Mil 2022 23

MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
LITERACY
2ND SEMestER, AY 2022-2023
Prepared by:
MARIAN B. DICAWAN
SAIDA B. GUIVAC
JENNEFER V. MOSTRALES
RUTH B. PAYAKET
Noted by:
Ria Francis A. Robles

Learning Area Coordinator – Language 12
Reviewed and Approved by:
ALEJANDRO P. PABLICO
Principal
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
RF-LSH-003
COURSE GUIDE
I. Course Title: Media and Information Literacy (MIL)
II. Course Overview
A. Introduction
Media and Information Literacy is a core subject for grade 12 senior high school students across all
strands in the academic track.
The subject aims to provide you with the basic understanding of media and information as channels of
communication and tools for the development of individuals and societies. Through this subject, you will
be able to become creative and critical thinkers as well as responsible users and competent producers
of media and information.
B. Course Learning Outcomes
To address the impact of the current health crisis on the basic education system in the country, the
Department of Education (DepEd) has released the following Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELCs) that you must acquire.
1. Describe how communication is influenced by media and information.
2. Identify the similarities and differences between and among media literacy, information
literacy and technology literacy.
3. Discuss responsible use of media and information.
4. Explain how the evolution of media from traditional to new media shaped the values
and norms of people and society.
5. Compare and contrast how one particular issue or news is presented through the
different types of media.
6. Contrast indigenous media to the more common sources of information such as library
internet.
7. Cite practical situation when to apply knowledge in intellectual property, copyright, and
fair use guidelines.
8. Create a campaign add to combat digital divide addictions and bullying.
9. Describe the impact of massive open online.
10. Present an issue in varied ways to disseminate information using the codes,
convention, and language of media.
11. Discuss the implication of media and information to an individual and the society.
12. Cite an example of an issue showing the power of media and information to affect
change.
13. Describe the different dimensions of the following: text information and media, visual
information and media, audio information and media, motion information and media,
manipulative information and media, multimedia information and media.
14. Analyze how different dimensions are formally and informally produced, organized,
and disseminated.
15. Evaluate a creative multimedia from living museum, electronic portfolio, others).
16. Produce a creative text based, visual based, audio based, motion based and
manipulative based presentation using design principle and elements.
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C. Module, Unit Topics, and Study Schedule
FIRST GRADING PERIOD

MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Unit 1 Communication Week 1
Unit 2 Evolution of Media Week 2
Unit 3 Media Literacy, Information Week 3

Literacy, and Technology Literacy
MODULE 2 MEDIA AND INFORMATION: CULTURES, COMMUNITIES, AND

TECHNOLOGIES
Unit 1 Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues Weeks 4-5
on Media and Information
Unit 2 Current and Future Trends of Media Week 6-7

and Information
SECOND GRADING PERIOD

MODULE 3 DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Unit 1 Text and Audio Information Week 1
Media
Unit 2 Visual and Motion Information Week 2

Media
Unit 3 Manipulative and Multimedia Week 3

Information
MODULE 4 MEDIA LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE MEDIA

Unit 1 Media Language and Texts Week 4
Unit 2 Media Codes Weeks 5-6
Unit 3 People Media Week 7
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III. Course Study Guide
1. Manage your time. Properly schedule your reading assignments and activity accomplishments.
Have your planner or calendar of activities ready. Remember that you have other modules to
accomplish for this semester. Try to anticipate possible conflicts between personal and study
schedules and make appropriate adjustments. Be very conscious of your study schedule and
always remind yourself of deadlines.
2. Focus your attention. Make sure that you do things one at a time.
Read each material over and over until you are able to get the gist of the lesson.
3. Owe it to yourself. In doing the assessment tasks, whether formative or summative, target the
highest standards because you are a better learner. You have the knowledge and skills needed
to finish a quality work.
4. Work independently. It is expected that you work on the modules on your own. You can ask help
from others but do your best first.
5. Answer confidently. You are encouraged to dutifully follow instructions. You can answer more
confidently when you know that you are following instructions.
6. Motivate yourself. Whatever knowledge, skills, or values and insights you gain from this subject
will definitely be of help in your life and future plans. Enjoy what you do and everything else will
follow.
7. Submit on time.
STUDENTS, promptly upload your outputs to Genyo on the due dates of submission.
Referring to the Study Schedule, you are given a week to accomplish each task;
thereby if for instance PT #1 on Disconnected is of week 1 lesson, the due date is
within week 2.
8. Be patient. I shall provide feedback on your work to facilitate the learning. While waiting for my
feedback, you can continue working on the other activities in order not to miss any important part
of each module.
9. Contact me. If you would need further help or some clarification in any of the modules, please do
not hesitate to send me a message through FB Messenger within 8 a.m. – 4 p.m. on any day from
Mondays to Fridays; however, kindly be considerate when you get delayed replies as I may be
conducting a synchronous class.
Remember I am here to ensure that we go through the completion of this subject together.
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IV. Evaluation
Evaluation is a significant facet of learning. Without evaluation there is no learning. You will expect
your written works and performance tasks to be marked or graded.
There will be three (3) written works and three (3) performance tasks per grading period which are all
embedded in the modules. Each written work and each performance task is thirty (30) points. No
examinations will be conducted this semester.
There also are formative assessments in the modules which will not be submitted; however, they must
be accomplished for you to truly understand or appreciate the lessons. Remember that the right attitude
put into completion of tasks is more valuable than the grade acquired.
V. Additional Reminders/Guidelines
A. Manner of Submission
Upload accomplished tasks to Genyo – the Learning Management System of the Senior High School.
Tangible or physical (project) outputs are submitted in Image or JPG/JPEG format.
B. The Culminating Task
PHOTO SLIDESHOW OR VIDEO PRESENTATION

You will need to take snapshots or photos of issues/concerns/projects that you observe in your community
and to caption each snapshot/photo, putting emphasis on ways to address or sustain community
development.
Refer to pages 115-116 for the complete mechanics.
VI. Technological Tools
To accomplish most, if not all, of the tasks in the modules, you are encouraged to use a smart phone
and a desktop or laptop. You will need the following software applications: Word Processing,
Presentation, Publication, and Spreadsheet.
VII. Grading System
DepEd’s Revised Assessment and Grading Policy for Students in Basic Education
for Core Subjects:
Written Works/Tasks 40%

Performance Tasks 60%
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VIII. Contact Information
The following are the teachers who shall handle Media and information Literacy (MIL) for the second
semester of AY 2021-2022.
Please send your messages only to the assigned MIL teacher for your class.
Teacher Messenger Account
Marian Dicawan Marian Dicawan

Saida Guivac Saida Guivac
Cole Hernandez Cole Hernandez
Maria Teresa Juantala Maria Teresa Juantala
Joselito Kitongan Joselito Kitongan
Jennefer Mostrales Jennefer Mostrales
Ruth Payaket Ruth Payaket
Maricel Pedral Maricel Pedral
In the event that your subject teacher’s Messenger is inaccessible, you can contact the Principal’s
office at these numbers 0995 539 1234 or (074) 447 0664.
Looking forward to a pleasant teaching - learning experience with you!
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH
ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND PROMISSORY NOTE
I, of Grade Section , acknowledge that I

am fully aware of the school’s policy on plagiarism on scholarly works and observance of
academic honesty.
I fully understand that in submitting requirements in all my subjects, I follow the basic rules on
crediting sources and obtaining permission when using materials for academic purposes.
Hence, if I fail to do citation and acknowledgment of sources, it would merit an automatic
WARNING/ REPRIMAND and because of which I shall get a Conduct Grade of Needs
Improvement (NI) or Unsatisfactory (U) in that particular grading period when the offense was
committed.
Therefore, I promise in the presence of my parent/guardian that:
1. I will constantly observe proper citation and acknowledgment when using

resources in all my academic requirements for this AY 2022-2023; and
2. I will abide by the school’s rules and regulations.
Signed: Conformed:
Signature over printed name of student Signature over printed name of parent/guardian
Noted by:
ALEJANDRO PABLICO
Principal
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment and Promissory Note 6

INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
MODULE 1
Unit 1 Communication 9
Unit 2 Evolution of Media 19

Media Literacy, Information Literacy, and
Unit 3 Technology Literacy 27
MEDIA AND INFORMATION: CULTURES, COMMUNITIES, AND
MODULE 2 TECHNOLOGIES
Unit 1 Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues on Media and 37

Information
Unit 2 Current and Future Trends of Media and 51

Information
DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
MODULE 3
Text and Audio Information Media 63
Unit 1
Visual and Motion Information Media
Unit 2 72
Unit 3 Manipulative and Multimedia Information 82
MEDIA LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE MEDIA

MODULE 4
Media Language and Texts 94
Unit 1
Media Codes 103
Unit 2
People Media 118
Unit 3
CULMINATING TASK 115
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MODULE 1
Do not let corrupt things invade your mind. Good

books feed your mind. Bad materials corrupt it.
Your mind is your most potent weapon. So
sharpen it and make sure it’s loaded at all times.
-Francis Kong
Media and Information Literacy, reckoned as an

ability that every person should possess, is directly
linked to the human rights to freedom of information,
expression, and education (Reineck & Lublinksi,
2015).MIL enhances the capacity of people to enjoy
their fundamental human rights, as expressed in
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, which states that, Everyone has the rights to
freedom of opinion and expression. This right
INTRODUCTION includes freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive, and impart
information and ideas through any media and
TO MEDIA AND regardless of frontiers” (UNESCO).
To obtain a diverse range of competencies,

INFORMATION the cultivation of a media-and-information-literate
population is essential for the sustainable
development of society, requiring the individual
LITERACY person, community, and nation at large (UNESCO,

2013).Because Philippines is the top country
worldwide for the most time spent on the internet, it
is therefore necessary for media and information
literacy to be promoted and taught in school to help
students become wiser consumers of media as well
as producers of media.Thus, the following content
embodies essential knowledge that should allow
students to engage with media and information
channels in a meaningful manner.
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UNIT 1
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
1. define communication based on given

contexts;
2. acknowledge the importance of

technology in communication; and
3. write a reflection regarding the impact

of technology on communication in
the 21st Century.
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ENGAGE
Based on the pictures provided below, how would you best define
communication?
VectorStock. (2021). Doyle, A. (2020). Communication skills for workplace success.

