“THE PIOONERS OF LINGUISTICS”

Subject: Linguistic

Lecturer: Dr. Sholihatul Hamidah Daulay, S.Ag., M.Hum

Arranged by:

Group 3

Tiara Dwi Lestari (0304213050)

Rahmi Pitriyani (0304213064)

Nisa Febriyanti Tanjung (0304213078)

SEM 3/TBI3

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING

ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

2022
 PREFACE

First of all, Thanks to Allah SWT who has given us His grace and grace so that we can
successfully complete our paper, while this task was carried out to fulfill the Linguistics course,
we have compiled this paper as well as possible but there may still be shortcomings. to achieve
perfection. We as writers accept various constructive criticisms in order to make this paper even
better.

Furthermore, we hope that this paper can provide benefits and add insight to the readers.
Hopefully this paper can be understood for anyone who reads it. We apologize in advance if
there are errors and inappropriate words.

We also thank Dr. Sholihatul Hamidah Daulay, S.Ag., M.Hum as a lecturer in the
Linguistics course because of his guidance and direction so that our group can complete the task
of this paper on time.

We also realize that there are still many shortcomings in the content of this paper,
including in terms of writing and the structure of the content of this assignment. We hope that the
authors ask the readers for their criticisms and suggestions so that in the future we can make
better papers. Finally, I hope this paper is useful for all of us.

Medan, 29 September 2022

Group 3

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE.......................................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1
A. Background Of Study....................................................................................................1
B. Formulate Of The Problem...........................................................................................2
C. Aims Of Paper................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION........................................................................................................3
A. Ferdinand Mongin de Saussure....................................................................................3
B. Leonard Bloomfield.......................................................................................................4
C. Roman Osipovich Jacobson..........................................................................................6
D. Francesco Cavallero (Singapore)..................................................................................9
E. K. Sastrasoeganda (Indonesia)......................................................................................9
CHAPTER III CLOSING...........................................................................................................11
A. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................11
B. Suggestion.....................................................................................................................12
REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................13

ii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background Of Study

Linguistics, as defined by Edward Finegan, is the systematic inquiry into human

language-into its structures and uses and the relationship between hem, as well as into the
development and acquisition of language. Language, as defined by the Collegiate Merriam-
Webster Dictionary, is a body or system of words and phrases used by a large community or by a
people, a nation, or a group of nations. Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption
that spoken language is more fundamental, and thus more important to study than writing
(Linguistics). Some of these linguists intertwined the study of linguistics with other fields such
as science and so forth. There are five men who have made a profound contribution to the study
of linguistics: Leonard Bloomfield, Noam Chomsky, Martin Joos, Ferdinand de Saussure, and
Edward Sapir.

Leonard Bloomfield was a linguist that took an interest in the Germanic language and
spent most of his time comparing and contrasting the language. Linguist Noam Chomsky has
made a profound contribution to linguistics. In 1957 Chomsky published a book entitled
Syntactic Structures and than Sapir made to linguistics was the investigating of linguistics with
Native American Groups. Sapir's image of language was that of a verbal symbol of human
relations. Sapir believed that language was what shaped the perception of people and believed
that to understand cultural behavior could not be accomplished without thoroughly tracing the
development of the language. Sapir was interested in the more abstract connections between
personality, verbal expression, and socially determined behavior (Edward Sapir).

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. There are broadly three aspects to the
study, which include language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest
known activities in the description of language have been attributed to Pāṇini around 500 BCE,
with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. Language can be understood as an interplay of
sound and meaning. The discipline that studies linguistic sound is termed as phonetics, which is
concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and non-speech sounds, and how they are

1
produced and perceived. The study of language meaning, on the other hand, is concerned with
how languages employ logic and real-world references to convey, process, and assign meaning,
as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. This in turn includes the study of semantics (how
meaning is inferred from words and concepts) and pragmatics (how meaning is inferred from
context).

B. Formulate Of The Problem

1. What is Ferdinand de Saussure's theory?
2. What is Leonard Bloomfiled’s theory?
3. What is Roman Osipovich Jacobson’s theory?
4. What is Francesco Cavallaro’s (Singapore) theory?
5. What is K. Sastrasoeganda’s (Indonesia) theory?

C. Aims Of Paper
1. To know the theory of Ferdinand de Saussure's?
2. To know the theory of Leonard Bloomfiled’s?
3. To know the theory of Roman Osipovich Jacobson’s?
4. To know the theory of Francesco Cavallaro’s (Singapore) ?
5. To know the theory of K. Sastrasoeganda’s (Indonesia)?

