JWCL187_ch03_044-089.
qxd 11/9/09 9:32 AM Page 84
84 • Chapter 3 / The Structure of Crystalline Solids
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Fundamental Concepts
3.1 What is the difference between atomic struc-
ture and crystal structure? 3.11
Unit Cells
Metallic Crystal Structures
3.2 If the atomic radius of aluminum is 0.143 nm,
calculate the volume of its unit cell in cubic
meters. 3.12
3.3 Show for the body-centered cubic crystal
structure that the unit cell edge length a and
the atomic radius R are related through
a  4R 13.
3.4 For the HCP crystal structure, show that the
ideal ca ratio is 1.633.
3.5 Show that the atomic packing factor for BCC 3.13
is 0.68.
3.6 Show that the atomic packing factor for HCP
is 0.74. 3.14
Density Computations
3.7 Iron has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic
radius of 0.124 nm, and an atomic weight of
55.85 g/mol. Compute and compare its theo-
retical density with the experimental value
found inside the front cover.
3.8 Calculate the radius of an iridium atom, given
that Ir has an FCC crystal structure, a density
of 22.4 g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 192.2
g/mol.
3.9 Calculate the radius of a vanadium atom,
given that V has a BCC crystal structure, a
density of 5.96 g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 3.15 The unit cell for tin has tetragonal sym-
50.9 g/mol.
3.10 A hypothetical metal has the simple cubic
crystal structure shown in Figure 3.24. If its
Figure 3.24 Hard-sphere unit cell representation of the
simple cubic crystal structure.
atomic weight is 70.4 g/mol and the atomic ra-
dius is 0.126 nm, compute its density.
Zirconium has an HCP crystal structure and
a density of 6.51 g/cm3.
(a) What is the volume of its unit cell in cubic
meters?
(b) If the c a ratio is 1.593, compute the values
of c and a.
Using atomic weight, crystal structure, and
atomic radius data tabulated inside the front
cover, compute the theoretical densities of
lead, chromium, copper, and cobalt, and then
compare these values with the measured den-
sities listed in this same table. The c a ratio for
cobalt is 1.623.
Rhodium has an atomic radius of 0.1345 nm and
a density of 12.41 g/cm3. Determine whether
it has an FCC or BCC crystal structure.
The atomic weight, density, and atomic radius
for three hypothetical alloys are listed in the
following table. For each, determine whether
its crystal structure is FCC, BCC, or simple
cubic and then justify your determination. A
simple cubic unit cell is shown in Figure 3.24.
Atomic Atomic
Weight Density Radius
Alloy (g/mol) (g/cm 3 ) (nm)
A 77.4 8.22 0.125
B 107.6 13.42 0.133
C 127.3 9.23 0.142
metry, with a and b lattice parameters of
0.583 and 0.318 nm, respectively. If its density,
atomic weight, and atomic radius are 7.27 g/cm3,
JWCL187_ch03_044-089.qxd 11/9/09 9:32 AM Page 85
118.71 g/mol, and 0.151 nm, respectively,
compute the atomic packing factor.
3.16 Iodine has an orthorhombic unit cell for
which the a, b, and c lattice parameters are
0.479, 0.725, and 0.978 nm, respectively.
(a) If the atomic packing factor and atomic
radius are 0.547 and 0.177 nm, respectively, de-
termine the number of atoms in each unit cell.
(b) The atomic weight of iodine is 126.91
g/mol; compute its theoretical density.
3.17 Titanium has an HCP unit cell for which the
ratio of the lattice parameters ca is 1.58. If
the radius of the Ti atom is 0.1445 nm, (a) de-
termine the unit cell volume, and (b) calcu-
late the density of Ti and compare it with the
literature value.
3.18 Zinc has an HCP crystal structure, a ca ratio
of 1.856, and a density of 7.13 g/cm3. Compute
the atomic radius for Zn.
3.19 Rhenium has an HCP crystal structure, an
atomic radius of 0.137 nm, and a c a ratio of
1.615. Compute the volume of the unit cell
for Re.
Crystal Systems
3.20 The accompanying figure shows a unit cell for
a hypothetical metal.
(a) To which crystal system does this unit cell
belong?
(b) What would this crystal structure be
called?
(c) Calculate the density of the material,
given that its atomic weight is 141 g/mol.
+z
90°
0.40 nm
O
+y
90° 90°
0.30 nm
0.30 nm
+x
3.21 Sketch a unit cell for the body-centered
orthorhombic crystal structure.
Questions and Problems • 85
Point Coordinates
3.22 List the point coordinates for all atoms that are
associated with the FCC unit cell (Figure 3.1).
3.23 List the point coordinates of the titanium, bar-
ium, and oxygen ions for a unit cell of the per-
ovskite crystal structure (Figure 12.6).
3.24 List the point coordinates of all atoms that are
associated with the diamond cubic unit cell
(Figure 12.15).
3.25 Sketch a tetragonal unit cell, and within that
cell indicate locations of the 12 1 12 and 14 12 34 point
coordinates.
3.26 Using the Molecule Definition Utility found
in the “Metallic Crystal Structures and Crys-
tallography” and “Ceramic Crystal Struc-
tures” modules of VMSE, located on the
book’s web site [www.wiley.com/college/
Callister (Student Companion Site)], gener-
ate a three-dimensional unit cell for the in-
termetallic compound AuCu3 given the fol-
lowing: (1) the unit cell is cubic with an edge
length of 0.374 nm, (2) gold atoms are situ-
ated at all cube corners, and (3) copper atoms
are positioned at the centers of all unit cell
faces.
Crystallographic Directions
3.27 Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and within
that cell a [121] direction.
3.28 Sketch a monoclinic unit cell, and within that
cell a [011] direction.
3.29 What are the indices for the directions indi-
cated by the two vectors in the following
sketch?
+z
Direction 1
0.4 nm
+y
0.3 nm
+x 0.5 nm
Direction 2
JWCL187_Ans_S0-S4.qxd 11/19/09 7:17 PM Page S02