https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free- https://www.thebalancecareers.com/communication-skills-list-
vector/men-facial-gestures-set-vector-20635030 2063779
Graphic Display World. (2020). Tips on how to use

coronavirus signage.
https://www.graphicdisplayworld.com/features/tips-on-how- Nordquist, R. (2019). What is communication.
to-use-coronavirus-covid-19-signage-the-right-way https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-communication-1689877
Jones,P. (n.d) 21 body language tips in the workplace. https://www.thejobnetwork.com/21-

body-language-tips-for-the-workplace/
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EXPLORE
Examine each picture below. On the space provided, write V if it illustrates
verbal communication; if it is nonverbal, write NV and indicate the type of
nonverbal communication used.
Type of communication
(verbal/nonverbal)
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EXPLAIN
Communication is the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors
to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings,
etc., to someone else (http://www.merriam-webster.com). It is the exchange of
information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding
(http://dictionary.cambridge.org).
Communication is the process of transmitting information and common understanding
from one person to another. In this unit, we discuss the communication process, the barriers to
communication, and the ways to improve communication effectiveness (Lunenburg,2010 p.1).
TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
A. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is the use of words to share information with other people. It therefore includes
both spoken and written communication. While we typically focus on speech while talking about verbal
communication, it’s important to remember that writing is also a form of verbal communication – writing
uses words, too!
What do you think is the difference between the following forms of communication?
Verbal communication is a powerful tool for communication but it is more powerful when paired with
listening and nonverbal communication.
B. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication refers to gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact (or lack
thereof), body language, posture, and other ways people can communicate without using language.
Here are some types of nonverbal communication and the effects they can have on the success of your
communication:
• Facial expressions
Facial expressions—happy, sad, angry—help you convey your message. Be aware of
your facial expression when you talk and particularly when you listen, which is when it’s
easy to forget.
• Gestures: When you speak, a gesture can make your message stronger. Pointing out
something you want your listener to look at more closely is an example of nonverbal
communication that makes your message understood. Motioning warmly toward a co-
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worker who deserves special recognition, making a fist to show frustration or anger, such
gestures help further engage your audience when you speak.
• Proximity: How close you are to your audience when you speak sends a nonverbal
message.
• Touch: Shaking an audience member’s hand, putting your hand on his shoulder: these
are nonverbal cues that can affect the success of your message. Touch communicates
affection, but it also communicates power.
• Eye contact: Making and maintaining eye contact with an audience when you’re verbally
communicating or listening communicates to the other party that you’re interested and
engaged in the conversation. Good eye contact often conveys the trait of honesty to the
other party.
• Appearance: Your clothing, hair, and jewelry are also a part of nonverbal communication.
ELABORATE
To understand better how communication works, here are some models as
discussed by communication scholar Denis Mcquail (2005) as cited by Sayuno
(2019).
1. TRANSMISSION MODELS describe communication as a one-way, linear
process. Here are some examples:
Harold Laswell’s Communication Model is relatively straightforward and tells that
communication originates from someone; then, the message flows through the channel,
may it be sound waves or light waves, and that someone on the other end receives the
message with a corresponding effect.
Bajcharya, S. (2018). Laswell’s communication model. https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-

communication-model
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver’s Communication Model

incorporates theconcept of noise, which is an interference with the message.
Businesstopia in Communication. (2018). Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication.

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/shannon-and-weaver-model-communication
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Bruce Westley and Malcolm Maclean’s Communication Model presents the

idea ofhaving a communicator who relays his or her account of a selection of events or
views/ voices in society instead of having a sender who merely relays messages.
Relievingdays. (2012). Maclean communication model.

https://relivingmbadays.wordpress.com/2012/09/14/westley-and-macleans-model/
2. RITUAL OR EXPRESSIVE MODEL is

an alternative way of understanding how
communication works. This model
presents the idea that communication
happens due to the need to share
understanding and emotions. An example
would be when you use certain
symbolisms or euphemisms to indirectly
refer to certain things, but you are sure
that your audience still understand what
you are trying to say. Desai, M. (2014). Transmission and Ritual.
https://www.slideshare.net/mirakdesai/presentatio
3. PUBLICITY MODEL explains that

communication involves audience as
spectators rather than participants or
information receivers. The most important
factor in this model is ATTTENTION since it is
the measure of how successful the
communication is. An example would be when
you tell about a potentially boring story in a
compelling and animated manner to keep your
friend interested. GCFLearnFree.org. (2019). Active Listening.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzsVh8YwZE
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4. RECEPTION MODEL brings the idea that

communication is an open process. This means
that messages sent and received are open to
various interpretations based on the context and
culture of the receiver. Additionally, there might
be various meanings to a single utterance that is
communicated.
Burgoon, J. (2012). Schramm Model of Communication.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schramm-Model-of-
Communication_fig1_254051534https://www.researchgate.
It is evident among all the models that there are many ways of defining what communication
is or how it works. Perhaps, you have also observed that there are two distinct elements that
are intrinsically interconnected with the concept of communication—media and information.
These concepts are so intertwined that information is one of the reasons why
communication is done in the first place; and this information can be shared through media.
EVALUATE
2nd Semester, 1st Grading

PERFORMANCE TASK #1 (30 pts.)
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REFERENCES
Lunenburg, F.(2010) Communication: The process, barriers, and improving

effectiveness.
http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C,%
20Communication%20Schooling%20V1%20N1%202010.pdf.
Skills You Need. (2020). Verbal communication skills.

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/verbal-communication.
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ANSWER KEY
Explore
1. V
2. V
3. NV – Gesture
4. V
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18
UNIT 2
to:
1. identify traditional media and new

media;
2. appreciate the importance of

media forms in the communication
process; and
3. comprehend the relationships of

traditional and new media.
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ENGAGE
In less than a minute, name the people who invented the following technology.
Start!
EXPLORE
While guessing who the inventors are, have you noted of anything?
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EXPLAIN
Media refers to the main means of communication, which people use to
disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages, and other
data. This includes physical and online newspapers and magazines, television,
radio, billboards, telephone, and Internet.
Over the years, media forms and the technology that come with them have
evolved dramatically. Now, take a look at the table below to further understand the
evolution of media.
Age Examples
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) • Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
People discovered fire, developed paper from • Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
plants, and forged weapons and tools with
• Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
stone, bronze, copper and iron.
• Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
Dibao in China (2nd Century)
• Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
• Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) • Printing press for mass production (19th

People used the power of steam, developed century)
machine tools, established iron production,
• Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
and the manufacturing of various products
(includingbooks through the printing press). • Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876)
• Motion picture photography/projection

(1890)
• Commercial motion pictures (1913)
• Motion picture with sound (1926)
Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) • Transistor Radio
The invention of the transistor ushered in the • Television (1941)

electronic age. People harnessed the power
• Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC
of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and the early computers. (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
In this age, long distance communication
became more efficient. • Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704
(1960)
• Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett-
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Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)

• OHP, LCD projectors
Information Age (1900s-2000s) Examples:
The Internet paved the way for faster • Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet
communication and the creation of the social
network. People advanced the use of Explorer (1995)
microelectronics with the invention of • Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal
personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice, (1999), Wordpress (2003)
image, sound and data are digitalized. We are • Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply
now living in the information age.
(2003), Facebook (2004)
• Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
• Video: YouTube (2005)
• Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
• Video chat: Skype (2003), Google

Hangouts (2013)
• Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo
(1995)
ELABORATE
Indeed, communication is a vital part of human existence. Without
communication, life is miserable and boring. Today, communication could
be in the form of print, broadcast, or new media.
Print Media refers to the more traditional platforms of communication

that are tangible and have undergone printing. It comes in the most popular forms such as
books, newspapers, and magazines; journals, pamphlets, brochures and any other reading
materials.
Almost all printed materials have electronic versions already. But opening a book and
flipping its pages are still enjoyable experiences.
Broadcast Media are the communication platforms, which are described through its
capability of distributing audio and video content to a wide array of audiences. This media comes
in the form of radio and television. Distribution of broadcast content are through analog,
telephone and satellite methods.
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The production of foreign films may be more advanced in terms of visual effects, given
their advanced technology. But these visual effects do not always translate to quality films.
Reserve a special place in your heart for low-budget but quality Filipino films, too.
New Media, the latest form of mass media, is described through its forms and technology
usage such as computers, internet, digital devices, video and online games, web and search
engines, social media and networking, digital information, telecommunication, mobile
telecommunication. This kind of media is characterized as fast, interactive, manipulated and
addictive. The most common kinds of new media are internet and social media.
The types of media can further be differentiated using the various categories: message type,
language, structure, format, audience, and reachability.
PRINT BROADCAST NEW MEDIA
Message type Expressed in the forms Comes in verbal, aural Composed of electronic
of words, phrases, ,and visual content texts, hypertexts,
sentences, or photos, and videos
paragraphs
Language Uses technical and Utilizes technical, Employs less formal
passive language active, and and conversational
conversational shorter language
language
Reachability Offers a limited scope Offers a wider national Offers a wider reach
audience reach compared to print and
broadcast media
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EVALUATE

WRITTEN WORK #1 (30 pts.)
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REFERENCES

effectiveness.

25
ANSWER KEY
1. Alexander Graham Bell
2. Philo Farnsworth
3. Martin Cooper
4. Charles Babbage
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UNIT 3
to:
1. identify the similarities and

differences of media literacy,
information literacy, and
technology literacy; and
2. value the importance of being a

responsible user and producer of
media; and
3. understand the implication of

using technology in one’s daily life.
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ENGAGE
What do you think does this information imply?
EXPLORE
What are the applications that you frequently use for the following activities?
Paste or draw the corresponding icon in each box.
1. Communication 2. News 3. Video Editing

e.g.
4. Photo editing 5. Entertainment 6. Shopping
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EXPLAIN
Being literate means being able to identify, understand, interpret, create,
communicate, and compute using printed and written materials associated with
varying contexts. In addition, literacy involves a continuum of learning, wherein
individuals are able to achieve their goals, develop their knowledge and potential.
In this subject, there are three important literacies that you should consider to become a
responsible user and producer of media.
MEDIA LITERACY
This kind of literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms. It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies (knowledge and
skills) necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies.
The Principles of Media Literacy
1. All media are constructions. One of the
most critical concepts in media literacy is
that the media do not present simple
external reality reflections. Instead, they
present productions, which have specific
purposes.
Image Source: Ping, A. (2016). Key concepts and
questions in media analysis.
https://www.slideshare.net/arnielping/mil-information-
2. The media construct reality. All people

have a construct, which is a picture that
they have built up in their heads. All of us
have a construct representing the picture
that people have built up in their heads
since birth, what the world is, and how it
works. However, parts of those
observations and experiences are
preconstructed by media.
Image Source: Shazz, D.(2012). Media Construct Reality.
https://www.slideshare.net/dianaknoll/media-construct-
reality
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3. The audience negotiates meaning in media.

Whenever we look at any media text, we find
meaning through a wide variety of factors:
personal needs and anxieties, the pleasure or
trouble of the day, racial and sexual attitudes,
family and cultural background. These
aspects have a bearing on how we process
information.
Image Source: Newsletter. (2016). A Different

Perspective.
https://www.veldhoencompany.com/en/news/a-different-
4. Media have commercial implications. Being media literate

means being aware of the economic basis of mass-media
production. People should be aware that media production
is a business and must make a profit. Frequently, the
content does not matter so long as the public welcomes it.
Dreamstime. (2000). Cartoon Money Illusration.
https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/cartoon-money.html
5. Media contain ideological and value messages. People

should understand that all media products are not just
advertising but also show values or ways of life. These
media messages affirm the existing social system.
Trach, E. (n.d). Examples of core values.

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-core-values.html
INFORMATION LITERACY
Information is a broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study,
experience, instruction, signals or symbols. Hence, information literacy is the ability to
recognize when information is needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate
information in its various formats.
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Typology of Information
It is evident that our world is full of information. Hence, to be able to decrypt and understand the
information around us, it is good to consider the different types of information, which will make us a
better user and producer of information.
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
This is the ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to responsibly,
appropriately, and effectively use technological tools. Using these tools an individual can access,
manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information.
Students who possess technology literacy are able to utilize a variety of digital devices and
interfaces to communication, troubleshoot and problem solve in both academic and non-academic
surrounding.
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ELABORATE
As producers and consumers of information, you must display the ability to

evaluate the kind of information you access and share. This ability is
known as critical thinking skills. Being critical means being capable of
judging the merit of something based on certain standards of parameters.
According to media scholar Art Silverblatt, there are eight fundamental

elements of media and information literacy:
1. A critical thinking skill enabling 5. An understanding of media

audience members to develop content as a text that provides
independent judgments about insight into our culture and our lives
media content
2. An understanding of the 6. Development of effective and
process of mass responsible production skills
communication
3. An awareness of the impact of 7. The ability to enjoy, understand,
media on the individual and and appreciate media
society
4. Strategies for analyzing and 8. An understanding of the ethical
discussing media messages and moral obligations of media
practitioners
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EVALUATE

WRITTEN WORK #2 (30 pts.) QUIZ
33
REFERENCES

effectiveness.

