PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER

LESSON 1:THE HUMAN PERSON AND FREEDOM

What is Freedom?
 The condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want
to, without being controlled or limited.
 Freedom is defined as the intrinsic and essential property of the person.
 This means that humans by nature are free beings and that it is in their nature to seek
freedom.
 The ability to make choices and perform actions indicates human freedom. This sets us
apart from other beings in the world.

Where does freedom rooted?

SELF- DETERMINATION
 The ability or power to make decisions for yourself, especially thepower of a nation to
decide how it will be governed, 'The ability to BECOME.
EXERCISE OF INTELLECT
 The process to manifest his or her ideas and aspirations.
FREE WILL
 The ability to decide what to do independently of any outside influence.

Freedom of Choice- means that the person is able to choose his own course of action and
his own pattern of living.

WHAT'S GOOD WITH FREEDOM?

 Freedom gives us the choice to undertake one the best possible action.
 Freedom requires a degree of control from the person who exercises it.

KINDS OF FREEDOM
PHYSICAL FREEDOM
 refers to the absence of any physical restraint. The person is free move wherever he or
she goes.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM
 is also called as FREEDOM OF CHOICE. The person performs actions that he considers
right and wise.

MORAL FREEDOM
 refers to as FREEDOM IN MANNER that upholds human dignity and goodness. The
person is not an object of other's freedom.

TWO ELEMENT OF FREEDOM

VOLUNTARINESS
 It refers to the ability of a person to act out his or her free will and self-determination.
 It means that a person may decide to act or not to act, and these decisions are made out of
his or her own free will.
 It also means that a person may act even if he or she is not required or called to take
action.
RESPONSIBILITY
 It refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and consequences.
 As a free being, the person must accept the consequences of his or her action and take
responsibility for them.

SELF REFLECTION
 Is vital in the proper exercise for human freedom.
LESSON 2:THE HUMAN PERSON AND INTERSUBJECTIVE HUMAN
RELATIONS

FROM A PHILOSOPHER:
"It is said that man experiences his world. What does that mean? Man travels over the
surface of things and experiences them. He extracts knowledge about their constitution
from them: he wins an experience from them. He experiences what belongs to the
things."
-Martin Buber
HOW DO WE RELATE WITH OTHERS?
 Our ability to engage in meaningful interactions with other people, our surroundings, and
everything around us is rooted in our capacity for...
1. Self-awareness
2. Transcendence

 Before we begin to relate with others, we must first to know the "SELF" as what the
famous Socrates will say, "Know Yourself".
If you began to know yourself by then you will know the "OTHER"
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
 The interaction between the self and the other.
 It is sharing the subjective states by two or more individuals.
 A unique relationship between distinct subject.

SUBJECT
 The term subjective... -based on feelings or opinions rather than facts -relating to the way
a person experiences something in his or her own.
(A human person is a SUBJECT)

WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW IN INTERSUBJECTIVITY?

1.We want to know what it takes to experience the "other" as "the other"
2. How the experience of "the other" may be needed for the development of self- awareness.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "OTHER" AND "THE OTHER"

1. "Other" = human being, an object outside of you;
a. Trees
b. Animals
c. Etc.
2. "The Other" = human person, same being, subject
a. Your Classmate
b. Your Teacher
c. Parents
d. Friends
e. Enemies

A closer look at everyday interactions reveals instances where the self interacts with the other:
1. The simple awareness of the existence of the other.
2. The awareness of the self as being seen by others.

LESSON 3:INTERSUBJECTIVITY-ACCEPTING DIFFERENCES

Intersubjectivity
 is a term used in philosophy,psychology, sociology, and anthropology to represent the
psychological relation between people.
 is a philosophical concept that refer to interaction between the self and the other which is
the shared awareness and understanding among persons.
 Social-interaction is evident such as ability to agree and cooperate, shared common
knowledge, consensus and shared emotions.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS- is considered by philosophers as a defining characteristic of the

self-other relationship. The awareness of the person staring at you will initially result in
 feelings of consciousness. Philosophers have different view of human interaction and believe
that humans seek and are able to achieve and maintain genuine relationship.

