Копия International Atomic Energy - Background guide

Table of contents
What is SesiMun? ................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction: ........................................................................................................................... 5
History .................................................................................................................................... 6
Organization: .......................................................................................................................... 8
Topic Area A: Modern Nuclear Power................................................................................... 9
Closing Remarks: ................................................................................................................. 19
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 20
What is SesiMun?
Simulations of the United Nations (MUN) are academic and educational events aimed
at replicating the functioning of MUN bodies and committees in a simulated environment
where participants represent countries or organizations and assume the role of diplomatic
delegates. The goal is to reach realistic solutions and diplomatic agreements through
negotiations, resolutions.
SESIMUN is a delegation that participates in MUN simulations with the commitment
to promote understanding of global issues such as international affairs, global politics, and
humanitarian issues. Founded in 2020 by the English teacher Tiago Cantuario da Silveira and
the student Maria Vitoria Sanches, the delegation has been conducting MUN simulations,
even participating in one of the most renowned simulations like HMUN and earning awards
and honors. Here are some of the achievements accomplished:
BEST DELEGATE:
Ana Luiza Malanski - Bracademy Mun 22
João Dockhorn - International Mun
Lara Rank - NationMun Jr
HONORABLE MENTION:
Giulia Menezes - Bracademy Mun 22
Cecília Bittencourt - Future Generations Mun
HIGH COMMENDATION:
Laura Cauduro - Meliorum Mun
Meet our team!

The project was idealized and designed mainly by the faculty advisor, teacher Tiago
Cantuario da Silveira, who teaches English and Portuguese at the Sesi Centro school.
Graduated in 2015 from UTFPR College, Tiago studied Literature, a course where he had
the opportunity to come into contact with English and grew fond of the language. In addition
to his undergraduate degree, Tiago has a master's degree and a doctorate, both in literary
studies. He started teaching in 2013 and at Sesi School in 2016, today he has a 10-year career.
Currently, he is the Faculty Advisor of the SesiMun project, which since 2021 has been
reverberating in the school due to his relentless effort and commitment, that resulted in two
participations in the prestigious HMUN and in November of this year the first participation
in the renowned OxfordGlobal.
"The Model United Nations (MUN) club at SESI Centro School emerged from the
desire to participate in international competitions and secure awards for our school! In 2021,
we successfully secured our acceptance to participate in the world's largest and most
prestigious United Nations committee simulation, HMUN (Harvard Model United Nations).
This simulation is organized by Harvard students, and the editions take place in Boston,
United States. Therefore, we participated in the 2022 edition. After our participation, we
expanded the project within the school and obtained acceptance for a delegation of 12
students to HMUN in 2023! This way, we continue to host events and participate in online
and physical simulations in both national and international categories."
- Faculty Advisor Tiago Cantuário
Head Delegates
Head delegate: João Dockhorn
Grade: Senior year of High School.
"I joined the club at the beginning of 2022, initially, it was something relatively
aimless, just a project born from an idealized vision of the club - one that was presented as
an opportunity to improve my English language skills. However, as I became more engaged
in the project, I began to notice various other aspects of a simulation. The variability, the
constant shifts in direction, and, of course, the nuances of international politics began to
appeal to me more and more. SESIMUN has helped me develop all these skills and much
more, which is why I am extremely excited for our simulation. The mere thought of providing
the same opportunity I had to dozens of other students in the network is a source of ineffable
happiness for me."
Head delegate: Giulia Menezes de Oliveira

Grade: Senior year of High School
"I joined the club through a selective process (just like you) I believe it was at the
end of the first trimester of last year, and I became a head delegate at the beginning of this
year along with the other head delegates! For me, the best part of simulating is being able
to practice diplomatic interpretation with others! I find it to be a very enriching experience
that greatly contributes to social development, increasing confidence in speaking, public
speaking skills, and especially academic writing. MUNs have helped me a lot in these
aspects!"
Head delegate: Ana Luiza B. Malanski