Answers to
Selected Problems

Chapter 2 3.53 (b) LD111(W) ⫽ 3.65 ⫻ 109 m⫺1

⫺24
2.3 (a) 1.66 ⫻ 10 g/amu; 1
(b) 2.73 ⫻ 1026 atoms/lb # mol 3.54 (a) PD111 ⫽
2R 23
2
2.14
A 1/11⫺n2 3.55 (b) PD110(V) ⫽ 1.522 ⫻ 1019 m⫺2
r0 ⫽ a b 3.59 2␪ ⫽ 81.38⬚
nB
3.60 d110 ⫽ 0.2862 nm
A B 3.62 (a) d321 ⫽ 0.1523 nm;
E0 ⫽ ⫺ ⫹
1/11⫺n2
A n/11⫺n2 (b) R ⫽ 0.2468 nm
a b a b
A
nB nB 3.64 d110 ⫽ 0.2015 nm, a ⫽ 0.2850 nm

2.15 (c) r0 ⫽ 0.279 nm, E0 ⫽ ⫺4.57 eV

2.19 63.2% for TiO2; 1.0% for InSb Chapter 4
4.1 Nv /N ⫽ 2.41 ⫻ 10⫺5
Chapter 3 4.3 Qv ⫽ 0.75 eV/atom
3.2 VC ⫽ 6.62 ⫻ 10⫺29 m3 4.5 For FCC, r ⫽ 0.41R
3.8 R ⫽ 0.136 nm 4.7 C¿Zn ⫽ 29.4 at%, C¿Cu ⫽ 70.6 at%
3.11 (a) VC ⫽ 1.40 ⫻ 10⫺28 m3; 4.8 CPb ⫽ 10.0 wt%, CSn ⫽ 90.0 wt%
(b) a ⫽ 0.323 nm, c ⫽ 0.515 nm 4.10 C¿Sn ⫽ 72.5 at%, C¿Pb ⫽ 27.5 at%
3.14 Metal B: face-centered cubic 4.14 NAl ⫽ 6.05 ⫻ 1028 atoms/m3
3.16 (a) n ⫽ 8 atoms/unit cell; 4.17 a ⫽ 0.289 nm
(b) ␳ ⫽ 4.96 g/cm3 4.20 NAu ⫽ 3.36 ⫻ 1021 atoms/cm3
3.19 VC ⫽ 8.63 ⫻ 10⫺2 nm3 4.24 CNb ⫽ 35.2 wt%
3.22 000, 100, 110, 010, 001, 101, 111, 011, 12 21 0, 4.32 (a) d ⬵ 0.066 mm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4.34 (b) NM ⫽ 1,280,000 grains/in.2
2 2 1, 1 2 2 , 0 2 2 , 2 0 2 , and 2 1 2
3.29 Direction 1: [012] 4.D1 CLi ⫽ 1.540 wt%
3.31 Direction A: [01 1];
Direction C: [112] Chapter 5
3.32 Direction B: [232];
M ⫽ 2.6 ⫻ 10⫺3 kg/h
Direction D: 3136 4
5.6
5.8 D ⫽ 3.95 ⫻ 10⫺11 m2/s
3.33 (b) [1 10], [110], and [110]
5.11 t ⫽ 19.7 h
3.35 Direction A: [1011]
3.41 Plane B: 11 122 or 11122
5.15 t ⫽ 40 h
3.42 Plane A: 1322 2
5.18 T ⫽ 1152 K (879⬚C)
5.21 (a) Qd ⫽ 252.4 kJ/mol,
3.43 Plane B: (221)
D0 ⫽ 2.2 ⫻ 10⫺5 m2/s;
3.44 (c) [010] or [010]
(b) D ⫽ 5.4 ⫻ 10⫺15 m2/s
3.46 (a) (010) and 11002
3.50 (b) 110102
5.24 T ⫽ 1044 K (771⬚C)
1 5.29 x ⫽ 1.6 mm
3.52 (a) LD100 ⫽ 5.33 tp ⫽ 47.4 min
2R22 5.D1 Not possible

