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Strategic Site Planning: Integrating Kevin Lynch's 8-Stage Design Process with
John Simonds Planning Approach for Effective Site Selection and Analysis

Prepared by:
Limbo, Ryan Kevin D.

Submitted to:
Ar. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino

February 16, 2023

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II. Table of Contents

Title Page……………………………………………………………………………………1
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………..2
III. Introduction
Background of the Study……………………………………………………………..3
The Purpose of the Study……………………………………………………….…3-4
The Scope of the Study……………………………………………………….……4
IV BODY
Site Planning - Design Process
8 Stages according to Kevin Lynch…………………………………………….…5-11
Understanding Site Form and Site Ecology……………………………………...6-7
Site Planning for Special Purposes………………………………………….……8-11
Planning - Design Process according to John Sigmunds………………….….12-13
Site Selection and Site Analysis/SWOT
How is SWOT Analysis used in Site Selection?…………………………..…...13-15
Site Analysis…….……………………………………………………..………....15-21
Swot Analysis……………………………………………….…………...……..…21-24
V.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..….24
VI. Recommendations………………………………………………………….….….25
VII. References……………………………………………………………….…….….25
VIII. Appendix/Appendices………………………………………………………..….25-26

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III. Introduction

Background of the Study

The background of the study concerning site planning and design processes, it's
imperative to explore the methodologies proposed by key figures in the field, namely
Kevin Lynch and John Sigmunds, while also delving into the critical aspects of site
selection and analysis, including SWOT assessment. Kevin Lynch's seminal work,
which outlined the eight stages of site planning and design, serves as a foundational
framework for understanding the systematic approach required in such endeavors.
Lynch's stages, ranging from information gathering to plan implementation,
emphasize the importance of thorough research, creative ideation, rigorous
evaluation, and stakeholder involvement throughout the design process. On the other
hand, John Sigmunds' approach to planning and design offers a complementary
perspective, focusing on collaborative visioning, contextual sensitivity, and
community engagement. Sigmunds' process, which involves stages like visioning,
site inventory, conceptual design, and implementation, underscores the need for a
holistic understanding of the site's context, functional requirements, and regulatory
considerations. Furthermore, site selection and analysis, including SWOT
assessment, play a pivotal role in guiding the planning and design process by
identifying site-specific strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Through a
comprehensive understanding of these methodologies and considerations, designers
can develop innovative and contextually responsive solutions that optimize site
potentials while addressing the diverse needs of communities and the environment.

Purpose of the Study

The primary goal of investigating the intricate aspects of site planning, Kevin Lynch's
eight-stage design process, John Sigmunds' methodologies, and the pivotal
components of site selection and analysis, including SWOT evaluation, is to develop
a thorough comprehension of the complex nuances involved in constructing built
environments. This exploration aims to shed light on the interconnected layers of
spatial understanding, cultural significance, and environmental consciousness that
form the foundation of landscape and urban design. Through an examination of
Lynch's eight stages, we seek to uncover the iterative path from initial concept to final
realization, gaining insight into the detailed considerations of readability, identity, and
functional connectivity at each step. Similarly, by studying Sigmunds' approach to
planning and design, we strive to embrace a holistic viewpoint that integrates

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adaptability, systemic coherence, and community involvement, fostering

environments that not only exhibit aesthetic appeal but also respond effectively to
evolving societal demands and aspirations. Furthermore, the investigation into site
selection and analysis, alongside the implementation of SWOT methodology, plays a
pivotal role in the decision-making process, empowering stakeholders to make well-
informed decisions that maximize the site's potential while minimizing risks and
capitalizing on opportunities. Ultimately, the overarching objective of this study is to
equip aspiring planners, designers, and policymakers with the requisite theoretical
knowledge, analytical tools, and critical insights needed to navigate the intricate
landscape of site planning and design. This, in turn, aims to facilitate the creation of
inclusive, sustainable, and resilient built environments that enhance the quality of life
for both current and future generations.

