1.

Stone Age Britain 1930-21150

Over thousands of years, European groups, including Stone Age hunters, farmers, and metal tool
invaders, have migrated to Britain. The first stone monuments were built by southern Europeans
around 2400 BC, and they married and mixed with the native population.

2. The Celts (803-176)

The Celts, arriving around 800 BC, conquered England, Scotiand, and Ireland, becoming the first
aristocracy, and imposing their Gaelic language, which still exists in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

3. The Romans (400 AD)

The Romans arrived in Britain in 55-64 AD and lived peacefully for 300 years, bringing a developed
legal system, taxation, engineering skills, Roman architecture, and Latin language. In the 4th century,
Rome converted to Christianity, and Christian missionaries spread it. After the Romans' departure,
the Celtic people were invaded by the Anglo-Saxons, resulting in a significant influence on British
history.

4. The Anglo Saxons (410-1066 AD)

After the Romans left England in the 4th century, the Celtic Britons were attacked by the Angles,
Saxons, and Jutes, who took control of England . These agricultural people lived in long houses and
spoke Old English, a Germanic language.

The Vikings

Vikings, originating from Scandinavia, were aggressive and warlike, with a Germanic language.The
Anglo-Saxons united under King Alfred the Great to fight Vikings. By the 9th century, Danish Vikings
controlled the northeast, while Saxons maintained control in the west.

6. The Normans :

King William I invaded England, leading to the Norman conquest. They united England and
connected it to European culture. The Norman nobility, known as barons, owed military service and
provided land for farmers. This feudalism system was prevalent. The French invaders became the
upper class aristocracy, ruled by French, and built castles, churches, and monasteries. Anglo-Saxon
peasants did not speak French.

7. The Rise of the English Nation (15- 14th Centuries)

England's rulers thought of themselves as English, blending French and English into Middle English.
This period saw significant changes in government, society, and education. Oxford and Cambridge
universities emerged, and Parliament's power grew. Edward 1 failed to take Scotland.

8. The Tudor Age (1485-1603): Renaissance, Reformation and a New World

The medieval period saw a breakdown in social and economic order, leading to the English
Renaissance and the growth of Protestantism, with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as prominent
monarchs.

Henry VIII (150"-1543)

Henry VIll, a Renaissance prince, broke with Rome and sought divorce from Catherine of Aragon to
marry Anne Boleyn. Despite the Pope's refusal, Parliament and the people supported Henry, making
him the "Supreme Head of the Church of England." Henry took church lands, wealth, and ordered
English Bibles in each church.

10 Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

Henry VIII's second daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded her mother Catherine as queen at age 25 and
became a strong Protestant. She made Protestantism the national religion , making her the supreme
head of the Church of England. Elizabeth faced rumors of Catholic assassination and was executed in
1587. The conflict between Catholics and Protestants escalated, with English and Spanish ships
engaging in naval conflicts. Shakespeare arrived in London in 1588, writing 20 plays celebrating
England's greatness. This period saw economic growth and the beginning of the great age of
exploration and discovery.

11. The English Civil War (1540-1640

Under Elizabeth, Parliament's power grew, and King James I of England ended the Tudor dynasty.
Religious reformers called Puritans sought to purify the Anglican Church, leading to hostility and
some escaping England. King Charles I, who believed in divine power, attempted to rule without
Parliament and attempted to arrest Parliament members. The English Civil War began in 1640, with
Oliver Cromwell as Parliament leader. Puritans supported Parliament against the king, and King
Charles I was executed in 1643, marking the first monarchy in English history.

12. England without a King: "The Commonwealth" (1649-1660)

England, under Cromwell's rule, became a commonwealth, with various religious and political groups
competing for power. Puritan rule led to strict religious laws and military dictatorship.

13 The Restoration (1660-1713)

The people revolted against the Puritan government and sought a king. King Charles returned to
England in 1660, fostering artistic and cultural achievements, reason, and middle class wealth. The
Restoration marked the beginning of the English Enlightenment and the king's sharing of power with
Parliament.

14 The Rise of the British Empire (20

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Britain sought to increase power and wealth by sailing across the
seas, competing with France for colonies. Emigration was a solution to population issues, and by
the late 19th century, England ruled 1/4 of the world's land and became the leading industrial
nation. The Empire eventually disappeared, leaving only a linguistic and cultural connection.