LS22 - All Notes

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE PROGRAM
LS22: INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING II

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstracting and Indexing: A Revisit 1

Subject Indexing and Analysis 4
Building Thesaurus 7
Periodical Indexing 11
Citation Indexing 15
Indexing of Photographs 18
Sound and Multimedia Indexing 21
Computer Assisted Indexing 23
Web Indexing and the Internet 25
Evaluation of Abstracting and Indexing Services 29
1|A B S T R A C T I N G A N D I N D E X I N G : A R E V I S I T
CHAPTER I: represent the whole, as in a scene from a motion

picture used in a trailer
ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING: A REVISIT - One or more portions selected to represent the
LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II whole.
ABSTRACT 3. SUMMARY
- Brief by accurate and clear representations of the - A brief statement expressing the general
contents of a document substance or overall idea of a work (or portion of
- Pieces of text created by the abstractor rather it), recapitulating its main points, findings and
than a direct quotation from the author conclusions, usually given at the end
- Originally – ready by humans to keep up with - A brief reinstatement within a document (usually
advance in the literature of a field at the end) or its salient findings and conclusion
- Now – provide a representation of the document intended to complete the orientation of a reader
that can be searched by computer who has studied the preceding text.
- It can be:
a. Informative 4. ABRIDGEMENT
b. Indicative - A shortened version or edition of a written work
c. Critical that preserves the overall meaning and manner
d. Slanted (written from a particular point of of presentation of the original but omits the less
view) important passages of the text and usually any
illustrations, notes and appendices
USE OF ABSTRACT - Often prepared by a person other than the
A well prepared abstract enables the reader to: original author or editor, an abridged edition is
a. Quickly identify the basic content of the generally intended for readers unlikely to
document purchase the unabridged version because of its
b. Determine its relevance to their interests, and length, complexity or price
c. Decide whether it is worth their time to read the
entire document 5. SYNOPSIS
- A concise written description of the plot of a long
VARIOUS KINDS OF SURROGATES narrative work (novel, play, opera, epic poem,
etc.) giving a quick orderly, overview of the
DOCUMENT SURROGATES whole, usually prepared by a person other than
- Substitute of the original the author.
- Abstracts is known as surrogates of the original
documents 6. TERSE LITERATURE
- It is a condensation of the original
1. ANNOTATION - This is done by using statements which are
- Brief explanation of a document or its contents, highly abbreviated to encapsulate the major
usually added as a note to clarify title points.
- A brief note, usually no longer than two or three
sentences, added after a citation in a INDEXING
bibliography to describe the content or message - It is the process that produces entries in an index
of the work cited or to comment on it. - The procedure includes a number of basic
activities:
2. EXTRACT 1. Document Analysis
- One or more length quotations from a book or 2. Subject Analysis
other work set within the main text of another 3. Evaluation and representation of subjects
work, usually indented and sometimes printed in 4. Description
distinguishing type 5. Review
- When printed in the same type size as the text - It is similar to classifying and subject cataloging
and without indention, an extract is enclosed in - It describes activity involving the assignment of
quotation marks and preceded and followed by a subject identifiers for purpose of information
blank line. retrieval
- In a more general sense, any piece taken from - Refers to the activity of assigning terms from an
one work and used in another, sometimes to indexing language to documents or parts of

College of Education
Bachelor Of Library & Information Science
documents for the purpose of information INDEXES COMPILED BY:

retrieval 1. Human Being
2. Computers
WHAT IS AN INDEX? 3. Combination of the two
- An orderly guide to the intellectual content and
physical location of knowledge records AUTOMATIC INDEXING
- It is systematically lead us to previously - It is the capability to automatically determine the
published documents index terms to be assigned to an item or
- Users are directed by the index device to the document
subject and ideas expressed by the authors in
the knowledge records ARRANGEMENT OF INDEXES
- An indicator of the position of the required a. Alphabetical
information o A – Z straight alphabetization
INDEX TERM b. Classified

- A word or phrase that denotes or describes a o Advertising
concept and connotes or implies a class o Health
- E.g. index term “automobile” describes a vehicle o Medicine
and implies many kinds of automobiles for which, o Nursing
we may have more specific index terms
c. Combination of the two
PURPOSES OF AN INDEX
1. Help discover and rediscover items of information INDEXES BY TYPE OR FORM OF MATERIAL INDEXED
in documents which are relevant to user
information needs. A. BOOK INDEX
2. To answer the questions the users might ask - List of words, generally alphabetical at the back
about the purpose of a document and how it can of a book giving a page location of the subject or
help them name associated with each book
3. Provides a systematic and fast access to the - Example:
body of relevant literature  Chain Indexing, 25
4. It gives users effective retrieval devices to the  Citation Indexes, 50
information they are searching  Classified Indexes, 75
5. It helps in the organization of any information  Colon Classification, 200
extracted from collection of documents  String Indexing, 300
DUAL SPACES B. PERIODICAL INDEX
1. Document Space - They are based on the same principle and have
- Original Documents the same general objectives as book indexes
2. Surrogate Space C. NEWSPAPER INDEX
- Indexes - An alphabetical list of topics, names and/or title
- Abstracts of works which are discussed in news, articles,
columns and feature articles in one newspaper
*Indexing and abstracting are to ensure the surrogate title or in several titles
space can be a substitute to the document space - Examples:
 Cyclone, 50
 Environmental degradation, 25
PROCESS OF  Storm surge, 300
Original INDEXES
INDEXING  Typhoon, 75
Documents ABSTRACTS
ABSTRACTING  Yolanda (Typhoon), 200
D. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS INDEX

- An alphabetical list of topics and names which
refer to images found in the materials

- The decision to index will be based on

GENERAL FORMS criteria:
a. Printed a. Relevance
b. Electronic b. Significance
c. Printed and Electronic c. Policies on subject
d. Period scope
SPECIFIC FORMS AND FORMATS - Depths of indexing or the number of index
a. Card index terms used to represent the subjects,
b. Printed book index depends on the number of indexable
c. Microform Index subjects and concepts, and the level of
d. CD-ROM Index information.
e. Computerized Index - TYPES OF INDEXING LANGUAGE:
f. Online database a. Free text language
b. Artificial language or controlled
WHAT BEST METHOD IN ASSIGNING TERMS? c. Natural language
- Combination of free text and controlled
vocabularies (helps solve homograph problems) 4. DESCRIPTION
1. Mercury (planet) - The process of writing down on input sheet
2. Mercury (heavy metals) the bibliographic entry in its prescribed
3. Mercury (car) format together with index terms to
4. Mercury (mythology) describe indexable matter
- The process of encoding the bibliographic
STEPS IN INDEXING entry together with the index terms using an
indexing module of library systems
1. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
- The process of familiarization with the 5. REVIEW
document and its contents by reading the - Reviewing the indexing output with the
title; reading the abstract and scanning the following questions in mind:
entire article and noting: a. Do the major terms represent the chief
a. The source of the document emphasis of the document?
b. Its purpose b. Are the major terms reflected so that
c. Its target audience there is no question about their
d. Its authors relevance?
e. Any appended materials c. Do the descriptors reflect all of the
f. The title and how it fits the content important concepts in the documents?
2. SUBJECT ANALYSIS TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO ALPHABETIZING:

- The process of identifying indexable matters
and indexable ideas or concepts 1. LETTER BY LETTER
- The indexable matters include: - Visualizing a string of letters and then ordering
a. Words these separate strings
b. Names a. De los Angeles
c. Bibliographic Citations b. Delos Ojos
d. Subjects, Concepts c. Delos Reyes
e. Tables of contents, etc. d. De los Santos
3. EVALUATION AND REPRESENTATION OF 2. WORD BY WORD

SUBJECTS - All the items starting with one word are ordered
- The process of deciding whether to index before the items with a second word are
- What depth the documents is to be considered
indexed? a. De los Angeles
- The index terms or subject headings are b. De los Santos
chosen from the indexing language c. Delos Ojos
d. Delos Reyes

4|S U B J E C T I N D E X I N G A N D A N A L Y S I S
CHAPTER II: SUBJECTS VS FORMS / GENRES
SUBJECT INDEXING AND ANALYSIS SUBJECT: What the item is about

LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II FORM: What the item is
a. Physical Character (video, map, photograph,
DEFINITIONS periodical)
b. Type of data it contains (statistics)
SUBJECT ANALYSIS c. Arrange of information (diaries, indexes)
- It is a part of indexing or cataloging that deals d. Style, technique (drama, romances)
with the conceptual analysis of an item: GENRE: works with common theme setting, etc.
a. What is it about? - Mystery fiction; Comedy films; Tragedy; Folktales
b. What is its form, genre and format?
c. Analysis translation into a particular subject INDEXING
heading or index term - The process in creating indexes and associated
d. Initial step in classification tools for the organization of knowledge
- The process of identifying information in a
SUBJECT HEADING knowledge record and organizing the pointers to
- A term or phrase assigned taken from subject that information into a searchable file
heading list to represent a concept, event or
name EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT INDEXING
- Involves skill and judgment in the assignment of
ANALYSIS VS INDEXING terms
ANALYSIS SUBJECT INDEXING

