[CLO1:Apply the fundamentals of thermodynamics to solve related problems.

First Law of Thermodynamics

(DJJ2073-THERMODYNAMICS)

Sharifah Enne Suhaini bt Syed Mohd Zahari

 FORMS OF ENERGY GROUP
Macroscopic forms
– System posses a whole
with respect to some
outside reference
– Related to motion
– Influence some external
effect: gravity, magnetism,
electricity, surface tension
– Example: Kinetic Energy,
Potential Energy
Microscopic forms
– Related to molecular
structure of the system
and the degree of the
molecular activity
– Independent of outside
reference frame
– Sum of all microscopic
forms called Internal
Energy.
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 MECHANICAL FORMS OF WORK

1) Shaft work
• Energy transmission with rotating shaft
• eg: automotive industries, ship propeller

2) Spring Work
• Force applied on spring produce the elongation
• The displacement of a linear spring doubles when the force is
doubled

3) Work done on elastic solid bars

• Expansion or contraction of an elastic solid bar by force of pressure
• Solid bar behave as springs under the influence of force

4) Work associated with the stretching of a liquid film

• Stretching a liquid film by moveable portion of wire frame
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5) Work done to raise or to accelerate a body

• Car climbing up the hill
 ENERGY TRANSFER

Energy Transfer by heat Energy Transfer by work

 Energy interaction between system
and its surroundings associated
with: temperature difference
 eg: heat addition, heat rejection,
heat loss
 Symbol: Q unit: Joule
 Energy interaction between system
and its surroundings associated
with: a force acting through a
distance
 eg: rotating shaft, rising piston
 Symbol: W unit: Joule

Formal sign convention (because heat and work are directional quantities)

 Heat transfer TO a system and Qin = +ve

work done BY a system are Win = -- ve
POSITIVE SYSTEM
 Heat transfer FROM a system and Qout = -- ve
work done ON a system are Wout = +ve
NEGATIVE
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 MODE OF ENERGY TRANSFER

1) Conduction
– transfer of energy along the material
– From the more energetic particle substance to the adjacent less
energetic as a result of interaction between particles

2) Convection
– the transfer of energy of bulk motion of material containing a
different of energy per volume than its surroundings
– Combined effect of conduction and fluid motion
– eg: larva lamp

3) Radiation
– Transfer of energy due to the emission of electromagnetics waves 5

– eg: radiation from the sun to people at beach

MODE OF ENERGY TRANSFER

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 MODE OF ENERGY TRANSFER

CLOSE SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM

Control mass Control volume

Fixed amount of mass, no 
Involve mass flow, m
mass can across the
Mass and energy (heat, work)
boundary
can cross the boundary
Energy (heat, work) can
eg: boiler, compressor, turbine,
cross across the boundary
nozzle
Volume is not fixed
eg: piston, hydraulic jack

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 ENERGY EQUATION

NON-FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

ENERGY BALANCE If NO energy change;

Qnet = Wnet
E = Ein – Eout
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U = Ufinal – Uinitial Qin – Qout = Win – Wout

 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Heat is just a form of energy.

A system can be given energy either by supplying heat to

it or by doing mechanical work on it.

First Law of Thermodynamics which gives the

relationship between the heat supplied and work done in
the closed system.

The closed system is the system where the heat can be 9

exchanged between system and its surroundings but not

matter.
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Statement of conservation energy principle:

 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it only can change form
 Energy conversion
 power generation processes and energy
sources actually involve conversion of
energy from one form to another, rather
than creation of energy from nothing.

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 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

“When system undergoes a

thermodynamics cycle, then the
net heat supplied to the system
from its surroundings is equal to
the net work done by the system
to its surroundings.”
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Q = W
 EXAMPLE

1) Determine the missing properties in system below and determine either it is in/out of the
system.

Q1 = 544 kJ W2 = ?

SYSTEM

W1 = 123 kJ Q2 = 300 kJ
Answer:

ƩQ = ƩW
Q1 + Q2 = W1 + W2
W2 = Q1 + Q2 – W1
= (544) + (-300) – (123)
= 121 kJ
= out of the system
 EXAMPLE

2) Determine the missing properties in system below and determine either it is in/out of the
system.

Q1 = 255 kJ W1 = 12.3 MJ

Q2 = 0.4 MJ SYSTEM W2 = 15000 Nm 1k = 103

1M = 106
1J = 1Nm
W3 = 159 kJ Q4 = 1258 J
Answer: Q3 = ? kJ

ƩQ = ƩW
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = W1 + W2 + W3
Q3 = W1 + W2 + W3 – (Q1 + Q2 + Q4)
= (12.3 x106) + (15000) + (-159 x103) – [ (255 x103) + (-0.4 x106) + (1258) ]
= 12 299.742 kJ
= into the system
 EXAMPLE

3) Determine the heat transfer if the internal energy change and work done by the system are
456 kJ and 111 kJ.

