THE TERRESTRIAL

AND AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT

Done by: Denneish Salmon, Alicia Williams

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
The Terrestrial Environment……………………………………………………………………………..4
● Soil………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5-6
● Air Masses……………………………………………………………………………………………..7-8
● The Effect of Air Masses on the Caribbean………………………………………………8
● The Local Fronts……………………………………………………………………………………9-10
● Cyclonic Storm………………………………………………………………………………………11
● Tidal Waves……………………………………………………………………………………………11
● Volcanoes………………………………………………………………………………………………12
● Tides…………………………………………………………………………………………………….12
The Water and Aquatic Environment……………………………………………………………….13
● Water……………………………………………………………………………………………………14
● Conservation of Water…………………………………………………………………………..15
● Water Purification Methods…………………………………………………………………..15-16
● Properties of Water……………………………………………………………………………….17
● Seawater, Freshwater and Aquatic Life…………………………………………………..17-18
● Archimedes’ Principle and Flotation……………………………………………………..18
● Water Pollution……………………………………………………………………………………18-19
● Fishing………………………………………………………………………………………………..20-21
● Navigational Devices Used at Sea………………………………………………………….22-23
● Water Safety Devices……………………………………………………………………………23-24
● Hazards Associated with Scuba Diving…………………………………………………24-25
Reference Page………………………………………………………………………………………………26

INTRODUCTION

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In this project, we delve into various aspects of the terrestrial environment, including
soil, air, masses, volcanoes, water, and the aquatic environment. Each section provides
an in-depth exploration of its topic, aiming to enhance the understanding of Earth’s
dynamic systems and their impact on human life and the environment.

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THE TERRESTRIAL
ENVIRONMENT

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 THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

SOIL

Soil is the top layer of Earth’s surface where plants grow, consisting of minerals, organic
matter, water, and air. There are six main types of soil:

1. Sandy soil
2. Clay soil
3. Loamy soil
4. Silty soil
5. Peaty soil
6. Chalky soil
These soils are most commonly encountered and have distinct characteristics influencing plant
and other uses.
All of the different types of soils have different descriptions. Sandy soil has large particles and
feels gritty. It drains quickly and doesn’t hold much water or nutrients, making it less fertile for
plants.
Clay soil has small particles and feels sticky when wet, but hard when dry. It holds
water well but drains slowly, and it’s nutrient-rich but can be challenging for plant roots to
penetrate.
Loamy soil is a blanched mix of sand, silt, and clay. It’s soft, crumbly, and fertile, with
good drainage and moisture retention, ideal for plant growth. Silty soil has medium-sized
particles and feels smooth. It holds moisture well and is fertile, but it can become compacted
easily.
Peaty soil is dark and rich with organic matter, It is acidic and retains moisture well,
making it suitable for certain plants.
Chalky soil is light and stony, often pale in color, It’s alkaline and contains a lot of
calcium carbonate. While it drains well, it can be low in nutrients. Soil formation is shaped by

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physical and chemical weathering process that break down rocks into smaller particles. This
includes erosion, freeze-thaw cycles, and the action of water and wind. Additionally, biological
activities like plant roots penetrating rocks, the decay of organic matter by microbes, and the
release of acids by plants and microorganisms contribute to soil formation, enriching it with
nutrients and organic material over time.
When comparing the types of soils and their functions, sand soil drains quickly,
making it suitable for drought-tolerant plants. Clay soil retains water, ideal for moisture-loving
plants. Loam soil, a mix of sand, silt, and clay balances drainage and moisture retention,
supporting diverse plant growth. Soil profiles display layers of soil types, each influencing
water retention and root penetration.

Soil fertility is influenced by physical and chemical properties. Physical properties like
texture affect water retention and root penetration, Chemical properties such as pH and
nutrient content determine the availability of essential elements for plant growth impacting
soil fertility.
Soil erosion happens when soil gets washed away by water or blown by wind. Causes include
deforestation, overgrazing, and improper farming practices. To prevent erosion, methods like
planting trees, building terraces, and using cover crops can help hold soil in place.
Different methods for crop production include strip planting, contour plowing, terracing,
crop rotation and greenhouse farming.
While all methods aim to maximize yield, practices like crop rotation, and greenhouse
farming minimize soil nutrient depletion by promoting diversity and controlled environments.

