IIpocll. il:P Henan CY3HIi UDK: 37.014.

3
<PlIJI030¢CKli ¢aKyJITeT IIperJIe~HlI qJIaHaK
Eaa.a JIyKa IIplIMJbeH: 27. II 2004.
BlBLID: 0553-4569, 50 (2004), 3-4, P 173-193

HAmA mKOJIA Y OJj;HOCY HA

KOMnETEHUUJE 3A XXI BUJEK

Pe3UMe

Pag je iioceehen aHa.nU3U coojciiiaea cuciueua otipasoean.a y xx eujetcy y

ogHOCY na «ouiieiuenuuje «oje cy iioioqne .fbyguMa sa cnotioaau JlCUOOUi y XXIou-
jexy. 113 oee ananuse iipousunasu iiuiiiatee tuiiia uujen.auu: y natueu eaciiuiuno-
06a30oHOM cuciiiescy. QJaKUiozpapujy iiipetia uujeieaiiu: paseuian.eu ciiocotiuo-
ciiui yuetea, peaxtiiueusau uoiuueauujou u UiaKO ga.fbe. Ha U3a30oe XX eujetca MO-
JlCeMO onetcueaiiiu aaexeaiiine oaioeope otipasoeatea. Ooy penauujy ayiuop gaje
iipeineano y tcpaiiixoj iuatienu. Ilanac je caspeno epujeue ga yOLtUMO uetce uoee uc-
xoae otipasoeatea: oedianeuenu iiecuuusau, usoieiaeane paga, cauoxenauxeiiupa-
fbe u C.nUttHO. Cejecnu coe enanajnuje iipucytiinociiiu ooux ucxoga caepeueuoi
otipasoeasea, uopauo pasuuuuuuuu 0 UiOMe KaKO ga auopiuusyjeuo fbUXOB yuu-
HaK, KaKO paseujauo uoaene «ouiieuienuuja iioiiipeonux ea cnotioaau JlCUBOUi y
XXI eujetcy. Paepahyjyhu ueiiiupu fiogpyttja tcosdieiiienuuja, KOZHUUiuBHO, eMOUUO-
Ha.nHO, couujanno u paono-atcuuono, ayiiiop U300gU aeaaeceiii ocaM tcouueiiienuuja
sa XXI euje«. jJ,a.fbe paseuja iuesy ga «ooiiepauiueno U uniiiepaxiiiueno yuen-e
caopsce naciiiaeue uooene 3a eipuxactcy iioapuucy paseujasey oeux xouiieiiienuuja
y HamUM tutconaua. Ilocetiuy fiaJICfby uoceehyje uopanuoj U eciueiiicxoj auueneujti
ceatce og oeux «ouiieiuenuuja.

K.fbY'IHe pe-au iupaauuuonanusau, iiancotpueau; cuuetuuusau, peatauueu-

3aM, eeptianusau, «osaieiuenuuje sa XXI eujetc, oedraneuenu iiecuuusau; cauoxeu-
auxeuupatee, ustijeiaean.e paaa, uopanna ouueusuja xosdietiienuuja, eciiieiucxa
ouueusuja «ouiieiiienuuja

YBO~

LI:a 61ICMO onrosopana aa naraa,e KaKBa je Halla nanaum.a llKOJIa y O~HOCY

na KOMIIeTeHQlIje aa XXI BujeK, IIoTpe6Ho je pasnoacara cn.eneha IIOJIa31IllTa:
Csojcraa cacrexra oopasoaaa.a y XX sajexy;
IIITa MlijelhaTli y nameu BacIIlITHo-o6pa30BHoM cacresry;
Hexn HOBli lICXO~lI oopasoaan.a;
KOMIIeTeHQlIje aa XXI sajex;
Kooneparnsno 1IlIHTapeKTlIBHo ysen.e;

173
 ITEAArOlliKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOBII Call

113a30BM XXI sajexa;

Mopanaa J.\MMeH3Mja KOMrreTeHL\Mja aa XXI BMjeK;
ECTeTcKa J.\MMeH3Mja KOMrreTeHL\Mja aa XXI BMjeK.
OBJ.\je, Ha)KaJIOCT, HeMaM npocropa na cBaKy OA OBMX rrOCTaBKM pa3JIO)KMM y
norpeonoj J.\y6MHM M 06MMy, aJIM hy na M3HeceM CYllITMHY.

Caojcrsa CUCTCMa 06pa30Baiba y XX BUjCKy

.nOHaJIA Xnprn, rrporpecop na BMpI,IMHMja yHMBep3MTeTy, nOCTaBJha nrrraa,e:
IIIKoJIe KaKBe cy HaM norpeoae, 3allITO MX HeMaMO? Y KIhM3M non OBMM HaCJIOBOM
aHaJIM3Mpa 06pa30BHe CMCTeMe y XX anjexy, a na npnoj CTpaHML\M nnure: "Haute
12-pa3pcJ.\Ho 06pa30BaIhC je MCl)y aajaeerpaxacnajm« y paaeajeaov CBMjCTy"
(Hirsch, 1996, CTp. 1). I1pMjC osor BOJIyMMH03Hor Xapmosor pana ypaAMo cax; jCA-
Hy ooyxaarny aHaJIM3Y aanrer aacnarno-oopaaoanor CMCTCMa (Cy3Mh, 1995). Ha-
JIa3M OBMX aHaJIM3a cy AaTM y Ta6eJIM 1 M noxaayjy na OBM CMCTeMM MMajy HM3 3a-
jeJ.\HwIKMX csojcraaa, MaKO je Ham BacrrMTHo-06pa30BHM CMCTeM erpaxacuaja Hero
aMepWIKM.

T a 6eJIa 1 CBOlcTBa TPaAML\MOHaJIHe llIKOJIe

(Cy3Mh, 1995, CTp. 19) (Hirsch, 1996, CTp. 8)
TpaAML\MOHaJIM3aM x TpaAML\MOHaJIHO aacvnpor xronepaor
I1aHcocPM3aM
CL\MeHTM3aM
PeaKTMBM3aM x I'n.aaaxca M nocana nacynpor mrrepecaa-
THor
Bep6aJIM3aM x Bcp6aJIHO aacvnpcr npaxra-mor
I1pocje'IHOCT x I1pOCjC'IHO HacyrrpoT MHAMBMAyaJIM30Ba-
HOM
<I>parMcHTapHO nacvnpor arrrepecanrnor
HaUOMeHa: 3HaK x npencraan.a rrOAYAapHC rrpOlIJCHC

OBa csojcraa BacrrMTHo-06pa30BHor CMCTeMa rrpaxasaaa y Ta6cJIM 1 yxasy-

jy aa TO na je raj CMCTCM 3aCTapMO M opajearncaa na npnrrperaaa,e y'IcHMKa sa sa-
HaTCKa M HMcKoaKyMyJIaTMBHa 3aHMMaIha xoja cy J.\OMMHMpaJIa y XIX H XX BMjCKy.
Ilaaac )KHBMMO y yueho] 1/IWU.IlU3al/uju H aa CBaKO 3aHMMaIhe je, ya 6a3Hc xoxrne-
TCHL\Mje, jCJ.\HaKo Ba)KHO na y'ICHMK Hay'IM y'IMTM y TOj 06JIaCTM, na ce CTaJIHO
ycaspurasa M nporpecaonanao axryannayje.

mTa MujclbaTu y nauresr BacnUTHo-o6pa30BHoM CUCTCMy

CTpY'IIhaL\H ce cnazcy na je aanr BacrrHTHo-06pa30BHM CMCTeM cepMKacHMjM H
60JhH OJ.\ MHorMX y cnajery. Mel)yTHM, cana OH CBe BHIlIC JIWIM na CTapH Ao6pM Kd-
AMJIaK KOjM npeaame TPOlliH M HC MO)KC na ce HOCM ca MOAepHMM ayToM06HJIMMa.
Mopaxro Ca'IyBaTH KBaJIMTeTHe npennocra naurer CMCTeMa H HaArpaJ.\HTM ra HOBMM

174
Ap HCHa){ CY~Hh: HAiliA IlIKOJIA Y OAHOCY HA KOMOETEHUI1JE 3A XXI BI1JEK

II ecPllKaCHllM MOTllBaIWOHHM HaCTaBHllM MogeJIHMa KaKBO je KOOIIepaTHBHO a an-

TepaKTllBHO y~Ielhe. Ta6eJIa 2 noxaayje UITa rpeoa MHjelhaTH y aanreu BaCIIHTHO-
06pa30BHoM cacrexry.

T a6eJIa 2 IIITa MlljelhaTll V naurexr BaCIIllTHO 0 6ma30BHOM CllCTeMV

mTa MuielhaTu: qUMe aanrpamrn«
<I>aKTorpadmiv CIIoc06HOllIhv v-ren.a
PeIIpogYKTllBHOCT Kpearasaonrhy
KPllTllqKHM MllllIJhelheM
A yropnrapaocr AeMoKpaTHjoM
Harepasnajoa
Koonena'rasnonrhv
Tloxopaocr II IIOCJIyllIHOCT Cycpern.asonrhy
Cepsanaourhy
AyTOHOMHjoM
PeaKTllBH3aM Moraaauajosr

HeKU HOBU acxonn ofipaaonau.a

Ilanac ce aaaesiapyje ~IHlheHHIl,a na llIKOJIe, nopen II03HTllBHllX, llMajy II He-
raTHBHe ncxone. l'!36jeraBalhe pana, cPpycTpHpaHocT njeue, spnnsa-rxo HaCHJhe,
gecPaH3HBHH IIeCllMH3aM II npyre acxone oopaaosaa.a nanac CBe same MO)KeMO Be-
aarn sa llIKOJIy. Hapasno, OBO aaje pe3yJITaT caxro llIKOJICKHX ymuaja, ana je ca-
rypno na llIKOJIa nonpaaocn OBllM csojcraaua yxeaaxa. Hcrpaacasaa,e Eonpjya
Mapraaa II capannnxa ca Canaejcxor YHllBep3HTeTa y AycTpaJIHjH IIOKa3aJIO je na
ce IIOIIyT IIO)Kapa y llIKOJIaMa mape crseneha llCXOgH: cauoxeanaxenapaa,e, ne-
cPaH3HBHll IIeCllMll3aM (gecPaH3HBHO o-rexaaaa,e H pecPJIeKTllBHOCT) H ll36jeraBa-
n.e pana (Martin, Marsh i Debus, 2001, CTp. 91). Moje acrpaxorsan,e je IIOKa3aJIO na
cy KOg HallIHX y-reaaxa OBa csojcrsa 6JIa)Ke aspaacena (Cyaah, 2002). Ilpeorrrepe-
hena canpacajava, OCJIOlheHa aa MeMopHcalhe II penponyxnnjy y3 IIpHMjeHy rpana-
Il,llOHaJIHllX HaCTaBHHX xre'rona, nanaunsa llIKOJIa nonpnaoca TOMe na MJIagll noce-
)Ky sa nporoxr H geJIllHKBeHTCKllM BpllIlhaqKllM rpynaxia.

KOMIIeTeHIJ;uje sa XXI BujeK

He MO)KeMO llhll y 6ygyhHOCT oxpenyrn JIe!;)llMa II aarnenaan y IIpOllIJIOCT.

