Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Microelectronics
Silicon Chip
Microcomputer / Microprocessor
Discrete Circuits
Signals
Signal Processing
Transducers
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~midle/jdsp/jdsp.html
Signals
Voltage Sources
Current Sources
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/ClickDevice/refdir.html
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/Circuit_Design_Lab/circuit_design_lab.html
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/CircuitElements/vcvs.html
Signals
Voltage Sources
Current Sources
Signals
Voltage Sources
Current Sources
http://www.clarkson.edu/~svoboda/eta/ClickDevice/super.html
http://javalab.uoregon.edu/dcaley/circuit/Circuit_plugin.html
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
frequency
x
time
Fourier Transform
http://www.educatorscorner.com/experiments/spectral/SpecAn3.shtml
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
f ( t) 0
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
Fourier Series (Trigonometric form) of f(t):
T
1
a0 f ( t) dt a0 0 average value
T 0
T
2
a
n T
f ( t ) cos n 0 t d t cosine coefficients
0
n varying from 1 to N
an
0.1
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
n
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
T
2
b
n T
f ( t ) sin n 0 t d t sine coefficients
0
bn
0.5
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
n
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
a1n 2 b1n 2
1
c1 c a0
n 2 0
0.4
c1 n
0 0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
n
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
f2( t )
0
f ( t)
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Series
Fourier Series (Complex Form) of f(t):
w N n
1
n 2
1 i w n 0 t
C f ( t ) e dt
n T 0
0.04
Cn
0 0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
n
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
Fourier Transform of f(t) gives:
N N .25
1 1 1
N
2 2 2
i t
F f (t) e dt
0
0.3
F( ) 0.2
0
0.1
0
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
The magnitude of F( ) yields the continuous frequency spectrum, and it is
obviously of the form of the sampling function. The value of F(0) is A .
A plot of |F( )| as a function of does not indicate the magnitude of the
voltage present at any given frequency. What is it, then? Examination of
F shows that, if f(t) is a voltage waveform, then F is dimensionally
"volts per unit frequency," a concept that may be strange to most of us.
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/listen/music1.html
http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/phasorlecture2/indexphasorlect2.htm
Analog and Digital Signals
Analog-to-Digital Converter
http://www.astro-med.com/knowledge/adc.html
http://www.maxim-ic.com/design_guides/English/AD_CONVERTERS_21.pdf
Digital-to-Analog Converter
http://www.maxim-ic.com/ADCDACRef.cfm
Amplifiers
Vin Vout
io
Non-Linear Distortion
Current_Gain A i
iI
Ap Av Ai
Symbols
Decibels
Coltage_gain_in_decibels 20 log A i dB
Power_gain_in_decibels 10 log A p dB
Amplifier Power Supplies
Efficiency
Amplifiers
Decibels often used when dealing with large ranges or multiple stages
9 Io
Io 3 A
1000 Io 9 10 A A i A i 90
Ii A
9 9
A i 20 log A i A i 39.085 dB Vorms Iorms
2 2
1 0.1
PL Vorms Iorms Virms Iirms
PL 40.5 mW 2 2
PL W
A p A p 810
PI W
Pdissipated Pdc PI PL
Pdissipated 149.55 mW
PL
100 21.316 %
Pdc
Amplifiers
Saturation
An amplifier transfer
characteristic that is linear
except for output
saturation.
+ +
Vin Vout
- -
+ +
Vin Vout
- -
Rout = 0
Rin = infinity
Amplifiers
Example 1.2
11 40 vI
v o v I 10 10 e
10
vo vI 5
0
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7
vI
Amplifiers
Lminus 0.3
given
11 40 vI
vo 10 10 e
v I Find v I v I 0.69
v I 0
40 vI
v o v I 10 10
11
e
Lplus v o ( 0) Lplus 10
v I 0
v o 5 given
11 40 vI
vo 10 10 e
v I Find v I v I 0.673
Amplifiers
Example 1.2
1
exp 40 v I
2500000000
1
exp( 40 0.673) 196.457
2500000000
Circuit Models For Amplifiers
Voltage Amplifiers
Common Models
Example 1.3
Class assignment
Circuit Models For Amplifiers
Other Amplifiers
Current
Transconductance
Transresistance
Circuit Models For Amplifiers
Example 1.4
Large-signal equivalent-circuit models of the npn BJT operating in the active mode.
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/plots/FOC.html
http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/acWorkout/Switched_RCandRL.html
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
(a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Bandwidth
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
(a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Example 1.5
Class assignment
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Classification of Amplifiers
Exercise 1.6
Class assignment
The Digital Logic Inverter
Function
Transfer Characteristics
Noise Margins
The Digital Logic Inverter
Function
Transfer Characteristics
Noise Margins
The Digital Logic Inverter
Inverter Implementation