S0 •
JWCL187_Ans_S0-S4.qxd 11/19/09 7:17 PM Page S01

Answers to Selected Problems • S1

Chapter 6 7.30 r0 ⫽ 10.6 mm (0.424 in.)

6.4 l0 ⫽ 255 mm (10 in.) 7.32 ␶crss ⫽ 20.2 MPa (2920 psi)
6.7 (a) F ⫽ 89,375 N (20,000 lbf); 7.37 (b) t ⬵ 150 min
(b) l ⫽ 115.28 mm (4.511 in.) 7.38 (b) d ⫽ 0.085 mm
6.10 ⌬l ⫽ 0.090 mm (0.0036 in.) 7.D1 Is possible
6.13 7.D6 Cold work to between 21 and 23%CW [to
1n2 1n ⫹ 12B d¿0 ⬵ 12.8 mm (0.50 in.)], anneal, then cold
a b ⫽ ⫺
dF 2A
⫹ work to give a final diameter of 11.3 mm
3/11⫺n2
A 1n⫹22/11⫺n2
a b a b
dr r0 A (0.445 in.).
nB nB
6.15 (a) ⌬l ⫽ 0.50 mm (0.02 in.); Chapter 8
(b) ⌬d ⫽ ⫺1.6 ⫻ 10⫺2 mm 8.1 ␴m ⫽ 2404 MPa (354,000 psi)
(⫺6.2 ⫻ 10⫺4 in.), decrease 8.3 ␴c ⫽ 16.2 MPa
6.16 F ⫽ 16,250 N (3770 lbf) 8.6 Fracture will not occur
6.17 ␯ ⫽ 0.280 8.8 ac ⫽ 24 mm (0.95 in.)
6.19 E ⫽ 170.5 GPa (24.7 ⫻ 106 psi) 8.10 Is not subject to detection because
6.22 (a) ⌬l ⫽ 0.10 mm (4.0 ⫻ 10⫺3 in.); a ⬍ 4.0 mm
(b) ⌬d ⫽ ⫺3.6 ⫻ 10⫺3 mm (⫺1.4 ⫻ 10⫺4 in.) 8.12 (b) ⫺105⬚C; (c) ⫺95⬚C
6.24 Steel 8.14 (a) ␴max ⫽ 275 MPa (40,000 psi), ␴min ⫽
6.27 (a) Both elastic and plastic; ⫺175 MPa (⫺25,500 psi);
(b) ⌬l ⫽ 3.4 mm (0.135 in.) (b) R ⫽ ⫺0.64;
6.29 (b) E ⫽ 62.5 GPa (9.1 ⫻ 106 psi); (c) ␴r ⫽ 450 MPa (65,500 psi)
(c) ␴y ⫽ 285 MPa (41,000 psi); 8.16 Nf ⬵ 1 ⫻ 105 cycles
(d) TS ⫽ 370 MPa (53,000 psi); 8.18 (b) S ⫽ 250 MPa; (c) Nf ⬵ 2 ⫻ 106 cycles
(e) %EL ⫽ 16%; 8.19 (a) ␶ ⫽ 130 MPa; (c) ␶ ⫽ 195 MPa
(f) Ur ⫽ 0.65 ⫻ 106 J/m3 (93.8 in. # lbf/in.3) 8.21 (a) t ⫽ 120 min; (c) t ⫽ 222 h
6.36 Figure 6.12: Ur ⫽ 3.32 ⫻ 105 J/m3 8.27 ¢P/¢t ⫽ 7.0 ⫻ 10⫺3 min⫺1
(48.2 in. # lbf/in.3) 8.28 ⌬l ⫽ 22.1 mm (0.87 in.)
6.38 ␴y ⫽ 381 MPa (55,500 psi) 8.30 tr ⫽ 600 h
6.42 PT ⫽ 0.237 8.32 650⬚C: n ⫽ 11.2
6.44 ␴T ⫽ 440 MPa (63,700 psi) 8.33 (a) Qc ⫽ 480,000 J/mol
6.46 Toughness ⫽ 3.65 ⫻ 109 J/m3 #
8.35 Ps ⫽ 0.118 s⫺1
(5.29 ⫻ 105 in. # lbf/in.3) 8.D4 T ⫽ 991 K (718⬚C)
6.48 n ⫽ 0.136 8.D6 For 5 years: ␴ ⫽ 260 MPa (37,500 psi)
6.50 (a) P1elastic2 ⬵ 0.00226,
P1plastic2 ⬵ 0.00774;
Chapter 9
(b) li ⫽ 463.6 mm (18.14 in.)
6.52 (a) 125 HB (70 HRB) 9.1 (a) ms ⫽ 5022 g;
6.57 Figure 6.12: ␴w ⫽ 125 MPa (18,000 psi) (b) CL ⫽ 64 wt% sugar;
6.D2 (a) ⌬x ⫽ 2.5 mm; (b) ␴ ⫽ 10 MPa (c) ms ⫽ 2355 g
9.5 (a) The pressure must be raised to approx-
imately 570 atm
Chapter 7 9.8 (a) ⑀ ⫹ ␩; C⑀ ⫽ 87 wt% Zn–13 wt% Cu,
7.9 Al: |b| ⫽ 0.2862 nm C␩ ⫽ 97 wt% Zn–3 wt% Cu;
7.11 cos l cos f ⫽ 0.408 (c) Liquid; CL ⫽ 55 wt% Ag–45 wt% Cu;
7.13 (b) ␶crss ⫽ 0.80 MPa (114 psi) (e) ␤ ⫹ ␥, C␤ ⫽ 49 wt% Zn–51 wt% Cu,
7.14 ␶crss ⫽ 0.45 MPa (65.1 psi) C␥ ⫽ 58 wt% Zn–42 wt% Cu;
7.15 For (111)⫺ 3101 4 : ␴y ⫽ 4.29 MPa (g) ␣; C␣ ⫽ 63.8 wt% Ni–36.2 wt% Cu
7.24 d ⫽ 1.48 ⫻ 10⫺2 mm 9.9 Is not possible
7.25 d ⫽ 6.9 ⫻ 10⫺3 mm 9.12 (a) T ⫽ 560⬚C (1040⬚F);
7.28 rd ⫽ 8.25 mm (b) C␣ ⫽ 21 wt% Pb–79 wt% Mg;
94 Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements

Short-range order The regular and predictable arrangement of the atoms over a short
distance—usually one or two atom spacings.
Stacking sequence The sequence in which close-packed planes are stacked. If the sequence is
ABABAB, a hexagonal close-packed unit cell is produced; if the sequence is ABCABCABC, a face-
centered cubic structure is produced.
Stress-induced crystallization The process of forming crystals by the application of an
external stress.
Tetrahedral site An interstitial position that has a coordination number of four.
Transmission electron microscopy A technique for imaging and analysis of microstructures
using a high-energy electron beam.
Unit cell A subdivision of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire
lattice.
X-ray diffraction A technique for analysis of crystalline materials using a beam of x-rays.

Problems
Section 3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long- radii: (a) iron, (b) aluminum, (c) copper,
Range Order and (d) magnesium.
3-16 Determine the crystal structure for the
Section 3-2 Amorphous Materials: Princi- following:
ples and Technological Applications (a) a metal with a0 5 4.9489 Å, r 5 1.75 Å,
3-1 What is a crystalline material? and one atom per lattice point; and
3-2 What is a single crystal? (b) a metal with a0 5 0.42906 nm,
3-3 State any two applications in which single r 5 0.1858 nm, and one atom per
crystals are used. lattice point.
3-4 What is a polycrystalline material? 3-17 The density of potassium, which has the
3-5 What is a liquid crystal material? BCC structure, is 0.855 g/cm3. The atomic
3-6 What is an amorphous material? weight of potassium is 39.09 g/mol.
3-7 Why do some materials assume an amor- Calculate
phous structure? (a) the lattice parameter; and
3-8 Explain how it is possible for a substance (b) the atomic radius of potassium.
to exhibit short-range, but not long-range 3-18 The density of thorium, which has the
order. FCC structure, is 11.72 g/cm3. The atomic
3-9 Can an alloy exist in both crystalline and weight of thorium is 232 g/mol. Calculate
amorphous forms? (a) the lattice parameter; and
3-10 Approximately how many grains are (b) the atomic radius of thorium.
shown in Figure 3-2(b)? 3-19 A metal having a cubic structure has a
density of 2.6 g/cm3, an atomic weight
Section 3-3 Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and
of 87.62 g/mol, and a lattice parameter
Crystal Structures
of 6.0849 Å. One atom is associated with
3-11 Define the terms lattice, unit cell, basis, each lattice point. Determine the crystal
and crystal structure. structure of the metal.
3-12 List the seven different crystal systems 3-20 A metal having a cubic structure has a
and the types of Bravais lattices that are density of 1.892 g/cm3, an atomic weight
associated with their groups. of 132.91 g/mol, and a lattice parameter
3-13 Explain why there is no face-centered of 6.13 Å. One atom is associated with
tetragonal Bravais lattice. each lattice point. Determine the crystal
3-14 Calculate the atomic radius in cm for the structure of the metal.
following: 3-21 Indium has a tetragonal structure, with
(a) BCC metal with a0 5 0.3294 nm; a0 5 0.32517 nm and c0 5 0.49459 nm.
and The density is 7.286 g/cm3, and the atomic
(b) FCC metal with a0 5 4.0862 Å. weight is 114.82 g/mol. Does indium have
3-15 Calculate the lattice parameter of each of the simple tetragonal or body-centered
the following elements using their atomic tetragonal structure?

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 Problems 95

3-22 Bismuth has a hexagonal structure, with is commonly used in tungsten electrodes
a0 5 0.4546 nm and c0 5 1.186 nm. The for arc welding. Thoria improves the high