Mopaxro ce aanararn IIITa IlIKOJIa rpeoa na IIpy)Kll namoj njeua, KaKO 6ll nx OCIIO-
C06llJIa aa cJI060gaH )KHBOT y speneay y KOMe he )KllBjeTH II Ta snan.a KOPllCTllTH.
Ha xpajy XX sajexa 6llJIO je jacno na ce Ty pana 0 HOBHM KOMIIeTeHIl,HjaMa, 0 urn-
pOKOM cIIeKTpy CIIoc06HOCTll xoje ce YBeJIllKO paanasyjy on OHllX xoje cy 6llJIe IIO-
rpeoue 3a )KHBOT y XIX II XX nnjexy. Y jennoi« acPpwIKoM IIJIeMeHy glljeTe Tpe6a
na HaY~IH ga 6yge q06aHHH llJIll JIOBaIl" a )KeHCKa IIoIIyJIaIl,Hja rpetia na OBJIaga ene-
MeHTapHHM sjemranaaa KyhHHX IIOCJIOBa. Jenno eBpoIIcKO nnjere Mopa saara na
KOPllCTll pa-rynapcxy TeXHOJIOrlljy, nopen MaTeplher na Hayqll II earnecxn jesax,

175
 IlEJJ:AfOiliKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOlm Call

re na OCBOjM HM3 KOMIIeTeHIJ;Hja H3 KorHHTHBHe, eMoIJ;HoHaJIHe, conajarme H pan-

HO-aKIJ;HoHe crpepe. Ila 6HX O~roBOPHO aa mrrarse xoje KOMIIeTeHIJ;Hje urxona Tpe-
6a na pasaaja KO~ Hallie njene, H3pa~HO caM MO~eJI II Ilaanecer ocaxr KOMIIeTeHIJ;Hja
3a XXI BHjeK II •

KOrilUTUBHC KOMnCTCHIJ,ujC: COIJ,ujaJIHC KOMnCTCHIJ,ujC:

1. Hsnnajan,e 6uTHor Oil; aefiarnor,
ajeurraaa 0ll;a6upalba uH«I>opMa-
IJ,uja;
2. Ilocranzsan,e rnrrarsa 0 rpanany
xao U 0 BJIaCTuToj KOrHUIJ,uju;
3. Paaysmjesarse MaTcpujc U npo-
6JICMa;
4. naMliclbc, 0ll;a6up uH«I>opMaIJ,uja
KOjC je HyMHO naMTUTU;
5. Pyxoaarse uH«I>opMaIJ,ujaMa, MClla-
J,IMCHT y KOPUIUTCIbY ulI«I>opMaIJ,U-
ja - 6P30 npOHaJIaMCIbC, KOpU-
IUTClbC U CKJIall;UIUTClbC uH«I>opMa-
IJ,uja
6. KOIIBcprcHTHa U naneprerrraa
npoll;yKIJ,uja, «I>a6pUKOB3IbC HOBUX
ull;cja, pjemersa U nponyxara;
7. Enanyanaja, Bpcll;HoBalbc c«I>uKa-
CHOCTU Y'lclba U pall;a xao U OCTBa-
pCHC KOpUCTU.
15. Pa3yMujcBalbc Il;pyrux uHll;uBull;ya U
rpyna, TyMa'lclbC rpynHux CMOIJ,UOllaJI-
HUXcrpyjan,a U cnare onnoca;
16. Cal'JIaCHOCT, ycarJIalUCHOCT ca IJ,UJbC-
BUMa rpyllc UJIU opranasauaje, KOJIa-
60paIJ,uja;
17. I'pyrnm MCllaJ,lMCHT: 6UTU Bolja U 6UTU
BOIjCH, CTBapalbC BC3a, cnocofiaocr y-
sjepaeaa,a, oprallU3aIJ,UOHC cnocofiao-
CTU, TUMCKC cnocofinocra, nonjena pa-
na;
18. KOMylluKaIJ,uja: CJIylUaTu OTBOpCllO U
CJIaTU yBjCpJbUBC nopYKC, KOMYlluKa-
IJ,uja "O'lU y O'lU", IICHaCUJIHa KOMyllU-
KaIJ,uja;
19. Honpunca Il;pyruMa U CCpBUJIHa opajen-
TaIJ,uja, CCH3U6uJIUTCT aa passojae no-
Tpc6c Il;pyrux U nonpacaaan,e IbUXOBUX
clloc061l0CTU;
20. YBaMaBalbc pa3JIU'IUTOCTU, TOJICpaH-
uaja, nessoxpamja;
21. Ocjehan,e 1l03UTUBHC npnnanaocra na-
IJ,uju U IJ,UBUJIU3aIJ,uju.

~
23 ~~AKtitIOHlr 28
2 3

--
21 KOMITETEHL\MJE KOfHI1TJIIBHE 4
20 COL\JIIJAJlHE- KOMITETEHL\JIIJE S 6
19 18 KOMIlETEHL\MJE EMOL\JII0HAJlHE - - - 7
17 16 IS KOMITETEHL\V1JE 0 8
14 13 12 11 ~.!l_-~

._----
MOPAJIHA )J,J1MEH3I1JA

ECTETCKA )J,I1M~!1l

EMOIJ,UOHaJIHC KOMnCTCHIJ,ujC: Pall;llO-aKIJ,UOHC KOMnCTCHIJ,ujC:

8. EMOIJ,UOHaJIHa CBUjCCT, npcn03Ha- 22. Iloananaa,e CTpyKC UJIU nporpecnonan-
nan,e CBOjUX U TyljUX CMOIJ,uja; HOCT;
9. Canonoysnau,«, jacan ocjehaj 23. Onurra uH«I>opMaTU'IKa U KOMyHuKa-
BJIaCTUTUX Moliu U JIUMUTa; IJ,u'CKa IlUCMCHOCT, nosaasan-e CHrJIC-

176
J],p HCHa!l CY3Mh: HAlliA IlIKOJIA Y OJ],HOCY HA KOMilETEHlJ;I1JE 3A XXI BI1JEK

10. CaMoKOHTpOJIa, KOHTpOJIa OMC- cxor HJIH CBjCTCKHX jC3HKa;

TajyliHx cMoqHja H HMnyJICa; 24. Canjecaocr, npeyanstan-e OAI'OBOPUO-
11. Esnra'raja H anrpyaaase aa JIHqUa ocrsapea.a;
CTH
12. IIcTHHOJby6HBocT, H3rpaAIha CTa- 25. IIcp3HcTcuIIHja, acrpajaaan.e na IIH-
HAapAa qaCTH H HHTcrpHTcTa; JbCBHMa ynpKoc npcnpcKaMa HJIH HCY-
13.AAanTa6HJIHocT,~JIcKcH6HJIHocT cnjecmra;
y npaxsaraa-y nposijena; 26. MOTHB nocrnrnyha, TC)KIha aa no60Jb-
14. Hnonauaja, OTBOpCUOCT sa HOBC IIIaIhCM HJIH ocmapen-esr HajBHIIIHx
aneje, npHcTync H Hu~opMaqH­ KBaJIHTCTa;
je, 27. IIHHIIHjaTHBa, cnpcMuocT na ce HCKO-
pHCTC YKa3aHC sroryhnocra;
28. OnTHMH3aM, YUYTpaIIIIha MOTHBHcaHO-
CT, BOJba sa an,

MOAeJI "Ilsanecer ocau KOMIIeTeHIJ;IIja aa XXI BIIjeK" y Ta6eJIII 3 noxaayje

KOJIIIKO je Halla naaaunsa lIlKOJIa II3a onor lIlTO seh nanac rpetia II onora lIlTO he
y 6y,n;yhHOCTII 6IITII IIoTpe6Ho -rosjexy aa cJI060,n;aH )KIIBOT y IJ;IIBIIJIII3aIJ;IIjII y KOjOj
)KIIBII.

Koonep3THBHO H oHTep3KToBHO yqelbe

Y Tpa,n;IIIJ;IIOHaJIHoj HaCTaBII je ,n;OMIIHaHTaH <ppOHTaJIHII pan y KOMe HaCTaB-

HIIK "npenaje " rpannno a yqeHIIIJ;II npare, cnyurajy, rnenajy II IIOHaBJhajy. Onaj
cTepeoTIIII je npeonnahyjyhn II nanac y HalIlIIM lIlKOJIaMa. Jenna on IIOCJhe,n;IIIJ;a Ta-
xsor Ha'IIIHa pana je II HIICKa MOTIIBaIJ;IIja ysenaxa. Tlocroje HaCTaBHII Mo,n;eJIII
MHoro e<pIIKacHIIjII II MOTIIBaIJ;IIOHO MHoro CHa)KHIIjII. TaKBII cy KOOIIepaTIIBHO II
IIHTepaKTIIBHo y-ren,e. Pa,n;II ce 0 Mo,n;eJIIIMa y KojIIMa yqeHIIIJ;II pane y rpYIIII, Y3
IIOMOh HaCTaBHIIKa, aJIII lIlTO je Moryhe BIIlIle caMOCTaJIHO. Mebycoono ce IIOMa)Ky
II y-re jenan on rtpyr-ax, y'Ie ,n;IIpeKTHO II3 KIhIIra II ,n;pyrIIx Me,n;IIja a HaCTaBHIIKa IIO
IIoTpe6II II03IIBajy y IIOMOh. Ha Taj Ha'IIIH, OHII KojII He saajy, IIIITajy oaora KO 3Ha,
aa pa3JIIIKY on Tpa,n;IIIJ;IIOHaJIHe HaCTaBe y KOjOj HaCTaBHIIK KOjII 3Ha, IIcIIIITyje yse-
HIlKe KojII He saajy. Y urecr eKCIIepIIMeHTaJIHIIX lIlKOJIa y PC OBII Mo,n;eJIII cy IIOKa-
3aJIII BpJIO BIICOKe pesynrare II 6IIJIII onymenn.eno IIpIIXBaheHII on yxennxa, pO,n;II-
rersa, a xacnaje II HaCTaBHIIKa (CY3IIh II capa,n;HIIIJ;II, 2001).

H3330BO XXI nnjexa

AKO )KeJIIIMO ua 3aBIIpIIMO y 6y,n;yhHOCT, Y OHO IIITO HaM ,n;OHOCII BIIjeK y KO-
Me )KIIBIIMO, MopaMO carnenarn II3a30Be KOjII ce onexyjy.

177
 nED,ArOWKA CTI3APHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOIllI Call

HaJIHUX ynora, ~UnJIOMa HUjC ~OBOJbHa nexca, CCpTuepUKaTU, npUBaTHC 06pa30-

sa Il,ujCJIU :>KUBOT. BHC UHCTUTYIl,UjC.
2) Kpaj mmycrpajcxor U rrpenosraaa- 2) Paaanjaa,e cOIl,ujaJIHUX, CMOIl,UOHaJI-
naja nocrmmycrpajcxor iWYIlITBa, HUX U pa~HO-aKIl,UOHUXKOMncTcHI~uj a,
npCBJIaCT TCpIl,ujapHor U xsaprapaor ja-ran,e uHTcpnCpCOHaJIHUX U aurpanep-
CCKTopa (vcrrvre). COHaJIHUX cnoc06HoCTU JIW-IHOCTU.
3) I'nooanaaauaja U HaCTaHaK McraHa- 3) MyJITUCTHWIKU KapaKTcp 06pa30Ba-
uaja. fba, 06YKa sa TOJICpaHIl,ujy U HCHaCUJbC.
4) Mya.eaar rpancdiep uHepopMaIl,uja 4) HOBu MYJITUMC~n:jCKU H3BOPH saan,a,
H npHMjcHa HaY~IHux H TCXHOJIOIlIKHX 06yKa aa KOPHIlITCfbC MC~Hja, MyJITHMC-
nocrnrnyha. ~HicKO vnen.e.
5) 3Hafbc xao najnporparaoanaaja po- 5) 06pa30BHH naKCTH ca COepTBCpOM sa
6a. canoysen.e, MO~YJIapHU CHCTCMH y IlIKO-
JIaMa.
6) eBC BHIlIC CJI060~HOr npeuena, on- 6) 06yKa aa npo~YKTHBHO KOPHIlITCfbC
HOCHO, CBC xpahe panao spajerae xao H CJI060~HOr apesiena, oopasoaau,e 3a
pan 6C3 pannor BpCMCHa. KpcaTHBHOCT H nopacr KpcaTUBHOCTU.
7) Illnpen.e MCraJIOnOJIHCa, nenepco- 7) IIIKoJIa pasnaja MO~CJIC xooneparas-
HaJIH30BaHO COIl,HjaJIHO oxpyzcen.e, nor yseu,a, MO~CJIC cOIl,HjaJIHC nonpurxe,
CBC MafbC cOIl,ujaJIHC JIOKaJIHC nonp- rpynHc narepaxuaje, capann.e H TOJICpa-
paasoiv JIWIHOCTH.
IlIKC y aunie.
8) orxpaha y epU3UOJIOrn:jH H
HOBa 8) Excnaasaja BaHIIIKOJICKOr yqCfba, HO-
nCHXOJIOrujH nauhen,a, HOBa caanaa.a BH BH~OBH oopasoaan,a H npnvjeae MO-
y 06JIaCTU vsen,a H MOTHBaIl,Hjc. raaanaje na 06JIaCT vnen,a.
9) I1pU6JIU:>KaBafbC JbY~CKC U BjcIlITa'I- 9) Ilporpane yxen.a xpenpajy KOpUCHU-
KC UHTCJIUrCHIl,ujc. Il,H, fiaanpajyha nx na JbY~CKOj U BjcIIITa-
qKOj UHTCJIUrcHIl,uju UCTOBpCMCHO.
10) ,I],oMuHal,uja BPUjC~HOCTU ncrpo- 10) I1poTC:>KUpafbC xyxraaux BPHjC~HO-
ura-rxor npvrrrraa, CTU.