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Ferdinand Mongin de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure was born on November 26, 1857 in Geneva, Switzerland. He

died on February 22, 1913 at Vufflens-le-Château. Ferdinand was the eldest of nine children.
His parents were Henri Louis Frederic de Saussure and Countess Louise de Pourtalès.
Saussure is the surname of a Calvinist aristocrat who fled persecution in France's Lorraine
region in the 15th century and settled in the Upper City of Geneva. Henri Louis Frederic de
Saussure was an expert in minerals and entomology (the study of insects). His father was also
a taxonomist. In 1892 he married his cousin Marie Faesch, and nine months later they had
their first son, Jacques. Two more sons, Raymond and André, followed in 1894 and 1895,
although André succumbed to cholera three months later.

Saussure is known as a linguist who has an idea about the structure in language. His
ideas became the basis for many approaches and advances in linguistics in the 20th century.
His ideas can be seen from the books published after his death. More than a century after the
death of Ferdinand de Saussure, his fundamental ideas continue to serve as the foundation of
linguistic theory. The idea has outlived countless challenges and survived. Today, the idea
has countless theoretical constructs built on it.

His first work was a book entitled Mémoire sur le système primitive des voyelles
dans les langues indo-européennes in 1878. Saussure wrote a paper describing a radically
new approach to the primitive Indo-European vocal system and estimated it to be only about
sixty pages long. However, the book grew to five times its estimated length. The book was
published in December 1878, although it lists the date 1879 on the title page.

During his lifetime, Ferdinand de Saussure was quite active in writing. He has written
various manuscripts and essays on general linguistics. However, he was not a person who
wished to publish his writings. Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, his colleagues in
Geneva, collected student notes and supplemented them with notes from Saussure's
manuscripts from 1907 to 1911. They collected them and published them under the title
Cours de linguistique générale in 1916. The book became one of the most influential works

3
of the 20th century, providing direction for modern linguistics and inspiration for literary and
cultural theory. Prior to his death, Saussure told his friends that he wrote his own ideas and
thoughts, but that no physical evidence could be found.

Eighty years later, in 1996, a manuscript written by Saussure himself was discovered
in the orangerie of his family home in Geneva. This is his work that had disappeared. The
book includes previously found manuscripts on the philosophy of language, Saussure's own
notes to lectures, and a comprehensive bibliography of Ferdinand de Saussure's major works.
Now, the book is being published for the first time by Oxford University Press in English
under the title Writings in General Linguistics. For eighty years the understanding of
Saussure's thought relied on incomplete and indefinite texts, which at times gave rise to many
creative interpretations and arguments both for and against Saussure. The debate can now be
settled with the now published work. This book reveals new and subtle depths in Saussure's
thinking about the complex nature and workings of language, in particular the well-known
binary opposition between form and meaning, sign and what is signified, and language
(langue) and its performance (parole).

B. Leonard Bloomfield

Leonard Bloomfield was born on April 1, 1887, in Chicago. He graduated from

Harvard College at the age of 19 and did postgraduate work for 2 years at the University of
Wisconsin, where he also taught in Germany. His interest in linguistics was stimulated by
Eduard Prokosch, a linguist in the German department. Bloomfield received his doctorate
from the University of Chicago in 1909.

The influence of American linguist Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) dominated

linguistics from 1933 - when his most important work, Language, was published - to the mid-
1950s.

Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949, America) In analyzing Bloomfield's language, it is

influenced by two conflicting schools of psychology, namely mentalism and behaviorism. At

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first he used the principles of mentalism (which is in line with Wundt's psychological
theory). Here he argues that language begins with giving birth to a pleasant experience,
especially because of strong emotional pressure. If you give birth to experience in the form of
this language because of strong emotional pressure, then an exclamation (sentence) appears.
If this experience is born from the desire to commit, then a declaration sentence is born. If
this desire to communicate turns into a desire to know, it will become an interrogation
sentence.

Since 1925 Bloomfield left Wundt's psychology of mentalism and embraced the
psychology of Watson and Weiss's behaviorism. He applied the psychological theory of
behaviorism in his theory which is now known as "structural linguistics" and "taxonomy
linguistics". This greatly influenced the development of American linguistics, especially at
the Yle school of linguistics which was founded according to his teachings. Bloomfield
explains the meaning (semantics) with behaviorism formulas.