Five principles of media literacy. (n.d.).

https://web.cortland.edu/russellk/courses/prjdis/html/5medlit.htm.
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MODULE 2
The proliferation of new media messages

and content, especially those transacted via
social media, brings new levels of headaches
and heartaches to digital citizens. Indeed, the
kind of changes and challenges that these
technologically dependent media present to
us exert considerable influence on how we
see our society in real time.
The transfer of processes progressed over
time, this safe distance became shorter and
shorter, until we now inhibit the global village
MEDIA AND where “virtual closeness” seems to be the
reigning characteristic; however, this creates
INFORMATION: another level of online conflict.
CULTURES, This module focuses on various types of

problems and issues we might encounter in
COMMUNITIES, AND navigating cyberspace. Legal protections as
well as commonsensical suggestions are
TECHNOLOGIES also cited.
36
UNIT 1
to:
1. describe the different activities of

legal and ethical issues in Media and
information;
2. create an authentic infographic that

would serve as a campaign to combat
digital divide, addiction, and
cyberbullying; and
3. uphold the ethical and legal rights

ofevery Filipino Netizen.
37
ENGAGE
Reflect Upon:
Have you ever been the target of cyberbullying? Or have you

witnessed someone being bullied? How did it make you feel? What
was the course of action during this encounter?
[Image of Bullying]. (2019).

https://www.google.com/search?q=bullying+issues&tbm=isc
EXPLORE
Digital divide- the gap between groups, broadly construed in terms of

access to, use of, or knowledge, skills and even attitude of information
and communication technologies.
Digital footprint- the digital trail that any internet user leaves every time
he searches for any information. It creates digital imprint of his virtual
life, which enables some other online users including strangers to
identify them through their online behavior.
Online identity theft- stealing another person’s identity and pretending

to be the account owner.
Hacking- to break into a server, website, etc…from a remote location to
steal or damage data.
Cyber trespassing or cyber stalking- stealing another person’s
password to gain access to his or her personal accounts.
Flaming- to send an angry, critical, or disparaging electronic message.
Trolling- to post deliberately inflammatory articles on an internet

discussion board.
Online groomers- often adult sexual predators pretending to be peers.
Phishing- an attempt to make the user send his or her log- in
information and password to a fake online account.
38
EXPLAIN
Copyright is mainly the protection of one’s expressions which only

become tangible and concrete when objects are created as
manifestations of these expressions. The following are commonly
protected:
• Literary works such as novels, poems, plays reference works,
newspaper articles
• Computer programs, databases
• Films, musical compositions, and choreographies
• Artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs, and
sculptures
• Architecture
• Advertisement, maps, and technical drawings
An author of a particular work is entitled to two types of rights under a

copyright law.
• Economic rights or the right of an owner/ author to be
properly compensated financially upon his or her permission for
the work to be used by another;
• Moral rights or the rights to non- economic interests of the
author.
Since the products of human intellect have a direct influence on human
civilization and on the development of societies, there should be
safeguard on intellectual property.
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Terms Description Coverage

Copyright - Books
- Music
- Paintings
- Sculptures
- Films
Legal term used to describe - Computer programs
the rights that creators have - Films
over their literary and artistic - Computer programs
works - Databases
- Advertisements
- Maps
- Technical drawings
39
Patent Provides the patent owner

with the right to decide how,
or whether, the invention can
be used by others in
exchange for this right. The
patent owner makes
technical information about
the invention publicly
available in the published Exclusive right granted for an
patent document invention
Trademark • A sign capable of

distinguishing goods or
services of one enterprise
from those of other
enterprises
• Dates back to ancient Products sold or services
times when craftsmen offered by a business entity
used to put their
signature or “mark” on
their products
Industrial design
Constitutes the ornamental or Design of an object (shape or

aesthetic aspect of an article/ surface, patterns, lines, or
object colors)
40
Geographical indication and

appellation of origin
Sign used on goods that

have a specific geographical
Name of the place of origin of
origin and possess qualities,
the goods/products
a reputation or characteristics
that are essentially
attributable to that place of
origin
The Use of Fair Use
The rationale of fair use is to “guarantee a breathing space for

new expression within the confines of Copyright Law”. In other
words, if copyright holders have complete control of their
works, information may be constrained and restrained from
ever reaching a wider audience.
The expiration of a copyright term empowers the general
public to have unlimited access and use of the work as it has
[Image of Fair Use]. (2019). become part of the “public domain”. Anything that is within the
https://www.google.com/search?q=the+u
se+of+Fair+use&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj
realms of the public domain cannot owned by anyone and has
Q5Zzyz8jtAhUFxos no copyright coverage. The following are covered by fair use:
• a commentary;
• a news report;
• an artistic expression or artifact;
• scholarly and research works;
• a product of a time-shifting device such as a TV
program recorder;
• an information found through Web search engines.
41
Creative Commons
Creative Common Licenses enable copyright holders to easily

change terms of copyright from the default of all rights reserved
to some rights reserved. A Creative Commons license can give
people the right to share, use, and even build upon a creative
[Image of Creative Commons]. (2020).
https://www.google.com/search?q=creati
work as well as protect users against threat of copyright
ve+commons&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiw infringement with the condition that these users abide by the
35uV0MjtAhXPyIsB conditions specified by the owner or holder of the copyright.
Citizens of a democratic society should also be vigilant in
protecting these basic human rights by ensuring that certain
laws are upheld. Information and communication -related laws
not only ensure the rights of Filipinos to these processes but
the laws also try to protect us when such rights are violated.
The foremost legal protection we all have is enshrined in the 1987 Philippine
Constitution under the Bill of Rights. The foremost of these rights is Section 4
which states that:
“No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.”
[Image of Human Rights]. (2019).

https://www.google.com/search?q=Rights&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE
wjLl4DIzsztAhVYA6YKHT7NCMoQ2
42
Intellectual Property Code (Republic Act No. 8293) – is the overall law protecting
copyrights and all kinds of intellectual property creations including patents and
trademarks. Fair Use is also discussed in this law. This law covers copyright holders and
punish violations in intellectual property infringements.
E-Commerce Law (Republic Act No. 8792)- the law the protects mostly financial and
commercial transactions online. It also covers hacking and illegal downloading of
copyrighted materials.
Optical Media Act (Republic Act No. 9239)- This law ensures the protection of specific
media products subjected to illegal duplication or piracy.
Anti- Camcording Law (Republic Act No.10088)- This law aims to prevent the illegal
video camera recording of movies currently shown in theaters, as evident in the
awareness campaigns they play before each movie in the country.
Cybercrime Law (Republic Act No. 10175) – This law covers all other online anomalies
such as identity theft, child pornography, data misuse, cybersquatting, and other
computer- related and internet- facilitated practices.
Censorship- the practice of suppressing material that is considered morally, politically, or
otherwise objectionable.
Movie & Television Review & Classification Board (MTRCB) – is the government body
where films and TV shows are submitted to be rated. Each rating will guide viewers of the
age- appropriateness of the media product’s content.
ELABORATE
Netiquette refers to observing the proper etiquette as you

engage in activities over the internet. It is contrary to what
Flame Warriors display. Online discussion members who
adhere to rules of netiquette have high respect for the views
and opinions of other members and have high regard for
courtesy.
43
Core Rules of Netiquette
The virtual world does not dismiss the fact

that you are talking to another human being
who is entitled to his feelings.
Behavior does not necessarily have to
change when you are online. The same set
of expectations when it comes to attitude and
behavior still apply. Give other people their
due.
Online users are using the same space and
are also utilizing bandwidth. You can show
some respect by refraining maligning this
space and bandwidth.
In the online world, impression is everything
since people can take any identity. It is
https://www.google.com/search?q=think+ important to create good impression and
before+you+click&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE maintain a respectable stature.
wjcrsym3NntAhVKAKYKHbfJA6gQ2
Share only knowledge that matters. Do not
share knowledge that may not be productive
or that may jeopardize others.
Do not provoke or attack others. This way,
you help avoid flame wars.
Privacy is a natural human right. Utmost
respect of this right should always be
observed.
Great power comes with great responsibility.
Yield your power over the Internet wisely.
9. Nobody is perfect. Learn to admit your
mistakes and forgive errant netizens.
44
THE CHALLENGES/OPPORTUNITIES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
In terms of Challenges/ opportunities
• Projects enable the joint • The joint effort of many actors leads
and simultaneous creation to a better outcome than any actor
of content by many end- could achieve individually.
users • From a corporate perspective, firms
• Wikis- Web sites which must be aware that collaborative
allow users to add, remove, projects are trending toward
and change text-based becoming the main source of
Collaborative content information for many consumers.
projects • Social bookmarking
application
• Special types of Web sites
that usually display date-
stamped entries in reverse • Many companies are already using
chronological order blogs to update employees,
• The social media equivalent customers, and shareholders on
of personal Web pages and developments they consider to be
can come in a multitude of important.
different variations, from • Customers who turn out to be
personal diaries describing dissatisfied with or disappointed by
the author’s life to the company’s offerings may decide
summaries of all relevant to engage in virtual complaints in the
information in one specific form of protest Web sites or blogs
content area which results in the availability of
• Usually managed by one potentially damaging information in
Blogs person only, but provide the online space.
possibility of interaction with
others through the addition
of comments
• From a corporate viewpoint, content
communities carry the risk of being
used as platforms for the sharing of
• Main objective of content copyright- protected materials.
communities is the sharing • While major content communities
of media content between have rules in place to ban and
users remove such illegal content, it is
• Exist for wide range of difficult to avoid popular videos being
different media types, uploaded only hours after they have
including text, photos, been aired on television.
videos, and PowerPoint • On the positive side, the high
presentations popularity of content communities
Content makes them a very attractive contact
Communities channel for many firms.
• Other firms rely on content
communities to share recruiting
videos, as well as keynote speeches
45
and press announcements, with their

employees and investors.
• Applications that enable
users to connect by
creating personal
information profiles, inviting
friends and colleagues to • High popularity, specifically among
have access to those younger internet users
profiles, sending emails and
instant messages between
each other
Social
• Can include any type of
networking information, including
sites photos, video, audio files,
and blogs
• Platforms that replicate a
three-dimensional
environment in which users
can appear in the form of
personalized avatars and
interact with each other as • Provide the highest level of social
they would in real life presence and media richness of all
• Probably the ultimate applications
manifestation of social • Allows for an unlimited range of self-
media presentation strategies
• Virtual game worlds- • Offer a multitude of opportunities for
require their users to companies in marketing and human
behave according to strict resource and internal process
rules in the context of a management
massively multiplayer online
Virtual game role-playing game
worlds • Virtual social worlds- allow
inhabitants to choose their
behavior more freely and
essentially live a virtual life
similar to their real life
46