3aMUCJIUMO IlIKOJIy xoja 6u epyHKIl,UOHUCaJIa ~aHac a na ncrrya.aaa ~CCHY

crpany Ta6cJIc 4. Jacno je na 6u y TaKBy IlIKOJIy :>KCJbCJIa na Uil:Y CBa njeua, a CBU
PO~UTCJbU na ax TaMO ynnnry. JaCHO jc na 6u TaKBa IlIKOJIa nOMOrJIa ~jCIl,U na
u36jcrny npory U HaCUJbC, na 6u ax 60Jbc aaopyxcana ~a U3~P:>KC U3a30BC apeveaa
xoje crmjena, aa pa3JIUKy on Tpa~UIl,UOHaJIHC, xoja CBOjU pcnpccuBHUM Ha'IHHOM
pana nocpenno CTHMyJIUlIlC ynorperiy npore U MaJIOJbCTHWIKY i\CJIUHKBCHIl,Ujy.

MOpaJIHa )J;HMeH3Hja KOMneTeH~Hjasa XXI BHjeK

Mopan je xao npaxca CTUKC onyanje« 6uo BpCMCHCKU U npocropao CHTyH-

paH. Kana 6UCMO jennor PUMJbaHUHa npenajena H3 1-\06a CTapor PHMa nanac y
Espony H 06yKJIH My caapexteny onjehy, HUKO HC 6H na 'rpry 6HJIO xojer rpana
npasrnjerao na ce OH pasnaxyje 01-\ OCTaJIUX. AJIU xana 6UCMO ra nUTaJIU na JIU je
HOpMaJIHO na -rosjex y6ujc npyror xoajexa y apenn, UJIU nanac aa CTa~UOHY, OH 6H
onrosopao nOTBp~HO U MO:>K~a nonao na je OH H caM y HH3 naepara, oxpehyha na-

178
)J,pHenan Cy3Hh: HAIl1A Il1KOJIA Y O)J,HOCY HA KOMDETEHUl1JE 3A XXI Bl1JEK

JIa~ rope HJIH norse, 0 TOMe O.n;JIytIHBao. EP30 6HCMO ra rrpeIIOpy'IHJIH ncaxajarpy
jep rro HallIHM KpHTepHjHMa OH anje HOpMaJIaH. 3arrHTajMo ce IIITa 6H HaMa pexao
HCKO KO 6H nonrao H3 BpCMCHa C xpaja -rerapror MllJIeHlljyMa. Carypan caM na 6ll
KOHCTaTOBao KaKO y MHoro 'leMy HllCMO HOpMaJIHll. Mn 6llCMO My 3aXBaJIllJIll aa
KOMnJIllMeHTY II HaCTaBHJIll no CBOMC. Mopan je, naxne, npoxrjearsnna .n;llMcH3llja
n.yacxor MHIlIJhefba, ocjehan,a H AjCJIOBafba.
Y nojeAHHHM HCTOplljCKllM enoxaxra npenoaaajesro AOMllHa~lljy pa3JIH'IHTllX
BplljC.n;HOCHHX llJIll eTWIKllX cncrena. To cy: 1) KllHH'IKO-CTOWIKll, 2) xpaurhancxa,
3) xenonacranxa, 4) llHTeJIeKTyaJIllCTWIKo-ll.n;eaJIHCTWIKll II 5) nparMaTH'IKO KyJI-
TypOJIOIlIKll (urnpe: Cysnh, 2001a). Kao npaxca ernxe MOpaJI ce pa3JIllKOBaO 'IaK H
y OKBllPY ncror epajenaocaor cacresra. On BpCMeHa xana je llHKBll3ll~llja cnannna
Hay'IHHKa xoja ce YCy.n;110 na jasno rosopa II name 0 reo~eHTpWIKOM CllCTeMY no
nanac, KaTOJIH'IKa ~pKBa je 6llTHO ll3MlljeHllJIa caoje .n;orMaTCKO rnenan,e na rpe-
HOMeH rco~eHTpWIHOCTll.I1naK, jour II nanac nocroja aaanpaa,e npxse OA nay-mor
rperapaa,a mrran,a "npano-rerxa", rj, naraa.a HaCTaHKa ann npse nnaje cexynne
csenapa. To je nnycrparaano onncao CTllBeH XOKllHr, naaonehn na My ce ITana
lOBaH ITaBJIe II 3aXBaJIllO lIITO He sannpe y npanonerax caesrnpa naxo je XOKllH-
rOB pan 6110 nocsehen ynpano TOM rpenojaeny, npBHM'ABjeMa cexynnaua CBeMHpa
(XoKHHr, 2002). J],aKJIe, y OKBl1PY xpamhancxor eTH'IKOr Cl1CTeMa npenosnajeuo
CBOJIY~l1jy l1JIl1 reaesy Kpnrnxyjyha xpaurhancxy norraarcxy eTl1KY, Po-
MOpaJIa.
611H Bapoy HCTWle KaKO je Mo.n;eJInpnxynn.aa,a noena sa YJIa3Hl1~y sa paj xao CBP-
xy OB03CMaJhCKOr )Kl1BOTa, 3anpaBo MOpaJI HecJI060.n;e l1JIl1 rrpnnyne (Barrow,
1995). Csjenona CMO na ce xpnmhancxa eTHKa y CBOjOj MOpaJIHoj 113Be.n;611 naaac
CBe smne ocnoriaha OBllX .n;orMlI 11 spaha 113BOPHl1M npaammaua sjepe no Kojl1Ma
je 60r CTBOpllO 'IOBjeKa xao 611he CJI060.n;HO na nerra no CBOjOj BOJhl1, a 1'a cJI060Aa
ra ql1Hl1 nOTeH~HjaJIHO 60Jhl1M OA anbena. Ynpaso sa Ty CJI060AY ce 3aJIa)Ke Ba-
poy aaroaapajyhn "MOpaJI paanora" (116H.n;eM), a Bapyx ne Crrl1H03a cxtarpa na 6ll
"xoajex 6110 l1CTO raxo YHHllITeH KaA 611 nocrao anheo, xao 11 KaA 611 nocrao xon,"
(BH.n;l1: From, 1977, CTp. 29). Ilnraa,e cJI060.n;e je jenao OA CYIlITl1HCKl1X naran.a '10-
sjexose MOpaJIHOcTH.
Tlocraan.a ce mrran,e KaKO na noajex 6y.n;e cJI060.n;aH, na lIMa CJI060.n;Hy BO-
Jhy xana je Ta cJI060.n;a orpaaaxena BOJhOM llJIl1 CJI060.n;OM npyrnx JhYAlI. "ITOCTOjll
jenan AapBl1HOBCKlI pa3JIOr 360r xora sjepyjexro y CJI060AHy BOJhy: APYlliTBO y KO-
Me ce jennaxa ocjeha onrosopna aa CBOjC nocTynKe lIMa Bl11I1e narrrena na Tl1MCKlI
nejcrsyje 11 na npeacana KaKO 6ll pallIl1pHJIO csoje Bpl1jeAHOCTl1" (XOKl1Hr, 2002,
CTp. 126). Koxrnereauaje aa XXI aajex, KaKO CMO Bl1AjeJIl1 nperxonno, janajy caxro-
noysnan,e aJIl1 H Tl1MCKe cnoc06HOCTlI sroajexa MHoro BHIlIe Hero TpaAl1~110HaJIHa
lIlKOJIa y KOjOj CC MHOrl1M OA 28 OBl1X xosme-remtaja naje nocnehaaana aAeKBaTHa
naxn.a. He CMaTpaM nOTpc6Hl1M na osnje aHaJI113HpaM MOpaJIHy .n;HMCH311jy CBaKe
OA Tl1X xoxmerenrtaja, AOBOJhHO he 6111'11 na Ha'leJIHO pa3MOTpl1MO reopnje a MO-
pany, fbHXOBe nenarourxe HMnJIl1Ka~l1je, xao 11 nexa acrpasomaa.a MOpaJIa.
J],BHje cy reopercxe opajearannje nocefino 3aHllMJhl1Be aa neAarOIlIKO nje-
nosaa,e y nonpy-rjy MOpaJIa. To cy: 1) reopnja MOpaJIHOr cyheisa H 2) reopnja MO-
paJIHllX csojcraaa. ITo iiieopuju MOpaJ1HOi cyhen.« 'IOBjeK ce nonaura y CKJIaAY ca
OHHM IlITO sjepyje na Tpc6a na 'IllHH, IUTa je ncnpaano a IlITa He, xoja npannna no-
urroaara, no TOMe xoje npHHl.J.Hne nOIJITOBaTlI y )Kl1BOTy. ITo iiieopuju MOpaJ1HUX

179
 TIELJ:ArOlIIKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOBII Can

ceojciiiaoa 'IOBjeK ce rpoxycnpa na MopaJIHe apajenaocrn oco6a, na IhlIXOBe OCO-

61IHe, MOTlIBe II KBaJIWreTe (<I>paHKeHa, 1973). CJIlIjeAoM OBlIX reopnja Moryhe je
pa3BlITlI pa3JIWIlITe nenarourxe nporpave. TpaAlIL\lIOHaJIHa nenarornja ce 6a31Ipa-
JIa npaeacrseao na reopajy MOpaJIHlIX csojcrasa BlIlIIe Hero aa reopnjy MOpaJIHOr
cyhen,a, Mel)YTlIM, II onaj npacryn ce lICL\prrJhlIBaO rrpBeHCTBeHO na MOpaJIlICaIhy.
YqeHlIL\lIMa ce AorMaTCKlI rOBOplIJIO KaKBlI rpeoa na 6YAY: na y'le, na cnynrajy II
rronrryjy crapaje, Aa He rryure lIJIlI ce nporapajy, II CJIWIHO. YqeHlIL\lIMa je naj-re-
urhe 61IJIO ycxpaheno MOpaJIHO cyhen.e II BJIaCTlITO 3aKJhTIlIBaIhe. ElIJIe cy My
cepsnpaae rOTOBe, caxcaaxaae MOpaJIHe nopue II noyxe, rrplIHL\lIrrlI II rrpaBlIJIa.
Ilenaronrxe nocrsenane jennocrpaaax TeopeTCKlIX npacryna y MOpaJIHOM
aacnaran.y cy BlIlIIecTpyKe. Y npaosr IlJIaHy TO cy cn.enehe 1I0CJheAlIL\e:
- Pa3JIWIlITa TeopeTCKa rrOJIa31ILilTa peaynrnpajy pa3JIWIlITlIM lICXOAlIMa
MOpaJIHOr nacnaran,a;
- To je pa3BlIJIO pa3JIWIlITe npncryne y MOpaJIHOM sacmrran.y;
- Pa3JIlIqlITa TeopeTcKa rrOJIa31IlIITa cy 1I3a3BaJIa 1I3BjecHy saoyny y rrOrJIeAY
MeTOAa II KOHL\eIlTa MOpaJIHOr nacnaran,a;
- MOpaJIHO aacnaran.e je OCTaJIO aje-nrra 1I3a30B aJIlI II KaMeH cnorauaa,a
Be3aH aa JhYACKy npnpony.
JaCHO je na MOpaJIHO sacrmran,e Mopa IIpeBa31IJIa311TI1 ycxe OKBl1pe lIapTI1-
KyJIapHlIX reopnja II KOM61IHoBaTlI IhlIXOBe npemrocrn Te YBa)l(lITI1 lIHAlIBlIAyaJIHe
II COL\lIjaJIHe xparepajyve ocrsapaaan,a cJIo60Ae nojemrana II APYIllTBa. JJ:a 61I
IlIKOJIa nonpzcana MOpaJIHlI paaaoj njcrera, Hy)l(HO je na paasaja cnocoonocr yno-
rpeoe II paayvajeaan,a KyJITypHI1X npaaana, KyJITypHlIX norpeoa, OqeKlIBaIha II
ananen,a y CBlIM crpepaxra xosmereanaja: y KorHlITlIBHlIM, eMOL\lIOHaJIHlIM, COL\lI-
jaJIHI1M II paAHO-aKL\lIOHlIM xosme'reanajaaa. Y TOM CMlICJIY CJIIIjeAlI nan-a paspana
rro nonpysjaua.
MopaJIIIH pasnoj KOruUTUBIIUX KOMlleTelll~uja nonpaayxrajeaa rrpBeHCTBeHO
pa3BlITaK cnocoonocrn MOpaJIHOr cyhen.a IIJIlI pe30HOBaIha. Y TOM KOHTeKcTy cy y
rpoxycy cn.enehn acnexrn MOpaJIHOr nacnaraa,a:
• paaysrajeaaa,e COL\lIjaJIHlIX onnoca II KOMrrJIeKCHlIX npanana xoja BJIa-
najy Mel)y JhYAlIMa,
• pe30HOBaIhe 0 norpetin, pa3JI0311Ma 11 MoryhHocTlIMa aa rpancpopna-
unjy COL\lIjaJIHlIX onnoca II rrpaBlIJIa xoja nnanajy Mel)y JhYAlIMa,
• Bep6aJIHO pjeuraaaa,e MOpaJIHlIX AlIJIeMa npavjeaov MOpaJIHOr peso-
HOBaIha na OCHOBy MOpaJIHlIX HOpMlI, apajennocra II o6wIaja,
• paasajan,e HOBlIX JIOrWIKI1X xanamrrera sa xoonepamrjy y apunsa-r-
xoj mrrepaxnaja xao II COL\lIjaJIHlIX onnoca yOIIlIlTe,
• MOpaJIHa ayronosorja II carypnocr y cyheu.y 6e3 0631Ipa na npnracxe
II Moryhe ynjeae,
• MOpaJIHa caMOKOHTpOJIa II caMOKplITlIKa.
KplITI1Ka Ilajaaceoaor COL\lIjaJIHOr AeTepMlIH1I3Ma y rpopxrapan.y MOpaJIHlIX
CYAOBa noxasyje na cy Y OBOj reopaja 3arrOCTaBJheHlI paL\lIOHaJIHlI areaca. Ty CJIa-
60CT Ilajeaceoae TeoplIje AlIjeJIOM nanoxaahyje a.eroa y-renax Jlopenc KOJI6epr,
aJIlI jOIII ysnjex HeAOBOJhHO apryuetrryjyhn KOHceKBeHl~e paU;lIOHaJIHOr II JIOrlIq-
xor cyhen,a (Modgil and Modgil, 1982). BlIIIIe JIOHrlITYAlIHaJIHlIX acrpascaaaa,a je

