Blood and Cardiovas - Sys Updated2022

Blood
(Normal)
LET’S SIMPLIFY

Blood
• Serves as a transport vehicle for the Cardiovascular
System
• Carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and
many other substances throughout the body
• The only fluid tissue
• Metallic taste
• Heavier, five times thicker, or more viscous than water
• Slightly alkaline
• Temperature- 38 degrees Celsius or is always slightly
higher than body temp.
• Volume in healthy males- 5 to 6 L
Primarily Composed of :
*(Plasma) *(Formed Elements)

the liquid part of the blood living blood cells
1.) Erythrocytes-
• anucleate
• biconcave-shaped
• literally sacs of
hemoglobin molecules
*Hemoglobin (Hb)-an
iron-containing protein,
principal carrier of
oxygen in the body;
plasma is the other
carrier.
*Hematocrit- percentage
of RBC to total blood
volume
*Possible
Disorders/Imbalances-
Anemia- a decrease in the
oxygen-carrying ability of
the blood
2.) Leukocytes-
• the only complete cells in
blood; they contain
nuclei and usual
organelles
• Able to slip and out of the
blood vessels (diapedesis)
• Means of transportation-
The circulatory system
*Classified into two major

groups:
 Granular/Granulocyte
 Nongranular/Agranulocyte
*Possible
Disorders/Imbalances-
• Leukocytosis-normal and
desirable response to infectious threats
to the body
• Leukemia
• Infectious mononucleosis
groups:
1.)Granular/Granulocytes
2.)Nongranular/Agranulocytes
 GRANULAR/GRANULOCYTES
include: (BEN)
a. Basophils- granules contain

histamine(vasodilator chemical) that
attracts other WBC’s to the
inflammatory site
b. Eosinophils-
• nucleus resembles an old-
fashioned telephone receiver
• Kills parasitic worms; increase
during allergy attacks
c. Neutrophils-
• Multilobed nucleus
• Active phagocytes; number
increases rapidly during short-
term or acute infections
groups:
1.)Granular/Granulocytes
2.)Nongranular/Agranulocytes
 NONGRANULAR/AGRANULOCYTES
include: (ML)
a. Monocytes-
• Largest of the WBC’s
• Active phagocytes that become
macrophages; long-term; increase
in number during chronic infections
such as tuberculosis
b. Lymphocytes-
• A large dark purple nucleus that
occupies most of the cell volume
• Reside in the blood as well the
lymphoid tissues ( lymph nodes,
thymus, spleen, and so on).
• Consist of B cells and T cells
*Lymphocytes consist of :
 B cells- short-lived cells from the

bone marrow
• concerned with:
humoral immunity, transformation into
plasma cells, and the secretion of
antibodies or immunoglobulins (IGs)
 T cells- long-lived cells from

thymus; may be cytotoxic, helper, or
suppressor cells associated with cell-
mediated immunity).
 Lymphocytes with neither B or T

surface antigens are called natural
killer cells.
3.) Thrombocytes-
Irregularly shaped cells
fragments; Blood Clotting
LET’S REVIEW ! ! !
Blood

BLOOD
BLOOD
PLASMA
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
• H20
• Proteins
• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• Proteins (Erythrocytes) (Leukocytes) (Thrombocytes
• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory (Hb)
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
gases GRANULAR/ NONGRANULAR/
• Waste Granulocytes Agranulocytes
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils
The
Cardiovascular
System
Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
 Microscopic Anatomy
 Gross Anatomy
Blood Vessels: The Vascular System-
Microscopic Anatomy
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System- Micro Anatomy
• Taking blood to the tissues and back
– Arteries
– Arterioles
– Capillaries
– Venules
– Veins
• Taking blood to the tissues and back
– Arteries
– Arterioles
– Capillaries
– Venules
– Veins
• Three layers (tunics)
– Tunic intima:
• Endothelium
– Tunic media
• Smooth muscle
• Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
– Tunic externa
• Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Differences Between Blood
Vessel Types
• Walls of arteries are the thickest
• Lumens of veins are larger
• Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
• Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer
thick to allow for exchanges between
blood and tissue
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
• Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
• Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Figure 11.9
Capillary Beds
• Capillary beds
consist of two types
of vessels
– Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule
Figure 11.10
Capillary Beds
• True capillaries –
exchange vessels
• Oxygen and nutrients
cross to cells
• Carbon dioxide and
metabolic waste
products cross into
blood
Figure 11.10
Major Arteries of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Figure 11.11
Circulation
Major Veins of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Figure 11.12
Figure 11.12
Figure 11.12
Major Veins of the body
Circulation

