1.

All of the following are properties of cytological fixative except

a) It should not excessively shrink or swell cells
b) It should promote enzymatic activity
c) It should not distort or dissolve cellular components
d) It should help preserve nuclear details
e) It should improve optical differentiation
2. Specimens for cytology can be rejected if
a) Unlabeled, frozen, or grossly contaminated
b) Packaged in improper containers
c) Incorrect tissue type is sent
d) Exposed to extreme temperatures
e) All of the above
3. The diagram which shows the arrangement of metaphasic chromosomes according
to their position of centromere is called
a) Ideogram
b) Histogram
c) Karyogram
d) Dendrogram
e) Cytogram
4. Which of the following is not the dye-based chromosome banding
a) Centromere
b) Giemsa
c) Metacentric
d) Reverse
e) Quinacrine
5. Which of the following is not a right option for cytogenetics in cases of chromosomal
instability syndromes
a) Clastogen studies should be undertaken using appropriate negative and positive
control
b) Number of metaphases do not impact the test result
c) Control and test specimens should be cultured and harvested in parallel
d) Control and test specimens should be collected and processed in parallel
e) Where possible, controls should be appropriately age and gender matched
6. What is true about disadvantages of cytogenetics
a) Requires fresh tissues
b) Labor intensive and requires highly skilled personnel
c) Time consuming and technically difficult
d) Culture failure
e) All of the above
7. Which of the following is not a right option about steps in FISH methodology
protocol
a) Denaturation
b) DNA extraction and run in gel
 c) Hybridization
d) Washing to remove unbound probe
e) Analysis under the fluorescence microscope
8. All of the following options about FISH are true except
a) DNA is analyzed in the cell or on the chromosome
b) In direct method of FISH, probe(s) are already labeled with fluorochrome (s)
c) More than one probes can not be detected simultaneously
d) Fresh cell suspensions fixed with methanol and glacial acetic acid are commonly
used
e) Paraffin sections are treated with xylene and proteinase K before resuspension on
slide
9. What is (are) the clinical implications of FISH
a) Chromosomal enumeration
b) Marker identification
c) Gene mapping
d) Whole chromosome painting
e) All of the above
10. Suitable specimens for cytogenetics on haematological malignancies include
a) Blood and bone marrow aspirate
b) Fresh tissue (Lymph node, extranodal tumorous infiltrate)
c) Effusion (Pericardial, pleural and abdominal)
d) Cerebrospinal fluid
e) All of the above
11. Which of the following is most commonly used method for chromosome banding in
cytogenetic laboratories
a) G-banding
b) Q- banding
c) C-banding
d) Z-banding
e) R-banding
12. Cytogenetics in haematolymphoid disorders
a) Confirm or predict blast crises in CML
b) Evaluate clonal evolution
c) Aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of myelodysplastic states
d) Evaluate bone marrow transplant for donor versus recipient cells
e) All of the above
13. In which state of mitosis, the chromosome morphology is best observed
a) Prophase
b) Interphase
c) Metaphase
d) Anaphase
e) None of the above
14. A 5 years old boy needs chromosomal breakage assay for evaluation of pancytopenia
and hypocellular bone marrow. Which of the following is will be the best specimen?
a) Skin biopsy
b) Hair shaft
c) Peripheral blood
d) Bone marrow
e) Lymph node
15. Which of the following is used in harvesting to arrest cells in metaphase?
a) Carnoy’s fixative
b) Phytohemagglutinin
c) Hypotonic KCL
d) 0.9 % NACL
e) Colchicine