180
,ll,p HCHaj\ Cysah: HAlIIA lIIKOJIA Y O,ll,HOCY HA KOMflETEHUl1JE 3A XXI Bl1JEK

rrOKa3aJIO )W KOJI6eprOBII cTagIljYMII KOrHIITIIBHOr pasaoja MOpaJIHOCTII Malhe-BII-

me onrosapajy npenaahenoj go6I1 (0 KOJI6eprOBIIM crannjaua MOpaJIHOr cyhen.a
BIIgIl y Ta6eJIII 5).
Hcrpasoraan.a cy noxasana na ce MOpaJIHO peaonoaarse MO)!(e Be3I1BaTII ys
'rpn OCHOBa. TapIleJIOBO I1CTpa)!(I1Balhe je YKa3aJIO aa nna rronpysja: 1) MOpaJI xao
nnanajyha napanarsra II 2) cOIJ;I1jaJIHO-KOHBeHIJ;I10HaJIHII YTIIIJ;ajIl (Turiel, 1983).
Tpehe nonpysje ce OgHOCII na 3) rrepCOHaJIHO njenoaarse cyojexra (Nucci, 1981).
CBaKII nenarourxn rrporpaM KOjIlM ce )!(eJIII rrossoha gjeIJ;I1 na paaaajy OrrTIIMaJIHII
HIIBO MOpaJIHOr cyl)elha Mapa YBa)!(I1TII one 'rpn geTepMIIHaHTe MOpaJIHOr cy-
l)elha. KOHKpeTHO, HIIje Moryhe O'IeKIIBaTII na 6I1JIO xoja nenarourxn nporpasr nje-
rryje 6e3 cy6jeKTIIBHe npepane, 6e3 UHguBugyaJIHOrne-rara KOjU he My nara CBaKU
ysenax,
Ta6eJIa 5: Cranaja MOpaJIHOr pasnoja no KOJI6epry
HU60 I: npe-IwH6eHUUOHaJlHU
CTa~HjYM 1. XCTCpoIIoMlIa MOpaJIlIOCT, nOCJIyUIIIocT H Ka)KlhaOalhC
Opnjenranaja na Ka)KlhaBalhe U rrOCJIyIlIHocT pagu BJIaCTIITe capxe. Couajarma
rrepcnexrnaa na OBOM C'ryrrlhy je HaUBHa U 3aCHOBaHa na erouerrrpaaxry. Ilnjere
pesonyje na je I1CrrpaBHO ono 360r -rera ra MaMa UJIU TaTa aehe Ka3HUTll, a nea-
crrpanao ono 360r <rer'a he 6UTU xaacn.eao.
Cranajyv 2. I1HguBllgyaJIU3aM, uHcTpyMeHTaJIHa cspxa U pasujeaa
<I>OKyC je aa TpeHyTHuM rrepCOHaJIHUM aarepecaua. Counjanaa nepcnexrana je
KOHKpeTHa U uHgIlBllgyaJIUCTUqKa. Cyhen.e a TOMe IlITa je rrpaBUJIHO je 6JIUCKO
Be3aHO ca npasnnaaa axo ona CJIy)!(e aanoaon.aaarsy rrepCOHaJIHUX norpeoa cy-
6jeKTa llJIU npaanarax norpeoa npyrnx. Hacroja ce na ce MaKCUMaJI1l3yje aanono-
n.asan,e BJIaCTIITUX norpeoa U )!(eJha II na ce MUHllMaJI1l3yjy aeraraaae nocrsenn-
ue, Ilpyre oco6e najere gO)!(UBJhaBa xao nexora KO UMa UCTO npaso y sanonorsa-
sarsy CBOjllX norpeoa II 3aTO ce KOHCpJIUKTU na OBOM HUBOy paapjeurasajy Mel)y-
C06HOM pa3MjeHOM.

HU60 II: KOH6eHHUOHaJlHU

CTa~lljYM 3. CyCpCTJbllOOCT Y HIITCPIICpCOllaJIIIHM OIJCKHOaIhHMa, unrepnepcona-
JIUH KOIIlJ>opMH3aM
Osaj cranajyxr yxn.y-ryje rpehy oco6y, connjanay nepcnexraay U yaajauao pasy-
MujcBalhe Mel)y JhygliMa. I10CTOjU cnnjecr a 3ajegHll'IKUM ocjehan.mra, npenosaa-
sarse Ta'IKe rnenaurra npyre oco6e U couajanaa nonpnrxa. Csajecr a acnpaauov
U aeacnpaanoxr nonanran.y ce rpopnapa y OgHOCy na onexanan,a rsyna ca xojaxca
ce )KUBII C063UpOM na ynore My)Ka, cyrrpyre, ona, MajKe, rpahanana U CJIUqHO.
Cranajyxr 4. COI~ujaJIHU CliCTeM II casjecr
Ha OBOM cranajyxry ce acnyn.aaajy gy)KHOCTU, ycnocraan,a U nourryje connjanaa
peg U go6po6uT npyurrna, rpyne llJIli aacrarynaje. I1HgllBllgye aaysavajy rrep-
cnexrany yornnrenor 'IJIaHa sajennane a connjamra CliCTeM npencrann.a cer npa-
sana II nponenypa xoje ce npassjen.yjy na CBe 'lJIaHOBe gpYIlITBa. 3aKOH ce npn-
Mjelhyje na OHe xoja He nourryjy ycnocrann.ena gpYIlITBeHa npanana. MOpaJIHO
cyhen.e 0 JhygliMa ce 113BOgli y O)J;HOCY na neranaa CliCTeM ana couajarrne nncra-
rynnje.

181
 TIEAAfOiliKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOBM Call

HUGO III: nOCUl-KOHGeHl(UOHaltHU

CTaJl,ujyM 5. Conajanna yroBopu U UIIJl,UBuJl,yaJIHa npana
Oco6a je csjecaa epyHgaMcHTaJIHHX BpHjCgHOCTH H npana, nocjenyje pa~HOHaJIHY
MOpaJIHOCT xoja ovoryhyje na CYJ~H y CJI060Jl,HIIM cO~HjaJIHHM OKOJIHOCTHMa.
joj
CO~HjaJIHH CHCTCM H 3aKOHH ce esarrynpajy y OJl,HOCy na TO KaKO lIITHTC HC-pCJIa-
THBHC BpHjCJl,HOCTH H npaaa KaO lIITO jc npaso na )KHBOT H CJIo60Jl,y. AKO 3aKOHH
H npanana HC CJIy)KC gCMoKpaTHjH H conajannoj KOpHCTH - najaeha go6po6HT aa
aajsehn 6poj JbygH - OHa Mopajy 6HTM npounjerseaa y nenoxparcxoj npouenypn.
OBa "couajanno-xpeapajyha" y OJl,HOCy aa "couajanao-ycnocraan.eay" nepcnex-
THBy canpxor 3alIITHTY rrpasa MafbHHC, HMa cyrrrammjy gMMCH3Hjy MOpaJIHOCTH.
CTaJl,ujyM 6. YHuBCp3aJIlIH CTU'IKU npulIl~unu
MOpaJIHO gOHOlIICfbC OJl,JIyKa jc 6a3HpaHo na cavoastiopy ya nourronaa,e yHHBCp-
3aJIHHX CTHQKHX npHH~HIIa xao lIITO je npasna, KBaJIMTCT rsyncxor )KHBOTa, jenna-
KOCTM y JbygCKHM IIpaBHMa H gHrHHTcT ~IOBjcKa xao rsyncxor 6Hha. 3aKoHH HJIH
cO~HjaJIHM yronopa cy BaJIHgHH go HHBoa KOjH YBa)KaBa TC npaamme, a aKO cy y
KOHepJIMKTy ca fbMMa, ~IOBjCK MMa IIpaBO na njenyje aa OCHOBy xyxraanx rrpMH~MIIa
IIpMjC nero na OCHOBy 3aKOHa M HOpMM. CBaKM nojenanan CC Y3MMa xao CHTMTCT
aa eerie, xao jCAMHCTBCHO 6Mhc gOCTOjHO nonrrosaa.a M TaKO rpeoa ria 6ygc TPC-
TMpaH.
(Kohlbcrg, 1984)

MOpaJIHa AUMclI3uja CMOl~UOllaJIlIUX KOMncTclIl~uja nonpasyxrajeea IIOlIITM-

saa.e CMO~MOHaJIHOCTH npyrnx JbygH xao M caMoKpMTM~IKO yaaacasan,e BJIaCTMTC
CMO~MOHaJIHOCTM TC aJl,CKBaTHO BpCJl,HOBaH,c CMO~MOHaJIHOCTMy cO~MjaJIHOM KOH-
TCKcTy. Y TOM CMMCJIy rperia YBa)KMTM crsenehe acnCKTC MOpaJIHOcTM:
• yaaacasaa,e M aJl,CKBaTHo BpCJl,HOBafbC BJIaCTMTC CMO~MOHaJIHOCTH xao

M CMO~MOHaJIHOCTM APyrMx JbygM - CMOI~MOHaJIHM pCaJIM3aM,

• rrOlIITMBafbC CMOI~HOHaJIHOCTMJIPyrMx,

• CMO~MOHaJIHa TOJICpaH~Mja, paayuajenaa,e sa cMOIWOHaJIHY HCCPC1)C-

HOCT npyrnx JbygM,
• IIOMOh npyraxa y ja-ran.y fbMXOBC CMO~MOHaJIHC ero-cnare,
• CMO~MOHaJIHa OTBOpCHOCT M CyCpCTJbMBOCT,
• CMO~MOHaJIHM epCp-IIJICj y CJIY~Iajy KOHepJIMKaTa,
• IIOMOh Y npCBa3MJIa)KCfbY CMO~MOHaJIHMXKpM3a KOg eerie M Jl,pyrMx.
3Jl,paBa CMOI~MOHaJIHOCTCC 6a3Mpa na MOpaJIy. OBa MOpaJIHOCT HC nogpa3Y-
MMjcBa HaAPc1)cHOCT APymTBa IIOjCJl,MH~Y. OHa nonpaayxmjeaa OHO UITO je KOJI-
6cpr ormcao y CBOM lIICCTOM crannjy, Tj. CBjCCHy M aKTMBHy MOpaJIHOCT xoja carne-
nasa nojennaua M gpyUl'l'BO Y xyMaHoM KOHTCKCTy a HC po6yjc nanpehenocra rrpo-
IIHcaHMX HOpMM. "EMO~MOHaJIHO 3Jl,paBJbC y CBOjOj OCHOBM arrrerparne cIIoco6HO-
CTH H HaMjcpc, ~HJbCBC, HHTHMHC OgHOCC H CMHcao nnrper saa-rea,a ~IOBjcKoBor
)KHBOTa" (Greenspan and Benderly, 1997, CTp. 185). AHaJIH3HpajyhH npenaocrn pa-
3BOjHC KOH~CII~HjC BaCIIMTafba aa 3Jl,paBy CMO~MOHaJIHOCT, CTCHJIM Tpaaumaa na-
BOgH ~ICTHPH KJb y~IHC npCJl,HOcTH:
a) "yxnan.aa.e aepaaysrajesaa,a xoje aacraje rrpCBCJIHKMM aarnarrraearsexr
napraxynapaor noaanraa,a KOjC ce MO)KC nojaanra MC1)y xynrypaua,

