Linear Algebra

Dr. Egnar ÖZDİKİLİLER

 0 -1 0 -1 1 2
6 7 6 7 0 4

12 13 0 -4
1 2 1 2 24 28 6 40
0 4 0 4
A= 1 2 B = 0 -1
0 4 6 7

1 2 0 -1 0 -1 1 2
0 4
. 6 7
≠
6 7
. 0 4

12 13 0 -4
24 28
≠ 6 40
 (A + B)T = A T + B T (A . B)T = B T . A T

det (A . B)T = det (B T . A T )

= det (B T . A T ) = det B T . det A T = det B . det A

det (A + B) ≠ det A + det B

= det A . det B
 2.3 Additional Topics and Applications
The Adjoint of a Matrix

We will define a new matrix called adjoint matrix :

As seen, to form this matrix, each term is replaced by its cofactor and then it`s transposed to the resulting matrix.

Why will we use it?

Inverse of a Matrix can be Expressed using Adjoint Matrix

A11 A21 A31 An1
A12 A22 A32 An2
1 A13 A23 A33 An3

1 A1n A2n A3n Ann

A-1 = Ek A
det (A)
 A11 A12 A13 A1n

………………………….
a11 a12 a13 a1n

………………………….
A21 A22 A23 A2n
a21 a22 a23 a2n
A31 A32 A33 A3n
a31 a32 a33 a3n
………………………………………….
………………………………………….
An1 An2 An3 Ann
an1 an2 an3 ann
Lets write the general A-1 formula for a 2x2 matrix:

(if A has a nonzero determinant)

it means that A has an inverse

 A11
Example:
A-1 = ? A21

A12
Solution: A22

A11 A21
Adj A=
A12 A22 adj A =

A -1

≠
 2 -1 0 A11 a11 = 2 2 -1 0
A= 0 1 2
A12 a12 = -1 0 1 2
1 1 0
1 1 0
A13 a13 = 0
A11 A12 A13
T -1 0
Ek A = A21 A22 A23 A21 a21 = 0 1 2 1 2 -1 0
A31 A32 A33 1 0 1 0
A22 a22 = 1
2 0
A23 a23 = 2 0 2 0 2 2 0
1 0
1 2
+ 60 -1
7 A31 a31 = 1
1 0
0 4 2 -1
A32 a32 = 1 0 1 0 1 2 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1
6 11 A33 a33 = 0
det A = 1 x 4 – 2 x 0 = 4

det B = 0 x 7 – (-1) x 6 = 6

det (A + B) = 1 x 11 – 1 x 6 = 5
Example: for a 3x3 matrix:

i) Adj A=? ii) IAI =? iii) A-1=?

i) Adj A=
 ii)
det A =

det A ≠ 0 A has an inverse A is non-singular 2

iii)
Adj A
Example:

!!!
Example:
What can c value take, to
make A matrix singular?

det (A) has to be equal to zero!!

 Theroem: If A is nonsingular, then

Proof:

take det of both sides

Example: If AAT=A-1B, find det (B) in terms of det A.

Both sides
multiplied by A
to get B alone
(left hand
multiplication)
3
Theorem
Example:
Does the
system has
nontrivial
solution? If yes, find the solution set.
First way We can check the determinant first, so it will be more fast.

det A=0, so the system has a nontrivial solution.

Solution set that
Second way We can start by solving the augmented matrix. doesnt consist of all
zeros.

so the
2 unknowns The system has infinitely many solutions
dependent on 1 variable: system has
1 equation a nontrivial
solution
Example:

If yes, find the solution set.

det according to 2nd row

C3-C1 C3

So lets solve it:

1
0

R2 (R2)/-2
Example:

If yes, find the solution set.

-1
0
-1
1

No need to solve the system.

Only solution is :
(0,0,0,0)
 CRAMER`S RULE

det (Ai)
xi=
det (A)
Using Cramers Rule to solve linear equation sets

a11x1 + a12x2 +a13x3 =b1

a21x1 + a22x2 +a23x3 =b2 Solution set: ?
a31x1 + a32x2 +a33x3 =b3

By Cramer`s rule:
det (A1)
x1=
det (A)
x1
det (A2)
a11 b1 x2=
det (A)
a21 b2
a31 b3
x2 det (A3)
x3=
det (A)
a11 b1
a21 b2
a31 b3
x3
Example:

For more than 3 equations, Cramer’s rule becomes impractical, determinants are time consuming to
evaluate..
We see
det A ≠ 0 det A ≠ 0
a real life application
 1 0 0 0 a -2 0 -2
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 6 b1 a12 a13
x1 + x2 - x3 = 1 0 1 0 0 b
b2 a22 a23 2 0 -4
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 4 0 0 1 0 c
b3 a32 a33
0 0 0 1 d -1 -3 2
a11 a12 a13 x1 b1 a11 b1 a13
a21 a22 a23 x2 = b2 a21 b2 a23
a31 a32 a33 x3 b3 a11 a12 b1
a31 b3 a33
x1 = a
a21 a22 b2
a31 a32 b3 x2 = b
2 3 1
1 1 -1 = 2 [(1x1)-(2x(-1)] -3 [(1x1)-1x(-1)]+1[(1x2)-(1x1)] = 1 x3 = c

1 2 1 x4 = d
6 3 1 2 3 6
1 1 -1 2 6 1
1 1 1
4 2 1 1 1 -1
b1 a12 1 2 4
1 4 1
b2 a22
a11 b1
a21 b2
 1 3 -1
-2x1 + 3x2 - x3 = 1
x1 + 2x2 - x3 = 4 4 2 -1
-2 x1 - x2 + x3 = -3 -3 -1 1
-2 1 -1
1 4 -1
-2 3 -1 x1 1 -2 -3 1
1 2 -1 x2 = 4 -2 3 1
-2 -1 1 x3 -3 1 2 4
-2 -1 -3

= (-2) x [(2x1)-((-1)x(-1))] – 3 x [(1x1)-((-1)x(-2))] + (-1) x [(1x(-1))-(2x(-2))]

= (-2) x [2-1] – 3 x [1-2] + (-1) x [-1- (-4)]

= (-2) – (-3) + (-3)

= -2
Teorem:
Example:
Does the
system has
nontrivial
solution? If yes, find the solution set.
First way We can check the determinant first, so it will be more fast.

det A=0, so the system has a nontrivial solution.

Solution set that
Second way We can start by solving the augmented matrix. doesnt consist of all
zeros.

so the
2 unknowns The system has infinitely many solutions
dependent on 1 variable: system has
1 equation a nontrivial
solution
Example:

If yes, find the solution set.

det according to 2nd row

C3-C1 C3

So lets solve it:

1
0

R2 (R2)/-2