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mgq--- 25 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb cixÿv bs- 01 c~Y©gvb --- 25

cixÿv_©xi bvg t ...................................................................................................... ‡ivj bs- ............................
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K L M N
K L
M N K Mg L Si M Al NS

A = 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2;
KK L Si M Na N Al

K Group-2 L Group-5 K Na L Cu
M Group-11 N Group-13 M Sn N Au

K Ar L Ag
M Cd N At
19K
X
Y K Au L Hg M Na N Zn
Z
X, Y Z K –1 L –2 M –3 N – 16

X
–1 – 17
K L M N
1
2 A
i. 1 3 D
ii. 4 E
iii. A, D E

Ki ii L ii iii A, D E
Mi iii N i, ii iii
i.
ii. EDA
iii. DE
K 12 L 6
M 4 N 16
Ki ii L ii iii Mi iii N i, ii iii
ED
K L
K L
M N
M N

K L 114 M 98 N 84
2, 8, 8, 1 K L
M N
K 1 L 1
M 1 N 1
2 K 1789 L 1800
K Na LF
M 1850 N 1864
M Ca NK

K L
M N K L
2+ 2
A 1s , M N
2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
K2 L6
M8 N 10
K L
Ca-
K 2, 2 L 4, 2 M 2, 4 N 2, 3 M N
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2012 M 109 N 112
K 109 L 134 114
M 118 N 122 K 67 L 84
IUPAC M 98 N 112

K 84 L 98 K 14 L 33
M 114 N 118
M 54 N 67
IUPAC
3
K International Unity of Pure and Applied Chemistry
L International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry K L
M International Union of Pan Asian Council M N
N International Unit of Pacific Authority Commission
(Au)
K 7 L 8
K L
M 11 N 13
M N
1 He
K2 L8
K 1829 L 1849 M 12 N 18
M 1869 N 1889
K 14 L 15
K L M 18 N 30
M N
IUPAC K Za-Lr L La-Lu
K 84 L 98 M Ce-Lu N Tn-Lr

M 109 N 114
K 14 L 33
IUPAC
M 15 N 14
K 109 L 112 M 121 N 130
1869
i.
K 14 L 33 ii.
M 63 N 67 iii.

K 12 L 14 Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

M 84 N 98 IUPAC
i.
ii.
K L iii.
M N
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K 33 L 14
M 19 N8 a. Na < K < Rb
b. K  Ca  Sc  Ti  X
a
K 84 L 33
K1 L2
M 67 N 98 M3 N7
1900
K 93 L 97
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b X M 10 N 12
i.
ii. 4 K8 L 18
iii. 5 M 22 N 32
7 3
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii K 15 L 18
M 20 N 30

F B
E C
H G A D K L
M N
1 IUPAC
KG LF
ME NH K L
M N
K 33 L 67
M 98 N 118 K L
17 M N
K7 L5 6-
M4 N6 K 18 L 23
M 32 N8
K 7-
L K 18 L 32
M M 14 N 24
N 2 14

K8 L 14 K 3 4 L 4 5
M 15 N 18 M 5 6 N 6 7
IUPAC
K8 L6 K 28 L 30
M7 N5 M 32 N 36
IUPAC
K9 L 18
K 1 L 2
M7 N 14
M 3 N 4
18
K L M N
K 3 L 5
18
M 6 N 7
K 1 L 2
6 3
M 3 N 4
K L1
M8 N 15
K
L
M
N K3 L4
M 13 N 14

K6 L8
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K L
K 1.567  1024 L 1.67  1024 M N
M 1.675  1024 N 1.765  1024

i. 7 18 K
ii. 32 L

iii. M
N

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K L
M N
i. 2 3
ii. 4 5- 18
K L
iii. 6 7 28
M N

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii K L

M N
i.
ii. K L
iii. M N

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii K L

M N

K 1613 L 1713
M 1813 N 1913
7 18
K L
K 4 L 5 M N
M 6 N 3
2 
i. ii K L
iii. 15 M N

Ki L ii M iii N ii iii
K Al L Mg
M Na N Si

K L
K L
M N
M N

K L
K L
M N
M N

K L
M N
K L
M N

K L
K Fe, Co, Ni L Li, Na, K
M N
M Cl, Br, 1 N Li, Fe, Si
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M 113 N 126.9

K L K
K 38 L 40
M N
M 39 N 39.5
-
K L
M N
K L
M N
i.
24
ii. Mg
12
iii.