182
D,p HCHal1 CY3Hh: HAlliA llIKOJIA Y OD,HOCY HA KOMIlETEHUMJE 3A XXI BMJEK

6) oojannsea,e 3aI1lTO CHMIITOMH caMH IIO ceria He noxaayjy IIpaBO cran-e

oco6e,
B) HCTWle ce Ba)KHOCT jenaor aCIIeKTa MeHTaJIHOr snpaan.a KOjH je 'leCTO
npenahaa: CIIoco6HOCT TOJIepHCalba 60JIHHX II sacrpamyjyhax eMOQHja xoje sarop-
'IaBajy)l(IIBOT,
r) pacsjern.aaa 3a6JIY~y 0 TOMe na cy cOQlIjaJIHe crroco6HOCTII H nocrnrnyhe
npeCY~HII aa pjenrasaa.e KOHq)JIHKTa II 1I36jeraBalbe nenpajarnocrn" (1I61I~eM,
CTp.187).
MeHTaJIHO snpann,e je IIOBe3aHO ca o~rOBOpHOI1lhy, a OHa ca cOQlIjaJIHOM
yxn.y-reaonrhy. Oco6a xoja lIMa nporinexra ca MeHTaJIHHM 3~paBJheM TeI1lKO ce
yxn.y-ryje y ~PYUITBO II npeyaaua o~rOBopHOCT, a TIIMe nocraje )l(pTBa neanexsar-
HO rpopsmpaae MOpaJIHOcTII.
Ananaaapajyha CMoQlIoHaJIHO MHI1lJhelbe II CIIMrrTOMe KOjH yxasyjy na CTe-
nen snpaan,a, I'pamnnaa pa3JIa)l(e 'leTlIpli HIIBoa, O~ eMOQHoHaJIHO 60JIeCHe (1.
HHBO) ~o eMOI~IIOHaJIHO snpane (4. HIIBO) oco6e.
1. HHBO - "Hneje ce 1I3HOCe rpparuem-apao H y KOMa~lIhHMa (nnp. jenaa
rppasa cJIlIje~1I 1I3a ~pyre 6e3 JIOrWIKe sese Mel)y lbHMa).
2. HHBO - Mmnrsen,e je rrOJIaplI30BaHo, nneje cy nocrasrsene y MaHlIpy CBe-
IIJIII-HHUITa (imp. craapn cy noope IIJIH JIOUIe, HeMa cj:JHHeca).
3. HIIBO - MHIIIJhelbe je cyzceao (nrrp. Te)l(H ce rpoxycapaa.y na onpeheae
TeMe xao UITO je 6HjCC IIJlI1 cyrrapHIIIlITBO); 'leCTO je TO MHI1lJhelbe JlorWIHO aJlII ca
CHa)l(HI1M eMOQHjaMa, ca IIpo6J1eMaTWIHI1M eMOQHjaMa HJlH ya crpec KOjH BO~11 rro-
JIapl130BaHOM 11 ¢parMeHTapHOM MI1UIJhelbY.
4. HHBO - MHUIJhelbC je JlOrWIHO, aIIcTpaKTHo 11 cj:JJleKCH6I1J1HO ya IIyHI1 HI1BO
esronnja xoje onroaapajy rO~I1HaMa )l(HBOTa 11 I1HTcpaKQHjl1; ono je, raxohe, pena-
TIIBHO pecj:JJleKTI1BHO C 063IIpOM na ~o6 11 y O~HOCY ua oxpyacea.e (HIIp. spnnsaxe,
cynpyzoraxa, 'IJIaHOBe ¢aMI1J1l1je) II nonpscaaa nanpenonaa.e y cn.enehy rpasy
eMOQI10HaJlHOr passoja y )l(IIBOTY" (11611~eM, CTp. 194).
Kao nsa 6a3Ha yCJIOBa aa pano ¢OpMl1palbe MOpaJlHe eMOI~HOHaJlHOCTH KO~
njerera [pl1HUInaH HaBO~I1: "esmarn-ma, CeH3IITIIBHa n.era KOM611HOBaHa ca ja-
CHI1M 11 'IBpCTIIM rrpaBI1J1HMa" (H61I~CM, crp. 195). Onaj MO~eJl 6HCMO MOrJlII npo-
TcrHyTI1 II na UIKOJlOBalbC. 3a Tpa~HQl1oHaJlHYI1lKOJlY MO)l(CMO PChH na 3a~OBOJha­
aa ~pyrii ~IIO MOllCJla - HMa jacna H 'IBpCTa npasana, ana joj 3aTO nenocraje exma-
TWlHa H CCH3HTI1BHa n.era fiaanpaaa na ysaxanaa.y ~jCTCTOBC CMOQHOHaJlHOCTI1.
Y raxo aCI1MCTpWIHOM MO~CJIY TCUIKO MO)l(CMO OQCKHBaTH na I1H~IIBI1~ya ~OCTHr­
HC lIICCTII KOJl6cprOB cranaj MOpaJlHOCTH, na ce PYKOBO~H YHI1Bcp3aJlHHM CTWI-
KI1M rrpI1HQHIII1Ma. HaHMc, jacao je na npannna HaMcTHyTa CIIOJha HC Mary npon-
3BCCTI1 CBjCCHy MOpaJlHOCT 6C3 rrCpCOHaJIHOr CMoQHoHaJlHOr H KOrHHTI1BHOr npa-
xnaran,a, 6C3 JlH'IHC aKQI10HC npepane,
Mopanna AHMcH3Hja COQHjamIHx KOMncTcHI~Hja jc 6a3HpaHa aa ycarnanra-
BalbY HH~HBH~yaJlHlIx norpetia H nonarnaa.a ca cOQHjaJIHHM OKPY)l(ClbCM, norpe-
6aMa 11 nouanrarsen npyrnx. Y OCHOBII cy couajarme BPHjC~HOCTH 6a311paHc na an-
TpyH3My H cnocoriaocra evnaraje KOjC OC06H osroryhyjy na CXBaTH npyre, na CBOjC
axrraje II extourrje 6a311pa na yaajauaou ynaacanaa.y 11 nourronan.y, Kn.y-mn
acnexrn MOpaJlHOCTH y conajanaav KOMrrcTeHQHjaMa cy:
• nourroaaa,e, YBa)l(aBalbc 11 paayuajesaa,e ~pyrlIx,

183
 TIEnArOIliKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOlm Caj;

• conajanaa O}];rOBOpHOCT H aHra)KOBaHOCT, ocjehaj O}];rOBopHOCTH aa

BJlaCTHTH }];OrrpHHOC rpynmea H cOI~HjaJlHHM aKTHBHOCTHMa H O}];HOm-
Ma,
• aanaran,e aa npajajeay cPyH}];aMeHTaJlHHX npana H cnooona njerera H
~IOBjeKa,
• MOpaJlHO nonourea.e onnyxa na 6a3H YHHBep3aJlHHX eTHQKHX npanna-
rra,
• KpHTWIKO H caMoKpHTWIKO carrrenaaaa,e ananajyhnx couajarmax
HOpMH y KOHTeKcTy xysraae eTHKe H cnooone,
• noxroh }];pymMa y lbHXOBOM pasnojy H nanpenonaa.y, y KpH3HHM CHTy-
annjaua H cO~HjaJlHHM O}];HOCHMa,
• rpep-nnej y cO~HjaJlHHM KOHcPJlHKTHMa, o6jeKTHBHO apennoaaa,e
crpana y KOHcPJlHKTY H rr03HTHBHa YKJhY~IeHocT na paspjeuraaaa.y
KOHcPJlHKTa.
Paaanjan,e comrjanae MOpaJlHOCTH CBe BHIlIe }];06Hja aa aaaxajy. Y Tpa}];H~H­
onannoj IlIKOJlH ce sacnaran,e MOpaJlHOCTH OpHjcHTHcaJlO npaencraeno na pa3BH-
jan,e MOpaJlHOr PC30HOBalba, a Malbe aa 06yKy njeue sa cO~HjaHY MOpaJlHOcT.
I1cTpa)KHBalbCM je nabeao ccgaM connjamrax cnocofiaocrn xoje xajepapxajcxn
CJlHjC}];C MOpaJlHH paasoj njene H MJla}];HX. To cy:
1. cnocoriaocr paayxmjeaan,a pa3J1WIHTHX aJlTCpHaTHBa HCKC axnnje,
2. cnocofinocr npenanhan.a HCXOJ(a nonauraa,a,
3. paayuajeaaa,e Ba)KHOCTH nasrjepa,
4. paaysrajeaaa,e norpetia npyrnx JhyJ(H,
5. esmaraja,
6. paayxrajeaaa,e MOpaJlHHX npmmana H
7. nocjenoaaa,e casroper-ynanryhax cnocoonocra (Bar-Tal and Nissim, 1984).
Hcrpaacanaa,a cy noxasana na cy counjanno onrosopna aJ(OJleC~eHTH casro-
}];OBOJhHH, crrocofian na rpoxycapajy CBOjy nasca.y H nnaanpajy axnnjy, na cy anan-
Ta6HJlHH, na Bjepyjy y BJlacTHTY erpaxacnocr TC cnocooan na MOpaJlHO cyne H nje-
Jlyjy y AaTHM caryanajava (Csikszentmilaliy, Rathunde, and Whalen, 1993; Hart and
Fegley, 1995). Oco6e ca pasnajeaou couajarmoxr MopaJlHoIlIhy He cxrarpajy eerie
rroce6HHM. Hsaxosa MOTHBa~Hja je CHa)KHO ycvjepeaa na cO~HjaJlHY npanamrocr H
comrjanao rpynxnaonacaa,e, a cO~HjaJlHH O}];HOCH aa rsnx HMajy nocefiny Ba)KHOCT.
Kaxo y lIIKOJlH pa3BHjaTH MopaJlHy J(HMeH3Hjy counjanaax xovrreremraja?
IIIKoJla HMa necnyhene MoryhHocTH na TOM IIJIaHy. JaCHO je na ce npncryn He MO-
)Ke yHHcPopMHcaTH HHTH IlIa6J10HH30BaTH.
Mopanna AUMell3uja paAlIo-aK"UOHUX xosmeren.. uja je fiaanpana na eTH~H
xoja Jle)KH y OCHOBH spenaoaan,a JlWIHHX H cormjannax aKTHBHOCTH. Oco6a xoja
CBOjHM paJ(OM, J(jeJlHMa H npOH3BO}];HMa )KeJlH na nonorae J(pyrHMa Mopa 6HTH ca-
MOKpHTWIHa, Cjenne crpane, H cycperrsnua Cnpyre, KaKO 6H 3a}];OBOJhHJla norpe-
6e KYIIl~a HJlH KOpHCHHKa peayrrrara Tora pana, BpHjeJ(HOCHH acnexra OBe KOMne-
reauaje cy y npsov nnaay:
• o6jeKTHBHO H KpWfWIKO carrrenasau.e BJlaCTHTOr pana H npOH3BOJ(a
xao H pana H npOH3BO}];a npyrax,
• aanoaorsaaan,e norpeoa xynna HJlH KOpHCHHKa ycnyra,

