ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms

(UNIT-IV)

V.SATYANARAYANA
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: vasece_vella@aec.edu.in
 Unit-II Outcomes
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At the end of the Course, Student will be able to:

CO 3 : Implement various transform techniques for the
analysis of signals and systems.
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Contents
Representation of Fourier series for continuous time periodic signals,
Trigonometric Fourier series and Exponential Fourier series,
Convergence of Fourier series: Dirichlet’s conditions, properties of
Fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum, Fourier series of signals with
different symmetry.

Deriving Fourier Transform (FT) from Fourier series, Fourier transform

of arbitrary signal, Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier
transform of periodic signals, properties of Fourier transforms, Fourier
transforms involving impulse function and Signum function.
Introduction to Hilbert Transform, Properties of Hilbert Transform.
Applications of Fourier Transforms.
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Module 2 Fourier Transforms

V.SATYANARAYANA
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: hod_ece2@aec.edu.in
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• At the end of this Session, Student will be able to:

• LO 1 : Demonstrate the spectral characteristics of signals using Fourier
analysis.
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Fourier Series

The representation of a f(t) over an interval (0,T) by a linear combination of set of

infinite number of mutually orthogonal functions is called Fourier Series representation.

Fourier series is mainly divided into two types:

1. Trigonometric Fourier series Representation
2. Exponential Fourier series Representation
3.Polar (Cosine) Fourier series Representation
Jean Joseph Baptiste Fourier
 FS representation of periodic function of period T
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Form Series Representation Equations for Conversion Formula

Coefficients
t 0 T

Trigonometric a0 
1
 f (t )dt a0  c0
T
 t0

f (t )  a0   (an cos nw0 t  bn sin nw0 t ) 2

t 0 T a n  cn  cn
an   f (t ) cos nw tdt
bn  jc n  c  n 
0
n 1 T t0
t 0 T
2
bn 
T  f (t ) sin nw tdt
t0
0

t 0 T
Exponential 1
c0  a0
c0 
T t0
 f (t )dt
 
a n  jbn
f (t )  c0   cn e   cn e
t T
 jnw0t
cn 
jnw0t 1 0
T t0
 jnw0t
cn  f (t ) e dt
n 1 n 1 2
t T a  jbn
1 0 cn  n
cn 
T t0 f (t )e jnw0t dt 2

Polar  t 0 T
D0  a 0
1
f (t )  D0  Dn  ( cos(nw0 t  n ) D0   f (t )dt Dn   bn
2 2
n 1
T t0 an
Dn  2 c n
 Important Points on Symmetry
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𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏 𝑶𝒅𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒏

Even Symmetry 𝒂𝒏 exists 𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

Odd Symmetry 𝒂𝒏 =0 𝒃𝒏 exists
Hidden Symmetry Exhibits either even or odd symmetry

Rotational Symmetry 𝒂𝒏 at odd values of n 𝒃𝒏 at odd values of n

 Spectrum of Continuous Time Fourier Series(CTFS)Aditya Engineering College (A)

x(t) (or) f(t) Ck (or) Cn

Continuous Time
Continuous and Discrete and
Fourier Series
Periodic Aperiodic

Key Points:
1.Fourier Series is applicable only for Periodic Signals
2.Fourier Series always generates Discrete spectrum.
3.If the input signal is in Continuous Time ,then the spectrum always
Aperiodic.
 How to Deal with Aperiodic Signal?
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A Periodic Signal f(t)

If T, what happens?

 Fourier Transforms
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The main drawback of Fourier series is, it is only applicable to periodic

signals. There are some naturally produced signals such as nonperiodic or
aperiodic, which we cannot represent using Fourier series. To overcome this
shortcoming, Fourier developed a mathematical model to transform signals
between time (or spatial) domain to frequency domain & vice versa, which is
called 'Fourier transform'.

Fourier transform has many applications in physics and engineering

such as analysis of LTI systems, RADAR, astronomy, signal processing etc.
 Fourier Transform Pair
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Fourier Transform: Inverse Fourier Transform:

 1 
F ( j )   
 j t j t
f (t )e dt f (t )  F ( j)e d
 2 

F ( )    j t 1 

f (t )e dt f (t )  F ( )e jt
d

2 

Analysis Equation Synthesis Equation

 Existence Fourier Transform
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1. f(t) is absolutely integrable over the interval -∞ to ∞



f (t ) dt  

2. f(t) has a finite number of discontinuities in every finite time

interval. Further, each of these discontinuities must be finite
3. f(t) has a finite number of maxima and minima in every finite time
interval.
 Spectrum of Continuous Time Fourier Aditya Engineering College (A)

Transform(CTFT)

x(t) (or) f(t) X(ω) (or) F(ω)

Continuous Time
Continuous and Continuous and
Fourier Transform
Aperiodic Aperiodic

