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UPDATED TO 2022 SYLLABUS

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SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE READING SYLLABUS
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To Persuade-To convince the reader to agree with the

author’s views on a subject(Usually in Paper 1)
1. # Literary Techniques To Entertain-To amuse and fascinate the
readers(Usually in Paper 2)
Imagery-Vivid descriptions of senses Understanding an outline, which is made up of a primary
‘The sunset was the most gorgeous thing I have ever idea followed by a numbered list of supporting details,
seen; the clouds were outlined with pink and gold makes it easier to understand the purpose of the text. An
glitter.’ outline can be found out by looking for list words and
Simile-Direct comparison between two things addition words like:
‘You fought like a lion on the field.’ Several kinds of
Metaphor-Indirect comparison between two things Various causes
‘The snow is a white blanket.’ One
Personification-Giving a human quality to something non- First of all
human Also
‘The lightening danced across the dark night sky.’ A writer’s tone displays his or her view towards a subject,
Alliteration: Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the which is often expressed through his or her choice of
beginning of words or within words words.
‘She sells seashells on the seashore.’ Identifying the genre of the text can make it easier to
Exaggeration/Hyperbole: A statement that represents understand the tone.
something as better, bigger, worse etc than it really is Here are a few genres:
‘I have a million assignments to complete today.’ Adventure
Onomatopoeia: The use of words that mimic sounds Comedy
‘The corn went pop in the microwave.’ Fantasy
Irony: A result opposite to what might have been Horror
expected o ‘Yesterday the police station got robbed!’ Mystery
Sarcasm: Words that are contrast of their usual meaning Science Fiction
A man replies to a telecommunicator, who calls him Informal Style
while he is having his dinner, “Thanks for calling! I Addresses the reader directly
hate having my dinner when it is hot!” Simple sentences
Having a good grip over vocabulary is important, hence, it Formal Style
is advisable to know synonyms of basic words you might Third person
be asked to give synonyms for a word or words from the Complex sentences
text. Here are a few possible tones:
Strong adjectives are used to emphasize or arouse a Admiring
particular mood. Amused
Angry
Bitter
Reading Confused
Concerned
1.2. Overview Cruel
Excited
To score well in Section A(Reading) of the Paper 1 and Frustrated
Paper 2 it is important to be able to critically read the Pessimistic
passage and recognize the purpose, tone, language, Urgent
structure, and effect of it. Worried
When you are answering comprehension questions Understanding the explicit meanings
remember: Explicit meanings are obvious meanings.
Some questions require answers in your own words. Techniques such as Skimming (briefly reading) and
Some questions need you to support your answer Scanning (closely reading) can help identify the main
with evidence/quotes from the text. ideas of the text, useful for the summary.
Some questions want you to use both. Understanding the implicit meanings
Use full sentences where necessary. Implicit meanings are underlying or indirect meanings.
Don’t spend more than 30 minutes on this section! Writers use various stylistic features of language
The three common purposes of a text are:
To Inform-Provide information about a topic(Usually 1.3. Punctuation and Structures
in Paper 1)

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Brackets – Used to give additional information that stands Lyric- Portrays powerful emotions.
out. Descriptive- Describes the atmosphere and society
Capital Letters (The whole word) – Are used to lay the poet is living in.
emphasis. Types of poem structures:
Colon – Is used to make the reader pause or start a list. It Free verse- Does not have definite structure and
is also used for relating to or expanding on information rhyme scheme.
before it. Sonnet- Consists of 14 lines and has a specific
Commas – They are used in lists; they are used to mark rhyme scheme.
clause divisions. Elegy- Poem lamenting the dead.
Dash – It is to insert additional information. Ballad- Story narrated in form of a lyrical poem.
Ellipsis – Are used to make the reader continue reading; Villanelle- It has fixed form has 2 rhymes and 19
the intentional omission of words; a pause in speech; an lines.
unfinished thought; a sentence that trails into silence. Ode- Praises a specific person, thing or event.
Exclamation Mark – Used to excite the senses and show
something is surprising or forceful. 1.4. Features of Important Formats
Semicolon – It can join two clauses to substitute a
conjunction and to separate information in a sentence. Diary:
Speech marks – Used to show dialogue. Written in informal style.
Long sentences- To create a feel of relaxation or reaching Uses opinions and facts.
a climax. Uses first person pronouns.
Short sentences- To quicken the pace. Magazine Article:
Connectives- to sequence events and to show the order Has a headline and subheadings.
of occurrence. Newspaper Report:
Passive form- It describes the process, highlighting it than Written in third person.
the character Has a headline.
Active form- To describe the subject in detail. Descriptive/Narrative:
Sub-headings- To draw attention to or highlight specific Uses imagery.
information in a text and make it easier to follow. Usually in third person
Sentence types- Simple, Compound and Complex
Simple- Create tension and quicken pace.
Compound- It joined by a conjunction such as ‘and’ or
1.5. Extra Tips
‘but’, providing more information or give an extra
While solving the comprehension:
viewpoint.
First, briefly read through the passage.
Complex- Provides extra detail and information.
Read the questions and underline information which
Poetry
seems important in the passage.
Stanza is a sequence of poetic lines grouped together.
Answer the questions
Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds.
If you do not understand the meaning of a word, stay
Rhythm in the poetry is made by the arrangement of
calm. You can get contextual meanings by:
stressed and unstressed syllables in a line.
Punctuation- Meaning of unfamiliar words are given after
Meter is the simple rhythmic structure of lines in a
the word separated by commas, dashes or parenthesis.
verse.
Contrast or Antonym- The unfamiliar word is shown to be
Couplet is a two line stanza.
different from or unlike, another word and is often
Tercet is a three line stanza.
opposite. They use words like ‘although’, ‘however’ and
Quatrain is a four line stanza.
‘otherwise’.
Cinquain is a five line stanza. o Sestet is a six line
Example- The unfamiliar word is cleared up by using
stanza.
signal words, like, ‘such as’ and ‘for instance’.
Octave is an eight line stanza.
Types of poems:
Narrative- Tells a story and has a plot.

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