Scope of the Study

This study undertakes a thorough investigation into various aspects of site planning
and design, focusing particularly on Kevin Lynch's eight-stage design process, John
Sigmunds' planning methodologies, and essential elements such as site selection
and analysis, including SWOT assessment. Within this broad framework, the
research aims to deeply explore the theoretical foundations, practical
implementations, and intersections across disciplines inherent in site planning and
design. Through an examination of Lynch's eight stages, the study aims to clarify the
step-by-step progression from initial conception to the actualization of built
environments, scrutinizing nuanced factors like readability, identity, and functional
connectivity. Similarly, delving into Sigmunds' approaches provides insights into
alternative frameworks that stress adaptability, integration, and community
involvement, enriching the conversation with diverse viewpoints and methods.
Additionally, the study delves into the pivotal stage of site selection and analysis,
where empirical data, stakeholder input, and environmental considerations converge
to guide strategic decision-making. Through SWOT analysis, the research
systematically assesses the site's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats,
laying a solid groundwork for informed design interventions. In essence, this study
offers a holistic examination of site planning and design processes, with the goal of
equipping professionals, policymakers, and stakeholders with the necessary
knowledge and tools to navigate the complexities of creating sustainable, resilient,
and inclusive built environments that enhance quality of life for both present and
future generations.

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IV. Body
Site
When an architect is given a design assignment, there are many environmental
factors that are to be considered. The site is the major factor that has to be
considered. Site means the area or the land that is meant for the construction of the
proposed project. Site Planning is the art and science of arranging the various
portions of a particular piece of land according to their uses. The site planner decides
on the uses of the site in detail by selecting and analyzing it for the various
characteristics of soil, slope, vegetation, etc.
The landscape involves the design of outside space. This should be thought about
carefully to make an architectural design complete. The climate at the location at the
site is very important as it affects the building that is to be constructed. Services such
as water supply, drainage, sanitation, electricity, fire protection, air-conditioning
system, etc. also have to be considered in order to make an architectural design
complete.

Site Planning - Design Process

Site planning is the part of the architectural process where you organize access to
the plot of land, drainage and gradients, privacy, and, importantly, the layout of all of
the structures planned for the property.

An architectural site plan is not the same thing as a floor plan. Floor plans provide a
layout for a single structure, while site plans show the positioning of every structure
on a parcel, as well as foundational aspects of the land itself like slopes, drainage,
tree cover, and more.

8 Stages according to Kevin Lynch

Lynch outlines eight stages of site planning – the first one being defining the problem
which includes analysis of the given brief and requirements. The second one being
the programming and analysis of the relation between site and user which gives the
idea of how the site can be dealt with. Stage three, four, five and six includes
schematic design solutions, cost estimation, preparation of contract documents and
the process of bidding and contracting. The last two stages comprise of the
construction of the building according to the site and followed by occupation and
management of building and spaces (Digital Blue Foam).

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Fig.1 Stage of Site Planning of Kevin Lynch

Factors affecting site planning

The process of site planning is governed by three main factors:

1. Natural factors which includes geomorphology, topography, hydrology, geology,
climate and existing vegetation of the desired site and also the existing wildlife that
includes endangered or threatened species or habitats if any around or within the
site.
2. Cultural factors include the existing land use of the site, ownership and land
regulations, socio-economic factors, utilities comprising of water supply, drainage,
power supply and circulation and also historic factors that includes any historic
landmarks, gardens or monuments falling within the periphery of the site.
3. Aesthetic factors which predominantly includes the spatial patterns and visual
connection of the site with the surroundings.

Understanding Site Form and Site Ecology

The form of a particular site is of importance to the site planner as it helps in laying
out the ground work. Ground slope is considered as one of the important aspects of
topography of a site since use and maintenance of the further site is dependent on it.
The form of a site is critical to how it may be used. Ground slope is one of the more
important aspects of the topography, since use and maintenance are dependent on
it. This relationship will vary according to the pattern of activity, but there is a general
classification worth remembering. Slopes under 4% (rising 4 feet in 100 feet of

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horizontal distance) seem flat and are usable for all kinds of intense activity. Slopes
between 4 and 10% appear as easy grades, suitable for informal movement and
activity. Slopes over 10% seem steep and can be actively used only for hill sports or
free play. Gradients over 10% require noticeable effort to climb or to descend (Lynch,
Site Form and Site Ecology, 1972).

The existing flora of the site should be protected. This is an effective way of
integrating the new development into its existing environment. New buildings should
be avoided on important habitat areas. The existing ecology and habitat of the site
should be included in the overall development. This includes the following:

1. Riparian and other planting, including street trees.

2. Treatment of land that has been contaminated.
3. Reducing storm water amounts and improving storm water quality.
4. Pest and weed management.
5. Changing exotic plantcover to native plant cover which is eco- sourced if
possible. (Site ecology and habitats)

Fig 2: The site analysis should identify the high level issues regarding the natural
features on the site.

