19

Baseband transmission sends the information signal as it is without modulation (without frequency shifting)
while passband transmission shifts the signal to be transmitted in frequency to a higher frequency and then
transmits it, where at the receiver the signal is shifted back to its original frequency.

Limitations of baseband digital transmission:

1. Limited Range: Baseband digital signals can only travel short distances due to the signal attenuation
that occurs over long transmission lines.
2. Susceptibility to Interference: Baseband digital signals are susceptible to interference from other
electrical or magnetic signals that are present in the environment.
3. Bandwidth Limitations: Baseband digital signals require a large bandwidth for high-speed data
transmission, which can be a limitation when the available bandwidth is limited or expensive.
4. Limited Data Rates: Baseband digital transmission has a limited data rate due to the narrow
bandwidth and low signal-to-noise ratio of the transmission medium.
5. Unsuitability for Long-Distance Communication: Baseband digital transmission requires the use of
expensive repeaters and amplifiers to overcome the signal attenuation that occurs over long
transmission lines.

Pulse shaping in baseband digital transmission:

Pulse shaping is a technique used in baseband digital transmission to modify the shape of the transmitted
signal to reduce the amount of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) that occurs between adjacent symbols. ISI
occurs when a symbol spreads into adjacent symbols due to the limited bandwidth of the transmission
channel, resulting in a degradation of signal quality and increased bit error rate.

Pulse shaping is achieved by passing the baseband digital signal through a filter that modifies the shape of
the signal. The filter is designed to control the spectral properties of the transmitted signal and shape its
temporal response to improve the transmission quality.

One of the commonly used pulse shaping filters is the Raised Cosine filter, which has a smooth frequency
response and a finite-duration impulse response. The raised cosine filter is designed to reduce the ISI
between adjacent symbols and minimize the bandwidth of the transmitted signal.

1
Nyquist criterion for zero ISI:

According to the Nyquist criterion, the sampling rate used to convert an analog signal to a digital signal
should be at least twice the highest frequency component of the analog signal. In other words, if a signal has
a bandwidth B, then the sampling rate should be at least 2B samples per second to prevent ISI.

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13