WRITTEN WORK #3 (30 pts.)
47

48
REFERENCES
Aboga, F. & Agapay, R. (2017). Media and information literacy: transforming society through
student empowerment. TechFactors Inc.
Alagaran, J. Q. (2017). Media and information literacy: empower the discerning audiences.
Abiva Publishing House, Inc.
Revano, T. F. (2016). Media and information literacy for senior high school. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
49
50
UNIT 2
to:
1. describe the influence & advantages

of Massive Open Online Course;
2. evaluate the current trends in media

and information through an essay;
and
3. maintain inquisitive interest in

technological advancement.
51
ENGAGE
Reflect Upon:
Where do you think the future of technology headed? How

do you see our world 50 years from now?
EXPLORE
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a free distance learning

program that can be taken through the internet by large numbers of
people for additive learning. It is an online course that are being
offered by private companies and universities, mainly in America, for
additional knowledge, and for new learning experience. The number
of students that can enroll for a specific course is basically no limit.
Some universities in America collaborated with private companies
once had a single course having 50, 000 students enrolled on it.
Some websites that provide the MOOC service are Coursera, edX,
Udemy, Udacity, HarvardX, BlackBoard, NPTEL, iversity, NoveED,
Stanford OpenEdx, Janux, EdCast, and many more.
Here are Some Courses Provided by the said Websites:
1. 3D printing Software
2. Accounting of Business Decision Making: Measurement and

Operational Decisions
3. Advanced Content and Social Tactics to Optimize SEO
4. Advanced Learning through Evidence- based STEM learning
5. Algorithms of Graphs
52
EXPLAIN
The Word “MOOC” came from a course from the

University of Manitoba called “Connectivism and
Connective Knowledge”. This word was first used by
Dave Cormier, an educational activist and a researcher
from the University of Prince Edward Island. It is
pronounced just like the word kook with long oo sound.
Wearable Technologies
Wearable technologies are gadgets designed to be worn for entertainment, fashion,

educational activities, etc. These technologies are made for a better living, easier way
of living, and for helping those who are in need of guidance.
Examples of Wearable Technologies:
Google Glass- an Android- powered pair of

glasses designed to make the user’s field of
vision its own screen. Glass has its own built-
in Bluetooth, WiFi and camera, weather
forecast, audio and video player, Messenger,
Google Map, etc., accessible with voice
commands. It was made by Google’s
futuristic technology lab called “Google X” last
2012. It was available to testers last 2013.
[Image of Google Glass]. (2019).
https://www.google.com/search?q=google+glass&tbm=isch
&ved=2ahUKEwimttbC08jtAhXWzYsBHX0gB
Oculus Rift- a headset with a built- in screen

displaying a “virtual reality”. Virtual reality is a
simulation of a three- dimensional
environment created by a software. The Rift
must be connected to a Windows PC
equipped with GPU equivalent to NVIDIA
GeForce GTX 970 or AMD R9 290 and a
CPU of at least Intel i5-4590. It is equipped
with full 6 degrees of freedom rotation
allowing your screen to move its view as you
[Image of Oculus Rift]. (2020). move simultaneously. It was designed by
https://www.google.com/search?q=oculus+rift&tbm=isch&v
Oculus VR and released on March 28, 2016.
ed=2ahUKEwjFxsnh08jtAhXTxIsBHfN1AecQ2
53
Lechal GPS Shoes- a footwear that gives

direction to those who wear it. It came
from a Hindi world “Lechel” which means
“bring me there or take me along”. It has a
built-in Bluetooth for connecting with a
mobile phone for accessing its navigation
apps such as Google Maps. The way this
works is the shoe vibrates whether if you
are going the wrong way. Its main purpose
is to help those who are visually impaired.
It was designed by Gaurav Duggal from
Ducere Technologies, and was released
[Image of Lechal GPS Shoes]. (2019). last 2014.
https://www.google.com/search?q=lechal+gps+shoes&tbm=
isch&ved=
Fin Ring- a “gesture-based control”

technology that let you switch, scroll,
click, tap or swipe any smart devices
connected to it with just the user’s thumb.
It has a Bluetooth already installed to it
for connecting to smart devices. It works
by making gestures within the user’s
palm or fingers, just like a mobile phone.
It was developed by Rohildev
Nattukallingal, the founder of RHL Vision.
[Image of Fin Ring]. (2020).
https://www.google.com/search?q=fin+ring&tbm=isch&ved=2
ahUKEwimwPji1MjtAhV4wIsBHZ8uBukQ2
UP- a smart wristband designed as a

fitness tracker. It is an advanced
pedometer that records all the user’s
activity’s data received by every step you
take. It can record how many distance
the user tackled, it can record how many
steps you made, and it can even record
how many calories does the user burned
having the basis of his age, height and
gender. Then, the data can be previewed
through connecting to a mobile phone,
[Image of UP]. (2019). either Android or IOS. Jawbone was the
https://www.google.com/search?q=up+wristband&tbm=isch&v manufacturer of this piece of technology.
ed=2ahUKEwj7pNqt1cjtAhWQxosBHe42C4kQ2
54
Circret Bracelet- a waterproof, smart

wristband that makes the user’s arm its own
screen. It has its own pico projector,
Bluetooth and WiFi connectivity, a USB port,
processor, and a proximity sensor. These
sensors will be the one to send the
movements being done to where it is
connected. It works by connecting it to a
mobile phone via Bluetooth. Then, once it’s
turned on, it will automatically project what
the phone’s screen has. The user can move
the icons, accept calls and type a message
[Image of Circret Bracelet]. (2019). through it. It was manufactured by a
https://www.google.com/search?q=Cicret+Bracelet&tbm=isch& company named Cicret.
ved=2ahUKEwiWi9LE1cjtAhVn0IsBHc68CiAQ2
3D Environment
3D Environment is a nature having the three-dimensional properties, length, width, and

depth. This provides a perception having a fictional character realistic look.
Some Products of 3D Environment
3D Printing- also known as Additive

Manufacturing, is a procedure of printing a
CAD, or the Computer Aided Design, file into
a three-dimensional object. It starts by
making a file you want print from a 3D
modeling application or a 3D scanner, then
the file you want to print must be chopped
down to pieces in order for the 3D printer to
print it.
[Image of 3D Printing]. (2020).

https://www.google.com/search?q=3D+Printing&tbm=isch&v
ed=2ahUKEwif3P3-
55
Holograms- a three-dimensional image

formed by light beams that is following a
series of patterns. Holograms are images
that is being projected by a projector and
appear that it is present. Holography is the
study of making holograms.
[Image of hologram]. (2020).

https://www.google.com/search?q=Holograms&tbm=isch&v
ed=2ahUKEwiS7fC91sjtAhXVIaYKHUJEA8cQ2
3D Animation- the process of creating

a series of drawings or sketches having
the three-dimensional aspects to
provide an illusion of movement. This is
usually used in an animated cartoon
such as Finding Nemo, Toy Story, Cars,
Bugs’ Life, and many more.
[Image of 3D Animation]. (2019).

https://www.google.com/search?q=3d+animation+films&t
bm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiLj-
3D Pens- one of the newest inventions of

3D technology is the 3D pen. Using a pen
as a drawing tool is usual and common; but
drawing lines up in the air without falling is
something else. This becomes possible
because of a special type of plastic ink,
which can be used to come up with three-
dimensional drawings, hence, resembling
sculptures. This is still being developed to
provide users an extraordinary, not-so-usual
[Image of 3D Pen]. (2019). drawing experience.
https://www.google.com/search?q=3d+pens&tbm=isc
h&ved=2ahUKEwjO-
56
ELABORATE
Ubiquitous Learning
The word “Ubiquitous” came from the Latin world ubique, which means
“everywhere”. Ubiquitous Learning is the way of learning through the
objects that are present everywhere, more specifically associated with
technologies. It is also way of learning that is “situated and immersive”,
from going to the library to search for information, to search for information,
to search what your need through the internet, from having a traditional way
of learning, to a more advanced method.
Ubiquitous Learning or u- learning utilizes all forms of materials that may be
transferred to mobile devices via cable or wireless and be operated in these
mobile devices. These materials can be videos, audios, PowerPoint
presentations, or notes with embedded source data in them. U- learning
has shifted the learning paradigm from teacher-centered to learner-
centered. Students access instructional materials at different times from
different locations making them lifelong learners in that they are able to use
multiple devices to access and search for knowledge and information while
developing their search skills.
[Image of Ubiquitous Learning]. (2019).

https://www.google.com/search?q=ubiquitous+learning&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiM
0tS0ycztAhWPF4gKHT19Dl8Q_AUoAXoECBIQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=9oPPxkNQw7K4pM
57
EVALUATE
Sco
58
REFERENCES
Aboga, F. & Agapay, R. (2017). Media and information literacy: transforming society through
student empowerment. TechFactors Inc.
Alagaran, J. Q. (2017). Media and information literacy: empower the discerning audiences.
Abiva Publishing House, Inc.
Revano, T. F. (2016). Media and information literacy for senior high school. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Media and information literacy. Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
59
ANSWER KEY
Sample Trends / Possible Answers/ Key Terms:
Minefield of misinformation
Fake news or fact- back news
Youth activism
Extremist views
Disapproval and dissent views
Unusual juxtaposition of selfies, memes, and political posts
60
61
MODULE 3
So far so good! Using the ballet dance context as

a metaphor for learning, we can say that at this
point, you are well on your way to creating your
own groove across the stage of MIL. Indeed, you
have explored on the numerous broad principles
and practices surrounding MIL in the previous
units. Be prepared as you dance into the diverse
options and combinations of media that would
help you towards becoming a media and
News Reporter Icons Vector. (202).
https://www.google.com/search?q=television,+radio,+internet&source=lnms information literate individual.
&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAos2yo8rtAhXTZt4KHTqOC2AQ_AUoAXoECB
EQAw&biw=1536&bih=754#imgrc=2cewPDiGB8JXvM&imgdii=tcEFsRLyRlfl1M
Furthermore, at the end of this unit, you will be

able to produce a variety of creative forms of
DIMENSIONS OF multimedia showcasing your understanding,
insights, and perceptions of the different
MEDIA AND resources of media and information.
INFORMATION
LITERACY
62
UNIT 1
to:
1. differentiate the various kinds of text

and audio information and media;
2. understand the importance of words

and word choice in utterances; and
3. construct different captions for a

meme creating a valuable story.
63
ENGAGE
Read and ponder:
The world as we know it, can never be understood without letters.