Grade: Senior year of High School
"At first, I joined SESIMUN because I am very interested in the field of history and
international relations, and I saw the club as an opportunity to master some activities I've
always enjoyed, such as writing and public speaking. Essentially, SESIMUN encompasses
everything I'm interested in, and the best part of this experience was observing my own
improvement in the English language, my public speaking, and, most importantly, improving
my relationships with people. Additionally, one of my favorite parts is the research before
and during the simulation, which allows us to get to know the individualities of each nation."
Introduction:
In 1945, nuclear energy was introduced to the world, being understood by the
population in two ways: On the one hand, it provided a clean source of energy with almost
incomparable production potential; on the other hand, the world was shaken by the atomic
bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thus, international programs such as the IAEA (International
Atomic Energy Agency) emerged to monitor and guide the development of nuclear energy,
ensuring the safety of its applications. Although unanimously approved by the UN, in a 2005
report published by the IAEA itself, it appears that among citizens of 18 of the member
countries, only 26% of those interviewed had knowledge about the organization (while only
7% understood more about it). Furthermore, when asked about the effectiveness of the
nuclear inspections carried out, only 29% of those interviewed considered them to be
effective, while 46% considered them to be ineffective. Under the 2016 Paris Agreement, all
193 member countries were required to submit a plan, known as a National Contribution
Plan, determining how the delegation would reduce carbon emissions that year. Nuclear
energy presents promising clean energy potential, and according to the Nuclear Energy
Institute, this energy prevents 470 million metric tons of carbon from entering the atmosphere
with energy generated from fossil fuels. As described in the Paris Agreement, 192 countries
plus the European Union commit to neutralizing carbon and achieving net-zero emissions by
the year 2050. Even so, in 1996 the use of nuclear energy provided 17% of global energy,
currently this number approaches 10%.
Balancing the needs of industrialized member countries with the goal of achieving
carbon neutrality is essential for our future, and it will be your job as a delegate to discuss
how to reconcile these 2 competing factors, debating on issues relating to the expansion of
nuclear energy in countries with and without an existing nuclear capability.
The UN Committee on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an integral
part of the IAEA, an international organization created in 1957. The IAEA was established
to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and prevent the use of nuclear materials for
military purposes. This committee is made up of representatives from member countries,
including Europe, the United States and Japan. The IAEA aims to supervise and regulate the
use of nuclear energy at a global level, including the inspection of nuclear facilities to ensure
compliance with international treaties nuclear non-proliferation agreements. Since its
creation, the IAEA has played a key role in nuclear safety, promoting nuclear energy for
peaceful purposes, and preventing nuclear proliferation
• History
The foundation of the IAEA lies in its ability to respond to nuclear disasters when
they occur. With the aim of promoting a “strong and sustainable global nuclear security
framework in Member States, working to protect people, society, and the environment from
the harmful effects of ionizing radiation,” the IAEA is crucial both in preventing nuclear
disasters and understanding them when they occur. This makes the history of previous
nuclear disasters essential for the formulation of future policies.
The world has faced three serious nuclear disasters in history: Three Mile Island in
1979, Chernobyl in 1986, and Fukushima in 2011. All of them sparked international
discussions about nuclear energy, generating distrust in nuclear energy among the general
population and hostile nuclear energy policies at the governmental level. However, despite
localized damage largely contained after these disasters, they all evoked visions of nuclear
disaster inseparable from the history of nuclear energy.
The history and development of nuclear energy are intricately linked to the history
and development of nuclear weapons, which is an important fact to consider in the future
debate on nuclear energy expansion. While radiation had been observed and researched since
1895, the crucial discovery for what would culminate in the nuclear bomb occurred in 1938
when Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered the process of nuclear fission, the splitting
of uranium into lighter elements. In 1939, the experimental release of energy of 200 million
electron-volts was confirmed.
Laboratories worldwide were eager to research this enormous release of energy, and
in 1939, Enrico Fermi showed that neutrons were a byproduct of the original fission reaction
and could react with residual fragments of uranium, leading to a chain reaction and a massive