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
MICROSCOPIC GROSS ANATOMY

ANATOMY
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins

ANATOMY
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences
Major Arteries of
Sys. Circ.
*Aorta
• Ascending
Aorta
• Aortic Arch
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Branches to other
arteries
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins

ANATOMY
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences
Major Arteries of Major Veins of

Sys. Circ. Sys. Circ.
*Aorta • Superior Vena
• Ascending Cava
Aorta • Inferior Vena
• Aortic Arch Cava
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Converge/Drain to
other veins
Branches to other
arteries
The Heart
• Location
– Thorax between
the lungs
– Pointed apex
directed toward
left hip
• About the size of
your fist
The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium – a double
serous membrane
– Visceral pericardium
(epicardium) - Next to
heart
– Parietal pericardium -
Outside layer
• Serous fluid fills
the space between
the layers of
pericardium
The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium – a double
serous membrane
– Visceral pericardium
(epicardium) - Next to
heart
– Parietal pericardium -
Outside layer
• Serous fluid fills
the space between
the layers of
pericardium
The Heart Wall: 3 layers
• Epicardium
• Outside layer
• This layer is the visceral
pericardium
• Connective tissue layer
• Myocardium
• Middle layer
• Mostly cardiac muscle
• Endocardium
• Inner layer
• Endothelium
External Heart Anatomy
The Heart: Chambers
• Right and left side act as

separate pumps
• Four chambers:
*Atria (Receiving chambers)
-Right atrium
-Left atrium
*Ventricles (Discharging chambers

-Right ventricle
-Left ventricle
The Heart: Valves
• Allow blood to flow in only one

direction
• Four valves
– Atrioventricular valves –
between atria and
ventricles
• Bicuspid valve/ Mitral
valve (left)
• Tricuspid valve (right)
– Semilunar valves between
ventricle and artery
• Pulmonary semilunar
valve
• Aortic semilunar valve
The Heart: Valves
• Valves open as
blood is pumped
through
• Held in place by
chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
• Close to prevent
backflow
The Heart: Valves
• Valves open as
blood is pumped
through
• Held in place by
chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
• Close to prevent
backflow
Operation of Heart Valves
Figure 11.4
Figure 11.4
The Heart:
Associated Great Vessels
 Aorta - leaves left

ventricle
 Pulmonary arteries
- leave right
ventricle
 Vena cava - enters
right atrium
 Pulmonary veins
(four) - enter left
atrium
BLOOD
BLOOD
PLASMA
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
• H20
• Proteins
• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils
BLOOD CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS

• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS
• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries

• Proteins (Erythrocytes) (Leukocytes) (Thrombocytes • Arterioles
• Salts • Capillaries
• Nutrients • Venules
• Hormones • Veins
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS

products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils MICROSCOPIC GROSS ANATOMY
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils ANATOMY
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS

products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences
Major Arteries of
Sys. Circ.
*Aorta
• Ascending
Aorta
• Aortic Arch
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Branches to other
arteries
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS

products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences

• Ascending Cava
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Converge/Drain to
other veins
Branches to other
arteries
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS
• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries COVERINGS &

• Proteins (Erythrocytes) (Leukocytes) (Thrombocytes • Arterioles WALL
• Salts • Capillaries • Pericardium
• Nutrients • Venules • Myocardium
• Hormones • Veins • Endocardium
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences

• Ascending Cava
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Converge/Drain to
other veins
Branches to other
arteries
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS
• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries COVERINGS & CHAMBERS

• Proteins (Erythrocytes) (Leukocytes) (Thrombocytes • Arterioles WALL • Atria
• Salts • Capillaries • Pericardium • Ventricles
• Nutrients • Venules • Myocardium
• Hormones • Veins • Endocardium
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences

• Ascending Cava
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Converge/Drain to
other veins
Branches to other
arteries
SYSTEM
PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

