6/30/2023

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering

MEF342:
COMBUSTION
ENGINEERING
Engr. Marc Florenz P. Arnaldo
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering

TOPIC:
THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
OF COMBUSTION ENGINES

Engr. Marc Florenz P. Arnaldo

Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completion of the discussion, the students should be able to:

• Understand the basic thermodynamic principles of combustion cycles
• Learn the various types of combustion cycles encountered in practice
• Apply thermodynamic concepts in analyzing and evaluating complex combustion
cycle processes

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Air-Standard Otto Cycle
The air-standard Otto cycle is an ideal cycle 𝑃
3
that assumes heat addition occurs
instantaneously while the piston is at top
dead center. The Otto cycle is shown on the 𝑄 𝑺=𝑪
𝑃 − 𝑣 and 𝑇– 𝑠 diagrams shown in the
figure. The cycle consists of four internally 𝑽=𝑪
reversible processes in series:
2
4
1-2: Isentropic Compression 𝑄
2-3: Isometric Heat Addition 𝑺=𝑪
𝑽=𝑪
3-4: Isentropic Expansion 1
4-1: Isentropic Heat Rejection
𝑣

Source: Engineering Thermodynamics 4th Edition by Burghardt & Harbach

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Air-Standard Otto Cycle

Source: Otto Cycle at Gasoline Engines by Dong Joon

(https://javalab.org/en/otto_cycle_at_gasoline_engines_en/)

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Air-Standard Otto Cycle

Source: Otto Cycle at Gasoline Engines by Dong Joon

(https://javalab.org/en/otto_cycle_at_gasoline_engines_en/)

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Air-Standard Otto Cycle

Source: Otto Cycle at Gasoline Engines by Dong Joon

(https://javalab.org/en/otto_cycle_at_gasoline_engines_en/)

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Air-Standard Otto Cycle

Source: Otto Cycle at Gasoline Engines by Dong Joon

(https://javalab.org/en/otto_cycle_at_gasoline_engines_en/)

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

𝑃
3

𝑄 𝑺=𝑪

𝑽=𝑪

2
4
𝑄
𝑺=𝑪
𝑽=𝑪
1

Source: Engineering Thermodynamics 4th Edition by Burghardt & Harbach

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

𝑃
3
Heat Added, 𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄 𝑺=𝑪
Heat Rejected, 𝑄
𝑽=𝑪
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 𝑇
2 𝑄 = −𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
4
𝑄 Net Cycle Work, 𝑊
𝑺=𝑪
𝑽=𝑪 𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄
1

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

𝑃
3
Cycle Efficiency, 𝑒
𝑊 1
𝑄 𝑺=𝑪
𝑒= =1−
𝑄 𝑟
𝑽=𝑪 Compression Ratio, 𝑟
2 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 +𝑉
4 𝑟 = = =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑄
𝑺=𝑪
𝑽=𝑪 Percentage Clearance, 𝑐
1 1
𝑐=
𝑟 −1
𝑣

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

𝑃
3
Volume Displacement, 𝑉
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉
𝑄 𝑺=𝑪
Clearance Volume, 𝑉
𝑽=𝑪
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑉
2
4 Mean Effective Pressure, 𝑃
𝑄 𝑊
𝑺=𝑪 𝑃 =
𝑽=𝑪 𝑉
1

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

1. A spark ignition engine has a percentage clearance of 7% and produces
300 kW of power. What is the amount of heat rejected in kW?
Given: An Air-Standard Otto Cycle
𝑐 = 7% and 𝑊̇ = 300 𝑘𝑊
Required: Heat Rejected, 𝑄
Solution:
𝑊̇ = 𝑄̇ − 𝑄̇ 1 + 0.07
𝑟 = = 15.29
𝑄 = 𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇
̇ 0.07
Note: Hence,
𝑊̇ = 𝑒𝑄̇ 1
𝑒 =1− = 0.6641 = 66.41%
𝑄̇ = 𝑊̇ /𝑒 15.29 .
1 Thus, solving for 𝑄̇
𝑒 =1− 300 𝑘𝑊
𝑟 𝑄̇ =
1+𝑐 0.6641
𝑟 = 𝑄̇ = 451.74 kW
𝑐

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

1. A spark ignition engine has a percentage clearance of 7% and produces
300 kW of power. What is the amount of heat rejected in kW?
Solution:
Finally, solving for the heat rejected by the system
𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇
𝑄̇ = 451.74 𝑘𝑊 − 300 𝑘𝑊
𝑸̇𝑹 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝑾 (ans)

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

2. In an air-standard Otto cycle, the percentage clearance is 18% of the
displacement volume. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Given: An Air-Standard Otto Cycle
𝑐 = 18%
Required: Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒
Solution:
1 Thus, solving for the thermal
𝑒 =1−
𝑟 efficiency of the cycle
Note: 1
𝑒 =1−
1+𝑐 𝑟
𝑟 =
𝑐 Note: 𝑘 = 1.4
Hence, 1
1 + 0.18 𝑒 =1−
𝑟 = = 6.56 6.56 .
0.18 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟕 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝟕% (ans)

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

3. An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on an air-standard
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 𝒎𝟑 . The initial pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 50°C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25
bar, determine the following:
a. The air-standard thermal efficiency of the cycle, 𝒆
b. The mean effective pressure for the cycle, 𝑷𝒎
Given: An Air-Standard Otto Cycle
𝐷 = 250 𝑚𝑚 and 𝐿 = 375 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 = 0.00263 𝑚
𝑇 = 50℃ and 𝑃 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 25 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 2.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required:
a. Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒
b. Mean Effective Pressure, 𝑃

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

3. An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on an air-standard
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 𝒎𝟑 . The initial pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 50°C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25
bar, determine the following: 𝒆 and 𝑷𝒎 .
Solution:
a. For the thermal efficiency, 𝑒
1 0.0184 𝑚 + 0.00263 𝑚
𝑒 =1− 𝑟 =
𝑟 0.00263 𝑚
Note: 𝑟 =8
𝑉 +𝑉 Thus, solving for the thermal efficiency
𝑟 =
𝑉 of the cycle
𝜋 1
𝑉 = 𝐷 𝐿 𝑒 =1−
4 8 .
𝜋
𝑉 = 0.25 𝑚 (0.375 𝑚) 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟒𝟕 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟕% (ans)
4
𝑉 = 0.0184 𝑚

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

3. An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on an air-standard
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 𝒎𝟑 . The initial pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 50°C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25
bar, determine the following: 𝒆 and 𝑷𝒎 .
Solution:
b. Mean Effective Pressure, 𝑃 𝑇 𝑣
𝑊 = = 𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑇 𝑣
𝑉
𝑇 =𝑇 𝑟
Note: 𝑇 = 50℃ + 273 𝐾 8 .

𝑊 = 𝑒𝑄 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟕𝟒𝟐. 𝟎𝟔 𝑲
𝑊 = 𝑒𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
For 𝑻𝟐 and 𝑷𝟐 , 𝑃 𝑣
=
State 1-2: Adiabatic Process 𝑃 𝑣

𝑇 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣
= = =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

3. An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on an air-standard
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 𝒎𝟑 . The initial pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 50°C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25
bar, determine the following: 𝒆 and 𝑷𝒎 .
Solution:
For 𝑻𝟑 ,
𝑃 𝑣
= State 2-3: Isometric Process
𝑃 𝑣 Using Charles’ Law
𝑣 𝑃 𝑃
𝑃 =𝑃 =𝑃 𝑟 =
𝑣 𝑇 𝑇
𝑃 = (1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 8 . 𝑃
𝑇 =𝑇
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝑃
25 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇 = 742.06 𝐾
18.38 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑻𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟑 𝐊

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

3. An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on an air-standard
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 𝒎𝟑 . The initial pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 50°C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25
bar, determine the following: 𝒆 and 𝑷𝒎 .
Solution:
Note: 𝑉
𝑉 =
𝑒 = 56.47% 𝑟
𝑇 = 742.06 𝐾 𝑉
𝑉 =𝑉 −
𝑇 = 1009.33 𝐾 𝑟
𝑊 = 𝑒𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 1
𝑉 =𝑉 1−
𝑟
Solving for the mass of air,
Using the ideal gas equation @State 1 𝑉 0.0184 𝑚
𝑉 = =
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 1 1
1− 1−
𝑟 8
Note: 𝑉 = 0.0210 𝑚
𝑉 = 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑉
𝑟 =
𝑉