density is 9.808 g/cm3, and the atomic temperature properties of the electrodes
weight is 208.98 g/mol. Determine and promotes emission of electrons from
(a) the volume of the unit cell; and the electrode tip.
(b) the number of atoms in each unit cell. (a) How many atoms of each type are
3-23 Gallium has an orthorhombic structure, there in the conventional unit cell of
with a0 5 0.45258 nm, b0 5 0.45186 nm, thorium dioxide?
and c0 5 0.76570 nm. The atomic radius (b) Is this consistent with the chemical
is 0.1218 nm. The density is 5.904 g/cm3, formula of thorium dioxide? Explain.
and the atomic weight is 69.72 g/mol. (c) What is the coordination number
Determine (number of nearest neighbors) for each
(a) the number of atoms in each unit cell; Th atom?
and (d) What is the coordination number
(b) the packing factor in the unit cell. (number of nearest neighbors) for
3-24 Beryllium has a hexagonal crystal structure, each O atom?
with a0 5 0.22858 nm and c0 5 0.35842 nm. (e) What type of interstitial site do the
The atomic radius is 0.1143 nm, the density oxygen atoms occupy?
is 1.848 g/cm3, and the atomic weight is 3-30 Zinc has the hexagonal close–packed crystal
9.01 g/mol. Determine structure. The lattice parameters for zinc are
(a) the number of atoms in each unit cell; a 5 0.26648 nm and c 5 0.49470 nm, and
and the atomic radius is 0.1332 nm. Note that
(b) the packing factor in the unit cell. zinc does not have the ideal atomic packing
3-25 A typical paper clip weighs 0.59 g and factor.
consists of BCC iron. Calculate (a) What is the number of atoms per unit
(a) the number of unit cells; and cell in the hexagonal close–packed
(b) the number of iron atoms in the paper structure?
clip. (See Appendix A for required (b) Determine the atomic packing factor
data.) of the Zn unit cell.
3-26 Aluminum foil used to package food is (c) Is the c/a ratio for zinc greater than
approximately 0.001 inch thick. Assume or less than the ideal HCP c/a ratio?
that all of the unit cells of the aluminum Will slip be harder or easier in zinc
are arranged so that a0 is perpendicular to compared to the ideal HCP structure?
the foil surface. For a 4 in. 3 4 in. square Explain your answer fully.
of the foil, determine 3-31 Rutile is the name given to a crystal
(a) the total number of unit cells in the structure commonly adopted by
foil; and compounds of the form AB2, where A
(b) the thickness of the foil in number of represents a metal atom and B represents
unit cells. (See Appendix A.) oxygen atoms. One form of rutile has
3-27 Sodium has the body–centered cubic atoms of element A at the unit cell
crystal structure and a lattice parameter coordinates (0, 0, 0) and (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) and
(axial length) of 4.2906 3 1028 cm. atoms of element B at (1/4, 1/4, 0), (3/4,
(a) Calculate the mass density (g/cm3) for 3/4, 0), (3/4, 1/4, 1/2), and (1/4, 3/4, 1/2).
sodium. The unit cell parameters are a 5 b ≠ c
(b) Calculate the atomic radius of a and a 5 b 5 g 5 90°. Note that the lattice
sodium atom according to the hard parameter c is typically smaller than the
sphere model of the BCC crystal lattice parameters a and b for the rutile
structure. structure.
3-28 Calculate the density for zinc (HCP) if the (a) How many atoms of element A are
c/a ratio is 1.856 and r 5 0.332Å. there per unit cell?
3-29 Thoria or thorium dioxide can be described (b) How many atoms of element B are
as an FCC lattice with a basis of Th (0, there per unit cell?
0, 0) and O (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) and O (1/4, 1/4, (c) Is your answer to part (b) consistent
3/4). Thorium and thorium dioxide are with the stoichiometry of an AB2
radioactive materials. Thorium dioxide compound? Explain.

