Ch. 08 - Rotational Kinematics

Cutnell & Johnson - 12th edition - Physics
Ch. 08 - Rotational Kinematics
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ROTATIONAL POSITION & DISPLACEMENT
● Rotational Motion is motion around a ____________ point, that is, in a _______________ path.
X  _____
- The rotational equivalent of linear POSITION ( ___ ) is Rotational/Angular position ( ___ ).
LINEAR POSITION ROTATIONAL POSITION
- How far you are from the ____________. - How far you are from the _____________.
- Measured in ______________. - Measured in ______________.
- Origin is where ____________. - Origin is where ____________.
- Origin is _______________. - Origin is _______________:
- Direction (+/-) is ______________. - Always at the ___________.
- Direction (+/-) is ______________:
CW CCW
● The rotational equivalent of linear DISPLACEMENT ( ____ ) is Rotational Displacement ( ____ ). ΔX  _______
- These two quantities are “LINKED” by an equation (and r = radial distance, “radius”): ΔX = ________
- This equation “speaks” ____________. Input must be in radians. Output will be in radians. ( __________ )
- One radian is approximately 57o.  To convert between radians and degrees, use: ________ = _____
EXAMPLE: An object moves along a circle of radius 10 m from 30o above the positive x-axis to 120o above the +x-axis.
Calculate the object’s (a) angular displacement, and (b) linear displacement.
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DISPLACEMENT IN MULTIPLE REVOLUTIONS
● If you make one full revolution around a circle: ΔΘ = ______ = ______  ΔX = ________ = _________.
- If you make N full revolutions: ΔΘ = ______ = ______  ΔX = ________.
- To find out how many revolutions you go through, simply divide ΔΘ by __________ or __________.
- To find out how far from 0o you end up after many revolutions, subtract by 360o until Θ < 360o (or Θ < 2 π).
EXAMPLE: Starting from 0o, you make two 2.2 revolutions around a circular path of radius 20 m. (a) What is your rotational
displacement, in degrees? (b) How many degrees away from 0o are you? (c) What is your linear displacement?
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PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT
PRACTICE: While you drive, your tires, all of radius 0.40 m, rotate 10,000 times. How far did you drive, in meters?
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PRACTICE: An object moves a total distance of 1,000 m around a circle of radius 30 m.

How many degrees does the object go through?  BONUS: How many complete revolutions does it make?
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PRACTICE: A car travels a total of 2,000 m and 1140o around a circular path, starting from 0o.
What is the radius of the circular path?  BONUS: How far (in degrees) from 0o does the car end up?
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ROTATIONAL VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
● The rotational equivalents of linear velocity and acceleration are Rotational Velocity and Rotational Acceleration:
v,AVG = ____________ [ _______ ]  _______ = ____________ [ ________ ]
a = ____________ [ _______ ]  _______ = ____________ [ ________ ]
● There are 3 additional variables that describe how quickly something rotates (similar to w). They are all related:
w = _________ = _________ = _________ 1 RPM = __________
( ___________ ) 1 Hz = __________
- Often we will convert from any of these three back to _____ 
● Note that rotational equations work for both:
(1) Points Masses ( ________ ) moving in a circular path; or
(2) Rigid Body/Shape ( ________ ) rotating around themselves.
EXAMPLE 1: A 30-kg disc of radius 2 m rotates at a constant 120 RPM. Calculate its (a) period, (b) angular speed.
EXAMPLE 2: Calculate the rotational velocity for the Earth as it (a) rotates around itself, (b) rotates around the Sun.
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PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
PRACTICE: Calculate the rotational velocity (in rad/s) of a clock’s minute hand.
 EXTRA: Calculate the rotational velocity (in rad/s) of a clock’s hour hand.
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PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
PRACTICE: A wheel of radius 5 m accelerates from 60 RPM to 180 RPM in 2 s. Calculate its angular acceleration.
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MOTION EQUATIONS FOR ROTATION
● Just like in linear motion, there are 4* equivalent MOTION equations for Rotation. Same equations, different letters.
- You often use these when given a lot of rotational quantities. Same process: List variables, pick equation, solve.
LINEAR EQUATIONS ROTATIONAL EQUATIONS
vf = vi + a t
vf 2 = vi 2 + 2 a Δx
Δx = vi t + ½ a t 2
Δx = ½ (vi + vf) t *
EXAMPLE 1: A wheel initially at rest accelerates around its central axis, with a constant 4 rad/s 2 until it reaches 80 rad/s.
(a) By the time it reaches 80 rad/s, how many degrees will it have rotated through? (b) How long (in s) does this take?
EXAMPLE 2: A very heavy disk, 20 m in radius, takes 1 hour to make a complete revolution, accelerating from rest at a
constant rate. What rotational velocity will the disk have 1 hour after it starts accelerating?
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PRACTICE: MOTION EQUATIONS FOR ROTATION
PRACTICE: A tiny object spins with 5 rad/s around a circular path of radius 10 m. The object then accelerates at 3 rad/s 2.
Calculate its angular speed 8 s after starting to accelerate.  BONUS: Calculate its linear displacement in the 8 s.
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PRACTICE: MOTION EQUATIONS FOR ROTATION
PRACTICE: The turntable of a DJ set is spinning at a constant rate just before it is turned off. If the turntable decelerates at
3 rad/s2 and goes through an additional 30 rotations before stopping, how fast (in RPM) was the turntable initially spinning?
 BONUS: How long (in seconds) does the turntable take to stop?
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CONVERTING BETWEEN LINEAR AND ROTATIONAL
● There are tiny equations that “LINK” linear (aka tangential) and rotational (aka angular) variables:
LINEAR ROTATIONAL “LINK”