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

3. An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on an air-standard
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 𝒎𝟑 . The initial pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 50°C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25
bar, determine the following: 𝒆 and 𝑷𝒎 .
Solution:
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉
𝑚=
𝑅𝑇
𝑘𝑁
100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (0.0210𝑚 )(1 )
𝑚= 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 𝑚
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.287 1 50℃ + 273 𝐾
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝐽
𝑚 = 0.0227 𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = 𝑒𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 0.5647 0.0227 𝑘𝑔 0.7176 1099.33 − 742.06 𝐾
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑊 = 3.29 𝑘𝐽

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

3. An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on an air-standard
Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 𝒎𝟑 . The initial pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 50°C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25
bar, determine the following: 𝒆 and 𝑷𝒎 .
Solution:
𝑊
𝑃 =
𝑉
3.29 𝑘𝐽
𝑃 =
0.0184 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 𝑚
3.29 𝑘𝐽 1 1
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 =
0.0184 𝑚
𝑷𝑴 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (ans)

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

4. An engine operates on air-standard Otto cycle. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of isentropic compression are 120 kPaa and
35°C. The peak pressure and temperature are 4.8 MPaa and 2500 °C.
Determine the net cycle work and cycle efficiency.
Given: An Air-Standard Otto Cycle
𝑃 = 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 and 𝑇 = 35℃ = 308 𝐾
𝑃 = 4.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 4800 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 and 𝑇 = 2500℃ = 2773 𝐾
Required:
a. Net Cycle Work, 𝑊 in 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
b. Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒 in %

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

4. An engine operates on air-standard Otto cycle. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of isentropic compression are 120 kPaa and
35°C. The peak pressure and temperature are 4.8 MPaa and 2500 °C.
Determine the net cycle work and cycle efficiency.
Solution: Note:
𝑣 =𝑣
a. For the net cycle work, 𝑊 𝑃 𝑣 =𝑣
3 Hence,
𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄 𝑣 𝑣
𝑟 = =
𝑄 = 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑣 𝑣
𝑄 𝑺=𝑪
𝑄 = 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression 𝑽=𝑪
𝑇 𝑃 𝑣 2 4
= =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑣
𝑄
Process 3-4: Isentropic Compression 𝑺=𝑪
𝑽=𝑪
𝑇 𝑃 𝑣
= = 1
𝑇 𝑃 𝑣
𝑣

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

4. An engine operates on air-standard Otto cycle. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of isentropic compression are 120 kPaa and
35°C. The peak pressure and temperature are 4.8 MPaa and 2500 °C.
Determine the net cycle work and cycle efficiency.
Solution:
Using the ideal gas equation,
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇

@ State 1: @ State 3:
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑘𝐽𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.287 1 (308 𝐾) 0.287 1 (2773 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝐽
𝑣 = 𝑣 =
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
120 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 1 4800 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 1
𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 − 𝑚 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 − 𝑚
𝑣 = 0.7366 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑣 = 0.1658 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
𝑣 = 𝑣 = 0.7366 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝑣 = 𝑣 = 0.1658 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

4. An engine operates on air-standard Otto cycle. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of isentropic compression are 120 kPaa and
35°C. The peak pressure and temperature are 4.8 MPaa and 2500 °C.
Determine the net cycle work and cycle efficiency.
Solution:
For 𝑇 , For 𝑇 ,
𝑇 𝑣 𝑇 𝑣
= =
𝑇 𝑣 𝑇 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣
𝑇 =𝑇 𝑇 =𝑇
𝑣 𝑣
. .
0.7366 0.1658
𝑇 = 308 𝐾 𝑇 = 2773 𝐾
0.1658 0.7366
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝑲 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟖 𝑲

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

4. An engine operates on air-standard Otto cycle. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of isentropic compression are 120 kPaa and
35°C. The peak pressure and temperature are 4.8 MPaa and 2500 °C.
Determine the net cycle work and cycle efficiency.
Solution:
Solving for 𝑄 and 𝑄 , Finally, solving for 𝑊
𝑄 = 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 0.7176 (2773 𝐾 − 559.25 𝐾) 𝑊 = 1588.59 − 874.88
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝟕𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟏 (ans)
𝒌𝒈

𝑄 = −𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) For the cycle efficiency, 𝑒

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = − 0.7176 (308 𝐾 − 1527.18 𝐾) 𝑊 713.71
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝑔
𝑒= =
𝑸𝑹 = 𝟖𝟕𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑄𝐴 𝑘𝐽
1588.59
𝑘𝑔
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟑% (ans)

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

5. An air-standard Otto cycle with a given value of compression ratio is executed with specified
conditions at the beginning of the compression stroke and a specified maximum temperature
during the cycle. Determine the temperature and pressure at the end of each process, the thermal
efficiency, and mean effective pressure, in atm.
Given: An Air-Standard Otto Cycle
𝑇 = 540°𝑅, 𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚, 𝑇 = 3600°𝑅, 𝑉 = 0.02 𝑓𝑡 , and 𝑟 = 𝑣 /𝑣 = 8

Required:
@ State 2: 𝑇 and 𝑃
@ State 3: 𝑃
@ State 4: 𝑇 and 𝑃
Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒
Mean Effective Pressure, 𝑃

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

5. An air-standard Otto cycle with a given value of compression ratio is executed with specified
conditions at the beginning of the compression stroke and a specified maximum temperature
during the cycle. Determine the temperature and pressure at the end of each process, the thermal
efficiency, and mean effective pressure, in atm.
Solution:
a. For the temperature and pressure @ each state: @State 2:
@State 1: 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎°𝑹 Using the Air Tables (A22E): Identify 𝑻𝟐 and 𝒖
Using the Air Tables (A22E): Identify 𝒖𝟏 and 𝒗𝒓𝟏
𝑢 = 92.04 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑣 = 144.32 𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏
Using the compression ratio equation, 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟎°𝑹 (ans)
𝑣 𝑣 𝑢 = 211.28 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑟 = =
𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 Using the 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 law: Identify 𝑷𝟐
𝑟 =
𝑣 𝑇 𝑃 𝑣
= =
𝑣 144.32 𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏 𝑇 𝑃 𝑣
𝑣 = = 𝑃 =𝑃 𝑟 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 8 .
𝑟 8
𝑣 = 18.04 𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 (ans)

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

5. An air-standard Otto cycle with a given value of compression ratio is executed with specified
conditions at the beginning of the compression stroke and a specified maximum temperature
during the cycle. Determine the temperature and pressure at the end of each process, the thermal
efficiency, and mean effective pressure, in atm.
Solution:
@State 3: 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎°𝑹 @State 4:
Using Charles’ Law: Identify 𝑷𝟑 Using the compression ratio equation: Identify 𝒗𝒓𝟒
𝑃 𝑃 𝑣 𝑣
= 𝑟 = =
𝑇 𝑇 𝑣 𝑣
𝑇 𝑣 =𝑟 𝑣
𝑃 =𝑃
𝑇 𝑣 = 8 0.6449 𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏
3600°𝑅 𝑣 = 5.16 𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏
𝑃 = 18.38 𝑎𝑡𝑚
1211.90°𝑅
Using the Air Tables (A22E): Identify 𝑻𝟒 and 𝒖𝟒
𝑷𝟑 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒎 (ans)
Using the Air Tables (A22E): Identify 𝒖𝟑 and 𝒗𝒓𝟑
𝑢 = 721.44 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑣 = 0.6449 𝑓𝑡 /𝑙𝑏
𝑻𝟒 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟒°𝑹 (ans)
𝑢 = 342.22 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏

18/20

30

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

5. An air-standard Otto cycle with a given value of compression ratio is executed with specified
conditions at the beginning of the compression stroke and a specified maximum temperature
during the cycle. Determine the temperature and pressure at the end of each process, the thermal
efficiency, and mean effective pressure, in atm.
Solution:
@State 4: 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟒°𝑹
@State 1: 𝑇 = 540°𝑅 & 𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Using Charles’ Law: Identify 𝑷𝟒
𝑃 𝑃 𝑇 𝑢 = 92.04 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
= →𝑃 =𝑃 @State 2: 𝑇 = 1211.90°𝑅 and 𝑃 = 18.38 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑢 = 211.28 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
1877.54°𝑅
𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 @State 3: 𝑇 = 3600°𝑅 and 𝑃 = 54.60 𝑎𝑡𝑚
540°𝑅 𝑢 = 721.44 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑷𝟒 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 (ans) @State 4: 𝑇 = 1877.54°𝑅 and 𝑃 = 3.48 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Solving for the mass of air: 𝑢 = 342.22 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
Using the parameters @ State 1
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 Solving for 𝑸𝑨 and 𝑸𝑹 ,
𝑙𝑏 144 𝑖𝑛 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 𝑚(𝑢 − 𝑢 )
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 14.7 0.02 𝑓𝑡 ( )
𝑃𝑣 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑸𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟗 𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑚= =
𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 1 = 𝑚(𝑢 − 𝑢 )
53.34 (540°𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 − °𝑅 𝑸𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟖 𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑚 = 1.47 × 10 𝑙𝑏