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
96 Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements

(d) Draw the unit cell for rutile. Use a This is not the ideal HCP c/a ratio.)
different symbol for each type of A typical ZnO nanowire is 20 nm in
atom. Provide a legend indicating diameter and 5 mm long. Assume
which symbol represents which type that the nanowires are cylindrical.
of atom. Approximately how many atoms are
(e) For the simple tetragonal lattice, a 5 there in a single ZnO nanowire?
b ≠ c and a 5 b 5 g 5 90°. There is 3-34 Calculate the atomic packing fraction for
one lattice point per unit cell located the hexagonal close-packed crystal struc-

1Î 2
at the corners of the simple tetragonal 8
lattice. Describe the rutile structure ture for which c 5 a. Remember
3
as a simple tetragonal lattice and a that the base of the unit cell is a
basis. parallelogram.
3-32 Consider the CuAu crystal structure. It 3-35 Magnesium has the hexagonal close–
can be described as a simple cubic lattice packed crystal structure. The lattice param-
with a basis of Cu (0, 0, 0), Cu (1/2, 1/2, 0), eters for magnesium are a 5 0.32087 nm
Au (1/2, 0, 1/2), and Au (0, 1/2, 1/2). and c 5 0.5209 nm, and the atomic radius
(a) How many atoms of each type are is 0.1604 nm. Note that magnesium does not
there per unit cell? have the ideal atomic packing factor.
(b)  Draw the unit cell for CuAu. Use (d) What is the number of atoms per unit
a different symbol for each type of cell in the hexagonal close–packed
atom. Provide a legend indicating structure?
which symbol represents which type (e) Determine the atomic packing factor
of atom. of the Mg unit cell.
(c) Give an alternative lattice and basis (f) Is the c/a ratio for Mg greater than
representation for CuAu for which one or less than the ideal HCP c/a ratio?
atom of the basis is Au (0, 0, 0). Will slip be harder or easier in Mg
(d) A related crystal structure is that of compared to the ideal HCP structure?
Cu3Au. This unit cell is similar to the Explain your answer fully.
face-centered cubic unit cell with Au at
the corners of the unit cell and Cu at all Section 3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic
of the face-centered positions. Describe Transformations
this structure as a lattice and a basis. 3-36 What is the difference between an allotrope
(e) The Cu3Au crystal structure is similar and a polymorph?
to the FCC crystal structure, but it does 3-37 What are the different polymorphs of
not have the face-centered cubic lattice. zirconia?
Explain briefly why this is the case. 3-38 A number of metals undergo an allotropic
3-33 Nanowires are high aspect-ratio metal transformation from one crystal structure
or semiconducting wires with diameters to another at a specific temperature.
on the order of 1 to 100 nanometers There is generally a volume change that
and typical lengths of 1 to 100 microns. accompanies the transformation. What is
Nanowires likely will be used in the future the practical significance of such data?
to create high-density electronic circuits. 3-39 Above 882°C, titanium has a BCC
Nanowires can be fabricated from crystal structure with a 5 0.332 nm.
ZnO. ZnO has the wurtzite structure. The Below this temperature, titanium has an
wurtzite structure is a hexagonal lattice HCP structure with a 5 0.29503 nm and
with four atoms per lattice point at Zn(0, c 5 0.46831 nm. Determine the percent
0, 0), Zn(2/3, 1/3, 1/2), O(0, 0, 3/8), and volume change when BCC titanium
O(2/3, 1/3, 7/8). transforms to HCP titanium. Is this a
(a) How many atoms are there in the contraction or expansion?
conventional unit cell? 3-40 a-Mn has a cubic structure with a0 5
(b) If the atoms were located instead at 0.8931 nm and a density of 7.47 g/cm3.
Zn(0, 0, 0), Zn(1/3, 2/3, 1/2), O(0, 0, b-Mn has a different cubic structure
3/8), and O(1/3, 2/3, 7/8), would the with a0 5 0.6326 nm and a density of
structure be different? Please explain. 7.26 g/cm3. The atomic weight of
(c) For ZnO, the unit cell parameters are manganese is 54.938 g/mol, and the
a 5 3.24 Å and c 5 5.19 Å. (Note: atomic radius is 0.112 nm. Determine the