Letters went beyond characters used to convey a message into an
expression of love, hatred or any other emotion—a collection of
intelligence and an agreement for trade. Its development did not
stop there, though. Letters, technically referred to as text, also
became an object for art expression. This fusion of art and writing is
what we call now as typography.
Typography is the art of arranging text based on typefaces, point
size, line length, and spacing. It was intrinsically observed in ancient
times to create seals for the royalty or as text on currency. Massive
production and duplication of typographies emerged when
Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, invented the movable
printing press in the mid- 15th century. During those times, the
purpose of typography was to create readable and visually engaging
texts for readers. Now, typography varied depending on the tone,
mood, or theme of the setting where it will be used.
Source: Sandu, B. (n.d.) 30 creative typographic posters for inspiration.
https://www.designyourway.net/blog/typography/typography-posters/
EXPLORE
The pictures above are examples of how typography is used in media. What do you think are the
contributions of text in media and communication?
64
EXPLAIN
So what exactly is a text? Rouse (2015) defines a text as any human-readable
sequence of characters that can form intelligible words. In addition, text is a simple
and flexible format of presenting information or conveying ideas whether hand-
written, printed, or displayed on-screen; ergo, the term TEXT INFORMATION and
MEDIA.
In addition, text information and media suggest an easier and more flexible use in
terms of content production. Text is one of the elements of multimedia products
that can be combined with several other elements to present information and create an impression or
impact.
THREE CATEGORIES OF A TEXT
Plaintext Consists of fixed sized characters

having essentially the same type of
appearance
Formatted Text Offers some control over the general

appearance of alphanumeric
alphabets
Hypertext Serves to link different electronic

documents and enable users to jump
from one to another in a nonlinear way
Remember that these days, texts are generated with the use of word processing technology. This means
that texts can be produced, edited and formatted depending on the goal: to entertain or to inform.
Consequently, these texts are kept in different file formats such as TXT, DOC, RTF, PDF and PS.
65
COMMON FILE FORMATS
A standard text document that can be opened in any text editor or

word processing application on different operating systems
A native format for storing documents created by MS word package
A more exciting format than the document format because it supports text
formatting: bold, italics and underlining
An open standard format that supports images and graphics
A page description language used mainly for desktop publishing
As you have seen in the graphic organizer above, deciding on a file format for storage depends on how
you want to use the document.
Now, we proceed to how text could be presented in the different forms of media.
is used to express formality in texts. It is usually used for the body of text
books, newspapers and research manuscripts.
is used to express clear and direct meaning of the text. It is usually used for
road signage, building directory or nutrition facts in food packages.
is used for display and trade printing. It is usually used in wedding invitation
cards and other formal events.
is used to express a wide variety of emotions or themes.
66
ELABORATE
Furthermore, audio is also an essential part of media. It is easy to see
the importance of audio in all of the media we used. When used
correctly, audio media is capable of setting the mood and improving
the media in which it is used. Some of the media may work without
any audio, but the majority of media these days depend on good
audio media in order to be interesting.
There are three main categories of audio formats: UNCOMPRESSED FORMATS, LOSSLESS
COMPRESSIONS FORMATS, LOSSY COMPRESSION FORMATS. Let us define these:
1. Uncompressed audio format is also known as Pulse-code modulation (PCM) format, which does
not use no compression. This means that all data in the audio file is available. Files with the
WAV audio file format is an example of this category.
2. Lossless Compressed Audio Format is a compressed format, but would retain all of the file’s
data. This type of audio format reduces the space of silence in the audio file. Files with WMA
and FLAC audio file formats make use of this format.
3. Lossy Compressed Audio Format compresses audio files even further and it results to some
loss of data as the compression algorithm eliminates redundant or unnecessary information and
simplifies data. MP3 files make use of this format.
COMMON AUDIO FORMATS
It is also known as MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio layer III. This greatly reduces
the size of the file, but still retains the quality of an uncompressed audio file by
getting rid of unnecessary audio found in the audio file, especially audio that cannot
be heard by humans.
Windows Media Audio is a Microsoft file format for encoding digital audio
files similar to MP3. WMA files also follow lossy compressed audio format
and it is one of the competitors of the MP3 format.
Waveform Audio File Format is a file format that was developed by Microsoft
and IBM that uses lossless data compression. WAV files came with Windows
95 making it the standard audio format.
67
Real Audio is a proprietary format, which means that its use is restricted. It
is used for streaming audio that enables you to play a digital audio file in
real-time or while it is being downloaded.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface uses lossy data compression. MIDI is

more similar to sheet music that plays notes, with pitch, length, and volume,
instead of an audio file.
Audio can be produced and edited using many different software. In order for you to start your audio
editing days, here are some of the common audio editing packages and their features.
68
EVALUATE
. 2nd Semester, 2nd Grading

PERFORMANCE TASK #1 (30 Pts.)
69
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Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
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(iconfinder.com)
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[Photograph of an RTF icon]. ( 2020) . RTF icons - Iconfinder
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IABCxAxCDAToHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQCBAeOgQIABAYUJqZBFjZuARg7LkEaAJwAHgAgAG9AY
gBjRWSAQQ4LjE0mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQDAAQE&sclient=img&ei=wbDVX6zhLNq
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World Health Organization (2020).

https://www.google.com/search?q=stay+home+save+lives+help+stop+coronavirus&tbm=isch&ved=2a
hUKEwijgrHkp8rtAhVEdpQKHeKBAngQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=stay+home+save+lives+help+sto&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgIIADoECAAQQ1CL
gwFYvY8BYLOYAWgAcAB4AIAB3gGIAb8JkgEFMi42LjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&s
client=img&ei=FLLVX6OoKsTs0QTig4rABw&bih=754&biw=1519&hl=en#imgrc=wYE8LPgd2ObcVM
Yuvienco, J. C. (2017). Media & information literacy being a B.E.S.T. digital citizen for senior high school.
C&E Publishing, Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. ( 2018). Understanding media and information
literacy in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
70
71
UNIT 2

to:
1. critique samples of visual information

using the design principles and
elements;
2. comprehend the different aspects of

motion and information media;
3. acknowledge the importance of the

elements and principles of motion and
information media in the success of
films;
4. gain a deeper understanding on how

an image could encapsulate one’s
experiences; and
5. reflect on the uniqueness of each

human through the article about visual
processing.
72
ENGAGE
Reflect on the following questions:
• What do you feel whenever you look at your throwback

photographs?
• Do you feel nostalgic?
• Do you find yourself suddenly overwhelmed with different
emotions upon seeing pictures from the past?
EXPLORE
Indeed, pictures speak a thousand words – that is the power of visual

information.
73
EXPLAIN
Visual media are symbols, pictures, icons, and signs that communicate
with one’s sense of sight, Oftentimes, some media rely heavily on an
image without the use of words. Therefore, it is but proper that we
understand what an image is. An image is a type of visual information that
you normally see as either pure black and white or grayscale having a
number of gray shades or color containing a number of color shades.
Furthermore, visual information entails the use of visual media (that may or may not be accompanied
with audio/sound) in the form of photographs, motion picture, video recordings, graphic arts, visual aids,
and other displays that use pictorial representations.
Examples of Visual Information and Media:
Ideograms are graphical symbols that represent ideas.
https://linearbknossosmycenae.com/2014/01/15/progressive-
linear-b-level-4-2-livestock-syllabograms/
Saffron Interactive. (n.d.) A brief history of pictographs and

ideograms. https://saffroninteractive.com/a-brief-history-of-
pictograms-and-ideograms/
Statistical Visualizations refer to the study and creation of data using visual representation.
StatisticsSolutions. (2020). Data Visualization. Chen, B. (n.d.) Python

https://www.statisticssolutions.com/data- Interactive Data Visualization
visualization/ with Altair.
74
Pictures are designs or representations made by various means such as painting, drawing or
photography.
Baguio City Guide. (2020). Saint Louis University Senior Hihg School
Building.https://www.baguiocityguide.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-
the-ongoing-slu-lhs-senior-high-enrollment/saint-louis-university-senior-high- Cablog, J.(2020). Seasoned.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/18464765345420
1964/
Graphic Designs refer to the art of combining text and pictures to communicate information.
Gate 39 Media Staff. (2018). The Importance of Design Contest. (N.d). Eye catching advertisement
Visual posters.https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/173670129357247879/
Contenthttps://www.gate39media.com/importanc
e-visual-content-infographic/
75
With these examples, you were able to examine the facets of visual information and
media. It is true, therefore, that this is one of the most powerful dimensions of media since it
stimulates both intellectual and emotional responses.
Now, let us discuss the common visual media types. These are the ways by which you can
save visual information.
The Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) can render the image exactly if the image has fewer than
256 colors. However, when the image contains more than 256 colors, the software that creates GIF
uses an algorithm to approximate the colors in the image within the available color palette. Second,
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG, JPG) can work by analyzing images discarding
kinds of information that the eye is least likely to notice. Unlike the GIF, JPEG is optimized for
photographs and similar continuous tone images that contain many, many colors. Third, Tagged
Image File Format (TIFF) is a very flexible format that is used for desktop publishing and graphic
design. It is used almost exclusively as a lossless image storage format that uses no compression at al.
Fourth, the Portable Network Graphic is usually used for digital art for it supports 24 bit color as a
foundation. Last, Bitmap (BMP) is an uncompressed proprietary format invented by Microsoft.
Most often than not, images found on Web sites are in GIF and JPG formats. The TIFF is not a
known image format because most Web browsers do not support it. PNG is much like a GIF
but is not a viable substitute for JPG because the latter allows for greater compression while
minimally reducing image quality.
The Elements and Design Principles of Visual Information and Media
The elements and principles of design are considered the foundations in creating a visual information.
These elements are likened to things that make up a painting, drawing and design. On the other hand,
the principles of design could be thought of what we do to the elements of design. The application of
the following principles will determine how successful the visual information will be.
Consistency refers to the steadiness or evenness of

margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors in slide
presentations or documents that are more than one page.
76
Center of interest is the area that first attracts the

audience’ attention in a composition. Oftentimes, the
objects or elements that are considered important are
given more colors.
Balance refers to the visual equality in shape, form,

value, and color. It can be symmetrical and evenly or
asymmetrical and unevenly balanced.
Harmony refers to the how the elements work

together to achieve one goal.
Contrast means to show a difference in the elements

found in the visual media. It offers some change in value
creating a visual discord in a composition.
Directional movement is a visual flow through the

composition.
Visual Information and Media is really a wonder. The images

have presented the information more easily and effectively.
77
ELABORATE
Pictures or images when integrated in moving texts and graphics on a display
would be called as motion media and information. Motion media are a
combination of visual information and audio information. They appeal to the senses
of sight and sound so it is more impactful in delivering a message than forms that
use texts only or sounds only.
Motion information and media includes motion pictures and motion videos. Motion pictures are
recorded on celluloid film and are projected on a screen in cinema theatres. On the other hand, motion
videos are represented as electrical signals from video devices. Furthermore, motion videos are
transmitted as TV broadcast signals and recorded on magnetic media and played back using VCD,
DVD or USB.
COMMON MOTION MEDIA TYPES
Terms related to use:
Codec is a device or program capable of performing encoding and decoding on a digital

data stream or signal. The word codec may be a combination of any of the following:
'Compressor-Decompressor', 'CoderDecoder', or 'Co Decmpression/Decompression
algorithm'.
Flash Video Format has been growing in popularity due to its cross-platform nature. It is
consistent and can be used equally well on personal computers and laptops.
Audio Video Interleave Format was developed by Microsoft. It stores data that can be encoded
in many different codecs and can contain both audio and video data.
Quicktime Format is a very common format that was developed by Apple. The format contains
separate tracks used for storing the video, audio, text and the effects of the file.
MP4 Format, also known as MPEG 4 Part 14 is mostly used to store audio and visual streams
online.
78
MPG Formats the common

format file that is standardized
by the Moving Picture Experts Group.
It is based on television standards
used in the United States.
• It captures motion in
a manner that can • Some data may
be viewed be presented
Since motion information and repeatedly best using still
• It can show images
media is one of the most used • It is subject to
processes in detail
dimensions of media, it is also best to and in sequence misinterpretation
• It enables learning • It is oftentimes
know its advantages and more costly than
with emotions
disadvantages. • It can cut across other forms of
different cultures visual media
and groups
Let us learn the elements of motion information and media.
Direction refers to Timing refers to the