As a result, meaning is not studied by other linguists who are followers. The linguistic
elements are explained based on the distribution of these elements in the environment where
the elements are located. Distribution can be observed directly while meaning cannot.
Leonard Bloomfield's Theory

Leonard Blomfield (1887-1949) an American linguist, before following the

behavioristic school of Watson and Weiss, was an adherent of mentalism in line with
Wundt's psychological theory. Bloomfield explains the meaning (semantics) with
behaviorism formulas. As a result, meaning is not studied by other linguists who are
followers.

According to Bloomfield, language is a collection of utterances that appear in a

speech community. This utterance must be studied to find out its parts. Then, for Bloomfield
language is a collection of data that may appear in a society. This data is utterances
consisting of pieces of behavior (character) arranged linearly.

According to Bloomfield, language consists of a number of signs or signs in the form

of vocal elements (sounds) called linguistic forms. Each form is a sign unit formed by
phonemes. In Bloomfield's linguistic theory there are several terms that need to be known,

5
namely phonemes, morphemes, phrases, words, sentences. Bloomfield in his analysis tries to
dissect the parts of the language, and to explain the nature of the relationship between the
parts. So, let's look at the parts starting from phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases and
sentences. Then he also explained further about grammar and introduced many definitions,
terms, or concepts that were too technical to talk about, such as the concept of accent,
semem, tagmem, episemem, and others. Therefore, Bloomfield's theory is also called
taxonomic linguistics because it cuts language hierarchically to examine its parts or
structures.

C. Roman Osipovich Jacobson

Roman Osipovich Jacobson (Russian: 11 October 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a

Russian-American literary theorist and linguist. A pioneer of structural linguistics, Jacobson
is one of the most revered and influential linguists of the twentieth century. With Nikolai
Trubetzkoy, he developed revolutionary new techniques for the analysis of linguistic sound
systems, which essentially founded the modern discipline of phonology. Jacobson went on to
extend the same principles and techniques to study other aspects of language such as syntax,
morphology and semantics. He made many contributions to Slavic linguistics, most notably
two Russian case studies and an analysis of Russian verb categories. Drawing on insights
from CS Peirce's semiotics, as well as from communication theory and cybernetics, he
proposed methods for the investigation of poetry, music, visual arts, and film.

Through a decisive influence on Claude Lévi-Strauss and Roland Barthes, among

others, Jacobson became a key figure in the adaptation of structural analysis to disciplines
outside of linguistics, including philosophy, anthropology, and literary theory; its
development from the approach pioneered by Ferdinand de Saussure, known as
"structuralism", to a major post-war intellectual movement in Europe and the United States.
Meanwhile, despite the declining influence of structuralism during the 1970s, Jacobson's
work continues to receive attention in linguistic anthropology, particularly through the
communication ethnography developed by Dell Hymes and cultural semiotics developed by
Jacobson's former student, Michael Silverstein. It should also be borne in mind that

6
Jacobson's concept of universal linguistics underpinning, in particular the well-known theory
of its distinctive features, decisively influenced the early thinking of Noam Chomsky, who
became a dominant figure in theoretical linguistics during the second half of the twentieth
century.

Finally, Jacobson’s work was always marked by close ties between scholarship and
art, particularly that of the avant-garde. During the 1910s, Jacobson made the acquaintance of
major Russian avant-garde figures such as the artist Kazimir Malevich and the futurist poet
Velimir Khlebnikov. In 1914 Jacobson wrote his own futurist poems under the pseudonym of
Aliagrov, and throughout his life he explored the ways in which linguistics and poetry could
shed light on each other. The futurist poets’ experiments with sound, which restructured
associations between phonic patterns and the elements of meaning, proved fertile ground for
Jacobson’s early investigations into both linguistics and poetry (Noveishaia russkaia poeziia
[Recent Russian Poetry]; 1919).

Following the Russian Revolution, Jacobson managed to avoid fighting in the bloody
Civil War. In 1920 he left for Prague, initially as a translator for the Soviet Red Cross
mission; ultimately he would become a professor of Russian philology in Brno. In
Czechoslovakia, he once again initiated extensive collaborations with other scholars—he
maintained close contacts with his friends and fellow émigrés Nikolai Trubetskoi and Petr
Bogatyrev, became a founding member of the Prague Linguistic Circle in 1926, and was a
key presence at international linguistics congresses. As he had in Russia, he also worked with
numerous artists and writers; he joined the avant-garde group Devětsil and was good friends
with the poets Vítězslav Nezval and Jaroslav Seifert, among others. As much as any Czech,
Jacobson was one of the defining figures of Czech scholarship and artistic life between the
wars.