Key Points:
1.Fourier Transform is applicable only for Aperiodic Signals
2.Fourier Transform always generates Continuous spectrum.
3.If the input signal is in Continuous Time ,then the spectrum always
Aperiodic.
 Fourier Transform of Standard Signals
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Impulse function 𝛿(𝑡)

1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 0
𝛿 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≠ 0

∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞

∞
= න 𝛿 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞

𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡 |𝑡=0 = 1

Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

 Single sided exponential function 𝒆 −𝒂𝒕
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𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0

u 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0

∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
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Magnitude Spectrum

1
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = 0 𝑋(0) =
𝑎21
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = ∞ 𝑋(∞) = =0
𝑎2 +∞2
1
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = −∞ 𝑋(−∞) = =0
𝑎2 +(−∞)2
Phase Spectrum
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = 0‫ 𝑋ہ‬0 =−𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0 = 0

∞
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = ∞ ‫∞ 𝑋ہ‬ =−𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎
= −𝜋/2
−∞
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = −∞ ‫ 𝑋ہ‬−∞ =−𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝜋/2
𝑎
 Double sided exponential function 𝒆 −𝒂 𝒕 Aditya Engineering College (A)

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝒆−𝒂 𝒕

∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
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Magnitude Spectrum
2𝑎
𝑋(𝜔) = 2 for all ω 2𝑎
𝑎 + 𝜔2 𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = 0 𝑋(0) = 𝑎2+02=2/a
2𝑎
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = ∞ 𝑋(∞) = 𝑎2+∞2= 0
2𝑎
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = −∞ 𝑋(−∞) = 𝑎2+(−∞)2= 0
Phase Spectrum
 Rectangular Pulse or Gate Signal
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𝜏 𝜏
𝑡 𝑡 1 − ≤𝑡≤
𝜋 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 =ቐ 2 2
𝜏 𝜏 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
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 Triangular Pulse
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𝑡 2𝑡 𝜏
∆ = ቐ1 − 𝜏 𝑡 ≤
2
𝜏
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
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 Constant Function
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𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝑎𝑡 −𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑡𝑒 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0

𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 ∞ ∞ 𝑑 ∞𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)∞ −0 ∞ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡

=𝑡 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔) 0
] − ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − ‫׬‬0 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔) 𝑑𝑡
−(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)

1 ∞
= (𝑎+𝑗𝜔) ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 ∞
] 1 𝑒 − 𝑎+𝑗𝜔 ∞ −𝑒 − 𝑎+𝑗𝜔 0 1
(𝑎+𝑗𝜔) −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔) 0
= =
(𝑎+𝑗𝜔) −(𝑎+𝑗𝜔) (𝑎+𝑗𝜔)2
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−𝑎𝑡 1
F.T[𝑡𝑒 𝑢(𝑡)] =
(𝑎+𝑗𝜔)2

Magnitude Spectrum 1
𝑋(𝜔) =
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)2

‫ = )𝜔(𝑋ہ‬−2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝜔/𝑎)
Phase Spectrum
 Useful functions in terms of Impulse Function
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𝑡
−(𝜋𝑡 2 /𝜏2 ) 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 1 − 𝑡 <𝜏
𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑒 𝜏

1 𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 = lim 1− 𝑡 <𝜏
𝜏→0 𝜏 𝜏

1 −(𝜋𝑡 2 /𝜏2 )
𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 = lim 𝑒
𝜏→0 𝜏
 Useful functions in terms of Impulse Function
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𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑒 − 𝑡 /𝜏 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑎(𝑘𝑡)

1 − 𝑡 /𝜏
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 = lim 𝑒
𝜏→0 2𝜏
𝑘
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿 𝑡 = lim 𝑆𝑎(𝑘𝑡)
𝑘→∞ 𝜋
Derivative of Discontinuous Functions
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 Constant Function
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x(t )  1

Constant function Doesn’t satisfies the absolute integrability

Consider Rectangular function

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 Evaluation of coefficients
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Evaluation of 𝒃𝒏
𝑡2
‫𝑓 𝑡׬‬1 𝑡 𝑓2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The component of 𝑓1 𝑡 along 𝑓2 (𝑡). 𝐶12 = 1
𝑡
‫𝑓 𝑡׬‬22 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
1

𝑓1 (𝑡) ≅ 𝐶12 . 𝑓2 (𝑡)

𝑏𝑛 is the component of 𝑓 𝑡 along 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

𝑡0 +𝑇 𝑡0 +𝑇 𝑡0 +𝑇
‫𝑡׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ‫𝑡׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ‫𝑡׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑡0 +𝑇 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑡 +𝑇 𝑡 +𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡0 +𝑇 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 1/2[‫ 𝑡׬‬0 1 𝑑𝑡 − ‫ 𝑡׬‬0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
‫𝑡׬‬ ‫𝑡׬‬ 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2 0 0

𝑡0 +𝑇
‫𝑡׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑏𝑛 =
1/2[𝑇]
𝑡0 +𝑇
2
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
𝑡0
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