ELEMENTS HEART
VESSELS
• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries COVERINGS & CHAMBERS

• Proteins VALVES
(Erythrocytes) (Leukocytes) (Thrombocytes • Arterioles WALL • Atria
• Salts • AV Valves
• Capillaries • Pericardium • Ventricles
• Nutrients • Semilunar
• Venules • Myocardium
• Hormones Valves
• Veins • Endocardium
products of
metabolism
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Tunics
• Structural
Differences

• Ascending Cava
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Converge/Drain to
other veins
Branches to other
arteries
THE PATH OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
• Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
• Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Figure 11.9
DONE- PROCEED TO ELABORATE
Cardiac Circulation
• Blood in the heart chambers does not

nourish the myocardium
• The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
– Coronary arteries
– Cardiac veins
– Blood empties into the right atrium via the
coronary sinus
SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS
Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Fetal Circulation
Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Fetal Circulation
\
\
\
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
The Heart: Conduction System
• Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
– Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way
• Special tissue sets the pace
• Sinoatrial node (SA) - Pacemaker
• Atrioventricular node (AV)
• Atrioventricular bundle
• Bundle branches
• Purkinje fibers
The Heart: Conduction System
The Heart’s Cardiac Cycle
• Atria contract simultaneously

• Atria relax, then ventricles contract
• Systole = contraction
• Diastole = relaxation
Filling of the Heart Chambers – the
Cardiac Cycle
Figure 11.6
The Heart: Cardiac Output
• Cardiac output (CO)

– Amount of blood pumped by each side of the
heart in one minute
– CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
• Stroke volume
– Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in
one contraction
Cardiac Output Regulation
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.7
Regulation of Heart Rate
• Stroke volume usually remains relatively

constant
– Starling’s law of the heart – the more that the
cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the
contraction
• Changing heart rate is the most common
way to change cardiac output
• Increased heart rate

– Sympathetic nervous system
• Activated in a Crisis
• Low blood pressure
– Hormones
• Epinephrine
• Thyroxine
– Exercise
– Decreased blood volume
• Decreased heart rate

– Parasympathetic nervous system
– High blood pressure or blood volume
– Decreased venous return
PHYSIOLOGY OFCIRCULATION
Pulse
• Monitored at
“pressure points”
where pulse is
easily palpated
Figure 11.16
Pulse
• Monitored at
“pressure points”
where pulse is
easily palpated
Figure 11.16
Blood Pressure
• Measurements by health professionals are

made on the pressure in large arteries
– Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular
contraction
– Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
• Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases
BLOOD PRESSURE GRADIENT
Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.18
Effects of Various Factors on
Blood Pressure:
• Neural factors
– Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
• Renal factors
– Regulation by altering blood volume
– Renin – hormonal control
Effects of Various Factors on
Blood Pressure:
• Temperature
– Heat has a vasodilation effect
– Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
• Chemicals
– Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
• Diet
*ALL INFO AND IMAGES-
CREDITS TO THE OWNER

Blood and Cardiovas - Sys Updated2022

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Blood and Cardiovas - Sys Updated2022

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Blood

*(Plasma) *(Formed Elements)

*Classified into two major

a. Basophils- granules contain

 B cells- short-lived cells from the

 T cells- long-lived cells from

 Lymphocytes with neither B or T

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

MICROSCOPIC GROSS ANATOMY

MICROSCOPIC GROSS ANATOMY

MICROSCOPIC GROSS ANATOMY

Major Arteries of Major Veins of

• Right and left side act as

*Ventricles (Discharging chambers

• Allow blood to flow in only one

 Aorta - leaves left

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries

Major Arteries of Major Veins of

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries COVERINGS &

Major Arteries of Major Veins of

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries COVERINGS & CHAMBERS

Major Arteries of Major Veins of

PLASMA FORMED BLOOD

• H20 RBC WBC PLATELETS • Arteries COVERINGS & CHAMBERS

Major Arteries of Major Veins of

• Blood in the heart chambers does not

Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis

Hepatic Portal Circulation

• Atria contract simultaneously

• Cardiac output (CO)

• Stroke volume usually remains relatively

• Increased heart rate

• Decreased heart rate

• Measurements by health professionals are

You might also like

(Plasma) (Formed Elements)