Speed refers to the
movement used in the course along specific period of
which the person or time when
motion picture.
object moves. something happens.
Transition refers to Blurring refers to the

the evolution or censoring of some
development of one information for
scene to another security, decency or to
scene. give a sense of surprise.
Remember that these elements are used because of a purpose. Speed is used to compare
vitality versus sadness, or vigor versus solemnity. Direction happens when an object or person grows
or shrink in the motion picture. The growing picture may connote importance while otherwise for a
shrinking object. On the other hand, timing and transition contributes to the flow of the story.
Oftentimes, overlapping scenes happen in a motion picture, and at some point, one scene is
highlighted as compared to the other scenes, which may show its influence to the unfolding of events in
the storyline. These elements when used properly can give an everlasting impact to the audience.
79
EVALUATE
People process visual information differently. Find out how this happens
according to various psychologists by examining the pictocharts from the article,
Seeing is Believing: 5 Studies about Visual Information Processing.
80
REFERENCES
Design Principles and Balance. (2020). https://blog.thepapermillstore.com/design-principles-balance/.
FavPNG. (2020). https://favpng.com/png_view/audio-video-interleave-m4v-video-file-format-computer-software-

png/9u9EqbBX.
Free Icons Library. (2018). FLV icon #13347. https://icon-library.com/icon/flv-icon-10.html.
Freepick Company. (2010). Flaticon. https://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/tiff-file-extension-

symbol_29058?term=tiff&page=1&position=1&related_item_id=29058.
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variant_29264?term=jpeg&page=1&position=3&related_item_id=29264.
Freepick Company. (2010). Flaticon. https://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/png-file-format-

symbol_29072?term=png&page=1&position=4&related_item_id=29072.
Freepick Company. (2010). Flaticon. https://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/gif-file-format-

symbol_29579?term=gif&page=1&position=3&related_item_id=29579
Freepick Company. (2010). Flaticon. https://www.freepik.com/free-icon/mp4-file-format-symbol_742225.htm.
Graphic Design Fundamentals. (2017). What is contrast. https://graphicdesignfundamentals.com/contrast-

principles-design/.
Husssam, A. (2012). Visual Direction in Web Design. https://webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/visual-direction-in-

web-design--webdesign-2545.
Loop associates. (n.d.) https://loopassociates.com/portfolio/575/.
Naldo, E. B. (2016) A simplified approach to media and information literacy for senior high school. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc.
Nanda, A. (2105). Principles of design. https://www.slideshare.net/shaktinanda/principles-of-design-56175885
Newsletter. (2020). The art of quilt design. https://thequiltshow.com/daily-blog/142-newsletter/29301-the-art-of-

quilt-design-principles-of-design-symmetrical-vs-asymmetrical-balance
Portuguez, E. ( 2019) Visual Information and Media. https://www.slideshare.net/eivyportuguez/visual-information-

and-media-179026230
Quick time Pro 7. (2016). https://support.apple.com/kb/sp521?locale=en_PH.
Saiko, N. (n.d.) Panoramic Photography. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/700591285759280645/.
Stephenson, R. (2015). I am not that religious. amhttp://blog.febc.org/im-not-religious/.
Yuvienco, J. C. (2017). Media & information literacy being a B.E.S.T. digital citizen for senior high school. C&E
Publishing, Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. (2018).Understanding media and information literacy
in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
81
UNIT 3
to:
1. determine the distinct features of

multimedia information and media;
2. identify the different dimensions of

manipulative media and information;
3. demonstrate honesty in answering the

summative quiz;
4. evaluate a creative visual image

integrating the elements of visual
information and media; and
5. produce a multimedia-based project

integrating the dimensions of media
and information literacy.
82
ENGAGE
Now that we are down on our last topic for this semester, it is time to evaluate our
skills regarding the dimensions of media.
I can do I am not I need to learn

this well good at more
this
Describe the different
dimensions of media and
information literacy
Distinguish the various
sources of media and
information literacy
Apply the dimensions on my
educational endeavor
EXPLORE
What are your thoughts
about manipulative
media and
multimedia?
EXPLAIN
Yuvienco (2017) states that the 21st educational system has focused
on both manipulative media and multimedia. These dimensions of media
had contributed to the emergence of blended learning.
So what is multimedia? Multimedia is a mode of perceiving information

by combining modalities such as texts, audio, and visuals. The converging media
can now easily share its content by just having the content linked from one
platform to another platform. Because of these convergences, the information is
shared and provided by the installed software that is capable of running the
program. There are various situations that you can make use of multimedia.
83
Here are the distinct features of multimedia:
• Multimedia is nonlinear
Since multimedia uses a variety of media to relay the information, the author or user can freely navigate
from one point of presentation to another. This means that unlike some forms of media, the use of
multimedia is not restricted by the chronological or logical sequencing of content. Multimedia can
exploit the use of hypertexts or hyperlinks that can let the user jump from one link to the next ink.
• Multimedia is interactive
Interactivity allows the user to control, combine and manipulate media. Furthermore, this permits the
user to embed hyperlinks, drop downs menus or clickable tabs/ buttons in order to navigate other points
within and outside the multimedia presentation. In education, multimedia can create an environment
within the presentation where the learner can give inputs and ask the system to provide certain outputs
or feedback.
• Multimedia modality is digital

This enables the user to instantly access different portions of a stored data. This is because of the
rotate
Our generation is said to be the experts of multimedia. Hence, understanding the positive and negative
sides of multimedia would make us become more skilled in using this form of media.
Advantages of Multimedia Disadvantages of Multimedia

• Multimedia enhances the effect • Multimedia could be non-
of text presentations interactive if there is no
• Multimedia improves the quality feedback from the audience.
of presentation and retains the • Multimedia creation is complex
attention of audience and time consuming.
• Multimedia could be used for • Multimedia could be embedded
educational as well as in different formats and when
entertainment purpose used in a different device can
• Multimedia presentation is cause malfunction.
modified easily.
84
Now that you have understood the facets of multimedia, let us now discuss manipulative media.
Manipulative media is defined as any material, program, or application that people use to
formulate new information to aid learning through the use, analysis, evaluation, and production
of interactive and hands-on media. The use of manipulatives is constructivists because
students are actively engaged in discovery during the learning process. Therefore,
manipulative media is important in learning since it involves the stimulation of senses, which
produces better learning retention.
Manipulative media is otherwise known as interactive media, which means that the media
engage the user and interact with him or her in a way that non-interactive media do not. Some
examples include Web sites and video games. Social media is a kind of interactive media
because they use graphics and texts that allow the sharing of information between users. Video
games are also considered examples of interactive media or manipulative media because the
players or users are able to control and respond to visual and sound cues on the screen that
are generated by a computer program.
Furthermore, here are the criteria for consideration of manipulative-based media and information for the
integration to the lesson:
• Quality of material
• Development of the material
• Knowledgeable facilitator or teacher
Take note that manipulative media are any objects that allow students to explore an idea in an active
and hands-on approach. Its main aim is to let the students or users connect ideas and symbols to
physical objects, which will promote a better understanding.
ELABORATE
This is a reinforcement of the terms discussed in your unit 1 -4. Be reminded that multimedia
uses text, visuals and audio. Ergo, here are the elements of multimedia and manipulative media.
TEXT is used a headlines, subtitles, and slogans. Its purpose is to
express specific information or reinforce information in other media.
GRAPHICS may it be still or static pictures typically accompany text to
illustrate the point or ideas the text makes.
ANIMATION happens when certain figures or images are manipulated to
appear as moving images. It can also include interactive effects allowing visitors
to engage with the animation action using their mouse and keyboard.
AUDIO is a multimedia application that uses dialogue, recorded narration, music and sound
effects.
VIDEO is a medium used for recording, copying, playback and broadcasting.
85
EVALUATE
2nd Semester, 2nd Grading
WRITTEN WORK #1 (30 Pts.)
86
PERFORMANCE TASK #2 (30 Pts.)
88
REFERENCES
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cCegQIABAA&oq=simulation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIHCA AQsQMQQzICCAAyBAgAEEMyBAg
AEEMyBAgAEEMyAggAMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDUL1jWL1jYO1zaABwAHgAgAG1AYgBtQGSA
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media/educational-implications
Course Hero (2020). Manipulative-information-and-Media.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/46350181/Manipulative-Information-and-Mediadocx/
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JqYKHcoQCswQ2-
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gIABCxAxCDAToECAAQHjoGCAAQCBAeOgYIABAKEBhQ_aEGWKLfBmCm5QZoBXAAeACAATyIAZINk
bih=754&biw=1536#imgrc=Rbl2phP4qpuLfM&imgdii=3rIYMo516OmhHM
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VqxYsBHUJQAdwQ_AUoAXoECBEQAw&biw=1536&bih=754#imgrc=Q_RztDgLOvozsM
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Publishing House, Inc.
Yuvienco, J. C. (2017). Media & information literacy being a B.E.S.T. digital citizen for senior high school. C&E
Publishing, Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. (2018). Understanding media and information
literacy in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
REFERENCES
Are we living in a computer simulation? (n.d.).
https://www.google.com/search?q=simulation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi9_8TJmdntAhXrwIsBHQNcBOE
Q cCegQIABAA&oq=simulation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIHCA
AQsQMQQzICCAAyBAgAEEMyBAg
AEEMyBAgAEEMyAggAMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDUL1jWL1jYO1zaABwAHgAgAG1AY
gBtQGSA
QMwLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=
coDdX73-
FuuBr7wPg7iRiA4&bih=754&biw=1536#imgrc=C7L7IAK-
4vwR0M
Castigador, Cortez, Lumitao; Macapagal, Pitao. Manipulative

mediahttps://nanananylie.wixsite.com/manipulative- media/educational-implications
Course Hero (2020). Manipulative-information-and-Media.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/46350181/Manipulative-Information-and-Mediadocx/
Early Childhood Education. (n.d.)

https://www.google.com/search?q=examples+of+montessori+ac&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjO38qV
ltntAhV0 JqYKHcoQCswQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=examples+of+montessori+ac&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyBAgAEB
g6BQgAELEDOg
gIABCxAxCDAToECAAQHjoGCAAQCBAeOgYIABAKEBhQ_aEGWKLfBmCm5QZoBXA
AeACAATyIAZINk
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Geography-Montessori Compass. (n.d).
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ltntAhV0 JqYKHcoQCswQ2-
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VqxYsBHUJQAdwQ_AUoAXoECBEQAw&biw=1536&bih=754#imgrc=Q_RztDgLOvozsM
Montessori, M. (N.d.). About Montessori school. https://montessori-nw.org/about-montessori-
education.
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highschool. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Yuvienco, J. C. (2017). Media & information literacy being a B.E.S.T. digital citizen for
senior high school. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Zaportera, J. S., Marquez, S. T., Pacoma, M.A., Ayson, A.U. (2018). Understanding
media and information literacy in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing
90
91
92
MODULE 4
Media messages are curated from codes
and conventions which are reckoned as
part and parcel of media languages.
These codes and conventions are
embedded in genres which are used to
cluster media texts.
Genres, codes, and conventions can help

you interpret media messages, albeit
being just a consumer of media. Context
is also central to understanding the
messages spewed by genres, codes, and
conventions. Effective utilization of these
tools allows you to unravel hidden
MEDIA meanings of various media texts.
Indeed, the efforts that content creators