K L
Ki Li ii Mi iii N i, ii iii
M N

i.
ii. K L

iii. M N

Ki Li ii M ii iii Ni iii K L
M N
i.
ii.
K L
iii.
M - N

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K L
M N

K L
Li(7) Cl(35) M N
Na Br
K(39) I(127)
K 1613 L 1887
M 1913 N 1916
K L
M N K L
M N
i. Na 23
ii. Br 81
K L
iii.
M N

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K L
M N
54
Li(7) Be(9.02) B(10.8) C(12) N(14) O(16) F(19) Na(23) K 54 L 54
Li L 54 N 54
KO LF
M Na N Mg
K L
M N
i.
ii.
iii. C Si
K L

Ki Li ii Mi iii N i, ii iii M N

K 40 L 112
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K L
K 2 L 18 M N
M 3 N 17 Fe26, Co27, Ni28
K1 L2
M 14 N4
K 52
L
M K 10 L 15
N M 16 N 17
(Zn30)
i. K1 L 12
ii. M 13 N 14
iii. Mg
K1 L2
Ki ii L iii Mi iii N i, ii iii M 14 N 16

i. K 2, 8, 2 L 2, 8, 3
M 2, 8, 7 N 2, 8, 8
ii.
2, 8, 2
iii.
K Na LK
M Al N Mg
Ki Li ii M ii iii N i, ii iii
K 2, 8 L 2, 8, 1
M 2, 8, 8, 1 N 2, 8, 8
Li Be B C N O F
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7
K 2, 8, 1 L 2, 8
M 2, 8, 8 N 2, 8, 7
K L 2
M N
K
i. L8
ii. M 10
iii. N 8
Kr-(36)
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii K 2, 8, 18, 8 L 2, 8, 8
M 2, 8 N 2, 8, 8, 8
17
K 4 L 15
K 2 L 13
M 7 N 17
M 14 N 17
37Rb
K4 L2
K Ag L Br M Pt N Cr
M 18 N1
K
K1 L 17
K L
M 13 N1
M N

K 2 L 2
K 15 L 1
M 15 N 15
M 2 N 3
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2, 8, 6 M 1
N Ne 1
K L 29;
M N
2, 8, 18, 8, 2 K 1 L 11
M 15 N 7
K 6 L 2 3d14s2-
M 2 N 1
2, 8, 2 K 13 4 L 3 4
M 14 3 N 4 3
K 2 L 6
M 2 N 2 K Li, Na, K L Fe, Ca, Ne
X 28 M Cu, Ag, Fe N C, N, O

K 2, 8, 8, 1 L 2, 8, 8, 2
K 7 L 10 M 2, 8, 1 N 2, 8, 2
M 11 N 12 M
X Y 1
2 M
K1 2 L3 4 K 13 L 2
M5 6 N7 8 M 2 N 13
11 2, 3

K 2 2 L 1 3 K 3 L 7
M 13 1 N 1 7 M 2 N 1
1
K 2 L 13 K 1
M 2 N 13 L 1
M 1
K N 1
L
M 3
N 3 K2 L 14
M15 N 18
2
17
K
K Sr L Rb
L L Sn NI
M 2 2
N 2 K (Ca) L (Cr)
s2p5 M (Au) N (Mg)
17
K7 L 10 K4 L5
M 12 N 15 M7 N8
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
K2 L3
K6 L7 M5 N6
M 18 N 17 Al
1 Li K 11 L 12
K 1 M 13 N 15
L 1
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Cr(24)- Ar-3d5 4s1
K 1 L 5 19, 20, 36
M 6 N 6
Ar-3d10 4s2 K L M N
K 2 L 10
M 12 N 15 K 1, 2, 18 L 2, 3, 15
M 3, 6, 9 N 1, 5, 15
K 16 L 18
M 36 N 54

i K - 2, L - 8, M -1
K7 L 14 ii K - 2, L - 8, M - 5
M 17 N 18 iii K - 2, L - 8, M - 7
3 ii
i. K1 L2
ii. M3 N4

iii. 3 i
K2 L 18
M 16 N1
Ki L ii Mi iii N ii iii iii
15 K2 L3
M4 N1
i.
ii. 5
iii. 5 K L
M N
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
36 K L
i. M N
ii. 18 E F 37 55
iii.
K 2F = 3E L F=E
M F>E N F<E
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
Ne 18 K Cs > K > Li > Na > Rb L Cs < K < Na < Li < Rb
i. M Cs < Rb < K < Li < Na N Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li

ii.
KF LC
iii. MO NB

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii K L

M N

K Na LS
M Rb N Mg

K Mg > Al > Si L P > Cl > S

M Al > Cl > S N S > P > Na

K Al L Mg M Na N Ca K Na LK M Rb N Cs

i. ii. 2
iii. K
L
Ki ii Li iii M
M ii iii N i, ii iii N