184
Ap HeHa11 CY3Hh: HAIIlA IIlKOJIA Y 0AHOCY HA KOMnETEHUilJE 3A XXI BilJEK

• nOAPIIlKa pasnojy H ycaBpIIlaBalhy paAHHX KOMneTeHI~Hja npyrnx JhY-

AH,
• aKIJ;HOHa cycpeTJhHBOCT, noxperan.e aKIJ;Hja xao H nOAPIIlKa aKIJ;HjaMa
npyrnx,
• OTBopeHOcT aa yxerse, aa anonapan,e BJIaCTHTOr pana xao H pana APY-
rnx,
• MOpaJIHa ayroaosraja y onjean BJIaCTHTHX aKIJ;Hja H IJ;HJhCBa re aKIJ;Hja
H I~HJhCBa npyrnx,
• 06jCKTHBHOCT H HCyTpaJIHOCT npa noaouren.y OAJIyKa.
PaAHO-aKIJ;HOHe KOMneTeHIJ;Hje npencraan.ajy npaxra-nry HJIH H3BCA6cHy
oCnOC06JhCHOCT ~IOBjcKa na AOHCCC aACKBaTHC OAJIyKC, na OCTBapH 3aIJ;pTaHC IJ;H-
JhCBC, na 06jCKTHBHO CarJICAa y'IHlhCHO, na npy)KH nOApIIlKY APyrHMa y party H na
CycpCTJhHBO njerryje rrpexra APymM JhYAHMa. MOpaJIHOCT je HC3a06HJIa3Ha AHMCH-
saja OBHX KOMnCTCHIJ;Hja. 3aBHAHOCT H CypCBlhHBOCT, ocrropanaa,e H OMaJlOBa)Ka-
nan.e, HCKJhyqHBOCT H HCTOJICpaHIJ;Hja, xao H npyra CJIHqHa csojcrna, npCACTaBJha-
jy HaJIH'Ijc MOpaJIa paAHO-aKIJ;HOHHX KOMnCTCHIJ;Hja. OBa csojcraa yxasyjy na OACy-
CTBO HJIH yrpO)KCHOCT MOpaJIa y crpepa pana H y npaBHJIy cy seaaaa aa HapIJ;HCOHW
HOCT H norpeoy sa AOMHHar~HjoM. CaBpeMCHH nOCJIOBHH CBHjCT HC rpna OBa CBOj-
CTBa. Crora MO)KCMO peha na je MOpaJIHOCT y paAHO-aKIJ;HOHoj C¢CPH caCTaBHH
AHO nOCJIOBHOCTH. IIocJIoBHa KyJITypa jc AHO onIIlTC KyJITypC.
Hcrpaacyjyhn BpHjcAHOCTH H BpHjcAHOCHC opajearauaje, BOKCp jeca capan-
HHIJ;HMa y KaHaAH ncrnrrao BeJIHKH y30paK paAHo aKTHBHHX JhYAH y A06H OA 16 AO
64 ronane. Kao aajacraxnyrnje CBOjCTBO KOjC ):IOMHHHpa y paAHO-aKIJ;HOHoj C¢CPH
naurao jc nOIIlTclhc/HCTHHOJhy6HBocT, a 3aTHM CJIHjC):IC CaMO)KpTBOBalhc, orsope-
HOCT MHIIIJhClha, KOH3HcTcHI~Hja H CJIWIHO (Walker, Pitts, Henning, and Matsuba,
1995). Cnrypno je na he ¢HpMa HJIH panna rpyna 6HTH erpnxacaaja aKO cy O):lHOCH
MCl)y Jhy):lHMa 6a3HpaHH na BHCOKO MOpaJIHHM paAHO-aKIJ;HOHHM KOMnCTCHIJ;HjaMa,
sa pa3JIHKy 0):1 ¢HpMC HJIH rpyne y KOjOj BJIaAa cypCBlhHBOCT, HCTOJIepaHIJ;Hja H sa-
BH):IHOCT. KaKBH he OAHOCH 6HTH ycnoCTaBJhCHH y rpyrnr, 3HaTHO 3aBHCH OA JIH):IC-
pa. I1cTpa)KHBalhC je nOKa3aJIO na napnjaone BC3aHC aa JIH):ICpa, norryr APY)KCJhY-
6HBOCTH, aKTHBH3Ma, CMOIJ;HOHaJIHC H36aJIaHCHpaHOCTH H casjecaocrn, HMajy no-
3HTHBHC C¢CKTC na y'IHHaK rpyne (Hogan, Curphy, and Hogan, 1994).
MOpaJIHa ,n:HMcH3Hja pa):lHo-aKIJ;HoHHX KOMneTCHIJ;Hja ce rpopsrapa OA MaJIHX
aory a II1KOJIa je "ooehaaa 3CMJha" na OBOM nnany. CBC aKTHBHOCTH xoje njeua
otiasn.ajy y II1KOJIH Tpc6a 6a3HpaTH na MOpaJIHlIM nplIHIJ;lInHMa lIHAlIBlI):IyaJIHOr 1I
sajenaa-rxor pana, Tpa,n:lIIJ;HOHaJIHa II1KOJIaje nperpepucana nonpebenocr ayropn-
TCTy, nOKopHOCT H nOCJIyIIlHOCT, C jenae crpane, TC HH):IHBH,n:yaJIH3aM, C npyre. Ja-
CHO je na na OBHM OCHOBaMa HHjC 61IJIO Moryhc ovexasara BHCOKy MOpaJIHOCT y
paAHO-aKIJ;lIOHHM KOMnCTcHIJ;HjaMa.

ECTCTCKa ~uMcH3uja xosmereanaja aa XXI BujeK

ECTCTCKO nacmrraa,e noaaajexro jC):IHaKO nyro xao 1I nenarorajy, ami jour

yBUjCK HCMaMOKOHKpCTHC o,n:rOBope na mrran,e KaKO paannjara CCTCTliKY y MaTC-
MaTlIIJ;lI, y 61IOJIOmjH, lICTOplIjlI lIJIli HCKOM OA OCTaJIliX npenjaera, YU6CHlIIJ;1I cy ce

185
 ITEll.ArOIliKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOBH Call

yrJIaBHOM orpaaaxaaamr na OIIlliTY <pOpMy Ae<pHHHcalha cspxe eCTeTCKor BaCIIH-

raa,a. Ha npasrjep: "OIIlliTH je 3aAaTaK eCTeTCKor BaCIIHTalha pa3BHjaTH H 06JIH-
KOBaTH KOA IIojeAHHIJ;a CMHcao 3a eCTeTCKe BpeAHOTe" (Ilperpan, 1971, CTp. 129).
HaCTaBHHIJ;HMa aaje JIaKOna njerryjy aa OCHOBy OBaKO YOIIlliTeHe <popMe HaKO HH-
je CIIOpHO na ce eCTeTCKO BaCIIHTalhe MO)Ke oCTBapHBaTH y CBHM HaCTaBHHM IIpeA-
MeTHMa. Mnoro Tora, aa npavjep, MO)KeMO yOLIHTH xao JIHjeIIo y MaTeMaTHIJ;H,
xapuoaajy H CKJIaA ocnoca Meljy 6pojeBHMa H 06JIHIJ;HMa, rsenory H3a30Ba y pje-
rnaaarsy IIp06JIeMa H CJIHLIHO.
KOHKpeTH3aIJ;Hja canpscaja eCTeTCKor BaCIIHTalha rronpasynajeaa AjeJIOBa-
lhe aa IIepCOHaJIHa csojcraa y CBHM cdiepasra cIIoc06HOCTH: 1) KOrHHTHBHOM - sa-
nascaa,e, yoxaaaa,e, paayaajeaaa,e H apennoaarse JIHjeIIor, 2) eMOIJ;HOHaJIHOM -
ocjehaa,e H AO)KHBJbaBalhe JIHjeIIor, 3) npocropao-cnanajanaov - ocrnapaaan,e
HJIH crnapan.e najenor, ypebasaa.e ce6e H OKOJIHHe. CBe OBO rronpaaysmjeaa HH-
AHBHAyaJIHH H COIJ;HjaJIHH nnan aJIH H OAHOC xcajexa rrpexra IIpHpOAH.
ECTeTCKa AHMeH3Hja KOfHHTHBHHX KOMneTeHIJ;Hja rronpaayuajeaa anaa,e 0
najerrosr KaKO 6H xoajex Morao 3arra3HTH, Y0'lHTH, paayujera H IIpaBHJIHO eCTeT-
CKH BpeAHOBaTH npapony H JbYAe, JbYACKa AjeJIa.TeK xana ce aahe y EpMHTa)Ky,
Jlyspy HJIH na HeKOM TpeheM MjeC'fy rnje ce caxynana spxyacxa ysrjernocr, xoajex
BHAH KOJIHKO My aenocraje HH<popMaIJ;Hja 0 ayropaua, nacraaxy njena, 60jaMa,
nopyxaxra, TeXHHKaMa H caesry OHOMe IllTO '1HHH aanan.yjyhy caary yMjeTHwIKHX
njena catipanax Kp03 BHjeKOBe. CJIHLIHO je ca MY3H'IKHM H APyrHM 06JIaCTHMaJbYA-
cxor CTBapaJIaIllTBa. 3a nornynaja eCTeTCKH AO)KHBJbaj njena Hy)KHe cy onpebene
KOrHHTHBHe KOMrreTeHIJ;Hje. ECTeTcKy AHMeH3Hjy THX KOMrreTeHIJ;Hja y rrpBOM peAY
'1HHe:
• asnaajaa,e eCTeTCKH 6HTHor OA He6HTHor, sjenrraaa aanascan,a eCTeT-
CKHX KBaJIHTeTa,
• nocraan.arse mrraa,a 0 ecrecxoj BpHjeAHocTH njena, JbYAH H CTBapH
xao H 0 BJIaCTHToj ecrercxoj cnoanaja,
• pasyvajeaaa,e H AO)KHBJbaBalhe rrajenor,
• eCTeTCKO nasrhen.e, OAa6Hp HH<popMaIJ;Hja xoje je Hy)KHO rraMTHTH,
• eCTeTCKH MeHaI,IMeHT, pyxosaa.e HH<popMaIJ;HjaMa, 6P30 rrpOHaJIa)Ke-
n.e, xopaurren.e H CKJIaAHIllTelhe aarpopuauaja,
• KOHBepreHTHa H AHBepreHTHa eCTeTCKa nponyxnzja, <pa6pHKOBalhe
HOBHX aneja, pjenrersa H nponyxara,
• esanyaimja, apennosaa,e rrajerror.
Hcrpaaomaa,e je rrOKa3aJIO na cy BpHjeAHocTH H crroc06HOCTH JIWIHOCTH pa-
3JIH'IHTe rro xparepirjy reHepaJIHOCTH HJIH arrCTpaKTHOCTH H CaJIHjeHTHocTH HJIH
HCTaKHyTocTH (Schwartz, 1992). To 3HaLIH na LIOBjeK MO)Ke 6HTH cnocofian aa jenny
06JIaCT a OAYIlleBJbeH aa npyry, aa 06JIaCT aa xojy aexra cnocoonocnr. 3arrHTajMo
ce KOJIHKO je casro onyurean.eaax <pYA6aJICKHX HaBHjaLIa KOjH He nrpajy <pYA6aJI
HHTH HMajy CMHCJIa aa onaj cnopr. D:aKJIe, y OCHOBH eCTeTCKor H spajemrocaor 0A-
aoca rrpexia OKOJIHHH H JbYAHMa He Mopajy 6HTH CBe rrpeTXOAHO aaaenene AHMeH-
saje KorHHIJ;Hje, aJIH je aasjecno na oco6a KOA xoje je 3aCTYIIJbeHO same OBHX AH-
MeH3Hja, HMa rrpeAHOCT Y 60raTcTBy eCTeTCKor AO)KHBJbaja H MoryhHocT aKTHBHor
cynjenonan,a.

