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OTTO CYCLE Of

History / Background:

The four-stroke engine was first patented by Alphonse Beau de Rochas in 1861.
Before, in about 1854–57, two Italians (Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci) invented an
engine that was rumored to be very similar, but the patent was lost.

The first person to build a working four-stroke engine, a stationary engine using a coal
gas-air mixture for fuel (a gas engine), was German engineer Nicolaus Otto. This is why the
four-stroke principle today is commonly known as the Otto cycle and four-stroke engines
using spark plugs often are called Otto engines. In 1876, Nicolas Otto invented the Otto
cycle. The Otto cycle is most commonly used in SI engines (i.e., gasoline engines) for their
proper operation.

Cycle:
An Otto cycle explains the procedure through that a petrol engine extracts energy
from the working medium (i.e., petrol) and converts it into useful mechanical work. The Otto
Cycle, describes how heat engines turn gasoline into motion. Like other thermodynamic
cycles, this cycle turns chemical energy into thermal energy and then into motion. The Otto
cycle describes how internal combustion engines (that use gasoline) work, like automobiles
and lawn mowers.

Otto cycle is a hypothetical/theoretical thermodynamic cycle that is mostly used by

engines with spark ignition. It talks about what happens to a gas when its temperature,
pressure, volume, or heat exchange changes.
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Processes: Of

Otto cycle is an ideal cycle wherein it is used in petrol and gas engines. This cycle is
also known as the “constant volume air cycle”. This cycle consists of four processes, and
those are;

1. REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC COMPRESSION

2. CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT ADDITION PROCESS

3. REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC EXPANSION

4. CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT REJECTION PROCESS

P-V and T-S diagram of the cycle:

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Research 1: Otto Cycle Paris, Galiel Jerico H.

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PROCESS 0 - 1 Of

 “GREEN LINE”
 Referred to as the INTAKE PHASE.
 The piston is drawn down to the bottom to allow the volume in the chamber
to increase so it can “INTAKE” a fuel-air mixture.
 This can be referred to as an ISOBARIC PROCESS.

PROCESS 1 - 2

 Reversible adiabatic compression process.

 In this process, air in the cylinder is compressed such that there is NO HEAT
TRANSFER.
 In this process, the TEMPERATURE INCREASES FROM T1 TO T2.

PROCESS 2 - 3

 Constant volume heat addition process.

 In this process, the compressed air in the cylinder is HEATED BY MEANS OF A
SOURCE.
 As the heat is supplied, the TEMPERATURE INCREASES TO T3.

PROCESS 3 - 4

 Reversible adiabatic expansion process.

 Due to the supply of heat, the TEMPERATURE OF AIR INCREASES and starts
to EXPAND WITHOUT ANY HEAT TRANSFER.
 The change of entropy in this process is ZERO and the TEMPERATURE
REDUCES TO T4.
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Research 1: Otto Cycle Paris, Galiel Jerico H.

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PROCESS 4 - 1 Of

 Constant volume heat rejection process.

 After expanding, the HOT AIR REJECTS TO THE SINK at constant volume.
 This completes the cycle and then it is repeated.

Work done and Efficiency of the cycle:

HEAT SUPPLIED DURING PROCESS 2 – 3,

Qs = Cv (T3 – T2)

HEAT REJECTED DURING PROCESS 4 – 1,

QR = Cv (T4 – T1)

WORKDONE,

W = Qs – Qr

W = [Cv (T3 – T2) - Cv (T4 – T1)]

AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY,

η = Work done / Heat supplied

= W / Qs

= [Cv (T3 – T2) - Cv (T4 – T1)] / Cv (T3 – T2)

η = 1 – (T4 – T1)/(T3 – T2)

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Of

Since process 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic,

Applications of Otto Cycle:

 Essential for the modern world, it can provide energy for most of the transportation
used by humans.
 We can see the variety of automobiles seen on the road which uses the Otto Cycle to
convert gasoline into motion.
 Otto Cycle is most ideal for light-duty vehicles, such as motorcycles and cars.
 Can be used in small-scale power generation applications, like portable generators and
power plants.
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Advantages of the Cycle: Of

 This cycle is used in gasoline engines and makes the most power for cars and other
forms of movement.
 It works well because it is based on patterns of temperature, pressure, and volume.
 The parts that make up this engine are simple and stable, and they are easy to find
and fix.

Disadvantages of the Cycle:

 The exhaust fumes from the engine contain harmful chemicals that can make the air
dirty.
 This engine makes a sound that is thought to be noise, which adds to pollution caused
by noise.
 To keep the quality and performance of the engine high, it needs to be serviced
regularly.
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ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

REFERENCES Of

Admin. (2022, December 27). advantages and disadvantages of otto cycle. DUMP
DOMINION. https://dumpdominion.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-otto-cycle/
Bhuyan, S. (2023, June 22). Otto Cycle: Definition, PV Diagram, and Efficiency. Science Facts.
https://www.sciencefacts.net/otto-cycle.html
Connor, N. (2019, June 3). What is Otto Cycle - Otto Engine - Definition. Thermal Engineering.
https://www.thermal-engineering.org/what-is-otto-cycle-otto-engine-definition/
NASA Glenn Research Center. (2023, January 21). Internal Combustion Engine - Otto Cycle
- Glenn Research Center | NASA. Glenn Research Center | NASA.
https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/internal-combustion-
engine-otto-cycle/
Otto cycle - Energy Education. (n.d.). https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Otto_cycle
Workbook, E. (2022, November 17). What is Otto Cycle? Process, Derivation, Diagram &
Efficiency - ElectricalWorkbook. ElectricalWorkbook.
https://electricalworkbook.com/otto-cycle/