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Fig 3: The above example shows the highlighted natural features of the surroundings
and how they influence the site.

Site Planning for Special Purposes

1. Shopping Centres, District Centres and Commercial Strips.

Site design in case of shopping centres majorly includes orientation and layout of
buildings, circulation and parking layout, landscaping, water supply, drainage
retention, and various other elements. The quality of the pedestrian environment
should be considered as a central defining aspect of the site layout and design theme
for all types of commercial centres (Shah). The main objective in site planning for
commercial areas is to increase their sales by attracting consumers. For this frontage
areas of the complexes are kept open without any obstruction for clear visual appeal.
Another strong point while designing is considering the visual experience of approach
and departure from the complex. Open spaces need to be provided in between those
areas for relaxing and gathering with adequate amenities like food kiosks, etc. The
main points to consider while designing are the circulation and parking. The plan
should allow for future growth, but not by leaving gaps at the centre. Primary stores,
fixed in location, will probably grow vertically. Other stores will be added at the
periphery. Locations maybe left for adding new cross malls, with new primary stores
at their ends. Structures and utilities must be sized for this expansion (Lynch, Special
Types of Site Planning, 1972).

Fig 4: 30th Street Station District Master Plan, Philadelphia, USA. The plan prioritizes
the public realm, strengthening existing neighbourhoods and anchoring new

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neighbourhood development with public spaces that provide amenities for residents,
workers, and visitors.
2. Industrial Districts

Industrial districts are today considered as an integral part of development strategies

for development in many countries worldwide. The environmental impacts from a
concentration of large number of industries in a small area or unplanned Industrial
Estates, can pose a serious threat to both local and global sustainable development
initiatives (Singal & Kapur, 2002). Industrial districts require substantial areas of
moderately flat and inexpensive land that can support heavy loads. Housing for
employees should be within commuting range, but the district itself should lie to the
leeward of nearby housing areas and in such a position that the traffic it will generate
will not disturb those areas (Lynch, Special Types of Site Planning, 1972).

Fig 5: Belawan North point Master Plan, Medan, Indonesia. The master plan
presents a vision for future operations at the area of Port Belawan, Medan,
Indonesia, and critically examines how the existing land use at around the area can
be optimized for merchandise trade purposes, which will then significantly affects the
overall land use for the development of the larger new township master plan.

3. Campus Planning – Institution, Office Complexes, IT Parks

Institutions are extremely diverse communities which includes site planning for the
larger ones: colleges, universities, hospitals, governmental units, and cultural centres
(Lynch, Special Types of Site Planning, 1972). Campus planning covers:
1. Open space
2. Buildings
3. Non-motorized circulation (walking paths, bike lanes, etc.)
4. Motorized circulation (roads, public transportation access, etc.)

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Utilities
From large-scaled quadrangles to small-scaled connective spaces such as corridors,
the campus has to serve multiple functions on a variety of scales. Types of open
spaces include:
1. Courtyards
2. Yards and Lawns
3. Pedestrian Ways
4. Natural Areas includes undisturbed spaces within the campus spaces
5. Recreational Spaces
6. Water features if any

Fig 6: WU Campus Master Plan, Austria. The campus is a sequence of interlinked

spaces. The buildings on the various lots qualify the space from an architectural
standpoint. The master plan model also determines the design of open spaces. A
weave of interior and exterior spaces, defined by the location of access points with
regard to the squares, gives life to the environment.

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Figure 7: Xinyang University South Bay Campus Master Plan, China. The master
plan for Xinyang University’s (XYU) new campus sets the university apart as a 21st-
century liberal arts institution that nurtures ecologically-minded and socially
conscious living-learning communities. Inspired by the vernacular landscapes, the
campus offers spaces ranging from formal quads to an array of naturalistic
landscapes that each have their own unique aesthetic and ecological considerations.

4. Public Open Spaces for Outdoor Recreation

Designing public open spaces has become an important branch of site planning, as a
result of the intense demand for outdoor recreation and the growing realization of the
need for conservation (Lynch, Special Types of Site Planning, 1972). Open spaces
generally include parks, recreational sites, trails, wetlands and stream corridors,
forests and woodlands consisting of rare or important habitats, farms, and historic
properties (Open Space Planning).