Q=?
U = 456 kJ Answer:
W = 111 kJ U = Q – W
Q = U + W
= (456) + (111)
= 567 kJ

4) Determine the internal energy change if the heat transfer to the surrounding is 630 kJ/kg and
work done to the system is 500 kJ/kg. State either it is increased or decreased

U = ? Answer:
Q = - 630 kJ/kg
U = Q – W
W = - 500 kJ/kg
= (- 630) - (-500)
= - 130 kJ/kg
= decreased
 EXAMPLE

5) Determine the work done if the initial internal energy is 415 kJ, final internal energy is 633 kJ
and heat transfer to the system is 263 kJ. Determine either it is in/out of the system:
Answer:
W=?
U1 = 415 kJ U = Q – W
U2 = 633 kJ U2 – U1 = Q – W
Q = 263 kJ W = Q – (U2 – U1)
= (263) - (633 - 415)
= 45 kJ
= out of the system

6) Determine the heat transfer if the work done is 1000 kJ and the final internal energy is
650 kJ greater than the initial. Determine either it is in/out of the system.

Q=? Answer:
W = 1000 kJ
U = Q – W
Q = U - W
U2 = 650 + U1
= (650) + (1000)
U2 – U1 = 650 kJ
= - 350 kJ
= out of the system
 EXAMPLE

7) In the cylinder of an air motor the compressed air has a specific internal energy of 420 kJ/kg
at the beginning of the expansion and the specific internal energy of 200 kJ/kg after expansion.
Calculate the heat flow to or from the cylinder when the work done by the air during the
expansion is 100 kJ/kg

Answer:
Q=?
U1 = 420 kJ/kg U = Q – W
U2 = 200 kJ/kg U2 – U1 = Q – W
W = 100 kJ/kg Q = (U2 – U1) + W
= (200 - 420) + (100)
= -120 kJ/kg
= out of the system
 EXERCISE

1) Determine the missing properties in system below and determine either it is in/out of the system.
(9998.46 kJ)
W1 = 6.67 MNm W2 = 540 kJ

Q1 = 7540 J SYSTEM Q2 = 15000 Nm

W3 = ? kJ Q3 = 3.28 MJ
Q4 = 611 kJ
 EXERCISE

2) Determine the missing properties in system below and determine either it is in/out of the system.
(-4.577 MJ)
Q4 = 666 kJ W1 = 3.4 MJ

SYSTEM
Q2 = ? MJ
U = 852 kJ

W2 = 368 kJ Q3 = 2.5 MJ
Q1 = 1025 kJ
 EXERCISE

3) Aided with calculation, fill in the blanks with correct answer

Internal Status
Heat Work (in/out)
(kJ) (kJ) Energy (increased/
(kJ) decreased)

45 (in) 620 (out)

561 (in) 111 (initial)
621 (final)
41 (out)
88 (increased)

577 (out) 3024 (initial)

753 (final)
108 (in) 635 (initial)
479 (final)
357(out) 687
(decreased)

369 (out) 100 (out)

965 (in) 666 (in)
123 (out) 69 (initial)
258 (final)
 EXERCISE

4) 90 J of work is done on a gas and the gas loses 126 J of heat to its surroundings.
Calculate the change in internal energy.
(-36 J)

5) A gas starts with 140 kJ of internal energy. While 162 kJ of heat added to the gas, the
gas does 75 kJ of work. Determine the final internal energy of the gas
(377 J)
 EXERCISE

6) For 2.5 kg of gas, while 50 kJ of work are done on the gas, the internal energy
decreased by 120 kJ/kg. determine the value of heat transfer in kJ.
(-350 kJ)

7) In a certain process, 800 J of work is done on the system which gives off 0.35 kJ of
heat. Determine the change in internal energy of the process.
(450 J)
 EXERCISE

8) In a certain process, 741 J of heat is absorbed by a system while 333 J of work is done
by the system. Determine the change in internal energy
(408 J)

9) A tank containing a fluid is stirred by a paddle wheel. The work input to the paddle wheel
is 5090 kJ. The heat transfer from the tank is 1500 kJ. Consider the tank and the fluid
inside a control surface and determine the change in internal energy of this control mass.
(3590 kJ)
 EXERCISE

10) Determine the internal energy change for processes below.

i) 2600 J of heat are added to the gas and no work is done on the gas.
ii) The surrounding around the system loss 62 kJ of heat and does 474 kJ of
work onto the system
(2600 J; 536 kJ)

11) The internal energy of a system decreases by 360 kJ. If 88 kJ of work is done by the
gas, determine the heat transferred. State it is into or out of the system.
(-448 kJ)
 EXERCISE

12) In a non-flow process carried out on 5.4 kg of a substance, there was a specific
internal energy decreased of 50 kJ/kg and a work transfer from the substance of 85 kJ.
Determine the heat transfer of the substances in kJ.
(-185 kJ)

13) During the working stroke of an engine, the heat transferred out of the system was 150
kJ/kg of the working substance. If the work done by the engine is 250 kJ/kg and the initial
internal energy is three times greater than the final, determine the final internal energy.
(-200 kJ/kg)