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 Answers to Selected
Problems
Chapter 2
2-6     (a) 6.7 3 1021 atoms (b) (i) 3.30 3 1022 atoms/cm3. (ii) 4.63 3 1022 atoms/cm3
2-7     (a) 9.78 3 1027 atoms/ton. (b) 4.6 cm3
2-8     (a) 5.99 3 1023 atoms. (b) 0.994 mol
2-41     MgO, MgO has ionic bonds.
2-43    Si, Si has covalent bonds.

Chapter 3
3-14    (a) 1.426 3 1028 cm. (b) 1.4447 3 1028 cm.
3-17    (a) 5.3349 Å. (b) 2.3101 Å.
3-19    FCC.
3-21    BCT.
3-23    (a) 8 atoms/cell. (b) 0.387.
3-29    (a) 4 Th, 8 O. (b) Yes, 4 Th: 8 O 5 1 Th: 2 O. (c) 8. (d) 4. (e) 4. (f) tetrahedral.
3-33    (a) 4. (b) No, the sites are equivalent. (c) 1.3 3 108 atoms.
3-39    3.53% contraction.
3-49    (c) [301].
3-51    A: [001]. B: [120]. C: [111]. D: [21 1]
3-58    A: (1101). B: (0003). C: (1100).
3-64    [110], [110], [101], [101], [011], [011].
3-66    Tetragonal—4; orthorhombic—2; cubic—12.
3-68    (a) (111). (b) (210). (c) (012). (d) (218).
3-74    [100]: 0.35089 nm, 2.85 nm21, 0.866. [110]: 0.496 nm, 2.015 nm21, 0.612.
[111]: 0.3039 nm21, 3.291 nm21, 1. The [111] is close packed.
3-76    (100): 1.617 3 1015/cm2, packing fraction 0.7854. (110): 1.144 3 1015/cm2, packing fraction
0.555. (111): 1.867 3 1015/cm2, 0.907. The (111) is close packed.
3-78    4,563,000.
3-81    (a) 0.2978 Å. (b) 0.6290 Å.
3-83    (a) 4. (b) (1/2, 0, 0), (0, 1/2, 0), (0, 0, 1/2), (1/2, 1/2, 1/2). (c) 0.79.
3-85    (a) 6. (c) 8. (e) 4. (h) 6.
3-88    Fluorite. (a) 5.2885 Å. (b) 12.13 g/cm3. (c) 0.624.
3-90    Cesium chloride. (a) 4.1916 Å. (b) 4.8 g/cm3. (c) 0.693.
3-92    (111): 1.473 3 1015/cm2, 0.202 (Mg12). (222): 1.473 3 1015/cm2, 0.806 (O22).
837

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Fundamentos de la ciencia e ingeniería de materiales, 4th Edition

Sección 3.12
Semicristalinos: materiales con regiones de estructura cristalina dispersa en la región amorfa
circundante; por ejemplo, algunos polímeros.
Vidrio metálico: metales con una estructura atómica amorfa.

3.15 PROBLEMAS
Las respuestas a los problemas marcados con un asterisco se encuentran al final del libro.
3.1 Defina a) sólido cristalino y b) sólido amorfo.
3.2 Defina una estructura cristalina. Dé ejemplos de materiales que tengan estructuras
cristalinas.
3.3 Defina a) red cristalina y b) patrón.
3.4 Defina celda unitaria de una red cristalina. ¿Qué constantes de red definen una celda
unitaria?
3.5 ¿Cuáles son las 14 celdas unitarias de Bravais?
3.6 ¿Cuáles son las tres estructuras cristalinas más comunes en los metales? Indique cinco
metales que tengan alguna de estas estructuras cristalinas.
3.7 ¿Cuántos átomos por celda unitaria hay en la estructura cristalina BCC?
3.8 ¿Cuál es el número de coordinación para los átomos en la estructura cristalina BCC?
3.9 ¿Cuál es la relación entre la longitud de una arista a en la celda unitaria BCC y el radio
de sus átomos?
3.10 El molibdeno a 20°C es BCC y tiene un radio atómico de 0.140 nm. Calcule el valor
para su constante de red a en nanómetros.
*3.11 El niobio a 20°C es BCC y tiene un radio atómico de 0. 143 nm. Calcule el valor de su
constante de red a en nanómetros.
3.12 El litio a 20°C es BCC y tiene una constante de red de 0.35092 nm. Calcule el valor del
radio atómico de un átomo de litio en nanómetros.
*3.13 El sodio a 20°C es BCC y tiene una constante de red de 0 .42906 nm. Calcule el valor
del radio atómico de un átomo de sodio en nanómetros.
3.14 ¿Cuántos átomos por celda unitaria hay en la estructura cristalina FCC?
3.15 ¿Cuál es el número de coordinación para los átomos en la estructura cristalina FCC?
*3.16 El oro es FCC y tiene una constante de red de 0.40788 nm. Calcule el valor del radio
atómico de un átomo de oro en nanómetros.
3.17 El platino es FCC y tiene una constante de red de 0.39239 nm. Calcule el valor del
radio atómico de un átomo de platino en nanómetros.