release of energy. The same year, Francis Perrin published a work on the critical mass of
uranium required to produce a self-sustaining chain reaction. Meanwhile, the United States
and other countries were more concerned with using the uncontrollable reaction as a weapon.
With the onset of World War II, there was a desire to use nuclear technology as a tool
to win the war, culminating in the Manhattan Project and the nuclear bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The Manhattan Project had a lasting impact on global
relations and the perception of nuclear energy. In response to the devastation caused by the
nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission was
established to investigate the long-term effects of radiation exposure. It concluded that
individuals exposed to substantial amounts of radiation still developed cancer, specifically
leukemia, decades after the initial explosions, with children at the highest risk. The cities
recovered, but the impacts of the bombs are still felt by generations.
After the Manhattan Project, the first nuclear power plant to generate electricity from
atomic energy was the Experimental Breeder Reactor (ERB-1) in the United States, primarily
used as a proof of concept. However, with Dwight D. Eisenhower’s 1953 speech on “Atoms
for Peace,” the narrative about nuclear energy began to change, considering its peaceful use
for power generation. Several countries developed nuclear power plants in the 1950s.
In 1979, the Three Mile Island accident occurred in the United States, which had a
significant impact on public opinion about nuclear energy. Although it did not cause deaths
or major damage, the accident sparked fear and distrust of nuclear energy. The Chernobyl
accident in 1986 was the most well-known and deadly nuclear disaster in history, causing
deaths from radiation exposure and mass evacuation. It had a significant impact on public
opinion and led to the cancellation of nuclear plans in several countries. In 2011, the
Fukushima disaster in Japan after an earthquake and tsunami caused the meltdown of three
nuclear reactors. While it did not cause immediate deaths, it raised significant concerns about
nuclear safety. These nuclear disasters shaped public perception and policy regarding nuclear
energy, leading to a decrease in nuclear energy use in some countries.
• Organization:
Primarily, the IAEA acts as a framework to promote the safe use of nuclear energy
globally and serves as a regulatory body for member countries developing nuclear
infrastructure. It plays crucial roles in investigating the safety of new nuclear reactor
construction and conducting additional inspections of operating nuclear reactors. This has
resulted in negative reactions from the public at various times, primarily being scapegoated
for the Fukushima accident in 2011. Additionally, different member countries of the IAEA
hold quite divergent opinions on the future of nuclear energy (and whether the future should
include nuclear energy), and delegates should be prepared to discuss nuclear energy from the
perspective of their own countries. While this background guide presents information that
may portray nuclear energy positively (as is the role of the IAEA), it Is important to keep in
mind your own country's perspective when formulating solutions.
We would like to see the debate progress from a more general overview of the
potential merits and harmful effects of nuclear energy in the preliminary stages to a more
focused and specific conversation later on; we have included several potential debate
questions in this guide, but the main point is to promote issue-oriented dialogue. We hope
delegates invite disagreement, as this is a complex topic with plenty of room for changing
opinions: while we have outlined the positions of various countries in this document, you
may find that there is some flexibility in many of them. The goal of this committee should
not be to determine how many countries are in favor or against nuclear energy and play a
numbers game, but rather to see significant development occur beyond superficial support or
opposition: with the many nuances of nuclear energy, we would like to see the debate explore
beyond the dichotomy of yes or no.
• Topic Area A: Modern Nuclear Power
Although the world has not faced a major nuclear accident in more than a decade,
fear still prevails in many nations. A poll in 2010, even before Fukushima, revealed
inconsistencies in popular support for nuclear energy; When asked whether the advantages
of nuclear energy outweigh its risks, most countries responded negatively, with little
correlation between a country's level of exposure to nuclear energy and its people's support
for nuclear energy. Furthermore, the degree of support was also inconsistent: among
countries with existing nuclear energy infrastructure, only a few indicated dedicated support
(Czech Republic, Hungary, Sweden, Lithuania), while several indicated strong oppositions
(Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia, Belgium, France). Others indicated a balanced
perception, but still had more opposition online than support. What was consistent across this
report was the degree of support for nuclear power in countries without existing nuclear
