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LET’S SIMPLIFY
Blood
• Serves as a transport vehicle for the Cardiovascular
System
• Carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and
many other substances throughout the body
• The only fluid tissue
• Metallic taste
• Heavier, five times thicker, or more viscous than water
• Slightly alkaline
• Temperature- 38 degrees Celsius or is always slightly
higher than body temp.
• Volume in healthy males- 5 to 6 L
Primarily Composed of :
*Hemoglobin (Hb)-an
iron-containing protein,
principal carrier of
oxygen in the body;
plasma is the other
carrier.
*Hematocrit- percentage
of RBC to total blood
volume
*Possible
Disorders/Imbalances-
Anemia- a decrease in the
oxygen-carrying ability of
the blood
2.) Leukocytes-
• the only complete cells in
blood; they contain
nuclei and usual
organelles
• Able to slip and out of the
blood vessels (diapedesis)
• Means of transportation-
The circulatory system
*Possible
Disorders/Imbalances-
• Leukocytosis-normal and
desirable response to infectious threats
to the body
• Leukemia
• Infectious mononucleosis
*Classified into two major
groups:
1.)Granular/Granulocytes
2.)Nongranular/Agranulocytes
GRANULAR/GRANULOCYTES
include: (BEN)
b. Eosinophils-
• nucleus resembles an old-
fashioned telephone receiver
• Kills parasitic worms; increase
during allergy attacks
c. Neutrophils-
• Multilobed nucleus
• Active phagocytes; number
increases rapidly during short-
term or acute infections
*Classified into two major
groups:
1.)Granular/Granulocytes
2.)Nongranular/Agranulocytes
NONGRANULAR/AGRANULOCYTES
include: (ML)
a. Monocytes-
• Largest of the WBC’s
• Active phagocytes that become
macrophages; long-term; increase
in number during chronic infections
such as tuberculosis
b. Lymphocytes-
• A large dark purple nucleus that
occupies most of the cell volume
• Reside in the blood as well the
lymphoid tissues ( lymph nodes,
thymus, spleen, and so on).
• Consist of B cells and T cells
*Lymphocytes consist of :
BLOOD
BLOOD
PLASMA
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
• H20
• Proteins
• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
Gross Anatomy
Blood Vessels: The Vascular System-
Microscopic Anatomy
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System- Micro Anatomy
• Taking blood to the tissues and back
– Arteries
– Arterioles
– Capillaries
– Venules
– Veins
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System- Micro Anatomy
• Taking blood to the tissues and back
– Arteries
– Arterioles
– Capillaries
– Venules
– Veins
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System- Micro Anatomy
• Three layers (tunics)
– Tunic intima:
• Endothelium
– Tunic media
• Smooth muscle
• Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
– Tunic externa
• Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Differences Between Blood
Vessel Types
• Walls of arteries are the thickest
• Lumens of veins are larger
• Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
• Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer
thick to allow for exchanges between
blood and tissue
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
• Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
• Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Figure 11.9
Capillary Beds
• Capillary beds
consist of two types
of vessels
– Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule
Figure 11.10
Capillary Beds
• True capillaries –
exchange vessels
• Oxygen and nutrients
cross to cells
• Carbon dioxide and
metabolic waste
products cross into
blood
Figure 11.10
Major Arteries of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Figure 11.11
Major Arteries of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Major Arteries of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Major Arteries of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Circulation
Major Veins of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Figure 11.12
Major Veins of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Figure 11.12
Major Veins of the Body: Gross Anatomy
Figure 11.12
Major Veins of the body
Circulation
LET’S REVIEW ! ! !
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
Major Arteries of
Sys. Circ.
*Aorta
• Ascending
Aorta
• Aortic Arch
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Branches to other
arteries
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
VESSELS
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
Branches to other
arteries
The Heart
• Location
– Thorax between
the lungs
– Pointed apex
directed toward
left hip
• About the size of
your fist
The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium – a double
serous membrane
– Visceral pericardium
(epicardium) - Next to
heart
– Parietal pericardium -
Outside layer
• Serous fluid fills
the space between
the layers of
pericardium
The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium – a double
serous membrane
– Visceral pericardium
(epicardium) - Next to
heart
– Parietal pericardium -
Outside layer
• Serous fluid fills
the space between
the layers of
pericardium
The Heart Wall: 3 layers
• Epicardium
• Outside layer
• This layer is the visceral
pericardium
• Connective tissue layer
• Myocardium
• Middle layer
• Mostly cardiac muscle
• Endocardium
• Inner layer
• Endothelium
External Heart Anatomy
The Heart: Chambers
• Valves open as
blood is pumped
through
• Held in place by
chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
• Close to prevent
backflow
The Heart: Valves
• Valves open as
blood is pumped
through
• Held in place by
chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
• Close to prevent
backflow
Operation of Heart Valves
Figure 11.4
Figure 11.4
The Heart:
Associated Great Vessels
PLASMA
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
• H20
• Proteins
• Salts
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Respiratory
gases
• Waste
products of
metabolism
BLOOD
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
PLASMA FORMED
ELEMENTS
Major Arteries of
Sys. Circ.
*Aorta
• Ascending
Aorta
• Aortic Arch
• Thoracic
Aorta
• Abdominal
Aorta
Branches to other
arteries
BLOOD CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Branches to other
arteries
BLOOD CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Branches to other
arteries
BLOOD CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Branches to other
arteries
BLOOD CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Branches to other
arteries
THE PATH OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
THE PATH OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
THE PATH OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
• Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
• Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Figure 11.9
THE PATH OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
DONE- PROCEED TO ELABORATE
Cardiac Circulation
Fetal Circulation
Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis
Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis
Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis
Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Fetal Circulation
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PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
The Heart: Conduction System
• Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
– Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way
• Special tissue sets the pace
• Sinoatrial node (SA) - Pacemaker
• Atrioventricular node (AV)
• Atrioventricular bundle
• Bundle branches
• Purkinje fibers
The Heart: Conduction System
The Heart’s Cardiac Cycle
Figure 11.6
The Heart: Cardiac Output
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.7
Regulation of Heart Rate
• Monitored at
“pressure points”
where pulse is
easily palpated
Figure 11.16
Pulse
• Monitored at
“pressure points”
where pulse is
easily palpated
Figure 11.16
Blood Pressure
Figure 11.18
Effects of Various Factors on
Blood Pressure:
• Neural factors
– Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
• Renal factors
– Regulation by altering blood volume
– Renin – hormonal control
Effects of Various Factors on
Blood Pressure:
• Temperature
– Heat has a vasodilation effect
– Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
• Chemicals
– Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
• Diet
*ALL INFO AND IMAGES-
CREDITS TO THE OWNER