12-04-2023

• Earthmoving Equipment (Tractors and Dozers)

• Earthmoving Equipment (Loaders and Graders)
• Earthmoving Equipment (Excavators)
• Compactors

Construction Equipment • Cranes

• Crushers and Crushing Plants

Management
• Estimating Equipment and Capacity Calculation

Course (Excavation)
• Estimating Equipment and Capacity Calculation

CMT 522 Content (Concreting)

• Equipment Planning
Session 1 • Equipment Maintenance and Operations

Trucks and Hauling Equipment • Equipment Owning and Operating Cost Calculation
• Case Study

Aritra Halder | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Assistant Professor | School of Construction

Evaluation Scheme Introduction

• Internal Evaluation: 40% • Hauling units transport earth, aggregate, rock, ore, coal and other materials.
– 25 marks for Equipment Management (Scaled down from 50) • Road Vehicles or Rail Road Locomotives
– 15 marks for Advanced Surveying • Wheel mounted or Crawler mounted
• Term End Exam: 60% • Two types – (a) On-Highway Vehicle & (2) Off-Highway Vehicle
• Rubber Tyred Tractors are used for better mobility and higher haulage speed on
• Internal Evaluation Scheme:
less maintained roads.
Quiz 1 Quiz 2
(15 Marks)
Syllabus = S1-S6
(15 Marks)
Syllabus = S7-S12
Final Assessment
Syllabus = Full Course • Crawler tractors are used in rough terrains to carry heavy loads. They have slow
speed of haul.
• Locomotives are suitable for long distance haulage on a fixed route. They are
Session 1 to 6 Session 7 to 12 Session 8 to 20 suitable due to the longevity of the rail roads, less maintenance and resistance to
Case Study/Paper Review/Assignment = 20 Marks any weather conditions.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

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Dump Trucks On Highway Dump Truck A. Overall Length

B. Overall Width
C. Overall Height
D. Wheelbase
• Heavy duty carriers. E. Ground Clearance
F. Dump Height
• Open vehicles capable of carrying and dumping large variety and G. Dump Ground Clearance

quantity of material.
• May have two or three axles. Can be 2WD, 4WD, or 6X4W.
• Special Features –
a) Heavy Build
b) All welded chassis to sustain rough ground conditions
c) Extra large wheel and tyre to support load and better ground clearance
d) Ultra heavy duty tipper bodies constructed by high tensile steel to • It contains heavy duty chassis, prime mover, power transmission system.
withstand impact load from abrasive falling material. • Capacity of 3-25 cum with max speed of 80 kmph.
• Two types – (a) On Highway Dump Trucks & (2) Off Highway Dump • Rear tailgate is attached to facilitate dumping upon tilt.
Trucks
• They are used to haul material along constructed roads/highways.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Off Highway Dump Trucks Rear Dump Truck

• Body construction is specially designed to absorb high impact loading.
• The speed is slower than on-highway trucks. (top speed 30-40 kmph)
• The body weight is increased due to oversized air cleaners and filters, shock proof
mounting of all instruments, dust-proofing of electrical systems, cushioned mounting for
radiators etc.
• The trucks can be (a) rear dump, (b) bottom dump, (c) side dump type
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor
• Most common form of off-highway trucks.
• Instead of tailgate (as in on-highway trucks), the shape
of the dumper is such that it facilitates dumping.
• Fitted with a telescopic hydraulic ram which upon
extending lifts the front of the dumper.
• The front extends above the driving unit’s roof to
protect from shocks.
• Best for quarry rocks, multipurpose loading, loading
under large excavators, heavy duty irregular material
carriage.
• In colder climates, the exhaust fume is carried around
the dumper through pipes to facilitate thawing of
frozen elements.
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

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Bottom Dump Truck Side Dump Truck

• Fitted with longitudinal gates at the base of
the carrier.
• Material can be dumped at a controlled
speed while the vehicle is in motion.
• Suitable for easy flowing material like sand,
gravel, dry earth etc.
• Big sized, sticky material is unsuitable due
to the limited gate opening.
• Turning radius is large due to bigger size of
the carriage.
• Faster and easy to fill by shovels due to wide
top area.
• These are most suitable for long
dumping area of narrow length.
• If material is supposed to be
dumped on both sides of the road.
• They are quick to operate.
• They can be self propelled or trailer
type.
• Self propelled models have carriers
in built in the chassis.
• Trailer types have separate dumper
attached to the tractor through
hinges or other fixing assembly.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Articulated Dump Trucks Dump Truck Operations

• Two or more separate machine Loading Hauling Dumping
elements joined together to form
articulated trucks.
Loading should be done The machine should run Dumping should be
• They provide better maneuverability by shovels, wheel on rated speed and gear done with utmost
and operating efficiency. loaders or draglines. position depending precautionary measures.
• They allow large machines to be upon the terrain and
separated into smaller segments. The size of the loading ambient conditions. For dumping in pits,
• They provide easy maintenance and bucket should be distance of rear wheel
ease of operation. adjusted to the dumper should be kept
• They are excellent options for driving size. sufficiently far from the
in rough terrains. pit edge to avoid
tipping.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

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Factors for selection of dump trucks Estimating hauler production