5. Urban Renewal Projects

Urban Renewal is a strategic process of remodelling older parts of urban areas. It
aims at restoring or replacing specific sub-standard urban areas by means of
rehabilitation and conservation and generally undertaken up by public authorities or
local governments (Five important parts of Urban Renewal and Conservation). These
sites while working generally merge into their surroundings. The plans focus inward,
turn their parking lots outward and emphasize their distinctiveness (Lynch, Special
Types of Site Planning, 1972).

Figure 8: Wuhu Urban Renewal, Anhui Province, China. The project, which spans 67
hectares on the banks of the Yangtze River, centers on distinctive colonial buildings
scattered throughout the city's urban fabric. The urban design strategy is organized
around three major blocks—Changying, Party School, and Fanluo Mountain.

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Planning - Design Process according to John Sigmunds

John Simonds outlines a six-phase planning-design process that applies to

architecture, landscape architecture, and engineering.
1. Commission
2. Research
3. Analysis
4. Synthesis
5. Construction
6. Operation

There are many variation on these models. They differ essentially in the breakdown
of component phases and some, such as Simonds, extend the process to include
preliminary contractual agreement and post-construction operations.

1. Research and Analysis Phases:

In this process, the designer can use this general goal statement plus the
identification of the site to begin collecting information relevant to the site and the
surroundings area and compiling it in a form in which it can be mapped. This data is
then analyzed in terms of its implications for development of the site for stated
purpose.
2. Program Development:
The development of the program is the bridging step between the analysis and
the synthesis or design phases.

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Design Phase
A. Conceptual Design
Conceptual design begins with functional diagram in which we explore the
relationships of program elements and activities. This is first done as 'ideal' or non-
site related diagrams to establish the best abstract relationships among the various
components of the project program. This is essentially a diagrammatic exploration in
which the designer may move through a series of alternative arrangements until
he/she achieves a solution which maximizes the positive relationships and minimizes
the number of conflicts.

B. Site Plan / Master Plan

Presuming that the project is to go forward, the designer refines the development of
the preliminary plan, giving precise form, dimension and indication of materials to the
proposed elements. In other words, he/she precisely locates buildings and paved
surfaces, delineates ground forms and planted areas, and indicates necessary
utilities.

3. FORMATION OF HOUSING PROJECT

The housing projects are formulated undo the following five categories
1. Detached / individual house
2. Semidetached houses (Twin houses)
3. Row / Line houses
4. Flats / Apartments
5. Sky scrapers / High rise building

Site Selection and Site Analysis/SWOT

If you’re an architect, architectural student, engineer, or design professional,

understanding and conducting an architectural SWOT analysis can save you time,
help solve design issues and more before you even start designing. Assessing the
environment around the site, as well as the surrounding strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats can be a worthwhile task. In this architectural SWOT
analysis, we will show the benefits and the importance for you to know the risks and
rewards before designing where your building will be built. If you are a stakeholder or
investor in the design and/or construction of the building an architectural SWOT
analysis for site selection can be essential.

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According to Daniel Burnham, site selection in architecture is a nuanced and

multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of various factors to achieve
optimal results. He believed that the choice of location significantly influences the
functionality, sustainability, and aesthetic appeal of architectural projects.

Burnham advocated for a holistic approach to site selection, urging architects to

consider not only the physical attributes of the site but also its social, cultural, and
economic context. He emphasized the need to engage with local communities and
stakeholders to understand their needs, aspirations, and concerns, ensuring that the
architectural intervention enhances the quality of life for all stakeholders.

In Burnham's view, site selection involves a thorough analysis of the site's

topography, climate, and natural features to harness its potential and mitigate its
constraints. He encouraged architects to leverage the site's strengths while
addressing its challenges through innovative design solutions and sustainable
practices.

Furthermore, Burnham recognized the importance of connectivity and accessibility in

site selection, advocating for sites that offer convenient access to transportation
networks, amenities, and public services. He believed that well-connected sites foster
vibrant, inclusive communities and contribute to the overall livability of urban
environments.

Environmental sustainability was another key consideration for Burnham in site

selection. He emphasized the importance of preserving natural resources, minimizing
environmental impact, and integrating green infrastructure into architectural projects.

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Burnham envisioned sites that prioritize ecological integrity and resilience, ensuring a
harmonious relationship between the built environment and the natural world.

