Punctuation and Structures

 Brackets – Used to give additional information that stands out.

 Capital Letters (The whole word) – Are used to lay emphasis.

 Colon – Is used to make the reader pause or start a list. It is also used for relating to

or expanding on information before it.

 Commas – They are used in lists; they are used to mark clause divisions.

 Dash – It is to insert additional information.

 Ellipsis – Are used to make the reader continue reading; the intentional omission of

words; a pause in speech; an unfinished thought; a sentence that trails into silence.

 Exclamation Mark – Used to excite the senses and show something is surprising or

forceful.

 Semicolon – It can join two clauses to substitute a conjunction and to separate

information in a sentence.

 Speech marks – Used to show dialogue.

 Long sentences- To create a feel of relaxation or reaching a climax.

 Short sentences- To quicken the pace.

 Connectives- to sequence events and to show the order of occurrence.

 Passive form- It describes the process, highlighting it than the character

 Active form- To describe the subject in detail.

 Sub-headings- To draw attention to or highlight specific information in a text and

make it easier to follow.

 Sentence types- Simple, Compound and Complex

 Simple- Create tension and quicken pace.

 Compound- It joined by a conjunction such as ‘and’ or ‘but’, providing more

information or give an extra viewpoint.

 Complex- Provides extra detail and information.

 Poetry

 Stanza is a sequence of poetic lines grouped together.

 Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds.

 Rhythm in the poetry is made by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed

syllables in a line.

 Meter is the simple rhythmic structure of lines in a verse.

 Couplet is a two line stanza.

 Tercet is a three line stanza.

 Quatrain is a four line stanza.

 Cinquain is a five line stanza. o Sestet is a six line stanza.

 Octave is an eight line stanza.

 Types of poems:

 Narrative- Tells a story and has a plot.

 Lyric- Portrays powerful emotions.

 Descriptive- Describes the atmosphere and society the poet is living in.

 Types of poem structures:

 Free verse- Does not have definite structure and rhyme scheme.

 Sonnet- Consists of 14 lines and has a specific rhyme scheme.

 Elegy- Poem lamenting the dead.

 Ballad- Story narrated in form of a lyrical poem.

 Villanelle- It has fixed form has 2 rhymes and 19 lines.

 Ode- Praises a specific person, thing or event.

 Features of Important Formats
 Diary:

 Written in informal style.

 Uses opinions and facts.

 Uses first person pronouns.

 Magazine Article:

 Has a headline and subheadings.

 Newspaper Report:

 Written in third person.

 Has a headline.

 Descriptive/Narrative:

 Uses imagery.

 Usually in third person

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Extra Tips
 While solving the comprehension:

 First, briefly read through the passage.

 Read the questions and underline information which seems important in the

passage.

 Answer the questions

 If you do not understand the meaning of a word, stay calm. You can get contextual

meanings by:

 Punctuation- Meaning of unfamiliar words are given after the word separated by

commas, dashes or parenthesis.

 Contrast or Antonym- The unfamiliar word is shown to be different from or unlike,

another word and is often opposite. They use words like ‘although’, ‘however’ and

‘otherwise’.

 Example- The unfamiliar word is cleared up by using signal words, like, ‘such as’ and

‘for instance’.

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