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 AIR MASSES

An air mass is a large volume of air in the atmosphere that is mostly uniform in
temperature and moisture. The area over which an air mass originates is what provides its
characteristics. The longer the air mass stays over its source region. The more likely it will
acquire the properties of the surface below.
There are two broad overarching divisions of air masses based on moisture content.
Continental air masses, designated by the lowercase “c”, originate over continents and
therefore dry air masses. Maritime air masses, designated by the letter “m”, originate over the
oceans and are therefore moist air masses.
Each of the two divisions is then divided based on the temperature of the surface over
which they originate.

● Tropical Air Masses

These air masses form in low-altitude areas and are moderately warm. Tropical air masses,
designated by the letter “T”, originate over the warm waters of the tropics and Gulf of Mexico,
where heat and moisture are transferred to the overlying air from the waters below. The
northward movement of tropical air masses transports warm moist air into the United States,
increasing the potential for precipitation.

● Arctic Air Masses

Arctic air masses, designated by the letter “ A”, originate over large areas of snow and ice
typically near the poles in both hemispheres. Arctic masses tend to form during winter
December to March in the Northern Hemisphere and June to September in the Southern
Hemisphere, when the Poles are quite cold and without much isolation.

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 ● Polar Air Masses

Designated by the letter “ P”, polar air masses originate over the higher latitudes of land
and sea and therefore are warm/hot. Such polar masses move over warmer bodies like
oceans, get heated up, and absorb moisture ( humid ) owing to increased temperature.

Putting both designations together, for example, a “ continental arctic” air mass designated by
‘cA”, which originates over the poles and is therefore cold and dry. Continental polar “cP”, is
not as cold as the Arctic air mass but is also very dry. Maritime polar ‘mP”, is also cold but
moist due to its origin over the ocean, picking up some warmth and becoming a maritime
polar air mass “mP”- one is still fairly cold but contains moisture.

The Effect of Air Masses on The Caribbean

Air masses move because of jet streams. Jet streams are bands of air in the upper
atmosphere that move at very high speeds across the Eart from west to east. Not only do jet
streams move air masses, but they also take with them dust and hazardous substances that
become a threat to the air in the Caribbean and other regions. When the air masses move they
are contaminated with radioactive fallout, volcanic dust, industrial waste landfill fumes, etc.
These contaminants are spread across the Caribbean pollute the air and pose a threat to the
ecosystem including people and animals.

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 The Local Fronts

When these air masses are travelling, they will eventually run into each other, causing a change
in the weather. These confrontations of different air masses are called frontal boundaries.

● Cold Front

A cold front occurs when a colder air mass comes in contact with a warmer air mass. A violent
change in weather occurs as the cold air mass digs underneath the warm air mass creating
thunderstorms and snowstorms in winter. ( Figure 1 ) A cold front is represented by a solid
blue line filled-in triangles along it. The triangles are like arrowheads pointing in the direction
that the front is moving.

● Warm Front

A warm front for a warm air mass gently rises over a cooler air mass. Warm fronts often bring
stormy weather as the warm air mass at the surface rises above the cool air mass, making clouds
and storms. Warm fronts move more slowly than cold fronts because it is more difficult for the
warm air to push the cold dense air across the Earth’s surface.
( Figure 2 ) The surface location of a warm front is represented by a solid red line with red,
filled-in semicircles along it. The semi-circles indicate the direction that the front is moving.

● Stationary Front

A stationary front forms when a cold front or warm front stops moving. This happens when
two masses of air are pushing against each other, but neither is powerful enough to move there
are often differences in air temperature and wind on opposite sides of it. The weather is often
cloudy along a stationary front, and rain or snow often falls, especially if the front is in an area
of low atmospheric pressure. ( Figure 3 ) A stationary font is shown as alternating other. Winds

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blowing parallel to the front instead of perpendicular can help it stay in place. Because a
stationary front marks the boundary between two air masses, red semicircles and blue triangles.
The blue triangles point in one direction and the red semicircles point in the opposite
direction.