Moreover, Burnham underscored the significance of regulatory compliance and legal

considerations in site selection. He advised architects to navigate zoning regulations,
land use policies, and permitting processes with diligence and foresight, avoiding
potential conflicts and delays in project implementation.

How is SWOT Analysis used in Site Selection?

Conducting an architectural SWOT analysis is important for site selection because it
helps evaluate the suitability of a location for a specific project based on the
architectural aspects of the site. An architectural SWOT analysis can help identify the
potential strengths and weaknesses of the site in terms of its design, construction,
zoning regulations, and other factors that are essential for the successful completion
of the project.

Some of the key benefits of using an architectural SWOT analysis for site
selection include:
Better decision-making: By highlighting the site’s advantages and disadvantages,
the analysis aids stakeholders in reaching wise judgments.
Reduced risks: The analysis helps to identify potential risks and challenges in the
site selection process, which can help mitigate risks associated with the project.
Better resource allocation: The analysis helps to identify opportunities that can
help maximize the use of available resources and optimize project outcomes.
Project outcomes are improved: In an architectural SWOT analysis helps to
pinpoint opportunities and strengths that can be taken advantage of to achieve the
best results possible.

Site Analysis
A site analysis is a research activity that looks at the existing conditions of a site as
well as possible future conditions. It considers physical qualities and characteristics,
patterns and activities, relationships, context, givens, assumptions, opportunities and
constraints within the immediate site and broader context and surroundings.

Why Undertake A Site Analysis?

Completing a site analysis early in a project aids in assessing the viability and
practicality of the endeavor and establishes the groundwork for the design process.

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A comprehensive site analysis is instrumental in gauging the feasibility of a project.

Thorough examination and research reveal any potential obstacles that could impede
progress or adversely affect the final outcome. These hurdles might encompass
factors such as an easement traversing the property, imposing limitations on
construction, height restrictions on buildings, or zoning regulations prohibiting
commercial establishments amidst residential areas. Evaluating the site's conditions,
opportunities, and constraints is essential from a feasibility standpoint.

Types Of Data

Conducting extensive research and performing a comprehensive site analysis is

crucial. Inadequate site analysis can lead to costly or challenging issues that may be
challenging to rectify during later stages of the design or construction phases.

There are three types of data to collect and analyse during a site analysis that we will
consider one at a time. The best analysis considers all three. These include:
1. Mega, Macro, Micro.
2. Objective or Hard Data.
3. Subjective or Soft Data.

Mega The very large, or huge context of the site including the suburb and even the
larger city conditions and relationships.
Macro The large scale including the full site and immediate surround on all sides
Micro The very small within the site including the qualities and characteristics of
individual objects and elements.

Objective Or Hard Data

Objective or hard data refers to the conditions that exist, regardless of human
interaction with the site. These things are objective because they are what they are
and they exist without us observing or experiencing them. Objective data includes:

1. Location – The place or position that something is.

Geographic Location – Identify the site location, address, lot number or reference.
Site Survey – Obtain the site survey document and identify the significant
information on this document.

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Aerial photographs and maps – Obtain historical and current photographs and
maps of the site, suburb and surrounds and identify the significant information on
these documents.
Site Boundary – Identify the boundary locations and confirm it is clear and correct
on the physical site.
Dimensions – Determine the size, dimensions, angles, shape and proportion or radii
of the site.

2. Legal – The legal status of the site including ownership, rights and access.

Site identification – Confirm the registered site address, lot number or legal
reference.
Title and Ownership – Obtain the site title document, the legal owner or titleholder,
and the status of mortgages or multiple mortgages on the site.
Caveats – Caveats or legal actions pending on the site that prevents access,
development or construction.
Easements and rights of way – Identify any legal overlays that give another
permission to use the site or prevent the owner from accessing or building on any
part of the site.

3. Authorities – The regulations, restrictions and allowances on the site as set out
by federal, state and local authorities. (Check which level of government and which
departments govern development in your areas).

Zoning – Obtain zoning plans or documents. Determine the zoning of the site under
local authorities and the allowances and restrictions for development and building
under this zoning.
Overlays (eg. heritage, environment, conservation, green belt etc.) – Obtain overlay
plans or documents. Determine any heritage, environmental or other overlays of the
site and the allowances and restrictions for development and building under these
overlays.
Flood levels – Obtain flood records. Identify regular floods in the area (eg. 50-year/
100-year floods) and any water levels that need to be built above.
Protected animal or plant species – Identify any protected plant or animal species
or Tree Preservation Orders.