- Look at the work as whole to determine its overall - It is an act of describing a document or any
contents information resource, in terms of its subject
- Think of terms that summarize the primary content
subject focus of the work - It facilitates high precision retrieval of references
on a particular subject
INDEXING
- Provide in-depth access to parts of items TYPES OF TERMS USED IN SUBJECT INDEXING
(chapters, articles, detailed listing of topics) a. Words or short phrases
- Descriptors, identifiers, subject headings or
HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE SUBJECT CONTENT? keywords
a. Title b. Sentences
b. Table of contents - Derived indexing may use whole sentences, but
c. Introduction or preface rarely done – used in some web documents and
d. Author’s purpose or foreword for derived abstracts
e. Abstract of Summary or Conclusion - Abstracts, summaries or annotations*
f. Index
g. Illustrations, diagrams c. Taxonomic categories
h. Containers - Such as the type used in the Yahoo directory
TYPES OF CONCEPTS TO IDENTIFY d. Notation (DDC and LC)

a. Topics
b. Names of: INDEXING CONCEPTS
o Persons 1. Consists of the comprehension of the document
o Corporate bodies to be indexed
o Geographic areas 2. Followed by the production of a set of index
c. Time periods terms
d. Titles of works
e. Form of the item

STAGES OF SUBJECT INDEXING - Search engine indexes are examples of

automatic derived indexing.
a. FAMILIARIZATION
o The indexer becomes conversant with the 2. ASSIGNED INDEXING
subject content of the document to be indexed. - Terms used for indexing are not limited to those
o The indexer attempts to identify the concepts that in the object, but may come from the object, the
are represented by the words in the document mind of the indexer, or from a controlled
o The indexer must examine the document’s vocabulary
content, concentrating particularly on the clues - There are two types of assigned indexing:
o Title, the contents page, chapter headings
o And any abstracts, introduction, prefaces, etc. a. FREE INDEXING
o The indexer or indexing program is free
b. ANALYSIS to assign terms from anywhere inside
o It is possible to identify a central theme or outside the object
o Questions the indexer must ask: o The indexer may take terms from the
 What is the document about?(ideal = object or use any terms that occur to
read entire item and pick central them
theme) o In some “free indexing settings, very
 What aspects will interest our users? detailed instructions guide indexers in
o The more specialized the clientele, the more their selection of terms
likely, it is that the index can be tailored to their
needs (i.e. highly specific) STEPS IN FREE AND ASSIGNED INDEXING
c. TRANSLATION 1. Identify subject content

o Having identified the central theme of a 2. Identify disciplinary context or domain
document, this theme must be described in terms (for classifications or taxonomies)
present in the indexing language. 3. Express or describe content (steps 1 –
3 describe the subject indexing
INDEXING PRINCIPLES process)
4. Select or create terms and add them as
1. EXHAUSTIVITY access points to the document
5. If working with a controlled vocabulary
- Concerned with the number of index terms to use
(CV), update and maintain the CB
a. SELECTIVE INDEXING – the use of fewer
based on the newly assigned index
words to cover only the central subject
terms
matter of a document
b. INDEXING FROM CONTROLLED
b. EXHAUSTIVE INDEXING – the use of
enough terms to cover the subject matter of VOCABULARIES / CONTROLLED
VOCABULARY INDEXING
a document more completely.
o Indexers are constrained by the terms
2. SPECIFICITY that are available in the lists of terms
- Concerned only with the assignment of the most called “Controlled Vocabularies” –
specific term that entirely covers a topic assign one or more terms from the
controlled vocabulary
3. CONSISTENCY o Controlled Vocabulary Indexing is
- Refers to the extent to which agreement exists much like choosing terms from a very
on the terms to be used to index some document large drop-down menu
TYPES OF SUBJECT INDEXING PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLED VOCALUBARIES

- There are four important principles of vocabulary
1. DERIVED INDEXING control that guide their design and development
- Terms used for indexing are limited to those that  Eliminating Ambiguity
actually appear in the document or resource.  Controlling Synonyms
- Derived indexing may be done manually or  Establishing Relationships among terms
automatically.  Testing and validation of terms

- The vocabulary of an index language may be

AMBIGUITY controlled or uncontrolled
- Occurs in natural language when a word or
phrase (a homograph or polyseme) has more CONTROLLED VOCABULARY
than one meaning - Authority List: Indexers can only assign to a
- A controlled vocabulary must compensate for the document terms that appear on the list approved
problems caused by ambiguity by ensuring that by the organization for which they work
each term has one and only one meaning - Example:
a. Thesauri
SYNONYMY b. Subject Heading List
- A different problem occurs when a concept can c. Classification Schedule
be represented by two or more synonymous or
nearly synonymous words or phrases. This is WHY USE CONTROLLED VOCABULARY?
called SYNONYMY. This means that desired - identify a preferred way of expressing a concept
content may be scattered around an information - allow for multiple entry points (i.e., cross-
space or database because it can be described references) leading to the preferred term
by different but equivalent terminology. (Marchen - identify a term’s relationship to broader,
synonimous with Fairy tale) narrower, and related terms
- A controlled vocabulary must compensate for the - consistency
problems caused by synonymy by ensuring that
each concept is represented by a single FUNCTION OF KEYWORDS
preferred term. The vocabulary should list the - Provide access to the words used in bibliographic
other synonyms and variants as non-preferred records
terms with USE references to the preferred term. - Keyword searching is enhanced of controlled
- Marchen USE FAIRY TALE vocabulary
AUTOMATIC INDEXING GUIDE INDEXING PRACTICE

- In automatic indexing, it is common for indexing 1. Include all topics known to be of interest to the
software applications to use derived indexing users of the information service that are treated
techniques only, enhanced with word stemming substantively in the document
and spelling algorithms to improve matching 2. Index each of these as specifically as the
- However, more advanced programs are being vocabulary of the system allows and the needs or
developed that mimic free indexing (e.g., text interests of the users warrants.
summarization programs)
- Some advanced automatic indexing programs SNAPSHOT:
(particularly those in medicine) are making use of - In controlled language indexing, this involves
controlled vocabularies in term selection and using the thesaurus, subject heading list,
identification. classification to assign terms to the document
- Select terms and relationships that are consistent
INDEXING NON-TEXT OBJECTS with the type of user’s perspective on the subject
- Layne discusses the indexing of images and so that the indexing system is tailored to the
points out some useful distinctions needs of the users of the index.
- Defines four general types of attributes:
a. Biographical
b. Subject
c. Exemplified
d. Relationship
- While she discusses in the context of images,
these can prove useful when indexing almost any
object
WHAT IS AN INDEXING LANGUAGE?

- It is the language used to describe documents
- Index Terms – as elements, which may be
derived from the text of the document to be
described, or may be arrived at independently
7|B U I L D N G T H E S A U R U S
CHAPTER III
1. TERM SELECTION
BUILDING THESAURUS - Select sources for the collection of terms
LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II - Assign codes to each source
- Selection of terms
THESAURUS - Use worksheets for the entries
 The word "thesaurus" is derived from 16th century - Enter terms into database with all information
New Latin, literally "treasure store", generally
meaning a collection of things which are of big SOURCE IN COLLECTING TERMS
importance or value (synonymous with  Your documents and databases
treasurer).  Departmental terminology
 It is a controlled vocabulary arranged in a known  Text books and their indexes (indices)
order and structured so that equivalence,  Book tables of contents and indexes
homographic, hierarchical, and associative  Journal quarterly indexes
relationships among terms are displayed clearly  Encyclopedias
and identified by standardized relationship  Dictionaries, glossaries on the topic
indicators that are employed reciprocally (NISO).  Web resources
 Users and experts
PRIMARY PURPOSES OF THESAURUS  Search logs
1. To facilitate retrieval of documents
2. To achieve consistency in the indexing of written SELECTION OF SOURCES
or recorded documents and other items  PREARRANGED SOURCES require less
3. To establish concept relationship effort in gathering the material, and may
already indicate some relationships between
WHY DEVELOP A THESAURUS? terms and concepts and relationships
- To provide vocabulary or terminological control among terms
device  OPEN-ENDED SOURCES can reflect
 When there are several possible terms current terminology and may provide more
designating a single concept, the thesaurus complete coverage
should lead the indexer or searcher to the  Choose a set of sources that are current, as
appropriate concept. complete as possible, and considered
- To provide a conceptual structure of information authoritative
 To adequately describe the topical content  Each selected source is assigned an ID for
of information resources at an appropriate tracking its use in the development of the
level of generality or specificity thesaurus
 To enhanced search capabilities and to  Useful when making decisions about
improve the effectiveness of searching (i.e., which terms to prefer
to retrieve most of the relevant material)  Useful for backtracking when questions
arise (where did this come from?)
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
- Survey existing thesaurus resources for your SELECTION OF TERMS
domain - Terms can be transferred directly from
 Continue using an existing thesaurus? prearranged sources to the recording
 Modification or update of existing medium (cards, worksheets or database)
thesaurus?  Have to decide which terms and
 Develop a new well-structured thesaurus? references to include, or to take the
- What is the scope and complexity of the subject whole source
field? - In open-ended sources you read through the
source and pick out terms (i.e. words and
STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A THESAURUS phrases) that might be useful in retrieval or
1. Term selection as references to other terms
2. Merging and development of concept classes - Use keyword and phrase extraction
3. Definition of broad subject fields and subfields software to create lists of terms and select
4. Development of classificatory structure from those
5. Review, testing, application, revision - Transfer selected terms to the recording
medium (cards or database)
ORGANIZE TERMS
- Sort terms into several major categories
- Logical groups of similar concepts as Preferred
Terms
- Identify core areas and peripheral topics
- Consider moving proper names to authority files
LABELLING A CONCEPT
1. GENERIC (GENUS – SPECIES)
- Most-used labels are ranges from general to
RELATIONSHIP
specific
a. GENERIC RELATIONSHIP TEST 1