186
LJ,p HCHal1 Cy3Hh: HAlllA llIKOJIA Y OLJ,HOCY HA KOMDETEHI..IJ1JE 3A XXI Bl1JEK

KaKO ja-rarn ecrercxy glIMeH3lIjy KorHIITIIBHIIX KOMneTeHIJ;Hja? Ha CBaKOM

HacnBHOM 'lacy je Moryhe jaxara OBe KOMneTeHIJ;lIje. HaCTaBHIIK MO)Ke ycssjepara
y-rennxe na rrocraarsatse nararsa 0 eCTeTIIIJ;1I rpauana, 0 spajenaocra onora IllTO
IIMnJIIIIJ;lIpa TO rpanaso, 0 rsenora nopyKa II aneja II CJIWIHO. Kao IIJIycTpaTIiBaH
IIHCTPYKTIIBHII MogeJI sa HaCTaBHIIKe aspanao caM pagHoHIIIJ;y KK9 - KorHIITIIBHe
KOMneTeHIJ;lIje (BligH HaCJIOB "Panaoaane"),
ECTeTCKa ~uMe1l3uja eMOIJ;UonaJIIIUX xossrre'reauaja 3aXBaTa npocrop eMO-
IJ;IIOHaJIHOCTIi 0 KOMe ce go cana MaJIO 3Ha, KOjH je MaJIO IICTpa)KIIBaH II pasja-
nnsea. Pana ce 0 yo-rasarsy II gO)KIIBJbaBarny rsenore rsyncxe eMOIJ;HOHaJIHOCTII,
rsenore eMOIJ;IIOHaJIHHX omroca II nonapa Mel)y JbyglIMa, 0 cnocotinocra yrrpanrsa-
rna eMOIJ;lIjaMa II rpana.n noxcersne eMOIJ;IIOHaJIHe KJIIiMe 3a ce6e II COIJ;lIjaJIHO
oxpyxcen,e y KOMe ce ocooa HaJIa31I. Y )KIIBOTy JIaKO npenoaaajesro rsyne KOjlI cy
xao rrrene apajenan, rnje ron nohy OKO ce6e ypene OKOJIIiHY na je CBe 'IHCTO II
npnjarno; UCTO spajena U sa rsyncxy eMOIJ;UOHaJIHOCT - JIaKO npenoaaajesro n.yne
KOjU OKO ce6e mape npajarny eMOIJ;IIOHaJIHY KJIUMy, spaxe firrarourhy II g06POTOM,
acxpenomhy II ornopeaonrhy. Ta cnoc06HOCT ce y-ra, ycsaja H pasaaja on pohen.a
go xpaja )KIIBOTa.
IIIn 'mHII ecrercxy gUMeH3lIjy eMOIJ;HOHaJIHIIX KOMneTeHIJ;lIja? Paspana
OBUX acnexara yxasahe U na xoaxperrmje MoryhHocTIi nacnaraor njenosaa.a
IlIKOJIe aa OBOM nnaay, Parra ce 0 crsenehm« acnexrnaa:
• pa3JIHKOBarne najerrax on PY)KHIIX esronaja II KOPIiCHIiX on IlITeTHIiX
eMOIJ;lIja, nperrosnaaan,e CBOjlIX H Tyl)UX eMOIJ;Hja,
• gO)KIIBJbaj rsenore eMOIJ;UOHaJIHOr cavonoysnarsa II ocjehaja BJIaCTH-
TIiX Mohli U JIIiMIITa,
• nrapen.e rr03lITlIBHlIX eMOIJ;lIja, rsenora eMOIJ;IIOHaJIHe caMOKOHTpOJIe,
• gO)KIIBJbaj rsenore eMrraTlije II anrpyassra,
• apennonan,e rsenore IICTIIHOJby6IIBOCTU, nonrranaa,e Jbygli ca xyua-
HIiM crarmapnaua 'IaCTU U IIHTerpUTeTa,
• eMOIJ;IIOHaJIHa agarrTa6lIJIHOCT II rsenora npaxsaraa,a npoujena,
• eMOIJ;UOHaJIHa IIHOBaTIIBHOCT, OTBopeHOCT aa pa3JIWIlITe Ha'IIiHe IICKa-
3lIBarna eMOIJ;lIja, aa npacryne II Teoplije 0 eMOIJ;IIOHaJIHOCTIi.
Hax U y TpaglIIJ;IIOHaJIHoj IllKOJIIi npenosaajeuo HlI3 caryamrja xoje norony-
jy ja-raa.y eCTeTCKe glIMeH3uje eMOIJ;UOHaJIHUX xoxmerennaja. Ha npanjep, ocjehaj
3agoBOJbCTBa KOjlI nparn eMOIJ;UOHaJIHO cauonoysnaa,e OCTBapeHO HaKOH ycnje-
unror recra UJIU notipo arrCOJIBUpaHOr rpanana.
EMoIJ;lIje cy nnpexrno nosesaae ca apennoaan.eu. Ee3 anexaaraor spenno-
Barna HeMa Hli anexaarnor eCTeTCKor gO)KIIBJbaja eMOIJ;lIja. II Ila 6H esrouaja 6HJIa
anexsaraa, aaanen,e xoje ce rrpanmne CTUMyJIyCy rpetia na naapascu ageKBaTHO
najea.eny spajennocr. Mel)YTIIM, go rora nehe noha YKOJIIiKO je spajenaocaa CH-
CTeM cyojexra arnna-ran. CTIIMyJIaIJ;uja npeuajen.ene apnjenaocra nonenrhe go
nperjepano IIHTeH3HBHe peaxnnje II go peaxnaje nperjepaao nyror Tpajarna - npe-
'rjepano UJIIi xanepnanopasanajcxo ocjehaise II (MIIJIHBojeBHh, 2000, CTp. 142).
YJIaCKOM y xanepaanopnaanajy ocjehan,a, JIII'IHOCT nanynrra UJIIi yrpozcasa
ecrercxy glIMeH3lIjy npennonan,a U noacaan.aaan,a esronaja - OHO UITO je HOpMaJI-
HO cana nocraje nperjepano, TaKO na najena ocjehaa,a nocrajy pY)KHa. aBO CBaKIi

187
 ITEJl,AfOlliKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOlm Can

HaCTaBHIIK MO)Ke BpJIO JIaKO rrpenosnara KO~ CBOjlIX y~IeHIIKa II npenyaern ane-
KBaTHe Mjepe. Jenan O~ jegHocTaBHIIX repannjcxax MO~eJIa je panaxanaaannja
ocjehaa.a y cPOPMII IIrpaIha ynora IIJIII y BII~y xapaxapan.a nojennaax cnryauaja II
ocjeharsa xoja rrpaTe nary caryanajy. Ha rrpmrjep, nperjepano nyr II nperrracan
cMlIjex rrplI IICKa3lIBaIhY esrouaje pa~OCTII. .IJ:a 6lIX noxasao IIHCTpyKTIIBaH MO~eJI,
1I3pa~IIO caxr pa~IIOHIIQY EK9 - eMOQIIOHaJIHe xosmereanaje (BII~1I HaCJIOB ItPa~IIO­
HIIQe).
ECTeTCKa ,IJ;UMeH3uja conajanaax xosmerenuaja rronpasyvajesa crroco6-
HOCT yoaanaa,a, paaysrajeaan,a, ~O)KIIBJhaBaIha, spenaoaan.a II rrpaKTIIKOBaIha rse-
nore COQlIjaJIHIIX nonapa, COQlIjaJIHIIX onnoca u aKTIIBHOCTII. Y OKBIIPY eCTeTCKe
~IIMeH31Ije COQlIjaJIHIIX xosmerennaja paanaxyjesro HlI3 acnexara:
• yo-ranan,e II pasyuajeaaa,e rsenore rpyrrHlIx eMOI~IIOHaJIHIIXcrpyjan.a
II cnare onnoca,
• rsenora ycarnanrenocra ca QIIJheBIIMa rpyne IIJIII opraaaaauaje,
eCTeTCKII ~O)KIIBJhaj xonaoopannje,
• eCTeTCKII acnexr rpynnor MeHaI,IMeHTa: 6lITlI soha II 6lITlI sohea,
crnapan,e aesa, cnocoriaocr ysjepaaan,a, opranasanaone cnocofino-
CTII, TIIMCKe cnoc06HOCTII, nonjena pana,
• rsenora KOMyHIIKaQlIje: CJIyrrraTII OTBopeHO II CJIaTII yajeprsase nopy-
xe, KOMyHIIKaQlIja It O~IlI Y O~IlI It, rsenora HeHaCIIJIHe KOMyHIIKaQlIje,
• y)KIIBaIhe y nonpunm ~pYrIIMa II CepBIIJIHoj opajenrauaja, ceH31I61IJIII-
TeT sa pasaojae norpeoe npyrax II nonpacaaarse IhIIXOBIIX cnocotino-
CTII,
• n.ertora pa3JIWIlITOCTII, TOJIepaHQlIje, nexroxparuje,
• eCTeTCKII acnexr rr03lITlIBHe nparrannocra aannja II QIIBIIJIII3aQlIjlI.
Y Tpa~IIQIIOHaJIHoj IIIKOJIII xajepapxajcsn ycrpojeaoj no xparepnjy yqeHWI-
xe cyoopnaaarmje HaCTaBHIIKOBOM ayToplITeTy yrposceaa je eCTeTCKa ~IIMeH31Ija
narpann,e COQlIjaJIHIIX KOMneTeHQlIja. Y TaKBIIM O~HOCIIMa yqeHIIK TeUIKO MO)Ke
na ocjern rsenory geMoKpaTlIje, HeHaCIIJIHe KOMyHIIKaQlIje, KOJIa60paQlIje IIJIII He-
KII ~PYrII eCTeTCKII acnexr COQlIjaJIHIIX xoxmerennaja. .IJ:a 61I ce ageKBaTHO pa3BII-
jane eCTeTCKe spajenaocra COQlIjaJIHIIX onnoca, Hy)KHO je MlIjeIhaTII cTpory xaje-
papxajcxy II ayToplITapHO ~OMIIHaQlIjcKY nosnnajy HaCTaBHIIKa y O~HOCY na y-re-
HIlKe, Hy)KHO je YBO~IITII HaCTaBHe MO~eJIe KOjlI nacrasny axnzjy ca HaCTaBHIIKa
npeaoce na yxeaaxe. TaKBII MogeJIII cy IIHTepaKTIIBHO II KoonepaTIIBHO y~IeIhe,
IIH~IIBII~yaJIII3aQlIjcKII II npyra MO~eJIII aaraacoaan,a y'IeHIIKa.
HHTep-KyJITypaJIHe CTY~lIje 0 Mel)yeTHwIKIIM pa3JIlIKaMa yxasyjy na npoQe-
ClI COQlIjaJIlI3aQlIje Mory YTIIQaTII na COQlIjaJIHe I~IIJheBe II nocrarnyhe yqeHIIKa
(Markus and Kitayama, 1991; Ogbu, 1992). .IJ:PYrIIM pnje-nura, YKOJIIIKO onpacrajy Y
cPlIHO ypeheaasr YCJIOBIIMa couajanasanaje, yqeHIII~1I he IIMaTII 60Jhe UIKOJICKO rro-
crarayhe II cOQlIjaJIHO nplIXBaTJhIIBlIje QIIJheBe. aBO nonpyxje aaje ~OBOJhHO
IICTpa)KeHO HII KO~ Hac HII y canjery. "Sa HaCTaBHIIKe II e~YKaQIIOHe IICTpa)KIIBaqe
6lIJIO 61I saa-rajao na orxpajy KaKO npOQeCII COQlIjaJIlI3aQlIje y IIIKOJIaMa II yqlIO-
HIIQaMa yra-ry na COQlIjaJIHO QIIJhHY opajenramrjy y~IeHIIKaIt (Urdan and Maehr,
1995, CTp. 234). Y~reHIIK je y UIKOJIII oxpyacen BpUIIhaQIIMa no KOjlIX My je CTaJIO,
KOjlI 6lITHO yrasy na Ihera. Onaj yTIIQaj je sjeponarno MohHlIjlI y 1I3BaHqaCOBHlIM

188
)J,pHenan CY3Hh: HAlliA lIIKOJIA Y O)J,HOCY HA KOMTIETEHI.l;I1JE 3A XXI BI1JEK

)lpY)KelhIIMa II aKTIIBHOCTIIMa Hero na HaCTaBII. OBO je HeIICTpa)KeHa peJIaIJ;IIja, a