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Other development controls – Obtain other development controls and local

authorities documents and identify development restrictions or requirements. (A visit
to your local, state or federal regulatory department/s will help answer this).
Development application requirements – The process of applying for development
approval and the requirements of your local authorities in terms of site analysis,
meetings, documentation, report, community consultation, timeframes, lodgement
process etc.

4. Utilities and infrastructure – The extent of above and below-ground infrastructure

and utilities access adjacent, around, through and on the site. Identify the different
suppliers and obtain their documents for the site and immediate surroundings.

Sewer – Underground and above-ground pipes, access, substations and connection

point location/s.
Water – Underground and above-ground pipes, access, substations and connection
point location/s.
Gas – Underground and above-ground pipes, access, substations and connection
point location/s.
Electricity – Underground and above-ground wires, cables, power poles, access,
substations and connection point location/s.
Communications (telephone and internet) – Underground and above-ground
telephone and internet wires, cables, power poles, access, substations and
connection point location/s.
Fire – Underground and above-ground pipes, hydrants, access and connection point
location/s.

5. Adjacent structures and conditions – The physical conditions surrounding all

boundaries of the site.

Land Uses – The different uses of adjacent sites, spaces and structures.
Adjacent natural conditions – Natural conditions on adjacent sides of the site. (See
07 for criteria).
Adjacent artificial conditions – Artificial or human-made conditions on adjacent
sides of the site including private properties or public footpaths, entries or roadways.
(See 08 for criteria).
Distance – The distances of the adjacent sites, spaces and structures from the site.
Heights – The different heights of adjacent sites, spaces and structures.

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Vernacular – The different vernacular, styles or characteristics of adjacent sites,

spaces and structures.

6. Streetscapes, elevations and sections – A full representation of the existing

vertical conditions.

Streetscape panoramas of the site – Panoramic photographs to show the extent of

the site and adjacent conditions and communicate character, form and materials.
Street and site elevations – Elevation at the boundary and/ or centre of the street to
show levels, boundaries, allowed building envelope (from authorities), vegetations,
and existing structures as well as and adjacent conditions to include buildings and
structure height and distances.
Site sections – Cut showing levels, boundaries, vegetations, and existing structures
as well as and adjacent conditions to include buildings and structure height and
distances.

7. Natural physical conditions + features – The natural conditions, elements or

features existing on the site?

Typography – Obtain any existing surveys and confirm the accuracy of contours,
levels above sea level, gradients and slopes and existing terrain. Note that some of
these may be natural or artificial.
Vegetation – Identify the vegetation and different species on the site including trees,
shrubs, flowers and grasses and individual vegetation heights, canopy widths and
root coverage. Identify the changes at different times of the year (eg. deciduous trees
lose their leaves in Winter while coniferous trees keep their leaves all year) and how
the vegetation affects the site microclimate (shade, temperature etc.) Obtain an
Arborist Report as required.
Geology, soil type and state – Obtain any geotechnical or soil reports. Identify the
soil and rock conditions on the site and how this may affect the type of structure or
construction across different areas of the site.
Animal Species – Any animal, bird or insect species of significance and the
requirements of and obligations to these species.
Natural Qualities and Characteristics – The natural materials, textures, colours
and patterns of the natural environment in and around the site.
Natural features or highlights – Natural elements of specific interest, relevance or
significance.

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Items to retain, remove and improve – What needs to be retained, removed or

improved (See also 10 for Hazards and risks.)

8. Artificial physical conditions – The artificial or human-made conditions,

elements or features existing on the site.

Buildings and structures – Existing buildings or structures on the site including the
use, heights, distances, materials and conditions.
Roads and kerbs – Roads and/or kerbs on, entering, or adjacent to the site and the
materials, levels, dimensions and conditions.
Footpaths – Footpaths on, entering, or adjacent to the site and the materials, levels,
dimensions and conditions.
Ground surfaces and materials – Different ground materials on, entering, or
adjacent to the site and the materials, steps, levels and changes, dimensions and
conditions.
Street furniture – Street furniture on or adjacent to the site (ie. park benches,
telephone poles, fire hydrants, rubbish bins etc.) and the sizes, materials and
conditions.
Materials, textures, colours and patterns – The materials, textures, colours and
patterns across the site and any themes or opportunities.
Artificial features or highlights – Human-made elements of specific interest,
relevance or significance.
Items to retain, remove and improve – What needs to be retained, removed or
improved (See also 10 for Hazards and risks.)