power infrastructure: among 12 countries surveyed, all indicated strong opposition to the
development of nuclear power. In fact, only 12% of respondents across all countries indicated
favorable views of nuclear energy, while 54% indicated strong opposition. Although each
nuclear disaster may seem paler with the perspective of time and information, there is no
doubt that legacy still harms public opinion to this day.
However, public opinion has not completely stopped the implementation and
development of nuclear energy infrastructure. In 2022, nuclear energy represented 10.3% of
the electricity generated in the world comes from 439 operable reactors in 33 countries
(Statista). Most of the energy generated came from North America and Europe, followed by
Asia, and followed by the rest of the world (World Nuclear Association). Many countries
now rely on nuclear energy to sustain a substantial portion of their energy use, with 13
countries relying on it for more than a quarter of their electricity. Here, there appears to be a
clear conflict: although public support has been gradual, slowly increasing over time, public
sentiment has often stagnated or declined over time. However, some areas of the world have
seen growth even post-Fukushima. This section of the reference guide will highlight
examples of countries that have increased their nuclear dependency capacity and those that
have decreased their nuclear dependency, their rationale and policy for doing so, and the
resulting impact on their countries.
JAPAN
Whenever the world experiences a nuclear accident, it is those closest to it who see
the most noticeable changes. This is clearly illustrated in a post-Fukushima Japan: while
nuclear power accounted for almost 30% of the electricity generated in Japan in 2010, in
2014 it accounted for 0% as all reactors were shut down for inspection (world nuclear,
Statista). Today despite government revitalization efforts, nuclear power generates only 7.2%
of Japan's electricity, and 27 fully built nuclear reactors remain offline. This illustrates the
most prevalent challenge there is to nuclear power's ubiquity: despite Japan's government
expressing support for reimplementing nuclear power for several years, there has not been
widespread public support.
Immediately after the accident, a survey of the Japanese public showed that 70%
opposed nuclear power, calling for it to be eliminated entirely. As an island nation, Japan
lacks several natural resources such as oil and coal and therefore has a heavy dependence on
imports for its energy sector. Nuclear energy, when implemented in the 1970s, was a way to
combat this dependence. That is, the phase-out meant enormous consequences for the
Japanese economy: post-Fukushima and massive public opposition to nuclear energy, Japan
depended on imports for 94% of its primary energy (FEPC). Total energy production has
fallen by almost 40% since 1990, which has led to an increase in energy shortages over the
past decade (IAEA). This drop can be attributed to several factors, but it is extremely telling
that compared to 1990, energy production increased by 36% in 2010 and decreased by 59%
in 2011, with numerous reactors built immediately, immediately preceding the Fukushima
disaster, being turned off. Energy shortages and subsequent economic struggles can be
directly attributed to the phase-out of nuclear power.
To combat internal power struggles, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida has indicated
support for restarting several nuclear reactors and working to rebuild former Japan's booming
nuclear sector. This was further catalyzed by the Russia-Ukraine war relationship, as Japan
previously depended on Russia for 9% of natural gas imports before imposing heavy
sanctions on the country. Japan plans to combat this by increasing electricity generation
domestically through nuclear reactors. The biggest reason for Japan's revitalization will be
efforts in the nuclear sector that reside in public sentiment: according to Nobuo Tanaka, the
chairperson of the Innovation Forum for Cool Earth, said that for the first time since
Fukushima, public support for energy nuclear is above 60%. While this has some hope of
completion, it is important to note that it took over a decade and the threat of enormous
amounts of scarce energy for the Japanese public to again consider nuclear power an option,
despite it providing nearly 30% of the electricity generated for three decades before the
Fukushima disaster. Internal distrust has proven to be a powerful force in preventing nuclear
power from gaining a stronger grip on the world through energy supply.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Although it was once the initial force in the development of nuclear energy, America
has fallen far from Eisenhower's vision in his Atoms for Peace address. Despite having the
longest history of nuclear power use in the world, nuclear power only generates about 20%
of the electricity used in the United States today. That said, it is still the largest source of
nuclear energy in the world, accounting for almost 30% of the world's nuclear electricity
production (World Nuclear Association). This boasts the largest fleet of nuclear reactors in