LANGUAGES sprinkle on their crafts to inform, entertain,
or persuade media consumers are quite
remarkable. However, as a media
AND consumer, you have to be smart and
critical when you absorb media messages
especially in the digital realm, where
PEOPLE MEDIA anyone can create a media content. They
say “in receiving media messages,
vigilance is key.” Ergo, you should
carefully examine media messages before
you completely “devour” them.
93
UNIT 1
to:
1. explain how media languages are

interpreted by an audience;
2. interpret media texts by looking into

genres and conventions used; and
3. discuss the implication of media and

information to an individual and
society.
94
ENGAGE
Recall your encounter with the following instances of media
exposure:
a. The types/themes of news story headlines;
b. The types/themes of print advertisement or TV commercials;
c. The genres/plots/themes of films;
d. The themes of reality-based programs; and
e. The trends in social media platforms (e.g., viral videos,
memes, etc…)
What can you say about the form and content of the messages that the
media forms above relay to audiences? Are there any consistent
patterns that characterize these messages?
EXPLORE
Various media and information sources use languages that communicate

different messages. Technical aspects of media sources, such as sounds
and lighting, affect how people interpret a message. Media and
information sources speak differently to their audience even if they have
similar content. This lesson will let you grasp how ideas or messages
are communicated through codes and conventions.
What is media language? Orbelar (2009) as cited in Bautista and Ignacio (2016)
state that media language is a method, which consists of signs and symbols, utilized
by information producers to convey meanings to their audiences. According to
Revano (2016), the different types of media languages are visual language, aural
language, written language, and non-verbal language.
Visual language broadly Aural language refers to diegetic Written language Non-verbal language
refers to codes and sound/non-diegetic sounds that pertains to text language refers to body languages
effects used in television help create a scene’s environment, that generates meaning. (e.g., gestures, facial
and film, e.g., camera atmosphere, and mood. Texts allow the publication expression, etc… The
movements and angles to present a story in a meaning received by the
convey the meaning of particular way. audience is seen through
the story or scene. how the actors use their
Diegetic sounds are raw sounds in
body.
audio-video materials (e.g., voices,
footsteps, etc…) while
non-diegetic sounds are the

sounds that have been added in
the post-production stage of the
material (e.g., sound effects).
95
Click this link for you further to understand the difference between diegetic sounds and non-
diegetic sounds.
EXPLAIN
Media messages can be further understood when an audience has

a good grasp of the following constructs: genres, codes, and
conventions. Let us differentiate these terms vis-à-vis media
languages. Genres and conventions will be discussed in this unit;
codes will be discussed in the subsequent unit.
Genre is a French word for Convention is a practice or Code is a system or

“type” or “kind.” It is a significant technique that is generally collection of signs that
component in understanding used in a field. create meaning when put
literature, theatre, film, television, together.
and other art and media forms.
Roles of Genre in Understanding Media Messages
Indeed, genre helps readers and viewers to understand a media message. However,
genre is not fixed or static; hence, there are factors that may influence how media messages
can be interpreted. The factors include:
• One’s role in the society, i.e., a student may interpret the message differently
compared to someone who is a working adult;
• Group purposes – one’s reason for consuming the message affects his
understanding of it, i.e., when one watches for entertainment, he tends to be less
critical of the hidden intention of the message;
• Professional and organizational preferences A media and information
and prerequisites – one’s biases toward the literate person has a specific
message may affect his interpretation of it; and mindset for each genre. This
• Cultural constraints – the culture one belongs ensures that the
to may have a different way of looking at things communication is properly
compared to other cultures.
achieved.
96
Another construct relevant to interpreting media messages is convention. According to

Croteau and Hoynes (2003), conventions are “techniques or practices that are widely used in
different fields. These are habits or long accepted ways of doing things, relatively on the style
and content.” Conventions can be classified as either technical or genre specific.
Technical Genre Convention

Convention is associated with the
is applied to technical type of content. It
area, i.e., length of includes musicals,
TV series, films, or horror, comedy,
music videos romance, etc...
Media Conventions
The information presented in the table are common conventions used in film and print
media.
Conventions Key Concepts
Story principles Storylines - concurrent storylines; interrelated storylines

Themes – values statement; subliminal message
Motifs – reoccurring events, objects, or sounds
Form and structure Linear narrative – chronological structure of the narrative
Circular narrative – repeated plot points;
Flashback/Flash forward narrative – inclusion of flashbacks or flash-forwards
Character Character establishment; character development; character motivation
Cause and effect storyline Twists in narratives that engage audiences
Point on view Point of view from which the narrative is presented
POV referring to a SHOT taken from a character’s point of view
Structuring of time Temporal order – the order in which the story is screened
Temporal duration – the manipulation of time
97
Temporal frequency – the number of times an even is shown to an audience

Elements of page layout Elements of page layout consideration: space, hierarchy, images and size, color,
white space/negative space, text, headlines, font and size, etc…
Hyperlinking and mounting Embedded links within online texts/images
Creating a platform for the media content/product to be viewed by the audience
ELABORATE
When you think of media messages, you may consider different types of
news or various forms of advertisement as examples of these because they
provide a venue for the transfer of a message through a medium. According
to a book entitled Understanding Media and Culture, “media messages can
range from overt statements to vague expressions of cultural values.”
Disagreements over the content of media messages certainly exist, but the
fact remains that mass media have long been used to persuade and create an impact on an
individual and the society. The following information briefly presents some implications of media
messages to an individual and the society.
Propaganda and Propaganda is a visual presentation used to change public attitudes about a
Persuasion particular person or subject. For instance, political parties and candidates use the
media to present information to the public, to shape public opinion, and to gain public
support.
Media and Behavior Media messages may affect people’s behavior positively or negatively. People may
acquire healthy lifestyle or explore aspects of identity like gender, sexuality, and
relationships. Meanwhile, media texts may trigger issues concerning body image,
health, lifestyle, etc…
Media and Sex In many types of media, sexual content—and its strong emotional message—can be
prolific. This exposure, according to researches, may have negative or positive
impacts on people.
Media and Culture Media sends messages that reinforce cultural values. Some advertisements can
reinforce cultural stereotypes that marginalize certain groups.
New Media and Society The Internet and other digital forms of communication have had a large effect on
society. These platforms provide easy access to a plethora of information that may
provide literacy.
98
Look at the advertisements below. How does each advertisement use propaganda to persuade
target costumers? What cultural values or stereotypes are portrayed in the two advertisements?
99

WRITTEN WORK #2 (30 Pts.)
EVALUATE
100
REFERENCES
Bautista, A. P. Jr. & Ignacio, J. M. R. (2016). Media and information literacy in the 21st century. Brilliant
Creations Publishing, Inc.
Infinigeek. (2020). 8 tools and gadgets all content creators should have. https://infinigeek.com/8-tools-
and-gadgets-all-content-creators-should-have/
Libraries Publishing. (2016). Understanding media and culture. https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaand

culture/chapter/2-1-mass-media-and-its-messages/#fwk-luleapollo-ch14
Media. (n.d.). Codes and conventions of media. http://www.mediaknite.org/code-conventions-of-media/
Media and information literacy. (2019). DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
101
102
UNIT 2
to:
1. identify the technical, symbolic, and

written codes used to convey
meaning in a variety of media and
information texts;
2. recognize the pivotal role of media

creators in constructing media texts;
and
3. create a slideshow of snapshots that

present social issues or concerns
employing codes and conventions.
103
ENGAGE
As mentioned previously, media messages can be interpreted by

looking into the codes used by media or content creators. Although
codes guide the way messages may be interpreted, is it a guarantee
that all people will understand the messages in the same way that
others would?
EXPLORE
Codes are systems of signs that are put together to create arbitrary
meaning (Fiske, 1987). Bautista and Ignacio (2016) explain that
codes consist of signs that have meaning and the meaning is
dictated by agreed rules of interpretation. However, they argued that
codes cannot guarantee that a media message will mean the same for all types of audiences,
albeit being deemed as guide for interpreting media messages. The message is still subject to
misinterpretation due to factors like culture, personal biases, and level of knowledge.
EXPLAIN
In the field of media, there is a long list of typologies of codes, but for
everyday consumption of media messages, the common codes will
be discussed in this lesson as they are more practical at the moment.
Knowing how to delve into the different codes employed in a media

text will definitely help you to extract its message/s. Young (2017)
says that akin to media conventions, media codes are considered as
building blocks of all forms of media. There are three common types of codes: technical codes,
symbolic codes, and written codes. The diagram below will succinctly explain the differences
among the three codes.
104
Codes
Symbolic Codes Technical Codes

objects; setting; Written Codes
camera shots and angles;
body language; framing; lighting; language style;
actions; exposure; textual layout
mise-en-scene depth of fields
A. Symbolic Codes
One way to analyze media representations is through denotations and connotations.

Denotation is the literal aspect of an information while connotation refers to the meaning or
interpretation people associate with an information.
Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Pierce used the terms signifier (denotation) and
signified (connotation) in their discussion of semiotics, which is deemed as the study of signs
and symbols.
Each of the pictures below has one denotation which explains the information presented
in its literal sense. However, several connotations can be extracted from each image.
Denotation/Signifier – a red rose,

which is a type of flower
Connotation/Signified – romance;
love; passion
Denotation/Signifier – a
closed/clenched and raised fist
Connotation/Signified – solidarity;
support; against oppression
CARP (n.d.). Photo of a clenched fist on a red background.

https://www.carp.ca/istock_000007578355medium/
105
There are codes embedded in objects, setting, body language, clothing, and color. These
codes suggest or connote, rather than explicitly state the meaning of a media message. The
understanding of the message may depend on the receiver of the message. For instance, in
soap opera scene, you may see a character dressed in black and crying while seated on a chair
and caressing an object of importance to her. Because of your familiarity with the cultural
symbolism of wearing black, you will begin to think that a character very dear to the one crying
has passed away. Another example is when a drinking glass suddenly slips from the hand of a
character which connotes a premonition that danger looms or trouble awaits. Symbolic codes
are very effective in suggesting meaning because they utilize your sense of imagination and rely
on your familiarity with cultural signs and symbols.
Color has a huge psychological impact on audience, both in print and moving image.
Color is often an element that a creator will rely on to convey ideological meaning for the
audience. Color grading as an editing technique has a psychological effect on an audience’s
reading of a narrative. By manipulating color, the creator suggests a preferred reading of the
text.
Codes and Conventions. (n.d.). Image of color psychology [Online Image].

http://www.mediaknite.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Code-Convention-
Booklet.pdf
In film, color is used to set the tone of the scene before any of the actors have even
muttered a word of dialogue. Red denotes passion, power, love, and danger. Pink signifies
femininity, innocence, and beauty. Yellow is associated with joy, naivety, and insanity. Blue
symbolizes isolation and calmness.
106
Another important symbolic code used by film/theatre producers or directors to add depth
and meaning to media contents is mise-en-scène. Mise-en-scène [mēz ˌän ˈ s en] is a French term
that means everything within the frame. The following constructs are deemed as the four aspects
of mise-en-scène.
Setting
These are the elements within the frame that function to depict space, place, and time period.
Costume and Make-Up
Costume and make-up express character situation, mood, or consciousness.
Costume can play important motivating and causal roles in the narrative.
Make-up functions to define and articulate character.
Lighting
Lighting conveys texture.
Lighter and darker areas within the frame help create the overall composition of each shot, guiding our attention within the frame.
Lighting shapes objects by creating highlights and shadows.

