Marine Radar

Prepared by:

Ibrahim Khawaja

Under Supervision

Capt.Abd Alsattar Al-Rawi

1
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪Basic Radar Principles‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (RADAR‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Radio Detection and Ranging‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1886‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻮﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1922‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺤﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻅﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1937‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1939‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻅﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1944‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻅﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ = ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ × ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻠﺨﺺ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫◊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﺣﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫◊ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫◊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪Electromagnetic Waves :‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﻪ ‪.Wave form‬‬

‫◊ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ..‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪Cycle :‬‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ‪ 000o‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪360o‬‬

‫ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‪Wavelength :‬‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻤﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻁﻮﻟﻬﺎ )‪ 3cm (X Band‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ )‪10 cm (S Band‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪Frequency f :‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ( ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﺗﺰ‪.‬‬

‫‪1 cm (X Band) Wave length (λ) = 3.2 cm 9300 ~ 9500 MHz‬‬

‫‪10 cm (S Band) Wave length (λ) = 10 cm 2900 ~ 3100 MHz‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪Radar Pulse :‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻫﺪﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‪Pulse length :‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،0.05 μs ~ 1.3 μs‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ‪ 12‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪Pulse Repetition Interval (P.R.I.):‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﺒﻀﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‪250-2500 μs :‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺔ ‪Pulse Repetition Frequency (P.R.F.) :‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪400 - 4000 Pulse / sec‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪Principles Range Measurements :‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﺭﺳﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪:‬‬

‫‪300,000,000 meter/sec = 300 meter/ μsec‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ‪Principles of bearing Measurements :‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻰ )‪ (Scanner or Aerial‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪H.B.W :‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻯ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ . 2.5o‬ﻭﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0.75o-2.0o‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ )ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﺭﺳﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻟﻬﺪﻑ = ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ ‪ +‬ﺧﻂ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺻﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺗﺼﺐ ﺩﻗﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1/10‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫‪The radar system operational principles‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪Introduction :‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻯ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪Transmitter Unit‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ‪Aerial Unit‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ‪Receiver Unit‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪Display Unit‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪The transmitter function‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ )‪ 0.05-1.3‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫◊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ )‪.(400-4000P.R.F‬‬
‫◊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ )ﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻣﻔﺰﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻯ( ﻓﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻰ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻟﺒﺪء ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ )‪.(Synchronizing Pulse or Trigger‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ‪The Aerial function‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ )ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ – ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ (IMO‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻓﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ‪The receiver function :‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺛﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ )ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ )‪ (T/Rcell‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻏﻼﻕ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻼﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ‪.‬‬

‫◊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ً‪ :‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪The display function :‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ )ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ )‪ (Heading Marker‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ‪Trigger‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻫﺎ ‪The amplified echoes‬‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ‪The rotation signal‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ‪The heading marker signal‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ – ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪The Transmitter :‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ‪The Trigger Generator :‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺔ ‪ Pulse Repetition Rate‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻧﺒﻀﻰ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻧﺒﻀﻰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ Modulator‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪Time Base‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ‪The Modulator :‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ‪The Magnetron‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪The Antenna‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻫﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪Scanner‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ‪TR/RX switch‬‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ‪Wave Guide‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﻄﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻫﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻟﻸﺻﺪﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻁﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻷﻁﻮﺍﻝ ‪ 2، 7 ، 1، 8 ، 1 ، 2‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻰ ‪ 3‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ 3.7‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪10‬ﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮ ‪The Parabolic Reflector :‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ‪Slotted Wave Guide :‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺗﻪ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺭﺧﺺ ﺛﻤﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺋﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫‪15‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺪﻯ ﻁﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ )‪ (Slots‬ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻐﺬﻯ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮﺟﻼﺱ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺗﻪ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫◊ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﻏﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫◊ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺸﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﻣﺤﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮ ﺟﻼﺱ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻯ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺛﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻅﻬﻮﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻞ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (IMO‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪12‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺡ ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻋﻘﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪80‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪Horizontal Beam Width (HBW) :‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ‪Bearing Discrimination‬‬