● Occluded Front

Sometimes a cold front follows right behind a warm front. A warm air mass pushes into a
colder air mass ( the warm front ), and then another cold air mass pushes into the warm air
mass ( the cold front ). Because cold fronts move faster, the cold front is likely to overtake the
warm front. This is known as an occluded front. At an occluded front, the cold air mass from
the cold front meets the cool air that was ahead of the warm front. The warm air rises as these
air masses come together. Occluded fronts usually form around areas of low atmospheric
pressure. There is often precipitation along an occluded front from cumulonimbus or
nimbostratus clouds. Wind changes direction as the front passes and temperature either warms
or cools. After the front passes, the sky is usually clearer, and the air is drier. ( Figure 4 ) An
occluded front looks like a purple line with alternating triangles and semicircles pointing in the
direction that the front is moving. It ends at a low pressure with a large “L” on the mao, and
begins at the other end when cold and warm fronts connect.

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 Cyclonic Storm

A cyclonic storm is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is
characterized by low atmospheric pressure and, like a hurricane, has strong winds, heavy rain,
and storm surges. Evacuation and safety procedures include following evacuation orders,
securing homes, and seeking shelter in sturdy buildings away from coastal areas, with
emergency supplies.

Tidal Wave

Tidal waves are regular ocean waves, and are caused by tides. These waves are caused by the
interaction of the pull of the moon’s gravity on the earth meanwhile, a tsunami is a series of
large waves generated by a displacement of water on the ocean floor that can result from an
earthquake, an underwater landslide, or a volcanic eruption, for example, “the-kick-em-
Jenny”.The Kick ‘em Jenny is an active submarine volcano located 8 km north of Grenada.
It erupted in 1939 sending a cloud of steam and debris almost 300 m into the air and causing a
small tsunmai. Since then it has erupted 12 times.

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 Volcanoes

Volcanic eruptions occur due to various factors, including the buildup of pressure
from magma beneath the Earth's surface. Types of eruptions, like effusive or explosive, depend
on magma viscosity and gas content. Short-term consequences include ashfall, pyroclastic
flows, and lahars, affecting local ecosystems. Long-term consequences include soil fertility,
climate change, and ecosystem succession.
Earthquakes and volcanoes are related because they both involve the movement of
tectonic plates. Earthquakes often occur near volcanic regions due to the movement of magma
beneath the Earth's surface. Volcanic eruptions can trigger earthquakes, and conversely,
powerful earthquakes can sometimes lead to volcanic activity by altering the pressure and stress
within the Earth's crust. Both phenomena are manifestations of the dynamic processes shaping
the Earth's surface.

Tides

Tides are formed by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth's oceans. The
effects of tides include changes in water level and currents. Types of tides include high, low,
spring (extra high) and neap (extra low) tides. Examples of plant and animal life affected by
tidal patterns include mangroves, oysters, and crabs.

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WATER AND THE
AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT

WATER

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Water is a vital substance that sustains life on Earth. The bodies of living organisms contain
between 60% and 70% water and water provides a habitat for aquatic organisms. Humans use
water in many different ways.

Living Organisms use water:

● For drinking
● As a solvent to:

- dissolve chemicals in cells so that they can react

- dissolve other useful substances such as food and minerals so that they can be absorbed
into, and transported around, organisms’ bodies
- dissolve waste and harmful substances so that they can be excreted.

● As a reactant, e.g. in photosynthesis, which enables plants to make their own food.
● As a coolant to remove heat from organisms when it evaporates, e.g, during sweating in
humans or transpiration in plants
● As a habitat for aquatic organisms

In the home water is used:

● To do laundry, wash dishes, clean floors, and wash cars

● For bathing, flushing toilets, watering gardens, cooking, and drinking.

In agriculture water is used:

● To irrigate crops when there is insufficient rain

● To grow crops using hydroponics
● To provide drinking water for farm animals

In recreation water is used:

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 ● For swimming, scuba diving, boating, fishing, surfing and water skiing

In conclusion, water is used in every area of the world and has many different purposes. Water
is essential for life on Earth.

Conservation Of Water

Less than 1%of the world’s water is freshwater that is available for use. Overusi,ng and wasting
water can lead to food scarcity and starvation, loss of habitats for freshwater organisms, and a
decrease in long-term, worldwide water security and availability.