Acting (Figure movement and expression)
This pertains to the physical performance of character, including gestures, expressions, and actions.
In film, mise-en-scene helps one understand the meaning of the story by carefully
evaluating the cinematographic elements (lighting, camera angle, camera shots, color scheme,
etc.), character elements (blocking, acting, wardrobe, costume, make-up, etc.), or set design
(props, decor, etc.). In a stage play, mise-en-scene pertains to every element that is set on stage.
It allows the audience to construe the meaning of the play by looking into the interplay of different
elements such as setting, props, costume, hairstyle, make-up, wardrobe, characterization,
acting, lighting, color scheme, etc…
Look for the link below, and watch the short video about the essence of mise-en-scène in
film-making. The clip is entitled What is Mise-en-scene in Film?
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/mise-en-scene/
107
B. Technical Codes
Technical codes refer to the equipment or materials that are used to tell the story in a media text
such as camera angles and techniques, framing, depth of fields, lighting, and exposure. The type of film
shot or the manner of capturing a scene or even the way the scenes are spliced and put together through
editing suggests a particular meaning.
1. Camera Shots. A camera shot is the amount of space that is seen in one shot or frame. Camera
shots are used to demonstrate different aspects of a film's setting, characters and themes, making them
very important in shaping meaning in a film.
108
5. Medium shot is one of the most common

camera shots. It frames from roughly the waist up
and through the torso, and it emphasizes more of
the subject while keeping the surroundings visible.
Medium shot example from X-Men: Days of Future

Past
6. Medium close-up frames the subject from

roughly the chest up. It typically favors the face,
but still keeps the subject somewhat distant. The
medium close-up camera shot size keeps the
characters eerily distant even during their face-to-
face conversation.
Medium close-up shot example from No Country
for Old Men
7. Close-up shot fills the frame with a part of the
subject. If the subject is a person, it is often his/her
face. This is used to reveal a subject’s emotions
and reactions.
Close-up shot example from The Usual Suspects
8. Extreme close-up shot is the most one can fill

a frame with the subject. It often shows eyes,
mouth, and gun triggers. In extreme close-up
shots, smaller objects get great detail and are the
focal point.
Extreme close-up shot example from X-Men: First

Class
Source of the photos: Studiobinder. (2020). Step-by-step guide to making a

shot list. https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-camera-shots/
109
2. Camera Angles. The angle of the camera is the angle from which the image is viewed. The
camera angle can have a major impact on how the audience will perceive a character, object,
or place.
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-camera-shots/
110
5. Aerial shot is taken from way up high. It

establishes a large expanse of scenery.
Aerial shot example from Blade Runner
6. Ground level shot is taken when the camera’s

height is on ground level with the subject. Needless
to say, this shot captures what’s going on the
ground where the subject stands on.
Ground level shot example from Star Wars VIII: The

Last Jedi
7. Shoulder level shot is taken when the camera

is roughly as high as the subject’s shoulders. A
shoulder level shot is actually much more standard
than an eye level shot, which can make the actor
seem shorter than reality. It can maximize the
feeling of superiority when paired with a low angle.
Shoulder level shot example from Black Panther
8. Bird’s eye view shot or overhead shot is from

way up high, looking down on the subject and a
good amount of the scenery surrounding him or
her. This can create a great sense of scale and
movement.
Overhead shot example from Eternal Sunshine of

the Spotless Mind
Source of the photos: Studiobinder. (2020). Step-by-step guide to making a

shot list. https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-camera-shots/
111
from below, as though the observer were

a worm; the opposite of a bird's-eye view.
perspective.
Reaction shot shows a character’s
a character’s reaction to the shot that has

preceded it.
112
3. Camera Movements. Composers of films also use camera movement to shape meaning.
The following are some examples of common camera movements and how they can be used
to shape meaning in films.
113
C. Written codes
Written codes refer to the use of language style and textual layout (headlines, captions,
speech bubbles, among others). The use of language style and layout also express meaning. In
newspapers, for instance, the layout speaks about the degree of importance of a news story with
respect to other news stories. Typically, newspaper editors follow the inverted “S” of news layout
because the mode by which people read would be from left to right and from the upper fold of
the newspaper down to the lower fold. Captions, titles, taglines, and other language
elements are also utilized in a way that may suggest a meaning. This is more often dictated by
editorial principles and policies of a news agency or organization.
Look at the following examples of print media. Take note of how the language style and
textual layout of each publication conveys the intended messages.
Tibaldo, J. (2017). MIL module 4. https://www2.slideshare.net/janettie/mil-module-4-76233737
114
EVALUATE
PERFORMANCE TASK # 3 (30 Pts.)
CULMINATING TASK
115
REFERENCES
Bautista, A. P. Jr. & Ignacio, J. M. R. (2016). Media and information literacy in the 21st century. Brilliant
Creations Publishing, Inc.
Darthmouth College. (n.d.). Mise-en-scène. https://www.dartmouth.edu/~film01/mise.html
Studiobinder. (2020). Step-by-step guide to making a shot list. https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/

ultimate-guide-to-camera-shots/
Young, R. (2017). Media codes and conventions.

https://media.codes/media-codes-and-conventions-c03423c06aa8
116
117
UNIT 3
to:
1. identify the types and characteristics

of people media;
2. explicate the roles played by people

media as source of important
information; and
3. discuss an issue showing the power

of media and information to affect
change.
118
ENGAGE
What is people media? Who do you think are deemed as people media?
EXPLORE
People media refers to an assembly of people with a common interest of
becoming the main means of mass communication. Stone (n.d.) mentions that
people media consists of people who communicate certain information towards
an audience. It also refers to people who appear in different forms of media like
TV, radio, and print media for the same purpose. There are two types of people
media: people as media and people in media. The Venn diagram below will
explicate the difference between the two.
119
People who are well- Media practitioners who

oriented in media sources People People provide information coming
from their expert knowledge
and messages;
they are able to as in or first-hand experiences of
provide inform as accurate events
and reliable as possible media media
EXPLAIN
Carballo (2018) explains that people media is known as the assembly of
people with common interest where they become the main means of mass
communication. In other words, people are media themselves since they
have the ability for mass communication. People as media is classified into
the following constructs: opinion leaders, citizen journalism, social journalism,
and crowdsourcing. On the other hand, people in media are the print
journalists, photojournalists, broadcast journalists, and multimedia journalists.
PEOPLE AS MEDIA
1. Opinion Leaders
- They are knowledgeable and respected in their
field, with views that carry significance to the
community.
- They are sources of viable interpretation of
messages for lower-end media users.
- They interpret rather than copy media content,
and they actively share it with the public. Cision. (2018). A screenshot of Stephen King’s tweet. [Online Image].
https://www.cision.com/2018/07/influencers-vs-opinion-leaders/
- Their opinions are accepted by a group.
120
2. Citizen Journalism
- People without professional journalism training
can use the tools of moderns technology and
Internet to create, augment, or fact-check media on
their own or in collaboration with others.
Gulotta, N. (n.d.). A photo of Occupy Wall Street demonstration.

[Photograph].https://misinfocon.com/citizen-journalism-could-become-
collateral-damage-in-the-fight-against-fake-news-c93658a59fd4
3. Social Journalism
- Social journalism is a fusion of professional
journalists, contributors, and readers.
- Social journalists are essentially professional
journalists or “paid and unpaid contributors and
readers.”
- Journalists use social media platforms to make
their content available to more people.
Medium. (n.d.). A screenshot of Medium online publishing platform.

https://medium.com
4. Crowdsourcing
- It is the practice of obtaining needed services,
ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a
large group of people especially form the online
community.
Remitio, R. (2019). In Facebook. [Facebook Page].

https://www.facebook.com/RexCNNPH
121
PEOPLE IN MEDIA
1. Print Journalists
2. Photojournalists
3. Broadcasts journalists
4. Multimedia journalists
ELABORATE
Since people media are generally deemed as individuals involved in the
production and dissemination of media contents, they are expected to
emulate dedication, passion, sociability, respect, trust, creativity, and
dynamism. Magpile (2016) succinctly describes people media as:
a. Dedicated and passionate – Since they have a great responsibility on their

shoulders to meet the expectations of a wide variety of audience, they must
be dedicated and passionate to accomplish their tasks and to satisfy their
audience.
b. Sociable and outgoing – Media gets its messages from people, so it is
important for them to meet and talk to people that could answer their
questions.
c. Respectable and trustworthy – Media must maintain its reputable image.
People media are responsible for delivering factual information because the
public relies on them for information.
d. Creative and dynamic - People involved in media must also come up with
creative and unique ideas to attract the audience’s attention. They must
become flexible for them to offer a one-of-a-kind perspective.
122
EVALUATE
WRITTEN WORK # 3 (30 Pts.)
123
124
REFERENCES
Carballo, Ruel. (2018). BA media and information literacy.

https://bamil786447613.wordpress.com/2018/11/05/people-media/
Magpile, C. M. (2016). Media and information literacy (Enhancing education through effective
communication). Inteligente Publishing, Inc.
Ping, A. (2017). Media and information literacy: People media.

https://www.slideshare.net/arnielping/11-media-and-information-literacy-mil-people-media
Stone, C. (n.d.). What is people media and information? https://ewikstar.wixsite.com/mil-

eportfolio/people-media
125

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MEDIA AND

Ria Francis A. Robles

Reviewed and Approved by:

I. Course Title: Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

II. Course Overview

B. Course Learning Outcomes

C. Module, Unit Topics, and Study Schedule

FIRST GRADING PERIOD

Unit 2 Evolution of Media Week 2

Unit 3 Media Literacy, Information Week 3

MODULE 2 MEDIA AND INFORMATION: CULTURES, COMMUNITIES, AND

Unit 2 Current and Future Trends of Media Week 6-7

SECOND GRADING PERIOD

Unit 2 Visual and Motion Information Week 2

Unit 3 Manipulative and Multimedia Week 3

MODULE 4 MEDIA LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE MEDIA

Unit 2 Media Codes Weeks 5-6

Unit 3 People Media Week 7

III. Course Study Guide

B. The Culminating Task

PHOTO SLIDESHOW OR VIDEO PRESENTATION

VI. Technological Tools

VII. Grading System

Written Works/Tasks 40%

VIII. Contact Information

Teacher Messenger Account

Marian Dicawan Marian Dicawan

Looking forward to a pleasant teaching - learning experience with you!

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND PROMISSORY NOTE

I, of Grade Section , acknowledge that I

Therefore, I promise in the presence of my parent/guardian that:

1. I will constantly observe proper citation and acknowledgment when using

Acknowledgment and Promissory Note 6

Unit 2 Evolution of Media 19

Unit 1 Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues on Media and 37

Unit 2 Current and Future Trends of Media and 51

MEDIA LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE MEDIA

CULMINATING TASK 115

Do not let corrupt things invade your mind. Good

Media and Information Literacy, reckoned as an

To obtain a diverse range of competencies,

LITERACY person, community, and nation at large (UNESCO,

1. define communication based on given

2. acknowledge the importance of

3. write a reflection regarding the impact

VectorStock. (2021). Doyle, A. (2020). Communication skills for workplace success.

Graphic Display World. (2020). Tips on how to use

Jones,P. (n.d) 21 body language tips in the workplace. https://www.thejobnetwork.com/21-

Bajcharya, S. (2018). Laswell’s communication model. https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver’s Communication Model

Businesstopia in Communication. (2018). Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication.

Bruce Westley and Malcolm Maclean’s Communication Model presents the

Relievingdays. (2012). Maclean communication model.

2. RITUAL OR EXPRESSIVE MODEL is

3. PUBLICITY MODEL explains that

4. RECEPTION MODEL brings the idea that

2nd Semester, 1st Grading

Lunenburg, F.(2010) Communication: The process, barriers, and improving

Skills You Need. (2020). Verbal communication skills.

1. identify traditional media and new

2. appreciate the importance of

3. comprehend the relationships of