, what things are preferred, obligated,
prohibited
● Example: meeting friend at store:
○ Preferred: saying hello
○ Obligated: acknowledging them
○ Prohibited ( what you wouldn’t want to do): don’t ignore them, don’t talk about
certain personal things
● Can be contexts, languages, dialects/ accent/slang/jargon
 ○ Dialect: differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, rules,
● Code switching:
○ Different reasons we code switch
■ Talk secretively safely about smth
■ Emotion, ex: getting angry
■ Social desirability

10/17 Non-verbal communication

Verbal comm recap:

Verbal communication includes, spoken word, written, sign language. Interchangeable with
language

formal
● Symbols used in verbal language
○ Phonemes and morphemes
● Makes meaning
● Has rules- grammar

Informal
● Speech codes

Non-verbal communication
● Is much more informal
● Deeply tied to culture
● Learned through observation
○ Family
○ School
■ generational
○ Media
● How do we use nonverbal communication, what does it do
○ Takes place of verbal
○ Regulators. Regulate flow of conversation
○ Emotion; Face
○ Complement/contradict non verbal communication

Kinesics

● Regulators-nodding, smiling
● Affect display (emotion)- disgust, surprise
● Gestures-
○ illustrators(things that go along with our verbal communication)
○ Emblems have direct translation, clear- middle finger, sticking tongue out,
waving, peace sign
● Adapters (nervous coping movements)-playing with nails, rings,
10/24/23

Interpersonal Communication

● Mutually influence
○ Interdependence
○ understand relationships
■ Gives insight into ourselves
■ Keep in touch
● Telephone
● Text
● Visiting for holidays/ getting together/ spending time
● Celebrating accomplishments
○ Define relationships
■ “What are we”
○

● Stranger: someone who is Physically close but conceptually afar

The Self

Social penetration theory

Onion layers shrek scene
● Outer layer: appearance
● Layer 2: name, interests, hobbies
● Beliefs
● Values

10/31/2023

Intercultural communication:

Culture: history, shared traditions, community, language, preservation, food, clothing,

identity, religion, music, values
● Holistic (sum of parts creates whole). If you change one part of the system it has
effects that ripple throughout system
● We learn culture, we’re shaped by culture
● Culture as an idea: reification
○ Smth we invent as power and act like it has a lot of power over the world
○ Ex: money, time, race,
● Macro lvl culture: country, large groups of people
○ Region
○ City
● Micro lvl culture: social communities, subcultures, co-cultures. Exist w/in the larger
culture
 ○ Drexel student
○ Fandoms
○ School clubs
○ Social communities w/in and outside dominant culture
● ideal/actual
● Individualism vs collectivism
● Low context—-- high context

11/28/2023

Pro
● Social connection
● Safety, support
● Time effective
● Community
● Identity
● diversity

Con:
● Social loafing
● Conflict
● exclusivity/ cliques,
● Power dynamics
● Lack of individuality

3+ people common purpose, shared identity, influence each other

Interdependent
● Group – team
○ Relying on each other to achieve common goal
○ is more competitive
○ has more defined goals
○ strong bond, culture
○ Different skill sets
Context:

What is attribution theory

- Definition: explanations for what is happening.
- we seek to attribute the cause of others’ behaviors to internal or external factors.
- Internal attributions connect the cause of behaviors to personal aspects such as
personality traits.
- External attributions connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors.

Illustration?:

How it shows up?

the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias.

- One of the most common perceptual errors is the fundamental attribution error, which
refers to our tendency to explain others’ behaviors using internal rather than external
attributions
- When our behaviors lead to failure or something negative, we tend to attribute the
cause to external factors. Thus the self-serving bias is a perceptual error through
which we attribute the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while
attributing our failures to external factors beyond our control.

- When we look at the fundamental attribution error and the selfserving bias together,
we can see that we are likely to judge ourselves more favorably than another person,
or at least less personally

Why did my neighbor slam the door when she saw me walking down the hall? Why is my
partner being extra nice to me today? Why did my officemate miss our project team meeting
this morning?

Databases

https://go-gale-com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=drexel_main&id=GALE
%7CA634494197&v=2.1&it=r&aty=ip

https://web-s-ebscohost-com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?
vid=0&sid=71fba595-1c32-4b57-ae1c-4c97dd6505f7%40redis

https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/doi/full/10.1002/job.2397