In these years, Jacobson wrote extensively on linguistics, Czech and Russian

literature, and literary theory, continuing to develop the ideas of the Russian formalists. His
pioneering work in phonology, developed in collaboration with the Prague Linguistic Circle,
advanced an understanding of the structure of sound systems. With the formalist Iurii
Tynianov, Jacobson published the brief but seminal article “Problemy izucheniia literatury i
jazyka” (Problems in the Study of Language and Literature; 1928), which called for studying

7
literature as a system among other systems, paying attention to its social context and
evolution over time. Jacobson put these dicta into effect in his own studies of old Czech
literature. After the suicide of the Russian poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, Jacobson wrote his
impassioned essay “O pokolenii, rastrativshem svoikh poetov” (On a Generation that
Squandered Its Poets; 1931), investigating the connection between poets’ lives and their
personal mythologies. He also considered the nature of literary and artistic representation in a
number of key essays, including “O realismu v umění” (On Realism in Art; 1921) and “Co je
poezie?” (What is Poetry?; 1934). In the latter he developed the idea that poetry’s primary
function is to draw attention to the language it uses, rather than refer transparently to reality.

In 1939, after the Nazi occupation of the Czech lands, there began what Jacobson
called “the years of homeless wandering from one country to another”—a wandering that in
no way detracted from his prolific output and, indeed, contributed many new impulses to his
thought. He escaped first to Denmark, then to Norway and Sweden, where he completed his
study Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (Child Language, Aphasia, and
Phonological Universals; 1941), investigating parallels between children’s acquisition of
language and its loss by patients suffering from brain damage. In June 1941, Jacobson
arrived in the United States, where he taught first at the École Libre des Hautes Études in
New York, then moved to Columbia University and ultimately to Harvard and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Jacobson’s extensive research in America included work on the language spoken by

medieval Czech Jews, and continued his investigations into metaphor and metonymy,
aphasia, poetic language, and semiotics. Perhaps his most influential, and provocative, work
from this period was his 1958 lecture “Linguistics and Poetics,” a touchstone of twentieth-
century literary theory. Jacobson had close ties to YIVO, writing, for example, a preface to
the first edition of College Yiddish (1949). He and Max Weinreich contributed to each
other’s Festschriften.

Jacobson’s close association of linguistic theory and poetic practice (laid out in the
1961 essay “Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry”) also led him to write a series of
close readings of poems from some dozen languages, generally in collaboration with native
speakers, in which he interpreted poetry based on the deployment of grammatical categories

8
(examining, for example, the distribution of first-person and third-person verbs in a
Baudelaire sonnet). In Dialogues (1980), a book-length interview with his wife, the scholar
Krystyna Pomorska, he looked back on a lifetime of research, with a lively sense of what had
been achieved and all that remained to be done.

D. Francesco Cavallero (Singapore)

Francesco Cavallero is an Associate Professor in the Division of Linguistics and

Multillingual Studies at Nanyang Technological University Singapore. He has Published on
language maintenance and shift the demographics of the Italian Community in Australia,
language attitudes in Singapore and on the use of technology in the classroom.

The results show a marginalization of elderly chinese Singaporeans who don’t speak
English or Mandarin. He was born around 1687. The results also show that chinese
vertioculars have almost all disappeared, with Mandarin becoming the de-facto mother
tounge of the chinese community. For Singaporean Malays the Malay language is still
unrivaled in interactions with senior members of the community.

Transgenerational language shift ; published in 2010 by the Italian Australian

Institute La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. His main research focus is the survival
of minority languages and the factors that influence both maintenance and shift.

E. K. Sastrasoeganda (Indonesia)

K. Sastrasoeganda which his work entitled The Kitab Jang path declare Melajoe
Language (Semarang 1910) is a work of the most influential a teachers in Indonesia in
the early 20th century. Where in instead of hitting the compiled based instead of hitting
G. Van Wijk who is the author Spraakleer der Maleishe Tall. But it compared turned out
to be quite a lot of difference between of two. Van Wijk made his order: introduction,
pronunciation, and spelling. Comparison class of words, verbs, nouns, adjectives,
numbers, pronouns, extra words, prepositions, conjunctions, injections. While

9
Sastrasoeganda sort the parts of his book on: sentence, subject, title, description,
destination, people, and so on, type the words in sentence, verb, speech names of objects,
words, numbers, words additional words of introduction (now: prepositions), connecting
words, words caller.