the world, with 92 reactors currently operable. However, other numbers seem to indicate a
stagnant nuclear progress: 41 nuclear reactors are closed in the United States today, and only
2 are under construction for future use (World Nuclear Association). Following the three-
mile disaster on the island, construction of all new nuclear power infrastructure facilities has
been paused, meaning new reactors have not been built and those in existence are reaching
the end of their life cycles. In fact, although other countries have seen sharp increases and
decreases in the share of electricity generated by nuclear power over the past three decades,
America has consistently had about 20% of its electricity come from nuclear power sources
since 1990.
In fact, the use of nuclear power had exponential growth until a sharp slowdown in
1979 (representing the public reaction to the Three Mile Accident on the island) followed by
further exponential growth, until a complete plateau in both nuclear capacity and generation
since 1992. In recent history, the political side of nuclear energy also appears to have
stagnated in America. Since 2013, 12 reactors have been forced to close prematurely due to
a lack of financial support. Although the private sector has heavy involvement in the United
States nuclear program, the energy industry, a customary practice in several countries with
copious amounts of nuclear infrastructure, relies on government support to ensure safety and
continued production.
Although the Biden-Harris administration has put effort into revitalizing nuclear
energy, such as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act establishing a $6 billion civil nuclear credit
program and the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) establishing plans to
put two new advanced reactors online within five to seven years, these efforts are unlikely to
significantly increase the share of electricity coming from nuclear power significantly on
their own. Far from being in a state of exponential growth seen in the 1960s and 1970s, the
current nuclear energy infrastructure is poorly supported. Much of this, again, comes from
the lack of public support for nuclear energy. According to a 2022 Pew Research Center
survey, 35% of people support the government encouraging nuclear energy, while 26% say
the government should discourage it. A similar poll found an even more contested
breakdown, with 51% of Americans in favor of nuclear power and 47% opposed. When those
who oppose nuclear power were asked why, 69% cited the risk of nuclear meltdown and 64%
cited the difficulty of disposing of nuclear waste. But that was not always the case. According
to a study of nuclear energy research trends by Rosa and Dunlap, “By the end of the 1970s,
a majority of Americans supported, often by wide margins, growth in nuclear energy [...] in
contrast, the October 1981 result showing majority opposition signaled a break with the past
[...] over the last seven years (1988-1994), opposition exceeded support by a margin of about
2/1.” Public support has not yet returned to the levels seen in the 1970s. The fears generated
by Three Mile Island, however unfounded and sensationalistic, remain alive in public
discourse in America today.
EUROPEAN UNION
While not all European countries follow the same trajectory, as will be discussed in
the future, several European Union nations have similar policies, emphasizing hesitancy
about nuclear energy. For example, Belgium which currently generates 50% of its electricity
from nuclear power, plans to phase out energy entirely by 2025. Similarly, Spain plans to
phase out nuclear power domestically by 2035. Germany, which currently generates around
25% of its electricity from nuclear power, is even more extreme, the plan was to phase out
nuclear power entirely by 2022. Portugal has never had nuclear power in a commercial
capacity, and from a 2011 report, according to the IAEA, currently, “the use of nuclear energy
is not contemplated” in the country. In Italy and Lithuania, both previously had flourishing
nuclear energy sectors, they completely decommissioned their nuclear sectors in 1990 and
2009, respectively, the only countries to have ever completely phased out nuclear power from
their energy sector. Lithuania did so as a condition of joining the European Union in the first
place due to security concerns. In 1985, Denmark banned power production from nuclear
power, allowing the import of electricity from nuclear power facilities but banning them
domestically. Although not intact today, Sweden, which relies on nuclear power for about
40% of its electricity generated today, had a similar plan in 1980 to phase out nuclear power
entirely, a decision not reversed until 2010 (World Nuclear Association). Austria is even
more extreme: in addition to not having internal electricity generated from nuclear energy, it
prohibits the import of electricity from nuclear sources.
While not indicative of all member countries, these countries show a trend among
many European nations that oppose nuclear power. Many policies that oppose nuclear
expansion or promote the phase-out of nuclear power can be traced back to the Chernobyl
disaster. Three Mile Island provoked enormous internal resistance to nuclear power in the