THE TERM RECORD
b. GENERIC RELATIONSHIP TEST 2

USEFULNESS OF A TERM
- How useful will the term be for indexing?
 Apply to everything in the domain?
 Distinguish important concepts?
 If term is needed, specify limited use conditions
in Scope Note
SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
2. WHOLE-PART RELATIONSHIP
- Also known as meronymy or
partonomy
- Four types allowed in thesaurus
standards
a. Body systems and organs
• Ear  Middle ear
A. HIERARCHAL RELATIONSHIPS
- Broader Term represents the main category b. Geographical locations
- Narrower Term represents the specific • Philippines  Manila
- Three types of Hierarchical relationships:
1. Generic relationship (BTG/NTG) c. Fields of study
2. Whole-part relationship (BTP/NTP) • Geology  Physical geology
3. Instance relationship (BTI/NTI)
d. Hierarchical
organizational/corporate/social/pol
itical structures

• Diocese  Parish FACET ANALYSIS

- Subdivide large groups of terms into facets,
3. INSTANCE RELATIONSHIP mutually exclusive subcategories
- General category (common noun) = BT - Facet examples
- Individual example (proper noun) = NT  Properties, Materials, Agents, Actions,
Influence
 Objects, Styles and periods, Color, Shape
(Art & Architecture Thesaurus)
FACET CLASSIFICATION
POLYHIERARCHAL RELATIONSHIP
 Term can logically fit under more
than one Broader Term – can
have Multiple Broader Terms
(MBT)
SCOPE NOTES (SN)

- Indicate meaning of the term in the context of this
thesaurus, for this audience
- Indicate any restriction in meaning
- Indicate range of topics covered
- Provide direction for indexers; for terms often
B. EQUIVALENCE RELATIONSHIP confused, may suggest an alternative term
- Preferred Term - Use only as needed – not for every term
 Thesaurus term and valid for indexing
 Thesaurus notation: USE KINDS OF SOURCES
- Non-Preferred Term A. PREARRANGED SOURCES
 Not valid for indexing  Existing descriptor lists, classification schemes
 An alias  Thesauri
 Entry point, directs user to Preferred Term o This includes universal schemes like
 Thesaurus notation: UF or NPT DDC or LCSH
 Nomenclatures of single disciplines
 Treatises on the terminology of a field
- Synonyms, slang  Encyclopedias, lexica, dictionaries and glossaries
- Scientific and trade names  Tables of contents of textbooks and handbooks
 Paracetamol UF Biogesic  Indexes of journals or abstracting journals
- Lexical variants  Indexes of other publications in the field
 Fiber optics UF Fibre optics
 Mouse UF Mice B. OPEN-ENDED SOURCES
 Theater UF Theatre  Lists of search requests or interest profiles
 Description of projects/activities to be served by
C. ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONSHIP the information retrieval system
- Related Terms (RTs) ~ cousins  Discussion with specialists in the field
- “…terms related conceptually but not  Sample of documents in the field
hierarchically, and are not part of an equivalence  Lists of titles of documents in the field
set” (i.e. not synonyms)  Abstracts and reviews of documents
- Both terms are valid thesaurus terms for
 Your own knowledge
indexing, and have reciprocal relationship
- Expands user’s awareness, reflects thesaurus
coverage of unanticipated areas

10 | B U I L D N G T H E S A U R U S
2. MERGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPT  Modify as needed

CLASSES  Produce production version
 Sort Term into alphabetical order - TESTING A THESAURUS
 Merge information for identical terms possibly  Assign descriptors to a sample set of NEW
pulling information from additional sources documents (use enough to get an idea of
 Merge synonyms or terms in the same concept any gaps in the thesaurus)
class  Test retrieval using sample questions and
seeing how effectively the thesaurus maps
3. DEFINITION OF BROAD SUBJECT FIELDS AND to the appropriate descriptor
SUBFIELDS - APPLICATION
- Define broad subject fields and sort terms into - REVISION (Thesaurus Revision and Updates)
these broad fields  There will always be new concepts,
- Define subfields within each broad field and sort products, or expressions that need to be
terms into these subfields added to the thesaurus
- Work out the detailed structure o Set a regular schedule of reviews
 Select preferred terms and revisions
 Merge information for terms in the same o Collect complaints, problems, etc.
concept class and fold into revision of the
 Example: thesaurus
 PSYCHOLOGY
o DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY THESAURUS STANDARDS
o FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY - National and International Standards for Thesauri
o POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY  ANSI/NISO Z39.19-1994 — American
National Standard Guidelines for the
4. DEFINE SUBJECT FIELD Construction, Format and Management of
 Review representative collection of content Monolingual Thesauri
 ANSI/NISO Draft Standard Z39.4-199x —
 Determine:
American National Standard Guidelines for
o Core areas Sociology
Indexes in Information Retrieval
o Peripheral topics
Education
 ISO 2788 — Documentation — Guidelines
for the establishment and development of
Psychology Law monolingual thesauri
 ISO 5964 — Documentation — Guidelines
for the establishment and development of
multilingual thesauri
5. DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSIFICATORY
STRUCTURE FLOW OF WORK IN THESAURUS CONSTRUCTION
- Produce preliminary version of classified index
and update the working database
- Improve classificatory structure
- Reality check
 Produce and distribute a version of the
classified index
 Distribute to users/experts
6. FINAL STAGES
- REVIEW
 Discuss classified index with users and
experts THESAURUS EXAMPLES
o Select descriptors and checklist  The ERIC Thesaurus of Descriptors
descriptors  The Medical Subject Headings (MESH) of the
 Assign notational symbols National Library of Medicine
 Produce main thesaurus and indexes
 The Art and Architecture Thesaurus
 Check cross references and insert where
 Thesaurus on Philippine environment
needed
 Test by indexing  Thesaurus on Philippine literature

 Thesaurus on Rice  Thesaurus on Abaca

CHAPTER IV - Some illustrations are included
- Authors use jargon of the field
PERIODICAL INDEXING
LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II 3. POPULAR MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS
- Articles are magazine staff members or freelance
SUCCESSOS FELICES (FORTUNATE EVENTS) writers
- Authors often mention sources, but rarely
1637 – Successos Felices (Fortunate Events) is the first formally cite them in bibliographies
Philippine newsletter was launched by Tomas Pinpin who - Issues contain numerous advertisements
is known as “The Father of Filipino Printing” - No peer review process
- Articles are meant to inform and entertain
PERIODICALS - Illustrations may be numerous and colorful
- A broad term for publications that are published - Language is geared to the general adult
“periodically” audience (no specialized knowledge of jargon
- Include magazines, journals, newspapers, needed)
annuals and more
CRITERIA: APPERANCE
TYPES OF PERIODICALS:
1. SCHOLARLY JOURNALS Popular Magazines
- Authors are authorities in their fields - Include glossy color photos and illustrations
- Articles are usually reports on scholarly research - Often printed on glossy paper
- Articles must go through a process: Peer – - Eye-catching covers
review or refereed - Each issue beings with page 1
o Scholarly / academic articles that are
read by academic scholar “referees” for Trade Publications
advice and evaluation of content when - May include color pictures and illustrations
submitted for publication. Referees - Often printed on glossy paper
recommend to the editor / editorial boar - Covers depict industrial settings
whether the article should be published - Issues begins with page 1
as is, revised or rejected. Also
sometimes known as “peer-reviewed” Scholarly journals
articles. - Include graphs, charts or tables
- Plain paper
PEER REVIEWED OR NOT? - Plain covers
- If an articles has been “peer reviewed”, it has - Pages are sometimes consecutive throughout
been judged valuable by other experts in the field each volume
- “Peer reviewed” articles are often scholarly
- You can often restrict your search for articles to CRITERIA: AUTHORS
only those articles which have been peer-
reviewed Popular Magazines
- freelance writers, journalists, staff members and
- Authors cite their source in endnotes, footnotes, occasionally scholars
or bibliographies
- Articles use jargon of the discipline Trade Publications
- Individual issues have little or no advertising - field or industry specialists or staff writers with
- Illustrations usually take the form of charts and expertise
graphs - author credentials usually provided
2. TRADE PUBLICATIONS Scholarly Journals

- Authors are practitioners - experts, scholars, researchers or authorities in
- Authors often mention sources but rarely formally their field
cite them in bibliographies - author credentials almost always provided
- Intended audience are fellow practitioners
- No peer review process
- Articles practical information
- to provide industry news, contacts and updates

- to keep trade professional informed
CRITERIA: AUDIENCE - to contribute practical knowledge to industry
professionals
Popular Magazines
- nonprofessionals and general public Scholarly Journals
- sometimes an educated and interested public - to explore theories
- to add to the body of research in a particular
Trade Publications discipline
- people in specific trades, industries, or - to guide future research
professions - to present new ideas or invite discussion
- employment seekers in specific industries
CRITERIA: ACCOUNTABILITY
Scholarly Journals
- researchers, scholars, experts, professionals, Popular Magazines
college and university community - editorial view
- may use unidentified sources
CRITERIA: CONTENT - may give “suggested readings” list, but no formal
bibliography or footnotes
Popular Magazines - published by commercial presses and specific
- news, general interest articles, personalities and interest groups
celebrity coverage
- editorials on current events, world affairs and Trade Publications
politics - editorial review
- language for general readership (no specialized - may have limited reference list or bibliography
jargon) - published by trade or professional associations,
corporate or commercial presses
Trade Publications
- industry trends, new products or organizational Scholarly Journals
news - some (not all) are peer-reviewed
- job openings in that profession - provide formal reference lists or bibliographies,
- industry forecasts usually lengthy
- extensive use of jargon and terminology of the - published by professional or scholarly
industry or trade organizations, academic presses
- may include original and/or industry related terms
CRITERIA: ADVERTISEMENTS
Scholarly Journals
- original research, bibliographies, or literature Popular Magazines
reviews - usually heavy advertising (glossy photos and the
- theoretical discussion like)
- usually include abstracts - type of advertising depends on the magazines
- extensive references and its intended audience
- extensive use of jargon and terminology of the
discipline Trade Publications
- moderate amount
CRITERIA: PURPOSE - most or all ads are trade related and directed to
specific industries and professions
Popular Magazines
- to make money Scholarly Journals
- to provide general interest information to a wide - few or none
audience - may have ads for conferences, job openings,
- to entertain professional publications and other journals
- to sell advertising, products and subscriptions
- to promote a particular viewpoint
Trade Publications
- “Eyewitness” accounts are also primary research

because the author(s) actually were present at
PERIODICAL CONCERNS: an event/ discovery.
a. POPULAR 2. Secondary Sources