31

PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

5. An air-standard Otto cycle with a given value of compression ratio is executed with specified
conditions at the beginning of the compression stroke and a specified maximum temperature
during the cycle. Determine the temperature and pressure at the end of each process, the thermal
efficiency, and mean effective pressure, in atm.
Solution:
b. For the thermal efficiency of the cycle, 𝑒
𝑊 𝑄 𝑊
𝑒= = 1− 𝑃 =
𝑄 𝑄 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑄 −𝑄
0.3678 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑃 =
𝑒 =1− 𝑉
0.7499 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑉 −
𝑟
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟓 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟓% (ans) 𝑄 −𝑄
𝑃 =
c. For the mean effective pressure, 𝑃 1
𝑉 1−
𝑊 𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑖𝑛
𝑉 0.7499 − 0.3678 𝐵𝑇𝑈 778
𝐵𝑇𝑈 14.7 𝑙𝑏
𝑃 =
Note: 1 𝑖𝑛
0.02 𝑓𝑡 1− 144
8 𝑓𝑡
𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄
𝑷𝑴 = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎 (ans)
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
𝑟 = →𝑉 =
𝑉 𝑟

32

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Otto Cycle

6. An engine operates on the air-standard Otto cycle. The cycle work is 1000 kJ/kg. What is the
compression ratio of the engine if the maximum cycle temperature is 3173 K and the temperature
at the end of the isentropic compression is 773 K.
Given: An Air-Standard Otto Cycle
𝑊 = 1000 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑇 = 3173 𝐾, and 𝑇 = 773 𝐾
Required: Compression Ratio, 𝑟
Solution:
Using the formula or equation of the efficiency 1000
𝑘𝐽
for the compression ratio, 𝑘𝑔
𝑒=
𝑊 𝑘𝐽
𝑒= 0.7176 3173 − 773 𝐾
𝑄 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
1 𝑒 = 0.5806 = 58.06%
𝑒 =1−
𝑟
Solving for the compression ratio,
Note: 𝑄 = 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 1
0.5806 = 1 −
𝑊 𝑟 .
𝑒= 𝒓𝒌 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟗 (ans)
𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

33

Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering

MEF342:
COMBUSTION
ENGINEERING
Engr. Marc Florenz P. Arnaldo
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
The air-standard Diesel cycle is an ideal cycle 𝑃
2 3
that assumes heat addition occurs 𝑷=𝑪
instantaneously while the piston is at top
dead center. The Diesel cycle is shown on
the 𝑃 − 𝑣 diagram shown in the figure. The
cycle consists of four internally reversible 𝑺=𝑪
processes in series:

𝑺=𝑪 4
1-2: Isentropic Compression
2-3: Isobaric Heat Addition 𝑄

3-4: Isentropic Expansion 1

4-1: Isometric Heat Rejection 𝑽=𝑪

Source: Engineering Thermodynamics 4th Edition by Burghardt & Harbach

35

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

𝑃
2 3
𝑷=𝑪

𝑺=𝑪

𝑺=𝑪 4

1
𝑽=𝑪

𝑣
Source: Engineering Thermodynamics 4th Edition by Burghardt & Harbach

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

𝑃
2 3
𝑷=𝑪 Heat Added, 𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

Heat Rejected, 𝑄
𝑺=𝑪
𝑄 = −𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 𝑇
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
4
𝑺=𝑪 Net Cycle Work, 𝑊
𝑄
𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄
1
𝑽=𝑪

37

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

𝑃
2 3
𝑷=𝑪 Cycle Efficiency, 𝑒
𝑟 −1
𝑊 𝑘 𝑟 −1
𝑒= =1−
𝑄 𝑟
𝑺=𝑪
Compression Ratio, 𝑟
4
𝑉
𝑺=𝑪 𝑟 = =𝑟𝑟
𝑉
𝑄

1 Cut-off Ratio, 𝑟
𝑽=𝑪 𝑉
𝑟 =
𝑣 𝑉

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

𝑃
2 3
𝑷=𝑪 Expansion Ratio, 𝑟
𝑉
𝑟 =
𝑉
𝑺=𝑪 Volume Displacement, 𝑉
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉

𝑺=𝑪 4 Clearance Volume, 𝑉

𝑄 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑉
1 Mean Effective Pressure, 𝑃
𝑽=𝑪
𝑊
𝑣 𝑃 =
𝑉