United States with little external damage, and Chernobyl was far more destructive and
deadly. According to an IAEA report immediately after the disaster, “Thousands of people
are demonstrating against nuclear power – not for any ideological reason, but because they
feel it is an unacceptable risk.” In the weeks following the disaster, Finland and the
Netherlands immediately postponed all decisions regarding the implementation of nuclear
power, and Austria adamantly opposed nuclear power. Germany, Italy, and Switzerland also
halted plans to implement nuclear power and began shutting down their existing nuclear
infrastructure. There therefore appears to be a trend between the countries that immediately
opposed nuclear power following Chernobyl and those that oppose it today: Germany, Italy,
Austria, and Scandinavia continue to have popular opposition to nuclear power, as discussed
previously. The legacy of Chernobyl still haunts the European continent, with many anti-
nuclear energy advocacy organizations citing it as the main reason for their opposition to this
day. For example, INFORSE, Europe's largest anti-nuclear energy advocacy group, was
founded in 1992, largely due to the anti-nuclear sentiment sparked by Chernobyl. They now
advertise themselves as promoting sustainable energy, but looking at their publications, there
is no place for nuclear energy in their advocacy.
However, recent developments in Europe seem to indicate some hope for nuclear
power across the continent. Mainly, the Russia-Ukraine war that catalyzed many countries
to seek energy independence. Currently, the European Union imports 60% of its electricity,
with a significant dependence on Russia. Specifically, 47% of coal, 41% of liquefied natural
gas, and 27% of crude oil come from Russia. With heavy sanctions imposed by most
European countries against Russia, this important energy source has been considerably cut
off. The result is that many countries are looking at options to become more energy
independent, and with the infrastructure for renewables not yet in place to be used as a
dependent energy source, nuclear energy has re-entered the conversation. For example, the
United Kingdom has significantly stepped-up nuclear power, setting aside millions of dollars
to build three new commercial reactors that they plan to bring online by 2030. The
Netherlands has also started building nuclear power plants, dedicating €5 billion to
construction of two new facilities. Ukraine itself is an interesting example; Despite
experiencing the Chernobyl disaster firsthand and Russian troops currently occupying and
targeting nuclear weapons and reactors within the country in their continued invasion, it still
generates about half of its energy from nuclear power and shows no plans to slow down.
(World Nuclear Association). Thus, despite general opposition to nuclear energy in several
countries, there appears to be some hope for further development and financing in the future.
As will be shown in the next sections, however, not all of Europe is averse to reliable nuclear
power.
SLOVAKIA
Slovakia has long been a prominent example of nuclear power's effectiveness and
potential. In 2020, nuclear energy accounted for 53.3% of Slovakia's electricity production,
a figure that is set to rise to 64.9% by 2035. This shift occurred after Slovakia's accession to
the EU in 2009, which led to the closure of the Bohunice V1 nuclear reactor and transformed
the country from an energy exporter to an importer.
In addition to its success in the energy sector, Slovakia has enjoyed a thriving
economy for many years, except for 2009 and 2020. These exceptions were due to Slovakia's
EU membership and the pandemic, respectively. However, the country is poised for further
economic growth soon, thanks to the construction of two new reactors that will enable it to
transition from a net electricity importer to a net exporter, with an expected increase from
1.1% to 9%.
Slovakia's economic growth has been consistent since 1993, with the standout year
in 2007 when it achieved the highest growth rate among OECD and EU members at 10.8%.
This period from 2001 to 2011 is often called the "Tatra Tiger" era. Looking ahead, Slovakia's
economy is projected to expand by 2.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023, highlighting its continued
economic strength. This example underscores how a focus on nuclear energy enhances
Slovakia's energy independence compared to neighboring European nations.
FRANCE
France, as another example of a European country with a strong emphasis on nuclear
energy, has the largest share of generated electricity from nuclear sources in the world. The
French government is planning to integrate more renewable energy into their energy mix
while reducing the share of electricity generated from nuclear power to 50% by 2035.
Nonetheless, they have concrete plans for constructing six new reactors, with the possibility
of an additional eight reactors based on domestic electricity requirements, indicating a
continued reliance on domestic nuclear power.
Despite France's intention to decrease nuclear power's role in clean energy, domestic
support has grown in recent years. In 2019, 46% of surveyed French citizens viewed nuclear