- Summaries for the lay person; possible - Present a summary of known data
inaccuracies or a very abbreviated explanation - Reference and textbooks are secondary or even
due to writer’s lack of knowledge tertiary sources
b. SENSATIONAL / TABLOID STEPS IN PERIODICAL INDEXING

- Exploitive, inflammatory or erroneous information
1. RECORDING OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
POPULAR VS SCHOLARLY - Good bibliographic form can be summed up
simply – it includes all useful data, leaves out
POPLUAR useless data, and is consistent in format
- Authors are journalists - For example, if using only the initials of an
- Written for general audience author’s given name, fulfills the needs of the
- Often printed on glossy, many ads / photos users and causes no ambiguity, it would be
- Shorter length foolish to waste space or time verifying the full
name.
SCHOLARLY - Care must be taken to see that the data is
- Written by expert in content field recorded accurately, for the obvious reason that
- Has bibliography, charts, graphs incorrect entries cause the document to become
- Content may be the result of research inaccessible
- Lacks ads, photos in most cases
2. CONTENT ANALYSIS
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE - Examine the paper closely
1. Format of a Research Article - Not every document has to be read completely,
- Introduction maybe more than once, before the indexer feels
- Literature Review confident in identifying the subject content.
- Methodology - The amount of time involved in content analysis
- Results / Outputs will depend on the nature of the document and
- Discussion / Conclusion the experience of the indexer.
- Bibliography / References / Citation - Where do concepts come from?
o The title
2. Multiple authors o The abstract
3. Authors have higher educational degrees o The text itself
4. Length of article (at least 6+ pages and may run to o The reference section
20+ pages)
5. Charts and tables 3. SUBJECT DETERMINATION
6. Long list of references - The indexer must determine the subject/s
7. Not every article will have all the characteristics covered – simply put what the document is
8. Not all articles in Scholarly journals are research about. Concepts in the document must be
articles identified and expressed in words and list of
9. May also include: possible descriptors for the index prepared.
- Book reviews - How does the indexer make a decision?
- Letters to the editor o Read the paper and understand what
- Introductions to the issue the paper is all about
- Literature reviews of a topic o The other may not understand, but has
- Theory articles not reflecting actual research the talent for selecting appropriate key
PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY SOURCES words from the text.
o The indexer is now making intellectual
1. Primary Sources
decision. Indexers must form a mental
- Present new data or new theories based on
image of what the author is saying and
experiments, field work, etc.

then state it in their own words, or in a. Author of the article in an inverted form
words borrowed from the author b. Title of the article
c. Periodical title and underscored
d. Volume number and/or issue number
e. Pages where the article appears
4. CONVERSION TO THE INDEXING LANGUAGE f. Date of the publication preferably – month, day
- Converting the concept list into a list of and year
acceptable terms. If a controlled vocabulary is
used, this implies using an authority list to do the Procedure 3
conversion. - Mark the article indexed with any colored pencil
- The terms in the concept list are matched against - Indexed periodicals are marked and indexed on
the thesaurus or other authority lists with the goal the upper right hand corner
of choosing final descriptors within the accepted - Slips are set aside for typing
framework of the prescribed indexing language - Issues of periodicals indexed are recorded
5. REVIEW
- Reviewing the indexing accomplishments with
the following questions in mind:
o Do the major terms represent the chief
emphasis of the document?
o Are the major terms reflected in the
abstract so that there is no question
about their relevance?
o Do the descriptors reflect all of the
important concepts in the document?
PRINCIPLES OF INDEXING
a. Exhaustivity
- Concerned with the number of index terms to use
o Selective indexing – the use of fewer
words to cover only the central subject
matter of a document
o Exhaustive indexing – the use of
enough terms to cover the subject
matter of a document more completely
b. Specificity
- Concerned only with the assignment of the most
specific term that entirely covers a topic
c. Consistency
- Refers to the extent to which agreement exists
on the terms to be used to index some document
Procedure 1
1. Use a 3 x 5 slip or card for easy handling and
location
2. Read through the articles before assigning
subject heading(s)
3. Provide cross references for subject heading(s)
that cannot be used
Procedure 2
On the slip, the following data are written with the proper
indentions:

CHAPTER V
CITATION INDEXING
LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II CITATION INDEX
CITATION INDEXING  Eugene Garfield, the inventor of citation indexing,

 Method of organizing the contents of a collection defined a citation index as an ordered list of cited
of documents. articles each of which is accompanied by a list of
 It is based on the simple concept that an author’s citing articles.
references to previously recorded information  It consists of a list of articles, with a subject under
identify much of the earlier work that is pertinent each article of subsequently published papers
to the subject of his present document. These that cite article.
references are commonly called citations, and a  Citations link together papers on a specific topic,
citation index is a structured list of all the citations and a citation index is built on the basis of this
in a given collection of documents. Such lists are internal structure of subject literatures.
usually arranged so that the cited document is  An index of citations between publications
followed by the citing documents.  Allowing the user to easily establish which later
 Utilizes a known relevant document regardless of documents cite the earlier documents.
when it was published to find newer journal  A citation index shows who cited that paper at a
articles that have cited that document later point in time.
 Originally designed mainly for literature search
for researchers to find subsequent articles that ADVANTAGES OF CITATION INDEX
cite a given article.
1. It reveals relationships between articles.
CONCEPT OF CITATIONS INDEXING 2. It identifies significant improvements of criticisms
 Scholarly journals contain citations. These cite of earlier work.
generally by title, author, and where and when 3. It leads the user to the latest articles.
published-documents that support, provide 4. It limits the wasteful duplication of prior research.
precedent for, illustrate, or elaborate on what the 5. Find earlier articles that one was based on.
author has to say. 6. Find later articles which quoted it.
 Citations are the formal, explicit linkages 7. Generate statistics on how influential those
ideas, authors and journals have been.
between papers that have particular points in
8. The compilation of citation indexes is especially
common. A citation index is built around these
well suited to the use of man-machine indexing
linkages.
methods that do not require indexers who are
 An important strength of citation indexing is its
subject specialists. This helps to make citation
search effectiveness. This quality has two
indexes more current than most subject indexes.
components:
1. Search productivity, which is DISADVANTAGES OF CITATION INDEX
concerned with finding the largest
possible number of relevant papers. 1. The production of such an index is expensive.
2. Search efficiency, which is concerned 2. Difficulty in doing it
with minimizing the number of 3. Not commonly use
irrelevant papers the searcher must 4. Not popular
check out to identify the relevant ones.
 The product of research is knowledge which is
recorded and published, and a possible measure
of its significance is the frequency of citation in
subsequent research.

HISTORY
The first citation indices were Legal Citators such as

Shepard's Citations (1873).
In 1960, Eugene Garfield's Institute for Scientific
Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for
papers published in academic journals:
a. Science Citation Index (SCI)
b. Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)
c. Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI).
BIBLIOMETRICS
- It is a set of methods used to study or measure
THREE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT
texts and information.
OF CITATION INDEX BACK IN THE 1950'S.
- Many research fields use Bibliometrics method to
1. Need for a better way of managing information.
explore the impact of their field, the impact of a
2. Growing dissatisfaction with the capacity of
set of researchers, or the impact of a particular
subject indexing to meet the needs of the active
paper.
researcher.
- Bibliometrics methods are most often used in the
3. Automation need to facilitate storage and
field of library and information science.
retrieval.
CITATION ANALYSIS
CONCEPT OF CITATIONS
- It is the examination of the frequency, patterns
- Citations symbolize the conceptual association of
and graphs of citations in articles and books
ideas as recognized by publishing research
- It uses citations in scholarly works to establish
authors.
links to other works or other researchers.
- Recognizing the value of information determined
- It is one of the most widely used methods of
by those who use it.
bibliometrics.
- By the references they cite in their papers,
authors make explicit linkages between their
A. RESEARCH INDEX/CITE SEER
current research and prior work of researches.
- The first automated citation indexing was done
by CiteSeer in 1997.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN “CITATION" AND
- ResearchIndex: A scientific literature digital
“REFERENCE"
library that incorporates
 If Paper R contains a bibliographic footnote using and
 Autonomous citation indexing – automatic
describing Paper C, then
extraction and grouping of citations for any
 R contains a reference to C, digital academic and scientific document
 C has a citation from R.  Citation context
 The number of references a paper has is measured by  Full-text indexing
the number of items in its bibliography as endnotes,
 Related document identification
footnotes, etc.
 The number of citations a paper has is found by B. INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION® (ISI)
looking a citation index and seeing how many others - Index the linkages by listing both the cited and
papers mention it. citing works.
- The ISI® databases
 Science Citation Index® (SCI®)
 Social Sciences Citation Index® (SSCI®)
 Arts & Humanities Citation Index®
(A&HCI®)
- Multidisciplinary. They cover virtually all

disciplines whereas traditional indexing and
abstracting services are limited to a single field.
C. AUTOMATED CITATION INDEXES

