by: trishia
BASIC THERMOCHEMISTRY HEAT
ENERGY
- The capacity to do work
1. Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion,
observable as the movement of an object .
a. Thermal energy is the energy
associated with the random motion
of atoms and molecules
b. Electrical energy is the energy
associated with the flow of electrons
2. Potential Energy is the energy available by
virtue of an object’s position
a. Chemical energy is the energy
stored within the bonds of chemical
substances
b. Nuclear energy is the energy stored
within the collection of neutrons and
protons in the atom
ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
TEMPERATURE
- Is a measure of the thermal energy
(The mass of the water in the tub is much greater than
the mass of the coffee in the cup. This means that there
are many more particles of water than coffee.
All those moving particles give the water in the tub
greater thermal energy)
- The flow of thermal energy from one object
to another
- Always flows from warmer to cooler
objects
3 TYPES OF HEAT TRANSFER
RADIATION
- The transfer of energy by electromagnetic
waves
CONVECTION
- Transfer of energy by currents
CONDUCTION
- Transfer of energy by touching objects
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
- ΔU = Q−W.
ΔU - change in internal energy
G - heat
W - work
- States that the total energy of an isolated
system is conserved
- Law of conservation of energy (energy can
neither be created nor destroyed)
Exothermic process (-) is any process that gives
off heat - transfers thermal energy from the system
to the surroundings
Endothermic process (+) is any process in which
heat has to be supplied from the surroundings to
the system
 by: trishia
1. A system undergoes a process during which SPECIFIC HEAT
300 J of heat is added to the system, and
the system performs 150 J of work on - Amount of heat required to raise the
(from) the surroundings. Determine the temperature of 1 gram of substance
change in internal energy (ΔU) for the - C P , sometimes s, but usually c
system. - Things heat up or cool down at different
rates
ΔU = Q - W - Land heats up and cools down faster than
= 300 J - 150 J water
= 150 J
- C P water = 4184 J/kg ∙ °C
2. Suppose there is heat transfer of 40.00 J to C P sand = 664 J/kg ∙ °C
-
a system, while the system does 10.00 J of
work. Later, there is heat transfer of 25.00 J
out of the system while 4.00 J of work is
done on (from) the system. What is the net Substance Specific Heat (J/KgC)
change in internal energy of the system?
Aluminum 900

ΔU = Q - W Beryllium 1820
= (40 J - 25 J) - (10 J - 4 J)
Cadmium 230
= 15 J - 6 J
=9J Copper 387

Germanium 322
3. What is the change in internal energy of a
system when a total of 150.00 J of heat Gold 129
transfer occurs out of (from) the system and
159.00 J of work is done on the system? Iron 448

Lead 128
ΔU = Q - W
= -150 J - (-159 J) Silver 234
=9J Tin 227

Water 4186

1 calorie = 4.184 J
1 cal/g°C = 4186.8 J/kg°C

CALCULATIONS INVOLVING SPECIFIC HEAT

 by: trishia

3. What quantity of heat is transferred when a

150.0g block of iron metal is heated from 25.0°C
to 73.3°C? What is the direction of the heat flow?

1. A 15.0g piece of cadmium metal absorbs 134J of

heat while rising from 24.0°C to 62.7°C.

Calculate the
specific heat of cadmium.

2. Suppose that a 60.0g of water at 23.52°C was

cooled by the removal of 813J of heat. The
change in temperature can be calculated using
the specific heat equation.
 by: trishia

CALORIMETRY CONSTANT-PRESSURE CALORIMETRY

- Coffee cup calorimeter
- Used to measure the amount of thermal
energy
- Amount of heat absorbed or released during
a physical or chemical change
- Measure heat of a reaction (the reaction
must be isolated so that no heat is lost to
the environment)

CONSTANT-VOLUME CALORIMETRY
- Bomb calorimetry

A chemical reaction takes place in a bomb
calorimeter, and the following data is collected:
- Mass of water (mwater): 200g
- Specific heat capacity of water (Cwater): 4.18
J/g°C
- Heat capacity of the bomb (Cbomb): 1200
J/°C
- Initial temperature of the and the bomb
(Tinitial): 25°C
- Final temperature of the water and the
bomb (Tfinal): 30°C
The chemical reaction is assumed to be adiabatic
and no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.
Calculate the heat transferred to the water (qwater)
Determine the heat transferred to the bomb (qbomb)
Find the heat of the chemical reaction (qrxn)
Verify that the total heat transfer in the system (qsys)
is zero
by: trishia
A chemical reaction occurs in a calorimeter and the
following data is collected:
- Mass of water (mwater): 150g
- Specific heat capacity of water (Cwater): 4.18
J/g°C
- Heat capacity of the bomb (Cbomb): 1000
J/°C
- Initial temperature of the and the bomb
(Tinitial): 25°C
- Final temperature of the water and the
bomb (Tfinal): 30°C
The chemical reaction is assumed to be adiabatic
and no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.
Calculate the heat transferred to the water (qwater)
Determine the heat transferred to the calorimeter
(qcal)
Find the heat of the chemical reaction (qrxn)
Verify that the total heat transfer in the system (qsys)
is zero