39

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

𝑃
2 3
𝑷=𝑪

Percentage Clearance, 𝑐
1
𝑺=𝑪 𝑐=
𝑟 −1

𝑺=𝑪 4

1
𝑽=𝑪

40

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

1. The ratio of compression in a Diesel engine is 16 to 1 and the temperature of the air at the
beginning of the compression is 49°C. Calculate the temperature at the end of the compression
assuming it follows the law 𝑷𝑽𝟏.𝟑𝟒 = 𝑪.
Given: An Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
𝑟 = 16
𝑇 = 49℃
𝑃𝑉 . = 𝐶
Required:
Temperature at the end of the isentropic compression, 𝑇
Solution:
.
@ State 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression 𝑇 = 49℃ + 273 𝐾 16
Using 𝑃𝑉 . = 𝐶 to solve for 𝑻𝟐 : 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟖𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟑 𝑲 (ans)
𝑇 𝑉 𝑇 = 826.53 − 273 ℃
=
𝑇 𝑉 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟓𝟑°C (ans)
𝑉
𝑇 =𝑇
𝑉
𝑇 =𝑇 𝑟

41

PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

2. The pressure and temperature of the air at the beginning of compression in a diesel engine is
111.46 kPa and 35°C, respectively. The clearance volume is equal to 7.5% of the piston swept
volume. Calculate the pressure at the end of compression assuming the law of compression if
𝑷𝑽𝟏.𝟑𝟔 = 𝑪.
Given: An Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
𝑇 = 35℃ = 308 𝐾 and 𝑃 = 111.46 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑐 = 7.5%
𝑃𝑉 . = 𝐶
Required:
Pressure at the end of the isentropic compression, 𝑃
Solution:
@ State 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression Using the clearance and displacement volume
Using 𝑃𝑉 . = 𝐶 to solve for 𝑷𝟐 : formula:
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑉
𝑃 𝑉 Note: Let 𝑉 = 𝑉
= 𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉
𝑃 𝑉
𝑉 Hence,
𝑃 =𝑃 𝑉 = 0.075𝑉
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 0.075𝑉
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝑽𝑫

42

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

2. The pressure and temperature of the air at the beginning of compression in a diesel engine is
111.46 kPa and 35°C, respectively. The clearance volume is equal to 7.5% of the piston swept
volume. Calculate the pressure at the end of compression assuming the law of compression if
𝑷𝑽𝟏.𝟑𝟔 = 𝑪.
Solution:

𝑉
𝑃 =𝑃
𝑉
Note:
𝑉 = 𝑉 = 0.075𝑉
𝑉 = 1.075𝑉
.
1.075𝑉
𝑃 = 111.46 𝑘𝑃𝑎
0.075𝑉
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (ans)

43

PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

3. An ideal diesel engine operates on a 1 kg of cold air with a suction pressure of 110 kPa and an
initial temperature of 40°C. The compression pressure is 3000 kPa and the percentage clearance is
at 8% of the stroke from top-dead to bottom-dead center of the piston. Determine the ideal cycle
thermal efficiency.
Given: An Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 110 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇 = 40℃ = 313 𝐾
𝑃 = 3000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑐 = 8%
Required:
Ideal Cycle Thermal Efficiency, 𝑒
Solution:
𝑟 −1 𝑉
𝑟 =
𝑘 𝑟 −1 𝑉
𝑒 =1−
𝑟 𝑉
𝑟 =
𝑟 −1 𝑉
𝑒 =1−
𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 −1

Note: Determine 𝒓𝒄 and 𝒓𝒌

44

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

3. An ideal diesel engine operates on a 1 kg of cold air with a suction pressure of 110 kPa and an
initial temperature of 40°C. The compression pressure is 3000 kPa and the percentage clearance is
at 8% of the stroke from top-dead to bottom-dead center of the piston. Determine the ideal cycle
thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Solving for the volume at State 1, 2, and 3: .
110 𝑘𝑃𝑎
For 𝑉 , using the ideal gas equation 𝑉 = 0.8166 𝑚
3000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑉 = 0.0770 𝑚
𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑉 = For 𝑉 , using the 𝑉 and 𝑉 equations
𝑃
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉
1 𝑘𝑔 0.287 1 313 𝐾 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑉
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝐽
𝑉 =
𝑘𝑁 𝑉 − 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑉
110 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1
𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 𝑚
𝑉 = 0.8166 𝑚 Note: 𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉
For 𝑉 , using the 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 equation 𝑉 −𝑉 =𝑐 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑃𝑉 =𝑃𝑉 𝑉 =𝑐 𝑉 −𝑉 +𝑉
𝑉 = 0.08 0.8166 𝑚 − 0.0770 𝑚 + 0.0770 𝑚
𝑃 𝑉 = 0.1362 𝑚
𝑉 =𝑉
𝑃