Water can conserved in the home by implementing these measures:

● Meter all domestic water supplies

● Check regularly for leaks
● Install water saving devices, and appliances such as low-flows shower heads and taps,
low-flush pr dual-flush toilets, aerators and taps, and water-efficient washing machines
and dishwashers
● Do not leave taps running when brushing teeth, shaving, washing dishes, and
defrosting food
● Use greywater, i.e. water used for washing dishes or fresh produce, to water garden and
wash cars
● Collect rainwater and use it to flush toilets, wash cars and water gardens

Water Purification Methods

Water piped to homes usually comes from surface water sources such as rivers, lakes and
reservoirs, or groundwater sources such as aquifers. To make the water potable, i.e safe to
drink and use in food preparation, it must be treated to remove harmful contaminants such as
bacteria, viruses, dissolvd chemicals and suspended solid particles.

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Large-scale Water Treatment

Before water is piped to the home these steps are used to treat it:

● Screening - Water from water sources passes through grid screens that remove floating
and suspended material.
● Flocculation and sedimentation - Chemicals such as alum are added to cause fine, solid
particles suspended in the water to clump together to form larger particles called floc.
The floc is then allowed to settle so thta it can be removed from the water.
● Filtration - The clear water above the floc is passed through filter bds, usually composed
of sand, gravel and charcoal. This removes any remaining particles, and also removes
some microorganisms ( bacteria and viruses )
● Chloriation - Chlorine gas and monochlorroamine are added to kill any remaining
microorganisms. The water is then pumped to storage tanks for distribution.

Small-scale Water Treatment

Small-scale water treatmant methods in the home are:

● Boling - boling water for 15 minutes kills harmful microorganisms

● Filtration - finbre filters can be used to remove suspended particles.
Carbon filters containing activated charcoal can be used to remove dissolved organic
Compounds, odours and unpleasant tastes.
● Chlorination - adding chlorine tablets as dirceted or 2 drops of chlorine bleach per liter
of water kills harmful microorganisms.
● Distillation - boiling the water to produce steam and condensing the steam to form
pure distilled water leaves any dissolved salts and microorganisms behind.
● Using additives - Adding powdered alum causes suspended fine particles to clump
together and settle.

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 Properties Of Water

Water is the only natural substance that exits in all three physical states, solid, liquid, and gas,
at the temperatures found on Earth. Pure water has several unique physical and chemical
properties:

● It is colourless, tasteless, odourless liquid at room temperature.

● It has a melting point of 0 C and a boiling point of 100 C.
● It has a maximum density at 4 C, therefore ice is less dense than liquid water and floats
on water.
● It has a high heat of vaporization and a high specific heat capacity, therefore it can resist
temperature change and can moderate temperatures of living organisms and the Earth.
● It has a high surface tension because of the fairly strong attractive forces between water
molecules.
● It dissolves a large number of substances and, therefore is known as the universal
solvent.
● It has a pH of 7, therefore is neutral
● It reacts with reactive metals such as potassium and sodium.

Seawater, Freshwater and Aquatic Life

Seawater has similar characteristics to freshwater, but some differences exist due to its salt
content:

● Seawater has a higher density than freshwater

● Seawater has a lower melting point than freshwater
● Seawater has higher boiling point than freshwater

Most aquatic organisms are adapted to live in either seawater or freshwater and cannot survive
if the salinity ( salt content ) of their environment changes very much. A few fish, such as

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salmon, can migrate between seawater and freshwater, but this takes time as their bodies adjust
to the different salinities.

Archimedes’ Principle and Flotation

Some bodies float in a fluid while others sink the density of a body is an important factor in
determining whether it will float or sink. Archimedes’ principle states that when a body is
wholly or partially submerged in a fluid, it experiences upthrust ( buoyancy or upward force )
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced ( pushed away ). Since the weight of the fluid
displaced is proportional to its density, denser fluids provide greater upthrust.

The Plimsoll Line

A Plimsoll line is a line marked on a ship that indicates the maximum depth to which it
should sink in the water in which it is loaded.
Several load lines are used, corresponding to the density of the water where the ship is
loaded. This makes it safe to travel between waters of different densities.

Water Pollution

Pollution is the contamination of the natural environment by the release dof unpleasant or
harmful substances into the environment.
Water can be polluted by harmful substances being released directly into lakes, rivers, seas and
oceans, or by being washed off the land into these bodies of water.

These are some ways that water pollution can affect the aquatic life:

Nitrates and phosphates

● These cause eutrophication, in which these added mineral nutrients enrich the aquatic
environment and cause the rapid growth of green plants and algae. This growth causes
the water in lakes, ponds, and rivers to turn green. The plants and algae die and are

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 decomposed by aerobic bacteria that multiply and use up the dissolved oxygen. This
causes other aquatic organisms such as fish to die.