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES(PWD’S)AND UNDERPREVILEGED

 Living in a diverse world means that each person is unique in their physical traits and
cultural aspects. Although some similarities may exist, no two people are identical,
which can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings. To establish friendly relationships,
we must embrace diversity and accept differences. Respect for other people's views
and opinions is crucial to achieving mutual understanding and forming intersubjective
relationships.
 It is important to avoid premature judgments, gain new insights, and embrace
diversity in order to live peacefully with others. Listening attentively, especially to
those facing discrimination and hardships, such as individuals with disabilities and
those who are underprivileged, can be of great benefit to all.
PERSONS WITH DISABAILITIES(PWD’S)
 The United Nations defines "persons with disabilities" as those who have long-term
impairments that, when combined with unreasonable barriers, hinder their full
participation in society. Negative attitudes and stereotypes towards individuals with
disabilities contribute to their struggles, including poor academic and vocational
outcomes. To eliminate discrimination, society must promote positive and supportive
attitudes towards those with disabilities so they can reach their full potential. Many
individuals with disabilities have succeeded in various fields, such as teaching, law, art,
and sports. It is important to acknowledge that disabilities are not limitations, and people
with disabilities can lead productive and fulfilling lives.
 Roselle Ambubuyog, Arnold Balais, and Fatima Soriano are some Filipinos who have
successfully risen above their disabilities and are making waves in their own arenas.

UNDERPREVILEGED SECTORS OF THE SOCIETY

UNDERPRIVILEGED
 One more group of individuals that experiences various forms of discrimination and
hardships in life.
 Underprivileged is being described as the group of people that is suffering from
different forms of social deprivation such as denial of the enjoyment of similar level
of comfort and/or fundamental rights as most of the members of a civilized society
due to several economic and social circumstances.
 A group of individuals in a certain society have less material possessions and basic social
benefits compared to others. They face various dimensions of poverty, like income
poverty, health deprivation, and human rights violations. Women, children, and the LGBT
community are among those who are underprivileged.Additionally, marginalized sectors
like jeepney drivers, farmers, and fisherfolks are also considered underprivileged.

MARGINALIZED SECTORS
 are the groups of individuals that are experiencing the so-called marginalization,
which is the act of downgrading a person, a class of people, or a concept to an
insignificant secondary, or powerless situation in a society.

According to Emmanuel Levinas (1905-1995), a French philosopher

 he emphasized the need for individuals to prioritize assisting those who are victims of
poverty and social deprivation. This involves advocating for their rights and
pressuring government officials to implement laws that protect them from oppression.
The goal is to ensure that underprivileged individuals have access to the same social
services as the rest of society, including education, employment, and healthcare.

LESSON 4:RECOGNIZE HOW INDIVIDUAL FROM SOCIETIES AND HOWN

INDIVIDUALS ARE TRANSFORMED BY SOCIETIES

 People typically live in communities with those who share their ethnicity, nationality,
religion, or other cultural elements. Isolation is not the norm.

HUMAN SOCIETY
 a group of people who share a common lifestyle and organization
 has been viewed as a unique and complex society. Because of it's dynamic features, it
is capable of developing and improving its Structures.
 One of the basic components of society is people.

Different Form of Societies

1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY-is recognized as the earliest and simplest form
of society. It is generally characterized by its small size and is composed mainly of familiar.
They spend most of their time searching for food and thus, no permanent territory.
2. PASTORAL SOCIETY- is characterized by the domestication of animals for food for a more
stable and predictable food Supply Pastoral communities have larger populations than hunting
and gathering societies and remain longer in one place.
3. HORTICUPAR SOCIETY- primarily engages in the small scale cultivation plants, fruits, and
vegetables and the domestication of animals.
4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY- is a further evolution of the pastoral and horticultural societies.
Agriculture involves the larger scale and long-term cultivation of crops and domestication of
animals. This society is characterized by approved technology and the use of tools to aim in
farming.

5. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY - is based on the use of specialized machinery in the production of

goods and services. The advances in science and technology in the late 18th century resulted in
the Industrial Revolution, which in turn gave rise to new production and industrial methods, as
well as innovation in transportation and communication.

How does society influence our development as persons?

1. NORMS- which are set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable and are,
thus encourage and passed on to other members. (Abella, 2016)
2. LAW- more formas and stringent norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of
the Citizen (Abella, 2016)
3. FOLKWAYS - are less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in
punishment when violated (Abella, 2016)
4. SOCIAL VALUES- are actions or ideals that are considered important by Society
(Abella, 2016).