02

Types of systems:

Static System
Dynamic System
Linear System: H[a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1H[x1(t)] + a2H[x2(t)]
Non-linear System
Time-invariant System
Time-variant System:
The systems satisfying both linearity and time-invariant conditions are called linear, time-invariant systems,
or simply LTI systems.
Causal System
Non-causal System
Stable System
Unstable System

Singularity Functions:
1. The unit step function:

Fig. Unit step function Fig. Shifted unit step function

2. The unit impulse function:

Mathematically it is defined as


  (t )  (t ) dt   (0)


where (t) is any regular function

continuous at t = 0. (t) is also known as
a testing function.

Mathematically it is defined as Some properties of  (t):

 1
 (at )   (t ) ;  (t )   (t )
  (t )  (t ) dt   (0)

a

where (t) is any regular function continuous at t = 0. (t) is
also known as a testing function.   (t )  (t  t ) dt   (t )

0 0

provided (t) is continuous at t = t0.

1
 
v(t )   v( )  (t   ) d


Fourier series expansion:

A periodic function of time v(t) having a fundamental period T0 can be represented as an infinite sum of
sinusoidal waveforms.

Trigonometric form of Fourier series:

 2  nt  2  nt
v(t )  A0   An cos   Bn sin
n 1 T0 n 1 T0
The constant A0 is the average value of v(t).
The coefficients An and Bn are given by

2 2  nt 2 T0 / 2 2  nt

T0 / 2
An 
T0  T0 / 2
v(t ) cos
T0
dt and Bn 
T0 T0 / 2
v(t ) sin
T0
dt

An alternative form for the Fourier series is


2  nt 
v(t )  C0   Cn cos  n 
n 1  T0 
Exponential form of the Fourier series:


V e
j 2 n t / T0
v(t )  n
n  

where Vn is given by

1 T0 / 2  j 2 n t / T0
Vn 
T0  T0 / 2
v(t )e dt