45

PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

3. An ideal diesel engine operates on a 1 kg of cold air with a suction pressure of 110 kPa and an
initial temperature of 40°C. The compression pressure is 3000 kPa and the percentage clearance is
at 8% of the stroke from top-dead to bottom-dead center of the piston. Determine the ideal cycle
thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Solving for 𝒓𝒄 and 𝒓𝒌 : Finally, solving for the ideal thermal efficiency
𝑉 of the cycle
𝑟 = 𝑟 −1
𝑉 𝑒 =1−
0.1362 𝑚 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 −1
𝑟 = .
0.0770 𝑚 1.77 −1
𝑟 = 1.77 𝑒 =1− .
10.61 1.4 1.77 − 1
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟓 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟓% (ans)
𝑉
𝑟 =
𝑉
0.8166 𝑚
𝑟 =
0.0770 𝑚
𝑟 = 10.61

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

4. An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kJ/cycle of heat while operating at 300 rpm. At the
beginning of compression, the parameters are 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝑲, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂, and 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑 . At
the end of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPaa. Determine (a) the pressure, temperature, and
volume at each state; (b) the net work; (c) the power produced; and (d) the mean effective
pressure.
Given: Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
𝑄 = 28.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑁 = 300 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 300 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇 = 305 𝐾, 𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎, and 𝑉 = 0.0425 𝑚
𝑃 = 3450 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎

Required:
a. Temperature, 𝑻; pressure, 𝑷; and volume, 𝑽, at each state
b. Net cycle work, 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻
c. Power, 𝑷 or 𝑾̇𝑵𝑬𝑻
d. Mean effective pressure, 𝑷𝑴

47

PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

4. An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kJ/cycle of heat while operating at 300 rpm. At the
beginning of compression, the parameters are 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝑲, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂, and 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑 . At
the end of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPaa. Determine (a) the pressure, temperature, and
volume at each state; (b) the net work; (c) the power produced; and (d) the mean effective
pressure.
Solution:
a. For the temperature, 𝑻; pressure, 𝑷; and @ State 2:
volume, 𝑽, at each state:
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
First, determine the mass of air using the = =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
ideal gas equation
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑃
𝑃𝑉 𝑇 =𝑇
𝑚= 𝑃
𝑅𝑇 .
3450 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 .
𝑘𝑁
100 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 1 (0.0425 𝑚 ) 𝑇 = (305 𝐾)
𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 − 𝑚 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑚=
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟒 𝑲 (ans)
0.287 (1 )(305 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝐽
𝑚 = 0.0486 𝑘𝑔

48

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

4. An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kJ/cycle of heat while operating at 300 rpm. At the
beginning of compression, the parameters are 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝑲, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂, and 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑 . At
the end of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPaa. Determine (a) the pressure, temperature, and
volume at each state; (b) the net work; (c) the power produced; and (d) the mean effective
pressure.
Solution:
@ State 3:
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
= = Using the given value and equation of Heat
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉 Addition,
𝑃 𝑉 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 𝑇
= 𝑄
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑚𝐶
𝑃 𝑉 𝑄
= 𝑇 =𝑇 +
𝑃 𝑉 𝑚𝐶
28.5 𝑘𝐽
𝑃 𝑇 = 838.84 𝐾 +
𝑘𝐽
𝑉 =𝑉 0.0486 𝑘𝑔 1.0047
𝑃 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑻𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 𝑲 (ans)
100 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 .
𝑉 = (0.0425 𝑚 )
3450 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝟑 (ans)

49

PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

4. An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kJ/cycle of heat while operating at 300 rpm. At the
beginning of compression, the parameters are 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝑲, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂, and 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑 . At
the end of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPaa. Determine (a) the pressure, temperature, and
volume at each state; (b) the net work; (c) the power produced; and (d) the mean effective
pressure.
Solution:
Using Charles’ Law, Note: 𝑉 = 𝑉 and 𝑃 = 𝑃
𝑉 𝑉
=
𝑇 𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
𝑇 =
𝑉 =𝑉 𝑃 𝑉
𝑇
1422.52 𝐾 𝑃 𝑉
𝑉 = 0.0034 𝑚 =
838.84 𝐾 𝑃 𝑉
𝑽𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝟑 (ans) 𝑃 𝑉
=
𝑃 𝑉
@ State 4: 0.0058 𝑚
.
Using the 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 equation, 𝑃 = 3450 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
0.0425 𝑚
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉 𝑷𝟒 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂 (ans)
= =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