‫ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻸﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (IMO‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0.5o-2.5o‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ‪Vertical Beam Width (VBW) :‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (IMO‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 20o‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺋﺘﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻓﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫‪The Receiver‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻫﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻩ ﻻﻅﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺧﻔﺾ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ‪) ،‬ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ‪ 3‬ﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 9300‬ﻭ ‪9500‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪10‬ﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 2900‬ﻭ ‪ 3100‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻁ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 30‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 60‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺮﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ‪ (Detector‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺑﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ )‪(CRT‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻯ )‪ ، (R.F.‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ )‪.(I.F.‬‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ )‪ ، (I.F.‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ )‪.(V.P.‬‬ ‫◊‬
‫◊ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ )‪ ، (V.P.‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ‪Local Oscillator :‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ )ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ( ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ = ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ – ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻓﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ‪ X band‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ‪ 9400‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ‪ 9430‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 9370‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻁ ‪Mixer :‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻁ ﻫﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ )ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ( ﻭﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ )‪ (I.F.‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮﻫﺘﺮﻭﺩﺍﻳﻦ )‪ .(Super heterodyne type‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻯ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻒ‪Tuning :‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻠﻰ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻒ ‪Tuning Control‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻟﻴﻒ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻯ ‪Manual Tuning Control‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ‪Automatic Tuning‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ‪Detector :‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Vidco amplifier :‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﻜﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻅﻬﻮﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻼﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺫﻑ ﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ )ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ‪I.F. Amplifier :‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻫﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻁ ﻭﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺷﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺷﻮﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ )ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺐ ‪.Gain‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻰ ‪The linear I.F. amplifier‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻰ ‪The logarithmic amplifier‬‬ ‫◊‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬

‫‪The Display Unit‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺡ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪A – Scan Display‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﺴﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻁﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻪ‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺍﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ )ﺳﻦ ﻣﺪﺑﺐ ﺫﻭ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ‬ ‫◊‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻤﺜﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ‪ 12‬ﻣﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀ�ﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﺠ�ﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻤ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ�ﺢ ﻓ�ﻰ ﺯﻣ�ﻦ ﻗ�ﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ 148 μs‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴ�ﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﺳ�ﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨ�ﻰ ﻟﻬ�ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤ�ﺪﻻ ‪ ،‬ﻓ�ﺈﺫﺍ ﻛ�ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬ�ﺪﻑ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻣ�ﺪﻯ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻴ�ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼ�ﺪﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ )‪The Radial-Scan Plan Position Indicator (PPI‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ‪ ..‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﺨﻂ ﻣﻀﺊ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ )ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ 3600‬ﺧﻂ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺯﻣﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ( ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪The Synthetic Display:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺏ )‪ ، (Real-Time Display‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ )ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ(‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻁﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫‪.Synthetic Type‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺭﺧﺺ ﺛﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻮﻟﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪Re-‬‬
‫‪ tuned Display‬ﻭﺑﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻁﺮﻕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ‪ Raster-Scan PPI‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫‪The Cathode Ray Tube‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬

‫◊ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺿﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺨﻦ ‪ Heater‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ ‪ Cathode‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪﻳﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ )ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻯ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺨﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ‪ Control Grid‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻥ ‪ Brilliance knob‬ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻳﻌﻄٮﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﺬﻯ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ )ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺃﻻ ﻧﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ First Anode‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫◊ ﺃﻻ ﻧﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ‪ Second Anode‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﻻ ﻧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
‫‪. Focusing‬‬
‫◊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ‪ Deflecting Coils‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﻳﻐﺬﻯ ﺑﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻰ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ )ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻯ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺏ ﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺴﺢ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ‪The Time Base :‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ )ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ(‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺊ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺨﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ‪.Time Base‬‬

‫‪24‬‬
Switching-On, Testing, Setting up Procedure:-

1. Make sure that scanner is clear.

2. Set control to minimum.

3. Switch-on, standby.

4. Turn up the Brilliance control till the trace is just visible.

5. Switch off the range rings.

6. Check that the electronic centre is precisely under the centre of

the face of the tube.

7. Connect the compass repeater to bearing scale (Reading of the

Gyro Compass).

8. Adjust the again control until the speck led background is just

visible.

9. Switch to the shortest range scale.

10. Select range scale required and adjusts clutter as required.

11. Switch the presentation switch to"true motion" north up or

course up.