9. Climate – Climate includes the weather. Climate should be considered across

each of the 4 seasons, and at different times of the day.

Sun path, solar gain and shadows – A good sun study will show sun direction and
resultant shadows for at least 3 different times of the day (eg. 9am, 12pm and 3pm)
at different times of the year (eg. Summer solstice with the longest day and shortest
night, Winter Solstice with the shortest day and longest night, and the Equinox with
equal day and night).
Precipitation – The high, low, median and average rain, snow, and humidity for 4
seasons including rain, snow, hail and humidity.
Temperature – The seasonal changes in temperature including the high, low,
median and average temperature for each of the 4 seasons.

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Wind – The wind direction and intensity for each of the 4 seasons, areas of exposure
that require shelter and elements that provide existing shelter from the wind. Use
wind roses to help assist.

10. Hazards and risks – A hazard is a substance or situation which has the potential
to cause harm to health, life, the environment, property, or any other value. Risk is
the possibility of something bad happening.

Exposed services (electricity, telephone, sewage, water, gas) – Are there any wires,
pipes, open access panels or other services elements that could cause damage, trip
or fall?
Machinery – Machinery in storage or operation on or nearby that someone could
walk into, or access?
Drainage – Where is the drainage point/s on and from the site? What is the path of
water across the site? Could this be dangerous in heavy rains or if there is a
blockage of drainage?
Natural events – Flooding, landslides, volcanoes, cyclones – What is the frequency
of natural events? What has the impact been on the site in the past?
Derelict buildings – Are there abandoned buildings or structures that have
dangerous, loose materials or elements that could collapse, or cause someone to trip
or fall?
Unfinished building works – Is there partly finished building works that could
collapse, or cause someone to trip or fall?

Swot Analysis

In architecture, a SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool used to assess the

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with a specific
architectural project or design proposal. Here's what each component of the analysis
typically involves within the context of architecture:

Strengths: These are the positive attributes, resources, or capabilities of the

architectural project. Strengths may include aspects such as a prime location,
innovative design concepts, unique architectural features, a talented design team,
sustainable design strategies, or strong support from stakeholders.

Weaknesses: These are the internal factors that may hinder the success of the
architectural project. Weaknesses could encompass limitations in budget or

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resources, design flaws, lack of experience in handling similar projects, regulatory

constraints, or challenges in project management.

Opportunities: These are external factors or trends that could be leveraged to

benefit the architectural project. Opportunities may arise from market demand for
specific types of buildings, emerging technologies or materials that enhance design
possibilities, changes in zoning regulations that favor certain types of developments,
or collaborations with other professionals or organizations.

Threats: These are external factors or challenges that could potentially jeopardize
the success of the architectural project. Threats could include economic downturns
impacting funding or investment, changes in government policies affecting
development approvals or funding sources, competition from other projects,
environmental risks such as natural disasters or climate change impacts, or
community opposition to the proposed development.

Swot Analysis Example

Why SWOT Analysis useful?

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Identifying competitive advantages: By understanding what sets their practice

apart, architects can leverage these strengths to enhance their operations and
differentiate themselves from their competitors.

Highlighting areas for improvement: By acknowledging their weaknesses,

architects can work to improve these areas and strengthen their practice.

Enhancing decision-making processes: This information can be used to make

informed decisions about business strategy, resource allocation, and other critical
aspects of their practice.

Expanding opportunities: By understanding emerging trends and changes in the

industry, architects can position their practice to take advantage of these
opportunities and grow their business.

Case studies have shown how SWOT analysis has helped architects to achieve their
goals. For example, a small architecture firm conducted a SWOT analysis and
identified that their strength was their expertise in sustainable design.

Leveraging SWOT Analysis to improve architectural Practice

Architects can leverage SWOT analysis to improve their practice:

Using strengths to enhance architectural practice: Architects can use their

strengths to enhance their practice’s operations. For example, if a practice has a
strong reputation for sustainable design, they can leverage this strength to attract
clients who value sustainability and position themselves as leaders in this area.