x Θ --
Δx = x – xo ΔΘ = Θ – Θo Δx = r ΔΘ
v = Δx / Δt w = ΔΘ / Δt v,T =
a = Δv / Δt α = Δw / Δt a,T =
- There are 4 types of acceleration. The equation a,T = ______ refers to ______________ acceleration. More soon!
- When a Shape/Rigid Body rotates around itself, ALL rotational quantities ( ΔΘ, w, α ) are the same at every point.
- Linear speeds (v,T = r w) may be different, since they depend on ________________________________.
EXAMPLE 1: A wheel of radius 8 m spins around its central axis at 10 rad/s. Find the angular AND linear speeds at a point:
(i) at the middle of the wheel (on its central axis);
(ii) at a distance of 4 m from the wheel’s center;
(iii) at the edge of the wheel.
EXAMPLE 2: A small object rotates at the end of a light string. The object reaches 120 RPM from rest in just 4 seconds. If
the object’s tangential acceleration after the 4 seconds is 15 m/s2, calculate the length of the string.
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PRACTICE: CONVERTING BETWEEN LINEAR AND ROTATIONAL
PRACTICE: A disc of radius 10 m rotates around itself with a constant 180 RPM. Calculate the linear speed at a point 7 m
from the center of the disc.
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PRACTICE: CONVERTING BETWEEN LINEAR AND ROTATIONAL
PRACTICE: A rock rotates around a light, 4-m long string. The rock is initially at rest, but reaches 150 RPM in 3 seconds.
Calculate its tangential acceleration after 3 s.  BONUS: Calculate its tangential speed after 3 s.
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PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
PRACTICE: A 4 m long blade initially at rest begins to spin with 3 rad/s 2 around its axis, which is located at the middle of the
blade. It accelerates for 10 s. Find the tangential speed of a point at the tip of the blade 10 s after it starts rotating.
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TYPES OF ACCELERATION IN ROTATION