Pesticides

● Can be directly toxic to aquatic organisms

● Become higher in concentration up food chains and can harm the top consumers such
as fish-eating birds.

Oil Spills

● Chemical constituents of oil can be toxic to aquatic organisms.

● Form slicks on the surface of water that prevent oxygen from dissolving for aquatic
organisms to use in respiration and block out light for aquatic plants to use in
photosynthesis.
● Coat sea birds and mammals with oil, causing birds to be unable to fly and keep warm,
and causing mammals to be unable to keep warm.
● Smother and kill plants and animals living in intertidal zones.

Heavy Metals

● May be directly toxic to organisms or become higher in concentration up food chains,

harming top consumers such as large fish and birds of prey.

FISHING

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Fishing is an important industry in the Caribbean because it provides both employment and
food. A variety of methods are used to catch fish.

By Hand

● Shellfish including lobsters, crabs, oysters, and sea eggs ( sea urchins ) are handpicked
from intertidal zones, or from the seabed by free divers or scuba divers.

Spearfishing and Harpoon Fishing

● Spears and harpoon are held by hand or are shot from special guns. Free divers and
scuba divers use spears to catch smaller fish such as snapper. Harpoons are used on
boats to catch larger fish such as tuna.
Netting

● Fish are caught within the mesh of nets. Mesh size determines the size of fish caught.
Methods of net fishing include:

- Cash net - A circular net weights around its edge is thrown in shallow water close to
shore. As the net sinks, it covers any fish below and traps them as the net edges are
drawn together.

- Purse seining - A wall of netting with weights at the bottom and supported by floats at
the top is launched from a boat in a circle around a shoal of fish. A drawstring is pulled
to close the bottom of the net and the fish are hauled aboard the boat.

- Trawling - One or two boats tow a large trawl net through the water. Mid-water
trawling catches fish in the open ocean. Bottom trawling catches fish close to or on the
seabed and can damage the seabed.

- Dredging - A net attached to a frame is dragged along the seabed to catch fish on the
seabed and shellfish such as scallops and oysters. Dredging damages the seabed.

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Lining

Fish are caught using lines:

● Hand line or rod line - A baited hook on a line is thrown into the water. As a
fish baits in the bait, the hook catches in its mouth and the fish is pulled or
reeled in.

● Long-lining - A long main line is held floating horizontally near the surface.
Shorter, vertical, branch lines with baited hooks are attached to it at intervals to
catch fish swimming below. Long-lining can kill seabirds and turtles.

Fish Pot and Traps

● Baited cages made of chicken wire attached to a wooden frame are placed on the seabed
with a surface buoy attached. Fish and shellfish enter through a cone shaped funnel or
trap door and cannot get back out. Lost traps can turn into death traps’ for fish.

Fish Farming

● Freshwater and seawater fish are raised commercially in tanks, enclosures such as ponds,
or mesh cages submerged in natural bodies of water. Species farmed include salmon,
trout, tilapia, shrimp, and oysters.

NAVIGATIONAL DEVICES USED AT SEA

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Sea-going vessels such as ships, use a variety of devices to determine their position at sea, and to
plan and steer a course. These devices are essential to ensure a vessel’s safety and prevent
collisions. The International Maritime Organisation ( IMO ) of the United Nationals is
responsible for setting navigation and enforcing the regulations, and can make modifications
once they are consistent with the regulations.

● The Magnetic Compass

A magnetic compass consists of a magnetized needle mounted on a pivot so that it

spins freely and always points to magnetic north, and a compass card that shows the cardinal
points, north ( N ), south ( S ), east ( E ) and west ( W ), and is divided into 360 degrees.

A compass on a marine vessel is used to help steer a course. It has a fixed lubber line on
its body that indicates the direction in which the vessel is pointing, and its compass card routes
freely so that N always points to magnetic north. A boat’s course is shown by referring to the
angle on the computer card indicated by the lubber line. If the card reads 0 the boat is heading
due north, 90 due east, 180 sue south, and 270 due west. A compass does not need power or
satellites to work

● Sonar

Sonar is used to determine the depth of the seabed and to detect underwater objects. A
sonar transducer emits sound waves into the water, which reflect off the seabed or an object
and return an echo to the transducer. The time taken for the sound waves to return to the
transducer is used to calculate the depth of the seabed, or the distance of the object.