- Web of Science
1. Science Citation Index (Expanded), 1900-
2. Social Sciences Citation Index, 1956-
3. Arts & Humanities Index, 1975-
- Web of Knowledge
 Integrates:
• Web of Science
• Current Contents Connect
• Other sources
 Contains journal, patent, proceedings, etc.
and Web content
D. WEB OF KNOWLEDGE
- ISI Web of Knowledge®, a dynamic, integrated,
Web-based environment
- ISI Web of Science® provides access to
 Science Citation Index (over 3,200 journals )
 Social Sciences Citation Index (1400
journals)
- Arts & Humanities Citation Index
- Updated weekly
- Journals from 1986 is available
- Previous years of each index are available in
PRINT at the Libraries.
E. WEB OF SCIENCE
- Search current and retrospective multidisciplinary
information from nearly 8,500 research journals
in the world.
- Users can navigate forward, backward, and
through the literature, searching all disciplines
and time spans to uncover lot of information
relevant to their research.
CHAPTER VI
INDEXING OF PHOTOGRAPHS 1. Lack of standard practices

LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II - Indexing photo-specific facets
2. Lack of inherent metadata
PHOTOGRAPHS AS INFORMATION - No title or author indicated
- PHOTOGRAPHS are powerful tools for the - No accompanying text, little known about some
transfer of information. In newspaper and images
magazines, in the Internet and wherever they are 3. How much indexing is needed?
found, photographs often convey information not - Dealing with backlogs or unprocessed images
found in the related text. Even in the absence of - Should photos be indexed at the group or item
text, a photograph can speak volumes level?
- The indexer faces the challenge of using words 4. Challenges of subject analysis
to provide access to the information contained in - Topic, narrative, emotive
images - Identifying levels of analysis
5. A multitude of perspectives
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHOTOGRAPH AND IMAGE - User terms vs. controlled vocabulary
- Achieving consistency among indexers applying
PHOTOGRAPH subject terms
- Is something that was taken with a camera
- Photo means light I. LACK OF STANDARD PRACTICES
- There is no consensus among indexers about
IMAGE what attributes of a photograph should be
- Something generated or a representation of indexed. Often indexers have tried to apply
something in any other way document – oriented indexing practices to
- This can be a combination of different photos, photographs but has limitation
part of a photo that has been edited, or anything - Several obstacles in providing access to visual
that has been made in Adobe Photoshop resources
o Lack of types of information needed
VISUAL MATERIALS o Lack of universally applied standards
- Includes photographs, film, video, paintings, o Lack of use of standard vocabularies
drawings, cartoons, prints, designs and three - Subject analysis is commonly used to index
dimensional art such as sculpture and textual materials
architecture and can be categorized as fine art or - The indexer of photographs might consider
documentary record facets such as
- Some visual materials are originals, while others o Type of camera
are reproduced (like prints, or illustrations in o Developing process
books and magazines) o Camera angle
o Time of day
PHOTOGRAPH AND IMAGE INDEXING
o And location
- Traditionally, photograph or image indexing is
text – based. - Information about provenance might provide
o Manual annotation of images important historical context, and therefore should
be indexed as well.
o Use text-based retrieval methods
II. LACK OF INHERENT METADATA
- When photographs do not have accompanying
textual descriptions, indexing requires preliminary
research and fact-checking.
- But how would we index this photo if we did not
find answers to our questions?
o Who took this photo?
o When and where was it taken?
o Who are these people and what are
they doing?
o Is it significant?
KEY ISSUES IN INDEXING PHOTOS o To whom?

III. HOW MUCH INDEXING IS NEEDED? - Descriptive text

- Several articles found on the subject of indexing - Controlled vocabulary
photographs mention a huge backlog of - Disadvantages:
unprocessed photographs found in archives. o Have to have descriptor along with the
- Processing photographs requires significant labor image to make it accessible
and time. o Human intervention
- Historically, visual materials were given lower CONTENT BASED INDEXING

priority than text documents in libraries and
archives. Content-based indexing and searching
- Photographs indexing were often performed at - Provide algorithms that can automatically
the collection level with the assumption that recognize the important features in an image
serious researchers would examine an entire without human intervention
collection to find what they needed. - Search by color and shape
- Digital image: picture elements, file format
IV. CHALLENGES OF SUBJECT ANALYSIS
- What is the subject of this photograph? V. MULTITUDE OF PERSPECTIVES
- Viewers interpret photographs holistically, not as
a collection of things or list of topics - “Aboutness” indexing is more complex and can
- Images tell stories, evoke feelings, and prompt be based on viewer interpretation.
psychological responses that vary between - The indexer of a photo that contain a mountain,
viewers trees, birds, river, and sky might decide to index
- Researchers from different disciplines might only ‘mountain.’
approach the same image from very different
perspectives, and the user’s purpose often differs BEST PRACTICES IN PHOTOGRAPH INDEXING
from that of the photographers
1. Focus on use
DEFINING THE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS - Know your intended users and their needs
- The subject of a single photograph can include
specific and abstract concepts 2. Use controlled vocabulary
- Descriptions of photographs can be: 3. Determine the levels of meaning to be indexed
a. Topical 4. Create guidelines to ensure consistent indexing
b. Narrative
c. Emotive THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION OF
PHOTOGRAPHS AND VISUAL MATERIALS
MODELS FOR ANALYSIS
MATUSIAK (2006) describes two approaches to 1. Pre-iconographical or ‘ofness’
photograph and image indexing: - The primary or natural subject matter
- General aspects such as woman, flower, building
1. CONCEPT-BASED INDEXING - Identifiable objects, people, events, actions
- Image attributes and semantic content are
identified and described verbally by human 2. Iconographical or ‘aboutness’
indexers - The secondary or conventional subject matter
- Encompasses concrete aspects or specific
2. CONTENT-BASED INDEXING things, such as Juliet, rose, church
- Features of images, such as color, shape or
texture are automatically identified and extracted 3. Iconological or ‘symbolic meaning’
by computer software - Includes abstract aspects
- The intrinsic meaning of content
 Research indicates that users of archival image - Application of cultural knowledge
collection prefer concept-based image retrieval
techniques, i.e. subject access
CONCEPT BASED INDEXING

THE PROCESSES OF INDEXING PHOTOGRAPHS,  Internationally approved thesaurus or local

IMAGE AND VISUAL MATERIALS IS CONNECTED WITH information language?
THE CONCEPTS OF
OTHER CATEGORIES THAT ARE NOT DIRECTLY
1. OFNESS RELATED TO THE CONTENT OF AN VISUAL
- A term which only applies to the analysis of MATERIALS INCLUDE:
picture
- Refers to the elements that a picture consists of 1. Type of document/field of art (photography,
engraving, drawing, painting)
2. ABOUTNESS 2. Technique/material (collage, oil on canvas,
- Focuses on: woodcut, ivory carving, photogravure)
o What is conveyed in a document? 3. Dating (17 century, 1201-1300, the end of 15
o What it is about? century)
o What its content, subject or theme is? 4. Culture, epoch, art movement (Dutch art, Ming
- Depends on the interpretation of the set, themes, Dynasty painting, Art Deco)
motifs, actions and events in a work
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF CONTENT OF VISUAL
3. ISNESS MATERIALS INCLUDE:
- It refers to the interpretation of the inner meaning
or content of a work of art 1. Objects and actions (a girl, a cottage, a boat, a
- It tells us what the resource is meadow, a bird, sowing)
- This element is close to genre / form terms 2. Type of picture (sketch, self-portrait, still life,
- The isness of a resource can be physical or seascape)
intrinsic, e.g. textbook, DVD, poetry, libretto, etc. 3. Scene or iconographic type (Spolarium, Blood
(Ingwersen, 2002) Compact, Madonna, Last Supper).
GENERAL MOTORS MEDIA ARCHIVES’ (GMMA) DIGITIZATION WONDER

Approach to image indexing utilize three layers:  With the advent of information technology,
photographic collections can be stored and make
1. OBJECT LAYER it available quickly and efficiently.
- The bare components of an image, analogous to  Digital collections: indexing can be automatically
‘ofness’ generated with the help of computer-assisted
indexing.
2. STYLE LAYER
- Records the purpose for which the image was PHOTOGRAPH AND IMAGE ACCESS
captured: candid, glamour or engineering testing  In order to provide efficient access to the
digitalized images and to promote their reuse, a
3. IMPLICATION LAYER model of cataloguing and subject indexing should
- Explains the significance of the image be established.
This is an example of an analysis framework customized CONCLUSIONS

for a particular collection and user group  Photographs and Image indexing are highly
challenging and much more to be explored and
QUESTIONS TO ASK IN DESCRIBING THE studied.
PHOTOGRAPHS, IMAGES AND VISUAL MATERALS  The three levels of interpretation (pre-
iconographic description, iconographic analysis
 How should it be described? and iconological interpretation) require specific
 What is the subject of such a document? skills from the interpreter, namely practical
 What is it about? experience, the knowledge of resources, themes
 How should works of art be interpreted and what and concepts as well as intuition, likewise, with
should be included in their description? the two approaches of image indexing: content-
 What aspects of images may be interesting to based indexing and concept-based indexing.
users?
 What indexing tools could be used successfully?
 Controlled or uncontrolled vocabulary or both of
them?
CHAPTER VII
SOUND AND MULTIMEDIA INDEXING

LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II
THE MAJESTIC OF SOUNDS

- HEARING has been regarded as the higher, most power of the senses.
- MUSIC is the highest of the arts for the same reasons that SOUNDS are more powerful than visual images.
o The Anstending Institute. (1988). The Importance of sound in our lives.
INDEXING AND RETRIEVAL
Indexing
- It refers to the activity of assigning index terms derived from the indexing languages or extracted from the documents
for the purpose of information retrieval.
Retrieval
- It is identifying content of interest or getting the actual document.
WHY INDEXING IS IMPORTANT?
1. To identify the items, objects, and documents

2. To know the context, subject, aboutness of the object
3. To create retrieval devices
4. To facilitate and efficient accessibility of the materials.
MULTIMEDIA INDEXING
- It is an activity to analyse, annotate, and query vast amounts of multimedia data
WHAT ARE MULTIMEDIA DATA?