4. An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kJ/cycle of heat while operating at 300 rpm. At the
beginning of compression, the parameters are 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝑲, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂, and 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑 . At
the end of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPaa. Determine (a) the pressure, temperature, and
volume at each state; (b) the net work; (c) the power produced; and (d) the mean effective
pressure.
Solution:
b. For the net cycle work, 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
= = 𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
𝑇 𝑉 Note: 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
=
𝑇 𝑉 𝑊 = 𝑄 − 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑉 𝑊 = 28.5 𝑘𝐽 − 0.0486 𝑘𝑔 0.7176 641.32 − 305 𝐾
𝑇 =𝑇
𝑉 𝑊 = 16.77 𝑘𝐽
.
0.0058 𝑚 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑱/𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 (ans)
𝑇 = 1422.52 𝐾
0.0425 𝑚 c. For the power produced, 𝑷 or 𝑾̇𝑵𝑬𝑻
𝑻𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝑲 (ans) 𝑃 = 𝑊̇ = (𝑁)(𝑊 )
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑠
𝑃 = 𝑊̇ = 300 16.77 1
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 60 𝑠 𝑘𝐽
𝑷 = 𝑾̇𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝑾 (ans)

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

4. An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kJ/cycle of heat while operating at 300 rpm. At the
beginning of compression, the parameters are 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝑲, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂, and 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑 . At
the end of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPaa. Determine (a) the pressure, temperature, and
volume at each state; (b) the net work; (c) the power produced; and (d) the mean effective
pressure.
Solution:
d. For the mean effective pressure, 𝑷𝑴
𝑊
𝑃 =
𝑉
Note: 𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 ; 𝑉 = 0.0425 𝑚 ; and
𝑉 = 0.0034 𝑚
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
16.77 1
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑘𝐽
𝑃 =
𝑚
0.0425 − 0.0034
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 428.90
𝑚
𝑷𝑴 = 𝟒𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂 (ans)

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

5. In an air-standard Diesel cycle, compression starts at 100 kPa and 300 K. The compression ratio is
16 to 1. The maximum cycle temperature is 2031 K. Determine the thermal cycle efficiency.
Given: An Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇 = 300 𝐾
𝑟 = 16 and 𝑇 = 2031 𝐾
Required: Thermal cycle efficiency, 𝑒
Solution:
Using the formula or equation of the thermal Solving for 𝑇 , and 𝑇
cycle efficiency,
For 𝑻𝟐 ,
𝑊
𝑒= 𝑇 𝑉
𝑄 =
𝑄 −𝑄 𝑇 𝑉
𝑒= 𝑇
𝑄 = 𝑟
𝑄 𝑇
𝑒 =1− 𝑇 =𝑇 𝑟
𝑄
𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑇 = 300 𝐾 16 .
𝑒 =1− 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝑲 (ans)
𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑇 −𝑇
𝑒 =1−
𝑇 −𝑇

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PROBLEM SOLVING: Analysis of an Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

5. In an air-standard Diesel cycle, compression starts at 100 kPa and 300 K. The compression ratio is
16 to 1. The maximum cycle temperature is 2031 K. Determine the thermal cycle efficiency.
Solution:
For 𝑻𝟒 , 𝑇 𝑉
Using Charles’ Law @ State 2-3 =
𝑇 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
= Note: 𝑉 = 𝑉
𝑇 𝑇
Note: 𝑇 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 =
𝑟 = →𝑉 = 𝑇 𝑉
𝑉 𝑟
𝑇 𝑇
= 𝑟
𝑉 𝑉 𝑇 𝑇
= .
𝑇 𝑇 2031 𝐾 909.43
𝑇 = 16
𝑉 =𝑉 𝑇 2031
𝑇 𝑇 = 923.93 K
𝑉 𝑇
=𝑉
𝑟 𝑇 Finally, solving for the thermal cycle efficiency
𝑉 𝑇 923.93 − 300
=𝑟 𝑒 =1−
𝑉 𝑇 2031 − 909.43
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟕 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟕% (ans)

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