The Effect of the Mass and Volume Shrinkage of Porous

Ceramics Based on Sinabung Volcanic Ash

Moraida Hasanah1,b) and Timbangen Sembiring2, Nasrudin M. Noor3, Syahrul

Humaidi4,a)

1,2,3,4
Department of Physics, FMIPA, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering,FT,Universitas Asahan, Asahan, Indonesia

a)
Corresponding author: syahrul1@usu.ac.id
b)
hasanahmoraida@gmail.com

Abstract. The effects of varying the mass and volume of the Mass and Volume Shrinkage of Porous Ceramics based on
Volcanic Ash. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of mass and volume Shrinkage of Porous Ceramics on
Volcanic Ash based on the characteristic the material and mechanical properties of Porous Ceramics Based on Volcanic
Ash. The valid results have been gained that they only correspond to the mass and volume shrinkage with the
composition of volcanic ash from Mount Sinabung. The high density depends on variance bentonite, volcanic ash, and
active carbon. Changes in porous ceramic mass and volume after the combustion process because activated carbon
evaporates during the sintering process from the density of mass shrinkage of porous ceramic and composition of
Volcanic Ash.

Keywords: Mass, Volume, Shrinkage, Porous Ceramic, Volcano Ash

INTRODUCTION
Volcanic ash is fragments of magma and consists of mineral, volcanic glass and also a material containing high
silica and aluminum. The composition of particles from volcanic eruptions should reflect the matrix composition of
the magma 1. The volcanic ash content was taken from Mt. Sinabung eruption from the village area of Berastepu
Kec. Simpang Empat Kab. Karo and used as a raw material in the manufacture of porous ceramics. The composition
of volcano ash compound in this research, consisted SiO2 (78.3 %), Fe2O3 (2.91%), Al2O3 (4.56%), MgO (1.07%),
CaO (4.84%), Na2O (0.46%). In general, the porous ceramic materials consist of two phases at least, a ceramic
(solid) phase, and mostly gas-filled porous phase 2–4. The content of gas in the pores usually adjusts itself to the
environment as an exchange of gas with the environment is possible through pore channels 4–7. In this case, we focus
to use the material and mechanical properties of Porous Ceramic using Bentonite, Carbon active and volcano ash.
This paper aims to evaluate the effect of mass and volume Shrinkage of Porous Ceramics on Volcanic Ash based on
the characteristic the material and mechanical properties of Porous Ceramics Based on Volcanic Ash using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study employed data, Bentonite powder, Mt. Sinabung volcanic dust powder were taken from Berastepu
village, Simpang Empat District, Karo District and activated carbon powder, 100 mesh sieve, balance sheet, calipers,
High-Temperature Furnace, Sample Prints, Universal Testing Machine.
The procedure of the research using Bentonite, volcanic ash and activated carbon are sieved 100 mesh each and
aqua dest 2,4,7,8. Furthermore, each material is weighed, then a comparison of the composition of bentonite, volcanic
dust and activated carbon as in table 1 follows.

Table 1. Comparison of Porous Ceramic Material Composition

No. Bentonit Vulcanic Ash, Active Carbon

(%wt) Mount Sinabung (% wt)
(% wt)
1 80 0 20
2 75 5 20
3 70 10 20
4 65 15 20
5 60 20 20

Bentonite powder, volcanic dust, and activated carbon are sieved using a 100 mesh sieve. Then the mixture of
raw materials is stirred until homogeneous by adding aqua dest. After the mixture of raw materials is evenly
distributed, then put into the mold.
Pellet-shaped mold with a diameter of 3 cm with a height of 4 cm, thickness of 2.3 cm, then pressed by 5 tons for
5 minutes, then the mold is opened and the sample is removed and conditioned in an open space for 7 days. Then all
samples were burned in the furnace at 1100 C for 2 hours, the furnace was turned off and waited for 24 hours, the
samples were removed ready to be tested for physical properties: density, porosity, mass loss and burn losses.
In this paper, we use Sintering or frittage as the procedure of squeezing and forming a solid mass of material by
heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering occurs naturally in mineral deposits or as a
industrial process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. Sintering of a mass of metal powder,
either loose or crushed, results in densification by material movement, which decreases the total pore volume of the
mass of powder and results in a spectacle known as "shrinkage" 8–11.

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

From the results of the AAS analysis and chemical analysis, it is known that the volcanic ash content of Mount
Sinabung is dominated by silica compounds (SiO2). So that, Mount Sinabung volcanic ash can be used as raw
material to replace quartz in making ceramics.
Based on the Mass Shrinkage of Porous Ceramic can show in Table 1.

No. Bentonit Volcanic Ash Mount Active Carbon Mass

(% wt) Sinabung (% wt) Shrinkage
(% wt) (%)
1 80 0 20 31,38
2 75 5 20 31,10
3 70 10 20 28,53
4 65 15 20 26,04
5 60 20 20 32,05
 Bentonite, volcanic ash and activated carbon powders are mixed evenly using a plastic container. From the table
1, the hight density depends on variance bentonite, volcanic ash, and active carbon. Figure 1, shows the correlation
of density value to a composite of Porous ceramics with the composition of Vulcanic Ash from Mount Sinabung.

a b c

Figure 1. Graph of mass Shrinkage of Porous ceramics with composition of Volcanic Ash. a. Correlation of
Mass Shrinkage and Volcanic Ash, b. Maximum value, and c. Density.

From Fig. 1a shows the effect of the addition of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash on porous ceramic mass losses.
The value of mass loss has decreased in the composition of 0% - 15%, the addition of volcanic ash of Mount
Sinabung then in the composition of 20% has increased. The maximum value in Fig. 1 b of mass loss in the
composition of 20% is the addition of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash which is 32.05%. Changes in porous ceramic
mass after the combustion process because activated carbon evaporates during the sintering process as shown in Fig.
1c from the density of mass shrinkage of porous ceramic and composition of Volcanic Ash.
The result of testing from Volume Shrinkage of Porous ceramic using equal 2.2, can show in Table 2.

Table 2. Testing result based on Volume Shrinkage of Porous Ceramics

No. Bentonit Vulcanic Ash Mount Active Carbon Volume

(% wt) Sinabung (% wt) Shrinkage
(% wt) (%)
1 80 0 20 27,02
2 75 5 20 25,59
3 70 10 20 22,94
4 65 15 20 21,54
5 60 20 20 29,69

From Fig. 2a shows the effect of the addition of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash on the value of porous ceramic
volume shrinkage. The volume loss value is directly proportional to the mass loss. The value of volume shrinkage
has decreased in the composition of 0% - 15% of the addition of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash then increased by the
addition of 20% of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash as shown in Fig.2b.
 a b c

Figure 2. Graph of between Volume Shrinkage Porous Ceramic Porosity and Mount Sinabung Volcanic Ash
Composition. a. Relationship, b. Maximum value, and c. Density

The change in volume loss occurs because during the sintering process the constituent atoms in the raw material
bind to one another (Fig. 2c).

CONCLUSION
In this study, we present the effect of mass and Volume Shrinkage Porous Ceramic Porosity and Mount Sinabung
Volcanic Ash Composition. Based on the result, the high density depends on variance bentonite, volcanic ash, and
active carbon. Deviations in porous ceramic mass and volume after the combustion process because activated carbon
evaporates during the sintering process from the density of mass shrinkage of porous ceramic and composition of
Volcanic Ash.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to all the scientists and scientific personal. We would like thank to Universitas Sumatera Utara and
Universitas Asahan.

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