The Sastrasoeganda's book contains a foreword from H.C Croes, which stated that
Sastrasoeganda also use other books as an ingredient to adjust the terminology used; the
book is meant spices, spreek-, taal-, en Stiloefeningen voor de Inlandsche Schole by D.
Grivel (Batavia 1905). But Sastrasoeganda says: "Adapoen akan nama djenis perkataan,
sebab dalam bahasa Melajoe amat koerangja dan belom banjak yang lazim, maka dalam
kitab ini nama-nama itoe sedapat-dapat hamba boeatkan jang sekira-kira bersetoedjoe
dengan arti atau koeasa perkata iloe". So, apparently he uses terms that have been
prevalent at the time: if it's not, then he creates new words-term and turns than the one we
are inherited a lot Sastrasoeganda terms Indonesia grammar is today and it was all
familiar to generate now through of books Oesman, Alisjahbana, Muh.Zain,
Poerwadarmnta, and so on. In addition to the terminology but also the frame of mind that
fills the terminology was also inherited.

10
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Saussure is known as a linguist who has an idea about the structure in language. His ideas
became the basis for many approaches and advances in linguistics in the 20th century. His ideas
can be seen from the books published after his death. More than a century after the death of
Ferdinand de Saussure, his fundamental ideas continue to serve as the foundation of linguistic
theory. The idea has outlived countless challenges and survived. Today, the idea has countless
theoretical constructs built on it.

According to Bloomfield, language consists of a number of signs or signs in the form of

vocal elements (sounds) called linguistic forms. Each form is a sign unit formed by phonemes. In
Bloomfield's linguistic theory there are several terms that need to be known, namely phonemes,
morphemes, phrases, words, sentences. Bloomfield in his analysis tries to dissect the parts of the
language, and to explain the nature of the relationship between the parts. So, let's look at the
parts starting from phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases and sentences. Then he also explained
further about grammar and introduced many definitions, terms, or concepts that were too
technical to talk about, such as the concept of accent, semem, tagmem, episemem, and others.
Therefore, Bloomfield's theory is also called taxonomic linguistics because it cuts language
hierarchically to examine its parts or structures.

Jacobson’s close association of linguistic theory and poetic practice (laid out in the 1961
essay “Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry”) also led him to write a series of close
readings of poems from some dozen languages, generally in collaboration with native speakers,
in which he interpreted poetry based on the deployment of grammatical categories (examining,
for example, the distribution of first-person and third-person verbs in a Baudelaire sonnet). In
Dialogues (1980), a book-length interview with his wife, the scholar Krystyna Pomorska, he
looked back on a lifetime of research, with a lively sense of what had been achieved and all that
remained to be done.

11
 Ferdinand Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield, Jacobson, Francesco, and Sastrasoeganda are
some of the famous pioneers whose ideas were so influential that they published books on
linguistics. Their ideas became the basis for many approaches and advances in linguistics in the
20th century. They think differently about linguistics. Linguistics is basically the study of
language.

B. Suggestion

In writing this paper we realize that it is still far from perfect; there are still many
mistakes, both in language, material and preparation. Therefore, the authors really expect
criticism, suggestions and input that can build the writing of this paper.

12
 REFERENCE

Henryk Baran, Sergei Gindin, et al., eds., Roman Iakobson: Texty, documenty,
issledovaniia (Moscow, 1999); Roman Jakobson, Language in Literature, ed. Krystyna
Pomorska and Stephen Rudy (Cambridge, Mass., 1987); Roman Jakobson and Krystyna
Pomorska, Dialogues (Cambridge, Mass., 1983); Stephen Rudy, Roman Jakobson 1896–
1982: A Complete Bibliography of His Writings (Berlin, 1990); Jindřich Toman, The
Magic of a Common Language: Jakobson, Mathesius, Trubetzkoy, and the Prague
Linguistic Circle (Cambridge, Mass., 1995). Esterhill, Frank (2000). Interlingua Institute:
A History. New York: Interlingua Institute.

https://www.immerse.education/study-tips/father-modern-linguistics/

https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Roman_Jakobson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure

https://mimirbook.com/id/facd71ebf92

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