pa)lOBII KOjII 6II )lorrpIIHIIjeJIII pacajern.anan.y OBIIX YTIIIJ;aja cnrypao he IIMaTII rro-
ceoay nenarourxy Ba)KHOCT. Y CBaKOM cnysajy, qJIIHoha COIJ;IIjaJIHIIX O)lHOCa 6IITHO
)leTepMIIHIIIlIe I~IIJheBe II pasaoj COIJ;IIjaJIHIIX KOMrreTeHIJ;IIja y<JeHIIKa.
Y crpepn CCTeTCKe )lIIMeH3IIje COIJ;IIjaJIHIIX KOMrreTeHIJ;IIja cycpehesro HII3 na-
ratsa xoja canpexrena nenarornja Tpe6a na aHaJIII3IIpa. KOjII TIIrrOBII cOIJ;IIjaJIHIIX
onnoca aajoon,e npouoaanry ycnjeumo IlIKOJICKO nocrnrnyhe? KOjII TIIrrOBII COIJ;II-
jaJIHIIX IJ;I1JheBa najoon,e nonpacasajy MOTI1BaIJ;l1jy 11 IlIKOJICKO nocrarnyhe njeue?
KaKO HaCTaBHI1IJ;11 Mory ycrrocranarn OIITIIMaJIHe cOIJ;l1jaJIHe onnoce Mei)y njeuon?
Koje IlITeTHe cOIJ;l1jaJIHe IJ;IIJheBe rrp0I13BO)l11 aKTyeJIHa IlIKOJICKanpaxca? Kaxo aa-
CTaBHI1IJ;11 Mory nonoha Y~IeHI1IJ;IIMa na KOOp)lI1HIIpajy csoje cOIJ;l1jaJIHe nan.eae 11
O)lHOCe C IJ;llJheM ycnjeuraocrn y ysen.y? Onrosopn aa OBa mrraa,a cnanajy y
ecrercxy crpepy COIJ;lljaJIHIIX KOMrreTeHIJ;l1ja, a noceono cy 3aHI1MJhIIBII aa caapexre-
ny nenarorajy.
Kaxo y IlIKOJIII pa3BIITII MO)leJIe noy-raaan,a II yxea,a KOjII he rrpOMOBIIcaTII
ecrercxy )lIIMeH3IIjy COIJ;IIjaJIHIIX KOMrreTeHIJ;IIja? Ca rrpIIMjeHoM OBIIX MO)leJIa MO-
)KeMO 3arrO~IeTII jour y OKBIIpIIMa Tpa)lI1IJ;IIOHaJIHe HaCTaBe. HIIje Hy)KHO <JeKaTI1
rrornyno HOBy IlIKOJIy na 6IICMO pa3BIIjaJIII MO)leJIe ycujepeae xa OBOM I~IIJhY.
ECTeTCKa ~uMe1I3uja pa~Ho·aK~UOHUXKOMneTeH~uja ce O)lHOCII aa rsenory
pana II njena IIJIII Y~IIIlIKa. MHorII excneprn HIICy CKJIOHII )la y CBOMe pany oopare
rra)KlhY na ecrercxy )lIIMeH3I1jy, Ba)KHIIja lIM je eepl1KaCHOCT palla 11 epyHKIJ;IIOHaJI-
HOCT rrpOII3BO)la. Ilanac ce, Mei)yTIIM, CBe BIIIlIe rra)Klhe nocsehyje )l113ajHy II eCTeT-
CKOj )lI1MeH3I1jl1 rrpOII3BO)la ana II pana. IIoKa3aJIo ce, Hal1Me, na rmjeno ypeheao
panno MjecTo II )l06pII IIHTeprrepCOHaJIHII O)lHOCI1 nocnjemyjy Y~IIIHaK II nonpnaoce
KBaJII1TeTY npoaasomse (KOH)lO, 1997). Oil caner rrOJIaCKa y IlIKOJIY)ljeIJ;a ce rrpl1-
npeuajy aa pa)lHO-aKIJ;IIOHe KOMrreTeHIJ;IIje, Y~Ie snarsa II BjeIlITIIHe xoje he I'IM 6IITII
norpeone y TOKy lhIIXOBor panao-axraanor )KIIBOTa. OBO y-ren,e lIMa CBOjy eCTcT-
CKY)lI1MeH3IIjy.
KojII cy aCrreKTI1 eCTeTCKe )lIIMeH3IIje panno aKIJ;IIOHIIX KOMrreTeHIJ;IIja? Pa)lII
ce rrpBeHCTBeHO 0 cn.enehm« aCrreKTI1Ma:
• rrosaaaan,e eCTeTI1Ke y CTPYIJ;II IIJII1 rrpoepeCIIOHaJIHOCT eCTeTCKe
II3Be)l6e,
• xopnnrren,e onurre I1HepopMaTWIKe II KOMyHIIKaIJ;IIjcKe nIICMeHOCTI1 y
arrJIIIKaIJ;IIjII eCTeTCKIIX )lIIMeH3IIj a pana 11 rrpOII3BO)la,
• rsenora caajecaocru II npeyaanaisa O)lrOBopHOCTII aa JIII~IHa OCTBa-
pelha,
• eCTeTCKa rrep3IICTeHIJ;l1ja, acrpajaaaa.e na eCTeTIIIJ;II yrrpKoc npenpe-
KaMa I1JIII aeycnjecava,
• eCTeTCKO nocrarnyhe, Te)Klha aa nooon.maa.en IIJIII ocraapen.exr aaj-
BI1IlIIIX eCTeTCKIIX KBaJIIITeTa,
• eCTeTCKa IIHI1IJ;IIjaTIIBa, cnpeMHOCT na ce I1CKopIICTe YKa3aHe Moryh-
HOCTII sa npanjeay II aarpamsy rrajenor y pa)ly 11 na npOII3BO)lY,
• eCTeTCKII orrTIIMII3aM, rsenora ynyrpaunse MOTIIBIIcaHOCTII, BOJha aa
yrsenmaaaa.e palla II pannor MjeCTa.

189
 nEIJ;ArOllIKA CTBAPHOCT, L, 3-4 (2004), HOlm Can

ECTeTCKa ~MMeH3Mja noynanarsa M y-rea.a y Tpa~M~MOHaJIHoj HaCTaBM je 6M-

JIa npaeacrseno pesepnacaaa sa HaCTaBHe npenuere JIMKOBHO M My3WIKO BaCIIH-
raa,e, a y OCTaJIMM HaCTaBHMM rrpe~MeTMMa TO je 6MJIO rrpenyurreno HaCTaBHMKO-
BOj CKJIOHOCTM M MMnpOBM3a~MjM. laCHO je na CBaKM HaCTaBHM npenuer npyzca IIIH-
poxe MoryhHocTM aa eCTeTCKO sacnaraa.e ysenaxa. Ha npanjep, MaTeMaTMKa he
6MTM 60Jbe CaBJIa~aHa aKO Y~IeHMK aanarxe pa~M nenarrrno, ype~Ho M eCTeTCKM ~O­
nann.aso. Heypenno nornacaaaa,e MO){{e pe3yJITMpaTM HeTa~IHMM M3pa~IYHaBa­
IheM. Henpenasao nOCTaBJbeHM JIMKOBM MJIM npocropna O~HOCM y reosrerpaja MO-
ry 3aMarJIMTM MJIM crrpaje-nrra carnenanan,e onnoca KOjM cy KJbY~I aa pjenren.e
npotinexra. CJIM~IHO je M ca ~PYrHM HaCTaBHMM rrpe~MeTMMa. ECTeTcKa ~MMeH3Mja
pa~Ho-aK~MoHMX xoxmeremtaja ce MO){{e cTMMyJIMCaTM If pasaajara If y Tpa~lf~lfo­
HaJIHoj HaCTaBIf.
YKOJIMKO y He~MjeM pa~y IfJIIf aKTlfBHOCTIf nponabexio cnafie Ta~Ke If 1f3He-
cesro rroKY~Y, MO){{eMO o-rexnnam na ocofia 1f3ry61f BOJbY sa TlfM panoa IfJIIf ax-
rnaaourhy IfJIIf na he CMaIhlfTIf Harrop If sanaraa.e. CaMO pnjerxo, OBe sasrjepxe he
6lfTIf 1f3a30B aa nan.e nanope If acrpajasaa,e. Mebyraa, YKOJIlfKO orxpajeno If rro-
XBaJIMMO OHO mTO je y nexajoj aKTlfBHOCTIf nofipo, ocoria he ocje-nrra 3a~OBOJb­
CTBO 360r Tora M aacrojara na oCTBapM jour snure If 6oJbe. Jbenora xojayaaxanaje
~MpeKTHo YTH~Ie aa MOTHBa~Hjy sa pan If ynen,e.
Kao If y pany, M y ytIeIhy je naxnre KOHCTaTOBaTIf rpelliKe Hero najena Mje-
CTa, noceoao xana ce pana 0 npocjeaaosr I1JII1 0p~lfHapHoM acnexry OBe aKTlfBHO-
CTIf. "MeIjYTI1M, ~OK rpenrxe 11 oncrynarsa 60~y O~IH, npennocra 11 rr03lfTI1BHe xa-
paKTepI1CTI1Ke tIeCTO ce He npaujehyjy JIaKO" (KOH~O, 1997, CTp. 72). YO~IHTIf JIIf-
jerro Y jenaoj npocjesmoj aacraanoj aKTlfBHOCTI1 Y~IeHlfKa npencraan.a KOMrrJIeKcHy
cnocooaocr aa xojy je rrorpetiaa noceoan CeH3lf6I1JIlfTeT HaCTaBHlfKa If yqeHlfKa.
Onaj ceaaaoarrarer 11 OBa cnocotiaocr ce yse If pasaajajy TOKOM uajerror ){{lfBOTa.
AjeTI1IhCTBO If MJIa~OCT npencraan.ajy nepaone y noajexoaoa ){{I1BOTy xana je OBO
y-rea.e aajerpaxacaaje. MeljyTI1M, 0 MO~eJII1Ma eCTeTCKor sacnaraa,a y crpepa pa~­
Ho-aK~lfOHI1X xosmeremtaja MaJIO I1MaMO pa~OBa, acxycraaa If rOTOBlfX MO~eJIa.
QBO je rrpOCTOp aa nan.a I1CTpa){{I1BaIha If paspane.

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Prof. Nenad Suzie, Ph. D.

Bawa Luka

OUR SCHOOL IN RELATION TO COMPETENCES FOR XXI CENTURY

Summary

The paper deals with feature analysis of educational system in the XXI century in
relation to the competences necessary for independent life in future. This analysis brought
up a question of changes in our educational system. Therefore, factography has to be
changed by developing learning capacity, reacitivity by motivaion, etc. Challanges of the
XX century will come up with adequate answers in education. This relation is clearly pre-
sented in the short scheme. Nowdays, it is possible to recognize some new results in edu-
cation: defensive pessimism, escaping work, self handicaping etc. Having in mind these
consequences of modern education, we have to think about alleviating their output, which
means developing models of competence necessary for independent life in XXI century.
While studying four areas of competence such as cognitive, emotional, social and work-
action the author presentes twenty eight competences for the XXI century. Furthermore,
he elaborates thesis that cooperative and interactive learning contain teaching models ne-
cessary for effective support in developing these competences in our schools. Special at-
tention in given to moral and aesthetic dimension of each of these competences.

Key words: traditionalism, pansophism, scientism, reacitism, verbalism, competen-

ces for the XXI century, defensive pessimism, self handicaping, avoiding work, moral di-
mension of competence, aesthetic dimension of competence

Ilpodi, n-p Henan CyJHq

EaH~dIYKa

HAllIA llIKOJIA 11 EE OTHOllIEHI1E K KOMTIETEHQI15IM

O:>KI1,lJ;AEMbIM B 21 BEKE

Pe310Me

B aacrosuieti pafiore aarop aaamnapyer CBoHcTBa CI1CTeMhI o6pa30BaHI111 B 20

sexe BcpaBHeHl111 c KOMrreTeHUI1llMI1 Heo6xOAI1MhIMH nns cBo6oAHOH )/(113HI1 JIIOAeH B21
sexe. 113 CAeJIaHHOrO aHaJIH3a rrpOI1CTeKaeT nonpoc: qTO HY)/(HO MeHlITh B namea BOCrrl1-
TaTeJIhHO-o6pa30BaTeJIhHOH CI1CTeMe? cI>aKTOrpacl>l1lO UY)/(HO 3aMeHI1Th pa3BIITI1eM cno-
C06HOCTH ysenna, peaKTHBI13M MOTI1BI1POBKOH 11 T. A. Ha aonpocsr 11 rrp06JIeMhI 20 sexa
MO)/(HO O)/(HAaTh cooraercrsyroume OTBeThI Bo6pa30BaHI1I1. 3TI1 peJIlIUI1I1, COOTHOrneHII5I
aBTOp ztaer B BI1Ae KpaTKOH Ta6JII1UhI. CerOAHlI nacryrmno speus orrpezremrrs HeKOTOp-
LIe HOBhIe xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1, cauormoapexneaae 11 T. A. 11Mell BBI1AY BCe 60JIee 3HaQI1Te-
JIhHOe rrpl1cyTcTBl1e TaKI1X xapaKTepl1CTI1K H pe3YJIbTaTOB COBpeMeHHoro o6pa30BaHIIlI,

192
JJ,p HCHal\ Cysnh: HAIliA IlIKOJIA Y OJJ,HOCY HA KOMTIETEHl..(I1JE 3A XXI BI1JEK

Heo6xo):(IIMO IlYMaTb 0 TOM, KaKIIM crrOC060M OCJIa6IITb, aMOpTII3IIpOBaTb IIX B03):(ellCTB-

lie, KaKIiM 06pa30M pa3BIITb Mo):(eJIIi KOMrreTeHUlIlI, Heo6xo):(IIMbIX ):(JlH CBo6o):(HOll )K1I3-
HII B 21 sexe. Paccxrarpaaas xersrpe c<j>epbI KOMrreTeHUlIll, KOrHlITIIBHYlO, 3MOUIiOHaJI-
bHYlO, COUIIaJIbHYlO II pa6oTo-aKTIIBHYlO, asrop BbI):(BIIraeT 28 KOMrreTeHUIIll )lJIH 21
aexa, II rrOTOM BbI)lBIIraeT Te3IIC 0 TOM, 'ITO COBMeCTHoe II IIHTepaKTIIBHoe yneaae conep-
)KaT MO)leJIIi ysefiaoro nponecca, neofixonaasre ):(JlH 3<j><j>eKTllBHOll nonnepxxn pa3BIITII$I
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193