- Centripetal / Radial (linear) ________
● There are FOUR types of acceleration in rotation problems  - Tangential (linear) ________
- Total / Acceleration (linear) ________
- Rotational / Angular ________
- BUT some exist only if you’re accelerating (spinning faster):
- You always have v T, a C (aka a RAD), and w: - IF accelerating: you also have a T and α:
- a,C __________________________________. - a,T (and α) __________________________________.
- The equation a,T = r α is a way to remember that a,T and α are connected. If one is zero, the other has to be zero.
- Note that IF a,T = 0, then a = _________________________ becomes a = ___________________ = a,C.
EXAMPLE 1: A carousel 10 m in radius completes one cycle every 45 s. A boy stands at the edge of the carousel. Find his:
(a) Tangential velocity
(b) Angular acceleration
(c) Radial acceleration
(d) Tangential acceleration
(e) Total linear acceleration
EXAMPLE 2: A carousel 16 m in radius accelerates from rest with 0.05 rad/s2. A boy stands at the edge of the carousel.
After the carousel has accelerated for 10 s, calculate the boy’s:
(a) Tangential velocity
(b) Tangential acceleration
(c) Radial acceleration
(d) Angular acceleration
(e) Total linear acceleration
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PRACTICE: A large disc of radius 10 m initially at rest takes 200 full revolutions to reach 30 RPM. Calculate the total linear
acceleration of a point at half way between the disc’s center and its edge, once the disc reaches 30 RPM.
(You may assume it continues accelerating past that point)
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PRACTICE: An object of negligible size moves in a circular path of radius 20 m with 90 RPM. Find its radial acceleration.
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ROLLING MOTION (FREE WHEELS)
● So far we have seen Point Masses in a circular path OR Shapes/Rigid Bodies around themselves  “FIXED WHEEL”
- In some problems, Shapes/Rigid Bodies are BOTH Rotating ( ___ ) AND MOVING ( ___ )  “FREE WHEEL”
- Cylinder rotating around FIXED axis: - Cylinder rotating around FREE axis:
w _____ 0 BUT v,CM _____ 0 w _____ 0 AND v,CM _____ 0
- If FREE Axis, the total velocity (linear) at the center of mass (usually middle), top, and bottom of the wheel are:
EXAMPLE 1: A wheel of radius 0.30 cm rolls without slipping along a flat surface with 10 m/s. Calculate (a) the angular
speed of the wheel; and (b) the speed of a point at the bottom of the wheel, relative to the floor.
EXAMPLE 2: When a car accelerates from rest for 10 s, its tires experience 8 rad/s 2. The tires are 0.40 m in radius.
Calculate: (a) the angular speed of the tires after 10 s; (b) the speeds of points at the top, center, and bottom of the tire.
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PRACTICE: ROLLING MOTION
PRACTICE: A long, light rope is wrapped around a cylinder of radius 40 cm, which is at rest on a flat surface, free to move.
You pull horizontally on the rope, so it unwinds at the top of the cylinder, causing it to begin to roll without slipping. You keep
pulling until the cylinder reaches 10 RPM. Calculate the speed of the rope at the instant the cylinder reaches 10 RPM.
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Cutnell & Johnson - 12th edition - Physics

Ch. 08 - Rotational Kinematics

ROTATIONAL POSITION & DISPLACEMENT

LINEAR POSITION ROTATIONAL POSITION

- Measured in ______________. - Measured in ______________.

- Origin is where ____________. - Origin is where ____________.

- Origin is _______________. - Origin is _______________:

- Direction (+/-) is ______________. - Always at the ___________.

- Direction (+/-) is ______________:

DISPLACEMENT IN MULTIPLE REVOLUTIONS

- If you make N full revolutions: ΔΘ = ______ = ______  ΔX = ________.

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT

PRACTICE: An object moves a total distance of 1,000 m around a circle of radius 30 m.

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT

ROTATIONAL VELOCITY & ACCELERATION

v,AVG = ____________ [ _______ ]  _______ = ____________ [ ________ ]

a = ____________ [ _______ ]  _______ = ____________ [ ________ ]

w = _________ = _________ = _________ 1 RPM = __________

- Often we will convert from any of these three back to _____ 

● Note that rotational equations work for both:

(1) Points Masses ( ________ ) moving in a circular path; or

(2) Rigid Body/Shape ( ________ ) rotating around themselves.

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL VELOCITY & ACCELERATION

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL VELOCITY & ACCELERATION

MOTION EQUATIONS FOR ROTATION

LINEAR EQUATIONS ROTATIONAL EQUATIONS

PRACTICE: MOTION EQUATIONS FOR ROTATION

PRACTICE: MOTION EQUATIONS FOR ROTATION

CONVERTING BETWEEN LINEAR AND ROTATIONAL

LINEAR ROTATIONAL “LINK”

- Linear speeds (v,T = r w) may be different, since they depend on ________________________________.

PRACTICE: CONVERTING BETWEEN LINEAR AND ROTATIONAL

PRACTICE: CONVERTING BETWEEN LINEAR AND ROTATIONAL

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

TYPES OF ACCELERATION IN ROTATION

- a,C __________________________________. - a,T (and α) __________________________________.

- Note that IF a,T = 0, then a = _________________________ becomes a = ___________________ = a,C.

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

PRACTICE: ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

ROLLING MOTION (FREE WHEELS)

w _____ 0 BUT v,CM _____ 0 w _____ 0 AND v,CM _____ 0

PRACTICE: ROLLING MOTION

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- Measured in . - Measured in .

- Origin is where . - Origin is where .

- Origin is _. - Origin is _:

- Direction (+/-) is ____. - Always at the _.

- If you make N full revolutions: ΔΘ = =  ΔX = ____.

v,AVG = ________ [ _ ]  _ = [ ]

a = ________ [ _ ]  _ = [ ]

w = _____ = _ = _ 1 RPM = ______

- a,C . - a,T (and α) .

- Note that IF a,T = 0, then a = _______ becomes a = _ = a,C.

w ___ 0 BUT v,CM _ 0 w _ 0 AND v,CM ___ 0