Overcoming weaknesses: Architects can use their SWOT analysis to identify

areas that require improvement and develop strategies to overcome these
weaknesses. For example, if a practice lacks expertise in a particular area, they
can hire new staff or partner with other firms to strengthen their capabilities.

Seizing opportunities: SWOT analysis can help architects to identify

opportunities for growth and expansion. By understanding emerging trends and
changes in the industry, architects can position their practice to take advantage of
these opportunities and grow their business.

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Tackling threats: Architects can use their SWOT analysis to identify potential
threats to their practice and develop strategies to mitigate these risks. For
example, if there is a new regulation that could impact their business, they can
adjust their operations to comply with the new regulation.

To leverage SWOT analysis effectively, architects should focus on prioritizing

actions based on their analysis results. They should focus on areas that have the
greatest potential impact on their practice’s success and develop strategies to
address these areas.

Furthermore, architects should continuously monitor and update their SWOT

analysis as their practice evolves. This will ensure that they stay current on
changes in the industry and remain responsive to new opportunities and threats.

V. Conclusion

In conclusion, the site planning and design process, as delineated by Kevin Lynch
and John Sigmunds, provides a structured framework for navigating the complexities
of urban and architectural development. Lynch's delineation of eight stages offers a
comprehensive roadmap, encompassing crucial aspects from initial planning to
implementation. Meanwhile, Sigmunds' emphasis on the planning-design continuum
underscores the iterative nature of the process, highlighting the dynamic interplay
between conceptualization and execution. Both approaches underscore the
significance of site selection and thorough analysis, integrating tools like SWOT
analysis to assess strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Ultimately,
these methodologies converge to guide planners and designers in shaping
environments that are not only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also
responsive to the needs of communities and the broader context in which they exist.

VI. Recommendations

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When starting the journey of site planning and design, it's important to have reliable
frameworks to guide you. Kevin Lynch's breakdown of the eight stages in the
planning process gives a clear path from initial ideas to actual results. Similarly, John
Sigmunds' ideas on how planning and design connect provide valuable insights into
how these phases work together. Also, combining methods for choosing sites with
thorough site analysis, like SWOT analysis, improves decision-making. By using
these different approaches, everyone involved can better understand and tackle the
challenges of site planning and design, leading to more sustainable and pleasant
environments in the end.

VII. References
https://archimash.com/articles/architectural-site-analysis-guide/
https://www.archisoup.com/swot-analysis-in-architecture
https://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/a-guide-to-site-planning/
#:~:text=Site%20means%20the%20area%20or,land%20according%20to%20their
%20uses.
https://urbandesignlab.in/book-review-site-planning-kevin-lynch/
https://iarchitect.in/swot-analysis-in-architecture/
https://swothub.com/architectural-swot-analysis-for-site-selection/
https://www.lisc.org/charter-schools/understanding-your-needs/site-selection/
determine-criteria-site-selection/
https://primumnilnocerefiles.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/april-9-site-planning.pdf
https://thearchspace.com/site-selection-criteria-and-development-in-green-buildings/

VIII. Appendix/Appendices
Appendix A: Site Planning - Design Process

1. Eight Stages according to Kevin Lynch:

Gathering Information: Collecting data about the site and its surroundings.
Analysis: Evaluating the gathered information to understand the site's
characteristics.
Goal Setting: Establishing objectives for the site planning process.
Generating Ideas: Brainstorming and developing potential design solutions.

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Evaluation: Assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of generated ideas.

Decision Making: Selecting the most suitable design option
Implementation: Executing the chosen design plan.
Monitoring and Feedback: Continuously reviewing the site's performance and
making adjustments as necessary.

Appendix B: Site Selection and Site Analysis/SWOT

1. Site Selection Process:
Identification of Criteria: Determining the factors essential for site selection, such as
location, accessibility, zoning regulations, etc.
Evaluation of Alternatives: Assessing different potential sites based on the
established criteria.
Decision Making: Choosing the most suitable site for the project.

2. Site Analysis/SWOT:
Strengths: Internal attributes of the site that provide advantages.
Weaknesses: Internal attributes that may hinder the site's development.
Opportunities: External factors that the site can capitalize on.
Threats: External factors that pose challenges or risks to the site's success.

This structure provides a clear breakdown of the information related to site planning,
design processes, site selection, and analysis, making it easier for readers to
navigate and refer to specific sections as needed.

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