1. Images
2. Video
3. Sound
4. Text
FEATURES OF DIFFERENT MULTIMEDIA DATA
1. IMAGES
- Shapes
- Textures
- Color of pixels
- Line segments and edges
- Images described by text
o Figure captions
o Keywords
o Associated paragraphs
2. SOUND
- Rhythm
- Music
- Pitch
- Pattern
3. VIDEO
- Motion

- Segments
- Sequence
- Scene
SOUND INDEXING
- It is the process of assigning and retrieving audio information from the available resources.
- Text based searching for audio information is most common.
- It is a process of analysing audio to extract its features
a. Loudness
b. Pitch
c. Bandwidth
d. Harmony
SOUND OR AUDIO SEARCHING

- It is a method of retrieving information by using a piece of audio information (ex: a melody of a song).
SOUND OR AUDIO MATERIALS

a. Speech Centered
- Radio programs
- Telephone Conversations
- Recorded Meetings
b. Music – Centered
- Instrumental, vocal
c. Other Audio Materials

- Alarms, surveillance
WHY IS AUDIO OR SOUND IMPORTANT?

1. Audio information in the form of music.
2. Forms of entertainment
3. News reporting
4. Comedy audio segments
5. Online radio and sports broadcasts
6. Audio in presentations leads to a more interesting and interactive product
7. Research and homework
WHAT ARE SPOKEN WORD COLLECTIONS?

1. Broadcast programming
a. News
b. Interview
c. Talk radio
d. Sports
e. Entertainment
2. Scripted stories
a. Books on tape
b. Poetry reading
c. Theatre
3. Spontaneous Storytelling
a. Oral history
b. Folklore
4. Incidental recording
a. Speeches
b. Oral arguments
c. Meetings
d. Phone calls
DESCRIPTION STRATEGIES
1. Indexing
- Manually assign descriptors to points in a recording
2. Transcription
- Manual transcription (with optional post-editing)
3. Associated Materials
- Interviewer’s notes, speech scripts, producer’s logs
4. Automatic
- Create access points with automatic speech processing
WHAT IS SPEECH INDEXING?

- Use speech recognition to convert audio to text
o Segment audio
o Query by speaking keywords
o Transcription
Copy of actual speech
VIDEO INDEXING
- Segments, scenes and basic frames
- Transitions
- Motion
o Motion of objects
o Camera
- Compression Standards
o MP4
o WMA
o AVI
o MOV
MUSIC INDEXING
1. Music indexing is chiefly bibliographic
2. How to index music?
o Pitch, temporal, harmonic, timbral
o Textual and bibliographic
o Visual (musical scores, manuscripts)
o Aural (digital music)
SNAPSHOTS!
- The most important aspects of sound are those qualities which convey emotions
o The Anstending Institute. (1988). The Importance of sound in our lives

CHAPTER VIII
COMPUTER ASSISTED INDEXING

COMPUTER-ASSISTED INDEXING
 If you're using a computer, you're indexing with computer assistance.
 Computer-assisted indexing includes such indexing techniques as Dedicated, Embedded, and Web indexing
 Index generation software also falls into this category.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED INDEXING TECHNIQUE

o Professional indexers will often create a:
 stand-alone index first,
 then embed the index markers
COMPUTER-GENERATED INDEXING
 Indexing that do not involve the human decision making process.
 The software creates the index based on certain algorithms designed by programmers.

 The software inspects the text, make certain determinations regarding the importance of text elements (based on
placement within sentences, format, the number of times the term is repeated), and writes the index from scratch.
INDEXING SOFTWARE
 It refers to write or create an index using a computer program.
 Text editor could be considered indexing software, since indexes can be typed from scratch.
 Two specific types:
1. Indexing-dedicated software
2. Indexing-enabled software.
INDEXING-DEDICATED SOFTWARE
 Software with a purpose of writing an index or creating an index database.
 It is designed with a data-entry interface for typing keywords and locators.
 The software manipulate the input data and generates a final product: a text index (which can be converted into other
formats) with a desired layout.
 These programs are stand-alone tools that assist indexers with the indexing process.
 Different brands of indexing-dedicated software packages have different features or options, and can run on different
platforms.
DEDICATED INDEXING
 It is a process by reading the material and retyping the entries, subheads, and locators into a specially designed
indexing module or software.
 With a stand-alone index, you create the index as a separate text file using Indexing dedicated software.
 Indexing-dedicated software
o used in the book publishing industry
o packages provide many functions that facilitate the indexing process.
INDEXING-DEDICATED SOFTWARE FEATURES

 It provides indexer with extremely efficient and flexible tools to meet the demands of the book publishing industry.
 It provides the quick short cuts, alphabetization options, cross-reference checking, formatting, grouping, and other
features.
Advantage of Dedicated indexing

 Stand-alone indexes can be created in 30 to 40% less time than embedded indexes.
 Any minor changes to the pagination can be handled readily using dedicated indexing software.
 Stand-alone indexes can be created for print based documents as well as some hypertext documents.
INDEXING-DEDICATED SOFTWARE EXAMPLES

 Macrex
 Cindex
 Sky Professional Cuadra Star
 ProCite
 Other bibliographic software systems.
Notes:
 If you are modifying 30% or more of a document,
 it’s more economical to create a fresh index than to revise an existing one.
 Revising and restructuring an old index can be difficult and time consuming.
 When you anticipate making substantial revisions or additions to a document on the next release, creating a stand-
alone index for each new release will minimize costs both in the short– and long– term.

INDEXING-ENABLED SOFTWARE
 Indexing-enabled software is software that allows the user to generate indexes.
 This generation process is called embedded indexing.
 Indexing-enabled software is often better known for its more general purpose:
o page layout software
o book creation software
o word processing software
o editing software.
EMBEDDED INDEXING
 It is the process of creating index entries electronically in a document’s files
 DESKTOP PUBLISHING OR WORD PROCESSING PACKAGES can be used to create effective embedded indexes
 This form of indexing uses software to insert indexing information (known as "tags" or "markers") into the documents
that are being indexed.
 Indexing a web document is also embedded indexing. This is because index information is still embedded in the
document.
 Web indexing is a subset of embedded indexing.
Advantages of Embedded indexing

1. The indexer does not need to be concerned with locators (page numbers, for example) at any time.
2. It diminishes the workload by removing the need to type or verify page numbers.
3. It simplifies and shortens the overall production process, because the indexer can complete the job before
pagination is finalized.
4. Many embedded software applications will automatically determine the page numbers before going to a printer.
5. Reusability - since the embedded index tags are combined with the text, that text can be reused (for example, in
new editions or in related texts), and the index tags will get reapplied automatically.
6. In this way, duplicated information is indexed for only the first time.
7. If changes are made to the document which affect the pagination, then the program can rebuild the index to match
the new pagination.
8. Text can be indexed and issued in one format, say hardback, and repaginated to a different format, say
paperback, without the cost of re-indexing.
Disadvantages of Embedded indexing

1. It is relatively complicated and/or time consuming to edit the index tags.
2. Editing an index involves opening the text files, finding and changing the index tags, and then regenerating the index to
include the edited index tags.
EMBEDDED INDEXING PROCESS

1. Indexer reviews material
2. Index tags (or markers) are inserted into the document files.
3. Final document will be printed
EMBEDDED INDEX
 Each location has a collection of headings to which the location is relevant.
 These collections of headings are not usually visible in the document.
 One specific example of paperless indexing is embedded indexing.
EMBEDDED INDEXING SOFTWARE

 FrameMaker
 Microsoft Word
 Word Perfect
 Adobe InDesign
 Quark Xpress

ONLINE DATABASE INDEXING

 It involves creating index terms and typing them into database records. For example, a single article in a journal may
have a single record, full of relevant indexing terms. Then the database becomes searchable: by querying for certain
keywords, records that contain those words are found, and the articles that own those records are provided to the user.
ISSUES IN COMPUTER-ASSISTED INDEXING

 Index generation software is unable to distinguish between levels of importance, and tend to index trivial keywords.
 It fails to differentiate between general ideas and specific examples.
 Although Index generation software can identify words and terminology, it fails to understand concepts.