Nature of Work
• Rear dump units are used
for earth hauling
• Bottom dump units are
used for free flowing
materials
• Side dump units are used
for dumping on both sides
of the road
Nature of Haul
• Self propelled rear dump
units are best suited for
steep grades.
• The bottom dump units
are limited to level
ground.
Matching with other
equipment
• Capacities of hauling
units should be decided
• On-highway type units
after considering the size
of the excavator or
loading unit.
• Size of unit should be 4-5
times that of the bucket. • Off-highway type units
• The number of hauling
units is decided by the
cycle time of the trucks.
On or off-highway
are better suited for long
hauls, requiring high
speed of transportation on
paved roads with low
rolling resistance.
are better suited for short
low speed hauls over
rough terrains.
• Payload: Maximum recommended load for a hauling unit as prescribed by the
manufacturer.
• Haulage unit payload capacity can be expressed in 3 ways.
a) Rated capacity in kilograms of payload allowed.
b) Struck capacity (level load) measured in cubic meters
c) Heaped capacity (1:3 slope) in cubic meters
• Swell Factor: The coefficient to adjust bank volume (undisturbed) to loose
volume (blasted).
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝑭 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍

𝑳𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒎𝟑 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝒎𝟑 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 =
𝑺𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Estimating hauler production Factors affecting cycle time

• Cycle Time: The operation of hauling unit consists of
(a) Loading time, (b) Hauling time, (c) Dumping and turning time, (d) Returning • Size and specification of loaders
time, (e) Spotting and Waiting time • Type and condition of material loaded
Operating conditions Bottom dump Rear dump Side dump • Capacities of shovels and haulage vehicles
(A) Turning and Dumping times • Skill level of operators
Poor 1.5 1.5-2.0 1.5
• Efficiency of shovels and haulage vehicles
Average 0.6 1.3 1
• Hauling distance
Favorable 0.3 1 0.7
• Haul road condition
(B) Spotting at loading machine
Poor 1 0.5 1 • Grades and Other conditions governing hauling speed
Average 0.5 0.3 0.5 • Maneuverability of vehicles
Favorable 0.15 0.15 0.15

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

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Output of loader and number of trucks

Factors affecting cost of hauling
Size of excavator
• Higher shovel • If fill level is lower
capacity will
increase the
efficiency and
reduce cost by
reducing the
loading time of the
truck.
• Reverse happens if
• Beyond a certain
limit, the increased
capacity of the
bucket will increase
the cost due to
higher waiting
time.
required
Rolling
Grade Altitude Temperature 𝑸×𝑱 ×𝑬 ×𝑭 ×𝑺 ×𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
resistance • 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 =
𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒕 (𝒎𝒊𝒏)
• A well maintained • For 1st 300 m above • Efficiency at low
than borrow pit
level, then cost of
road produces less
rolling resistance
sea level, a hauling
unit is considered
temperature tends
to be higher than in
• Q = capacity of loader bucket
haulage reduces
due to faster
and hence increases
the hauling
operating in
standard efficiency.
higher temperature.
• J = Job condition factor
transport of efficiency and
material. reduces cost. • Every additional • E = Operating efficiency
• For rigid surfaces, 300 m above sea
small dia. high
pressure tyre gives
level will reduce • F = Bucket Fill Factor
truck needs to the operating
climb up a gradient
for filling
lower rolling
resistance.
efficiency of a
hauling unit by 3%.
• S = Swell Factor
operation, thereby • For soft surfaces, 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏×𝑯𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒔 𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆
increasing cost. large dia., low • 𝑯𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 = ∗ 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
pressure tyre 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒕 (𝒎𝒊𝒏)
works better.

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

Illustrative Example Illustrative Example

• Quantity of material to be handled=5000000 cum • 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 =
. . . . .
= 125.63 cum
Capacity of loaders to be engaged = 2.3 cum
.
•
• Capacity of dumpers = 30 cum • 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = = 500 cum.
• Yearly working hour for project = 2000 hours • 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 4 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝑎𝑑𝑑 1 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 ; 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒔 = 𝟓
• Project to be completed in 5 years in 2 shifts.
• 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 = = 14.4 mins
• Job condition factor = 0.7
• Operating Efficiency = 0.85 • Empty haul time@ 25 km/hour for 6 km lead = = 14.4 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
• Bucket fill Factor = 0.85
• Loaded haul time @20 km/hour for 6 km lead = = 18 mins
• Swell Factor = 0.9
• Cycle time for loader = 0.5 mins • Consider misc. times = 2 mins,
• Lead distance = 6 km • Total time = 14.4+14.4+18+2 = 48.8 mins
• Speed @ empty haul = 25 km/hour, Speed @ loaded haul = 20 km/hour • Hourly output of truck (Dumper) = = 36.88 𝑐𝑢𝑚 ; (considering 50 min per hour working)
.
• Dumper takes 10 min break in every working hour • Actual Output = 36.88*50/60 = 30.73 cum
• Number of dumpers required = = 16.27 (say 17)
• Calculate the loader and dumper requirement. .
• Keeping 2 standby, total number of trucks = 19

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor | Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor

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 12-04-2023

Thank You!
Contact Me
at
ahalder@nicmar.ac.in
+91-8504017164

| Aritra Halder | Assistant Professor