power as a national asset, compared to 34% who considered it a hindrance. This shifted to
53% viewing it as an asset and 15% as a hindrance in 2021. Consequently, nuclear power is
anticipated to maintain a significant role in France's energy landscape. This surge in domestic
support is closely tied to the economic advantages of France's nuclear sector. France stands
as the world's largest electricity exporter, generating an annual revenue of 3 billion Euros.
An interesting point to consider is that before Germany phased out nuclear energy
after the Fukushima incident, it had an economy of a comparable size to France. However,
as France continues to experience gradual economic growth, Germany has faced substantial
stagnation. This is primarily due to the excessive cost of Germany's nuclear phase-out, which
incurs an annual expense of approximately $12 billion. A sizable portion of this cost, over
70%, results from 1,100 excess deaths annually due to local air pollution from coal-fired
power plants replacing the closed nuclear facilities.
In contrast, France's ongoing growth can be attributed, in part, to its higher degree of
energy independence. While Germany relied on energy imports for 63.7% of its energy needs
in 2020 and holds the title of the world's largest natural gas importer, France remains Europe's
leading electricity exporter. France and Slovakia serve as noteworthy examples highlighting
the crucial fact that depending on coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity generation tends to
lead to excessive energy imports. In contrast, reliance on nuclear power significantly bolsters
energy independence. In an era marked by unstable relations with Russia, Europe's primary
fossil fuel supplier, considering alternatives that enhance energy self-sufficiency is of
paramount importance.
CHINA
China is a big example of nuclear power´s success, despite its late implementation of
nuclear power when compared to the rest of the world. With energy generation from nuclear
power only really taking off in the 2010s, China only generates around 5% of its electricity
from nuclear sources. While most of the world is moving towards reducing its reliance on
nuclear power, China stands out with a contrary stance. In 2022, China boasted 54 operational
nuclear reactors, with an additional 14 reactors currently under construction. Notably, they
have allocated a substantial $440 billion investment for the planned development of over 150
new reactors within the next decade. If realized, this would be a monumental achievement,
positioning China as the owner of the largest nuclear fleet globally. By comparison, the
current global leader, the United States, operates 96 nuclear reactors.
China's approach diverges significantly from that of Europe and much of the world.
While many European nations are primarily focusing on transitioning to cleaner energy
sources like wind and solar to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels, China appears to be
wholeheartedly embracing nuclear power.
Furthermore, China has emerged as a major global center for nuclear energy
innovations. They have achieved a high degree of self-sufficiency in reactor design and
construction. Additionally, they actively collaborate with international organizations such as
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to nurture aspiring nuclear scientists and
fund advancements in the nuclear field. Notable international organizations like the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Conference on
Climate Change and the Role of Nuclear Power promote global cooperation in nuclear
innovation and endorse China's active participation.
In the latest developments, China has become the first country to connect fourth-
generation nuclear reactors to the grid. These advanced reactors are known for their enhanced
safety, efficiency, and higher energy production capabilities compared to the designs
currently employed in the United States and Europe. Consequently, China has ascended to
the forefront of nuclear research and is exporting its innovative designs to the rest of the
world. They have taken a lead not only in terms of the qualitative aspects of their plant
designs and safety features but also aim to assert quantitative leadership in energy production
from nuclear sources through accelerated construction efforts.
RUSSIA
Unlike Japan and the United States, which experienced a notable decline in public
support for nuclear energy after their respective nuclear disasters, leading to significant
stagnation and cutbacks in their nuclear programs, Russia seems to have avoided such
challenges. Russia currently generates 19% of its electricity from nuclear sources through 37
operational reactors. In contrast to European countries with similar nuclear energy shares,
Russia is not planning to reduce its reliance on nuclear power in the coming years. Instead,
it intends to increase its dependence on nuclear energy and is actively collaborating with
China to develop next-generation reactor technology. Russia has ambitious plans, including
the construction of 11 new nuclear reactors by 2030 and an aim to raise the share of electricity
derived from nuclear to 25% by 2045.
Additionally, Russia is the global leader in exporting nuclear infrastructure