28 | W E B I N D E X I N G A N D T H E I N T E R N E T
CHAPTER IX structures are used for querying, rather than

browsing.
WEB INDEXING AND THE INTERNET 3. Crawlers(e.g. WebCrawler) : Users define search
LS22: Indexing and Abstracting II terms, and the crawler goes to various sites
searching for the desired information.
INTERNET
 Also known as the “Net”, cyberspace, or CONCEPT OF WEB INDEX
information superhighway.  The index is usually a Web document that
 Inter-connected computer networks which host contains several ordered links to other web sites
and provide access to the world wide web, file or web pages.
transfer, e-mail, news and other services.  Indexing the Web involves the creation of
 Networks of all networks hyperlinks within documents that are accessible
 Wide area networks on the Web.
 Search engines, for example, generate online
annotated indexes: the user types in certain
WORLD WIDE WEB keywords, the search engine software inspects
 It is an information resource consisting of web its database for occurrences of these words, and
pages that organize and present vast amounts of a list of Web addresses with other data is
information and other resources. presented to the user.
 On the web, any document can be linked to any  This list generated is a Web index.
other document.
 Invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
WEB DOCUMENT
RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN THE INTERNET  Collection of linked individual pages, each with
optional scrolling and non-scrolling areas, text,
1. Web sites and perhaps images and other embedded media.
2. Web pages  Examples of Web Documents would be:
3. Web documents o Normal Windows Help files
4. FTP sites o Much of the World Wide Web
5. Multimedia resources
6. Databases EXAMPLE OF WEB INDEX ENTRIES
7. Audio 1. Computer-generated indexes
8. Video 2. Context-independent help
9. News 3. Context-sensitive help
4. Database indexes
WEB INDEXING 5. Embedded indexing
 It is also known as Search engine indexing 6. Index Generation Software
 It refers to various methods for indexing the 7. Indexing-dedicated software
contents of a website or of the Internet as a 8. Indexing-enabled software
whole. 9. Indexing software
 It collects, parses, and stores data to facilitate 10. Online indexing
fast and accurate information retrieval. 11. Online help
 With the increase in the number of periodicals 12. Paperless indexing
that have articles online, web indexing is also 13. Web documents
becoming important for periodical websites. 14. Web indexing
BACK-OF-THE-BOOK-STYLE WEB INDEXES
PROCESS OF WEB INDEXING  It is also called "web site A-Z indexes". The
1. Manually generated (e.g. Yahoo!) : pages are implication with "A-Z" is that there is an
indexed manually into a linked hierarchy (an alphabetical browse view or interface. This
“index”). Users browse in the hierarchy by interface differs from that of a browse through
following links. Eventually, users reach the “end layers of hierarchical categories (also known as a
documents”. taxonomy) which are not necessarily
2. Automatically generated (e.g. Alta Vista) : pages alphabetical, but are also found on some web
at each Internet site are indexed automatically sites. A-Z index could be used to index multiple
(creating a “searchable data structure”). These

sites, rather than the multiple pages of a single o Servers establish a huge inverted
site. indexing and vector indexing database
o Also known as Automatic indexing.
AUTOMATIC INDEXING
 Selection of key words from a document by
computer for use as index entries. INVERTED INDEX
 The procedure for determining the orientation  Consists of an ordered list of indexing terms,
and position of a work piece manipulates by a each indexing term is associated with some
robot. document identification numbers.
 It is faster and cheaper.  Retrieval is done by first searching in the ordered
list to find the indexing term, then using the
METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC INDEXING document identification numbers to locate
 Indexing by semantic components documents.
o Marks up segments of text in a
document with labels
o Index terms are extracted on the basis
of the identified components
METADATA WEB INDEXING

 It involves assigning keywords or phrases to web
pages or web sites within a meta-tag field, so that
the web page or web site can be retrieved by a
search engine.
 This may or may not involve using keywords
restricted to a controlled vocabulary list.
AUTOMATED INDEXING SOFTWARE  This method is commonly used by Search engine
 It is a software that analyzes text and produces indexing.
an index without human involvement.
 Types:
o 1. Dedicated indexing software:
Macrex, and Sky Professional
o 2. Embedded indexing software:
FrameMaker, Microsot Word
DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC INDEXING
o Quality
o Recognition of the concepts
o Significance of the terms
o Differentiation of the terms SEARCH ENGINE
o Relationships  Software, often found on web sites, which
searches for information on the world wide web
EXTRACTED INDEXING or databases.
 Also known as Automatic Indexing.  Operates by building indexes to the network
 Index terms are extracted from the documents on resources.
the basis of an algorithmic word and frequency  Inverted indexes used by search engines are
analysis. built automatically.
 It use keywords and metadata to provide a more
VECTOR-BASED INDEXING
useful vocabulary for Internet searching.
 Most web indexing is Vector-based indexing:
o robot indexing software go over the GENERAL SEARCH ENGINES
web to collect more pages and terms o Google
o Yahoo
o AltaVista management systems, which store

o FAST Search database contents.
o MSN Search o Online database is a database
o Lycos accessible from a network, including
o Excite from the Internet.
SCHOLARLY SEARCH ENGINES

o Google Scholar
o Infomine
o Librarians’ Internet Index ONLINE DATABASES CHARACTERISTICS
o Intute  Browser-based access
o Pinakes  Subscription
o Business Research  Embed common features such as sharing, email
o ISI Web of Science notifications, etc.
Note: BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE

 The real differences among different search  It is a database of bibliographic records, an
engines are: organized digital collection of references to
o their indexing weight schemes published literature that includes the following:
o their query process methods 1. journal and newspaper articles
o their ranking algorithms 2. conference proceedings
3. Reports
o None of these are published by any of the search
4. government and legal publications
engines firms
5. Patents
ONLINE SEARCHING 6. Books
 The process of directly querying with the help of DOCUMENT-TEXT DATABASE
computer systems and search engines or
 Also known as Full-text database is a compilation
webbased retrieval systems to resolve particular
of documents or other information in the form of a
requests for information.
database in which the complete text of each
TYPES OF ONLINE SEARCHING referenced document is available for online
1. Internet Search: Search Engines like Yahoo, viewing, printing, or downloading.
Infoseek crawl the web gathering web pages or  In addition to text documents, images are often
information on web pages, index them and included, such as graphs, maps, photos, and
retrieve them when the specific term is found. diagrams.
2. Database search: Databases store their
ONLINE SEARCHING TECHNIQUES
information neatly organized into fields. A search
Interface is provided for this.  Boolean Operators
3. Intranet search: Search is restricted to a site or a  Phrase Searching
group of sites.  Truncation or Wildcard Searching
a. Text search engines store this  Proximity Searching
information in one index and can find  Focusing or Limiting a Search
words in any field for a record.
b. Many high-end search engines can 1. BOOLEAN OPERATORS
also store field information, so  Boolean operators allow you to join terms
searches can be limited to a specific together, widen a search or exclude terms
field as well from your search results. This means you
can be more precise in locating your
DATABASE information.
 It consists of an organized collection of data,
typically in digital form. Classification of
databases involves the type of their contents, for
example: bibliographic, document-text, statistical.
o Digital databases or Database engine
are managed using database

retrieve bibliography, bibliographies,

bibliographer and so on
o In wildcard searching, letters from
inside the word are replaced. – For
example wom*n will retrieve the terms
woman and women.
4. PROXIMITY SEARCHING
 It looks for documents where two or more
separately matching term occurrences are
within a specified distance, where distance
2. PHRASE SEARCHING is the number of intermediate words or
 It narrows your search down by searching characters.
for an exact phrase or sentence.  For example
 It is particularly useful when searching for a o Term A NEAR Term B
title or a quotation. o Term A ADJ Term B
 Usually quotation marks are used to connect
the words together. 5. FOCUSING / LIMITING A SEARCH
 For example: “Bachelor of Library and  There are many ways to focus your search
Information Science” and all search tools offer different ways of
doing this. Some of the ways of limiting your
3. TRUNCATION / WILDCARD search are as follows:
 These search techniques retrieve o Date
information on similar words by replacing o Language
part of the word with a symbol usually a * o Place
or ?. However, different databases use o Publication type
different symbols, so check what is used. o Age groups
o In truncation the end of the word is o Type of material e.g. you could
replaced. – For example biblio* will just need to find case studies


CHAPTER X
EVALUATION OF ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES

INTRODUCTION
 Researchers used to go to the library to manually look for journal articles of their interest are long gone.
 Looking through dozens of physical journals or consulting literature overviews in book format became obsolete with the
dawn of the electronic era and the availability of searchable online listings of all that journal information.
 Nowadays more than 400 online Abstracting and Indexing (A&I) services provide these search capabilities for the
various disciplines and research areas.
WHAT IS ABSTRACTING SERVICES?

 Searchable databases which enable you to find details of relevant journal articles, books, reports, and other materials.
 A service can be general or focused on specific subject area.
 Abstracting and indexing services are aimed at compiling a body of literature for particular subject.
 Serial publications that analyze on a continuing basis the contents of a whole range of periodical and other titles
relating to a common discipline or to a particular category of material.
ABSTRACTING JOURNALS PUBLISHED

 Printed format
 Electronic databases on CD-ROM
 Accessible via remote host
ARRANGEMENT
 Printed abstracting and indexing service information accessible by an alphabetical arrangement of subject headings.
 Appear the bibliographic references to the documents relating to that subject.
 Author and other indexes provide additional access points.
 Abstracting services extend the bibliographic information by providing a synopsis or abstract of the cited document.
 Printed abstracting services differ in their arrangement that the documents are usually grouped in classified order on
which a sequential numbering system for identification via a subject index.
PURPOSE
 The main purpose of abstracting and indexing services is to help researchers overcome the difficulties of tracing
potentially useful articles scattered over periodical and other literature.
 Abstracts are of especial benefit as they provide an overview of the article and thus aid researchers in their selection of
what they consider worth reading.
ABSTRACTING SERVICES IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

 Library Literature (1934–), published by H.W. Wilson, an author and subject index providing exhaustive coverage of
librarianship periodicals.
 It covers books, pamphlets, other selected periodical articles of relevance, films, filmstrips, microtexts, library school
theses and research papers.
 A further feature is a citations listing of individual book reviews.
 It is now entitled Library Literature and Information Science, and is available online from the publishers\
 Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) (formerly Library Science Abstracts, published by Bowker Saur,
abstracts articles from over 500 journals and papers from major English-language conference proceedings.
 LISA processes material from approximately sixty different countries and provides English-language abstracts of
source documents that have been published in up to thirty-four foreign languages.
 From 1994 books have been indexed on a regular basis and book reviews have been assigned their own section to
assist browsing.
 Information Science Abstracts offers abstracts of articles from around 700 journals. The larger proportion of abstracts
is from technical literature and deals with various aspects of computer systems and software.