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Fundamentos de la ciencia e ingeniería de materiales, 4th Edition

*3.18 El paladio es FCC y tiene un radio atómico de 0.137 nm. Calcule el valor para su
constante de red a en nanómetros.
3.19 El estroncio es FCC y tiene un radio atómico de 0.215 nm. Calcule el valor para su
constante de red a en nanómetros.
3.20 Calcule el factor de empaquetamiento para la estructura FCC. 116
117
3.21 ¿Cuántos átomos por celda unitaria hay en una estructura cristalina HCP?

Proporcione una respuesta para la celda primitiva y para la “celda mayor”.

3.22 ¿Cuál es el número de coordinación para los átomos en la estructura cristalina HCP?
3.23 ¿Cuál es la relación c/a ideal en los metales HCP?
3.24 De los siguientes metales HCP: ¿cuáles tienen una relación c/a superior o inferior a la
relación ideal: Zr, Ti, Zn, Mg, Co, Cd y Be?
*3.25 Calcule el volumen en nanómetros cúbicos de la celda unitaria de la estructura
cristalina del titanio. El titanio es HCP a 20°C con a = 0.29504 nm y c = 0.46833 nm.
*3.26 El renio a 20°C es HCP. La altura c de su celda unitaria es de 0.44583 nm y su
relación c/a es 1.633. Calcule el valor de su constante de red a en nanómetros
(emplee la celda mayor).
3.27 El osmio a 20°C es HCP. Aplicando un valor de 0.135 nm para el radio atómico del
átomo del osmio, calcule un valor para el volumen de la celda unitaria (emplee la celda
mayor). Suponga un factor de empaquetamiento de 0.74.
3.28 ¿Cuáles son las posiciones atómicas en la celda unitaria cúbica?
3.29 Enumere las posiciones atómicas para los ocho átomos de los vértices y los seis del
centro de las caras de celda unitaria FCC.
3.30 ¿Cuáles son los índices para las direcciones cristalográficas de una determinada celda
unitaria cúbica?
*3.31 Dibuje las siguientes direcciones en una celda unitaria BCC y enumere las
coordenadas de posición de los átomos cuyos centros los corta el vector de dirección.

a)[100] b)[110] c )[111]

3.32 Dibuje los vectores de dirección en cubos unidad para las siguientes direcciones:

a)[ 1 1̄ 1̄ ] b)[ 1 1̄ 0 ] c )[1̄ 2 1̄ ] d)[1̄ 1̄ 3 ]

3.33 Dibuje los vectores de dirección en cubos unidad para las siguientes direcciones
cúbicas:

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2.64. Mientras que un compuesto de 2 – 6 comúnmente tiene un carácter iónico más
elevado que uno de 3 – 5, la electronegatividad relativamente alta del fósforo provoca
que el InP sea de naturaleza más iónica.

Capítulo 3
3.11. 0.330 nm
3.13. 0.186 nm
3.16. 0.144 nm
3.18. 0.387 nm

3.25. 0.106 nm3

3.26. 0.273 nm
3.31.
a Coordenadas de posición: (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)
b Coordenadas de posición: (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0)
c Coordenadas de posición: (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1)
3.35. [1̄41̄]
3.46. (100), (010), (001), (1̄00), (01̄0), (001̄)
3.48.
a. (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1) (1, ½, ½)
b. (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1),
(½, ½, 0), (½, ½, 1)
c. (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (½, 0, ½),
(½, ½, 0), (0, ½, ½)
3.49. (63̄4)
3.51. (234̄)
3.52. (1̄1̄2)
3.54. (1̄22̄)
3.57.
a. 0.224 nm
b. 0.112 nm
c. 0.100 nm

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