● Radar

Radar is used to detect other vessels and coastlines. It helps avoid collisions at sea by
providing bearings of other vessels, their speed of movement and distance away. A rotating
antenna on the vessel sweeps a narrow beam of electromagnetic waves around the surface of

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the water between the vessel and the horizon. The waves are reflected back to the vessel from
any objects in their path and the objects show up as ‘blips’ on a display screen. Radaris
especially useful in poor visibility conditions, e.g, during bad weather or at night.

● GPS ( Global Positioning System )

GPS is used to pinpoint the exact location of a vessel at sea by giving the vessel’s
latitude and longitude. The system consists of about 30 satellites orbiting the Earth at an
altitude of 20 000 km. A GPS device receives radio signals from the satellites. Once a GPS
receiver has information on how far away at least three satellites are, the exact location of the
receiver can be pinpointed by a process called trilateration.

Water Safety Devices

Water safety devices are used to help keep people afloat, mainly in an emergency.

● Life jackets keep a person afloat even when unconscious and are always carried on sea-
going vessels. Life jackets contain either foam, which is naturally buoyant or are inflated
when needed by a cartridge containing carbon dioxide. The person is kept afloat
because the jacket weighs less than the water displaced by the person.

● Buoyancy aids help a person to afloat and swim, and are worn by people involved in
water sports such as sailing, skiing, and canoeing. Buoyancy aids usually contain foam.
The person is kept afloat because the buoyancy aid weighs less than the water displaced
by the person.

● Life rafts are small, rubber, inflatable boats carried on sea-going vessels. They have a
compressed air or carbon dioxide cylinder attached that rapidly inflates the raft when its
cord is pulled. Persons in need of rescue can then climb on board.

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 ● Inflatable tubes or rings are worn around a person’s waist and can be used to keep
the person afloat when learning to swim.

Hazards Associated with Scuba Diving

Scuba divers carry tanks of compressed air on their backs so they can breathe underwater.
Divers experience increasing pressure from water surrounding them as they descend and this
can lead to a number of potential hazards.

● Burst ear drum

As a diver descends, the pressure pushes his or her ear drum inwards causing pain that
can be relieved by pinching the nose and forcing air from the throat up each eustachian tube
into the middle ear. If this is not done an ear drum can burst.

● The bends’ or decompression sickness

Increasing pressure increases the solubility of gases in liquids; therefore, as a diver

descends and inhales air from the tank, more gases, mainly nitrogen, dissolve from the air into
his or her blood and tissue fluids. If a diver dives too deeply for too long and does not ascend
slowly enough, nitrogen forms bubbles in the bloodstream and body tissues during or soon
after the ascent. These bubbles can cause joint pain, pressure bruising of the skin, paralysis, and
even death. ‘The bends’ is treated by immediate recompression and slow decompression in a
decompression chamber.

● Nitrogen narcosis

At depths greater than about 30 m the nitrogen dissolved in a diver’s blood and tissue
fluids has a narcotic effect similar to that of drinking alcohol. This narcotic effect impairs the

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diver’s judgement and sense of perception, and it increases as the diver goes deeper, increasing
the risk of accidents. Narcosis can be reversed by ascending to a shallower depth.

● Burst lung

If a diver holds his or her breath whilst ascending, the air inside the lungs expands as the
surrounding water pressure decreases and can cause damage to the walls of the alveoli resulting
in a burst lung.

● Air or gas embolism

Nitrogen bubbles forming in the bloodstream during or after ascent, or air bubbles
forming in the lung capillaries due to damage to the walls of the alveoli, can lead to an air or gas
embolism. This is a bubble that becomes trapped in a blood vessel and blocks it and can lead to
a stroke or heart attack, and even death.

REFERENCE PAGE

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http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=2077&Itemid=2944#:~:text=Tsunamis
%20are%20not%20tidal%20waves,is%20not%20the%20same%20thing.

https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/how-weather-works/weather-
fronts#:~:text=Warm%20fronts%20often%20bring%20stormy,air%20across%20the
%20Earth's%20surface.

https://study.com/learn/lesson/air-masses-types-effects-weather.html

https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/synoptic/air-masses

Tindale A.,Defreitas P., deSouza ,S. ( 1819 ). Concise Revison Course CSEC Integrated
Science. Harper Collins Harper

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