 It is a service that is particularly appropriate for systems specialists. An enhanced version became available through
DIALOG and Silver Platter in 2001.
WELL-KNOWN DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC ABSTRACTING SERVICES INCLUDE

 PubMed/Medline (in the field of medicine)
 ChemAbstracts (chemistry)
 ADS (astronomy & physics)
 Zentralblatt für Mathematik (mathematics)
Thomson Reuters/Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)

 It is one of the important interdisciplinary A&I service, provides a ranking of journals.
 As Thomson Reuters/ISI are very selective with the journals they index in their database, journals undergo a lengthy
evaluation process that may take a year or more.
HOW DOES A JOURNAL BENEFIT FROM BEING ABSTRACTED AND INDEXED BY THE A&I SERVICES?
 To be represented in the relevant online
 A&I services is an essential factor for the success of a journal.
 Today all searching is done online, so it is vital that a journal is represented in the relevant online search systems.
 Authors rely on finding articles through A&I services and boost their usage when reading them.
 When they come across high-quality articles of a certain journal in their search, they consider the journal a good outlet
to publish in themselves.
ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES ONLINE IN FULL TEXT
ACADEMIC ONEFILE
 It is the premier source for peer-reviewed, full-text articles from the world's leading journals and reference sources.
With extensive coverage of the physical sciences, technology, medicine, social sciences, the arts, theology, literature
and other subjects.
 It is both authoritative and comprehensive.
 With millions of articles available in both PDF and HTML full text with no restrictions, researchers are able to find
accurate information quickly.
o Humanities
o Science
o Medicine
o Law
o Social Sciences
ACADEMIC SEARCH COMPLETE

 It is the world's most valuable and comprehensive scholarly, multi-disciplinary full-text database, with more than 5,990
full-text periodicals, including more than 5,030 peer-reviewed journals.
 In addition to full text, this database offers indexing and abstracts for more than 9,990 journals and a total of more than
10,400 publications including monographs, reports, conference proceedings, etc.
o Humanities
o Science
o Medicine
o Law
o Social Sciences
BUSINESS SOURCE COMPLETE

 It is the scholarly business database, providing the leading collection of bibliographic and full content. It contains far
more active, peerreviewed, business related journals than any other database currently available.
 In addition to the searchable cited references provided for more than 1,200 journals, it contains detailed author profiles
for the 25,000 most-cited authors in the database.
o Social Sciences
WILSON OMNIFILE FULL TEXT, MEGA EDITION

 It expands your periodical resources with electronic access to full text articles, page images, article abstracts, and
citations from thousands of sources (Full text of articles from over 2,400 publications and article abstracts and indexing
from over 3,700 publications).
o Humanities
o Science
o Medicine
o Law
o Social Sciences
ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES ONLINE IN BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTENT
BIOSIS PREVIEWS (1969 - PRESENT)

 It contains bibliographic data & abstract text for research published in the life sciences. It is the world's most
comprehensive reference database for life science research.
 It covers original research reports and reviews in traditional biological and biomedical areas.
o Science
o Medicine
COMPENDEX
 It is a comprehensive bibliographic database of engineering research, containing over 10 million records taken from
over 5,000 engineering journals, conferences, an technical reports.
o Science
INSPEC
 It is the leading English language bibliographic information service providing access to the World's scientific & technical
literature in physics, electrical engineering, electronics, communications, control engineering, computing, information
technology, manufacturing, production and mechanical engineering.
o Science
EconLit
 Economics: General, Teaching, History of Thought, Methodology, Mathematical and Quantitative Methods,
Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Monetary economics International economics, Financial economics, Public
economics, Health, Education, Welfare, Labor, Demographic economics, Law and economics, Industrial Organization,
Business Administration, Business economics, Marketing, Accounting, Economic History, Economic Development,
Technical Change, Growth, Economic Systems, Agricultural economics, Natural Resource economics, Urban
economics, Regional economics, Rural economics, Cultural economics, Economic Anthropology, Economic Sociology
o Social Sciences
EBSCOHOST
ACADEMIC SEARCH PREMIERE…

 provides full text for nearly 4,700 publications, including full text for more than 3,600 peer reviewed journals. PDF back
files to 1975 or further are available for well over one hundred journals, and searchable cited references are provided
for more than 1,000 titles. This database is updated on a daily basis via EBSCOhost
PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES COLLECTION

 is a comprehensive database covering information concerning topics in emotional and behavioral characteristics,
psychiatry & psychology, mental processes, anthropology, and observational & experimental methods. This is the
world’s largest full text psychology database offering full text coverage for nearly 400 journals

SocINDEX
 with Full Text is the world’s most comprehensive and highest quality sociology research database. The database
features more than 2.1 million records with subject headings from a 20,000+ term sociological thesaurus designed by
subject experts and expert lexicographers. SocINDEX with Full Text contains full text for more than 860 journals dating
back to 1908. This database also includes full text for more than 830 books and monographs, and full text for over
16,800 conference papers
ENVIRONMENT COMPLETE
 offers deep coverage in applicable areas of agriculture, ecosystem ecology, energy, renewable energy sources, natural
resources, marine & freshwater science, geography, pollution & waste management, environmental technology,
environmental law, public policy, social impacts, urban planning, and more. Environment Complete contains more than
1,957,000 records from more than 1,700 domestic and international titles going back to the 1940s (including 1,125
active core titles). The database also contains full text for more than 680 journals and 120 monographs
BUSINESS SOURCE PREMIERE

 This business database provides full text for nearly 1,100 business publications, including full text for nearly 500 peer-
reviewed business publications. The rich collection of titles in Business Source Elite provides information dating back
to 1985. This database is updated on a daily basis via EBSCOhost.
OTHERS A&I SERVICES

 Bibliographic
 British Education Index
 British Humanities Index (BHI)
 EMBASE
 GEOBASE
 International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
 MLA International Bibliography
 Scopus
 Sociological Abstracts
 Web of Science
 Full text
 ABI/INFORM
 Academic Source Premier
 Business Source Premier
 General Onefile
 SocINDEX with Full Text
OPEN ACCESS INITIATIVE

1. Open Access Journal (Free)
- This service covers free, full text, quality controlled scientific and scholarly journals. We aim to cover all subjects
and languages. There are now 3587 journals in the directory. Currently 1241 journals are searchable at article
level. As of today 207882 articles are included in the DOAJ service
2. Free E-Journal (Free)

- Access more than 700 Free E-journals covering Subjects like Business & Management, Chemistry, Earth
Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, General Works, Health Sciences, Information Technology,
Library Science, Life Sciences, Material Science, Mathematics, Media and Communication, Physics & Social
Sciences.
3. Philippines Journals OnLine (PhilJOL) (Free)

- Philippines Journals OnLine (PhilJOL) is a service to provide access to Philippine published research, and
increase worldwide knowledge of indigenous scholarship


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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

LS22: INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING II

Abstracting and Indexing: A Revisit 1

CHAPTER I: represent the whole, as in a scene from a motion

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

documents for the purpose of information INDEXES COMPILED BY:

INDEX TERM b. Classified

D. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS INDEX

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- The decision to index will be based on

2. SUBJECT ANALYSIS TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO ALPHABETIZING:

3. EVALUATION AND REPRESENTATION OF 2. WORD BY WORD

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CHAPTER II: SUBJECTS VS FORMS / GENRES

SUBJECT INDEXING AND ANALYSIS SUBJECT: What the item is about

ANALYSIS SUBJECT INDEXING

TYPES OF CONCEPTS TO IDENTIFY d. Notation (DDC and LC)

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STAGES OF SUBJECT INDEXING - Search engine indexes are examples of

c. TRANSLATION 1. Identify subject content

TYPES OF SUBJECT INDEXING PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLED VOCALUBARIES

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

- The vocabulary of an index language may be

AUTOMATIC INDEXING GUIDE INDEXING PRACTICE

WHAT IS AN INDEXING LANGUAGE?

a. GENERIC RELATIONSHIP TEST 1

b. GENERIC RELATIONSHIP TEST 2

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• Diocese  Parish FACET ANALYSIS

SCOPE NOTES (SN)

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2. MERGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPT  Modify as needed

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 Thesaurus on Rice  Thesaurus on Abaca

2. TRADE PUBLICATIONS Scholarly Journals

- to provide industry news, contacts and updates

- “Eyewitness” accounts are also primary research

a. POPULAR 2. Secondary Sources

b. SENSATIONAL / TABLOID STEPS IN PERIODICAL INDEXING

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

CITATION INDEXING  Eugene Garfield, the inventor of citation indexing,

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The first citation indices were Legal Citators such as

- Multidisciplinary. They cover virtually all

C. AUTOMATED CITATION INDEXES

INDEXING OF PHOTOGRAPHS 1. Lack of standard practices

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III. HOW MUCH INDEXING IS NEEDED? - Descriptive text

- Historically, visual materials were given lower CONTENT BASED INDEXING

CONCEPT BASED INDEXING

THE PROCESSES OF INDEXING PHOTOGRAPHS,  Internationally approved thesaurus or local

GENERAL MOTORS MEDIA ARCHIVES’ (GMMA) DIGITIZATION WONDER

This is an example of an analysis framework customized CONCLUSIONS

SOUND AND MULTIMEDIA INDEXING

THE MAJESTIC OF SOUNDS

INDEXING AND RETRIEVAL

WHY INDEXING IS IMPORTANT?

1. To identify the items, objects, and documents

WHAT ARE MULTIMEDIA DATA?

FEATURES OF DIFFERENT MULTIMEDIA DATA

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SOUND OR AUDIO SEARCHING