components and owns 40% of the world's uranium enrichment infrastructure. Their
technology has been instrumental in the operation of 42 non-domestic nuclear reactors, with
15 more under construction. Nuclear power not only plays a significant role in Russia's
domestic energy sector but also holds a crucial place in their economic growth plans.
Going back in history, it was the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada that
were initially responsible for the MAUD reports, which paved the way for the development
of commercial nuclear power. The United States, through President Eisenhower's "Atoms for
Peace" address, positioned itself as a leading advocate for nuclear energy as a peaceful and
clean energy source. However, this leadership has shifted over time, with 87% of nuclear
reactors that have become operational since 2017 utilizing Russian or Chinese designs. In
2018, an IAEA report highlighted Russia's significant role in nuclear exports, with foreign
orders valued at 133 billion US dollars. The export of nuclear technology and infrastructure
contributes substantially to the Russian economy, and their emphasis on continued
development and research indicates no intention to halt these efforts.
Immediately after the Chernobyl disaster, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev

emphasized the importance of nuclear power for the world economy's future. While most of
Europe turned against nuclear power after the accident, Russia remained committed to its
development. China initially lagged but quickly became a global leader in nuclear power,
likely surpassing others in terms of the number of operable nuclear reactors in the next two
decades. In the historical context, we see a longstanding player (Russia) and a newcomer
(China) often collaborating, poised to lead the world in nuclear power research and
development. These two nations are likely to dominate discussions on nuclear power moving
forward.
• Closing Remarks:
Today, 53 nuclear reactors are under construction in 19 countries (IAEA). The old
fears of a nuclear Armageddon due to nuclear energy mistakes are finally dissipating. For the
first time in a long time, the global sentiment towards nuclear energy is becoming more
positive: in 2011, 62% of people worldwide opposed the use of nuclear energy, with 26%
citing Fukushima as the main reason (Ipsos). Today, although global data is hard to come by
it is possible to analyze individual countries: support reached 60% in the United States in
2020, 60% in Japan in 2022, and even 53% in Germany (Nuclear Newswire, CNBC,
YouGov).
There is hope for nuclear energy today, perhaps not in traditionally revered nuclear
development countries like the United States and Europe, but rather in East Asia and Africa,
both with rapidly growing populations and energy needs. I hope the earlier parts of this text
demonstrate that nuclear energy is a safe, reliable, and economically beneficial source of
energy, but the question remains about its necessity.
Looking at the United States, data exists for the average capacity factor of diverse
sources of power: 92.3% for nuclear energy, 38.2% for hydroelectric, 34.5% for wind
systems, and 25.1% for solar panels (Yale School of the Environment). This means that
nuclear energy was operational much more often than other renewable and clean energy
sources. In a period of global power uncertainty, driven specifically by the Russia-Ukraine
war, there can be no uncertainty about energy production: the EU's reliance on Russian gas
combined with current sanctions on Russian trade means gas supply is about 70% below, and
the EU has told its 27 member nations that they will have to reduce energy consumption by
15% (France24). For these people, there can be no uncertainty about whether energy will be
available: it is either freezing and going hungry or getting the essential electricity they need.
As the Russian conflict continues, global energy and fuel shortages do not seem to be ending
soon. To combat this, infrastructure needs to be developed to increase energy independence
for all nations; nuclear energy shows the greatest capacity to do so.
The 2050 deadline for action on climate change set by the Paris Agreement is already
longer than many critics would prefer, making it an important deadline to meet. Nuclear
energy should be an emphasized component of any comprehensive plan: with both electricity
and heat generation, it highly decarbonizes energy-intensive sectors of the economy and has
already reduced 74 gigatons of global carbon dioxide emissions (UN). To meet emissions
targets, nuclear energy must continue to play a significant role in global energy generation,
as the infrastructure to fully rely on sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy is not
present yet: to achieve emissions targets by 2050, we would need to reduce fossil fuel use by
75% and increase renewable energy use by 90% (IRENA). We cannot do that without nuclear
energy: a proven technology with massive energy output and efficiency, significant
advancements in safety and regulation with only one fatal accident in its history, and no limits
to future innovations that will certainly make it economically cost-effective, safe, and
distributable. As delegates, you should debate nuclear energy, as well as its applications and
consequences on a global scale. Therefore, the following topics should be discussed within
the committee:
• Radioactive waste
• Knowledge sharing
• Disaster prevention
• Energy independence
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Table of contents

What is SesiMun? ................................................................................................................... 3

Meet our team!

Head delegate: Giulia Menezes de Oliveira

Head delegate: Ana Luiza B. Malanski

• Topic Area A: Modern Nuclear Power

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Additionally, Russia is the global leader in exporting nuclear infrastructure

Immediately after the Chernobyl disaster, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev

Calder Hall 1, United Kingdom.” World Nuclear

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