Data for Vietic Native Etyma and Early Loanwords

by Mark Alves - Last update: 27 December 2020

Explanation: This file is the basis for my paper "Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-
Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese" (JSEALS 13.2:xiii-xlv (2020): http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52472). The
comparative data of two dozen Vietic languages, dialect groups, and dialects are not in this file and are still in the
process of being gathered and assembled. Thus, this file is an ongoing work in progress, and readers are
welcome to contact me by email with essential corrections. The data includes etymological sources for only
Vietnamese words, not all Vietic languages, meaning there are still other Proto-Vietic words not in this list and
are part of a larger ongoing research.
Details regarding the sources of lexical data are in Section 3 and the list of references in that article. Briefly, the
Proto-Vietic reconstructions (marked *) are those of Ferlus 2007, and Proto-Vietic reonstructions are those of
Shorto (2006). My own tentative reconstructions (marked #) are also included when sufficient data warranted
them (i.e. for Proto-Vietic, lexical attestations in multiple Vietic subgroups for Proto-Vietic, or for Proto-
Austroasiatic, geographically widespread in Austroasiatic as demonstrated by data from the Mon-Khmer
Etymological Dictionary and the Munda Etymological Dictionary).
All items have reconstructable Proto-Vietic words, but they have various etymological sources. A form in the AA
(Austroasiatic) column means that it can be tied to that etymon. In some cases, no Proto-Austroasiatic form can
be reconstructed, but comparable items are either in proto-languages or modern languages of neighboring
groups, such as Katuic, Bahnaric, Khmeric, and others. These are considered regional Austroasiatic items, but
the details cannot be determined. Column G "Chinese or Tai" include probable loanwords. None of these can be
considered part of Proto-Vietic, but nevertheless were spread early in Vietic history. Again, see details in the
accompanying article noted above.

ABBREVIATIONS
LOC/EMC = Late Old Chinese or Early Middle Chinese
LMC = Late Middle Chinese
NR = not relevant either because of lack of data or because the etymon with the meaning is not related
VM = the group of Viet-Muong languages and dialects
PC = the group of Pong-Cuoi languages and dialects

Columns H and I indicate the numbers and types of groups of Vietic with attestations. For example, 3 and
VM-PC-S means that a word has relevant lexical support in the Vietnamese, Muong, Pong, Cuoi, and at least one
archaic language, 3 VM-C-S means that there is evidence in only Vietnamese, Muong, Cuoi, and one archaic
language. When there are only 2 groups VM and PC, these might be tied to Proto-Vietic, but they could also be
tied to a later stage of Vietic. Regardless, their time depth can be considered reasonable substantial to make
inferences about early Vietic culture, such as those discussed in my article and for future queries.
Part of Semantic Semantic English Proto- AA Chinese or No. of Subgroups Viet
Speech Fields Features Vietic Tai Subgroups

noun agriculture awild ramie, hem *-keː NR NR 2 VM-C ( cây ) gai

noun body organ throat/gulle*k-rɔːŋʔ *t1luŋ cf. Chinese 3 VM-C-S ( cổ ) họng
noun body organ throat/gulle*-hɔːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S ( cổ ) họng
verb speech and social ask (a quest*haːɲ NR NR 3 V-PC-S (hỏi) han
noun animals insect bee/honeyb*kweːʔ NR NR 2 VM-S (ong) khoái
noun animals mammal wolf *k-rɔːrʔ ~ kʰ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S [chó] sói
noun animals part scale (of an *-seːl NR NR 2 VM-S [con] tê tê
noun animals wild lizard *ɓoːlʔ *ɓulʔ NR 2 VM-PC [rắn] mối
noun animals bird crow *kr-?aːk *kʔaak NR 3 VM-PC-S ác / ( quạ )
noun agriculture aimplement yoke #ʔɛːk (tenta NR LMC (軛 è 'y2 VM-C ách
function wocognition general who *ʔeː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S ai
adjective sense perce temperatur warm/lukew*s-ʔəmʔ *[s]ʔəm NR 3 VM-PC-S ấm
verb food and dr phys-intent eat (v) *ʔan NR NR 3 VM-PC-S ăn
noun clothing andclothing shirt/upper *?aːwʔ *ʔaawʔ LOC/EMC (袄3 VM-PC-S áo
verb animals phys-intent sit on / lay e*ʔəp NR NR 2 VM-PC ấp 'sit on/ha
function woquantity numeral three *paː *piʔ (#pee ( NR 3 VM-PC-S ba
noun animals part scapula *pah NR NR 2 VM-C bả ( vai )
noun kinship family father/mot *paːk NR LOC/EMC (伯3 VM-C-S bác
adjective sense perce color white *baːk NR LOC/EMC (白2 V-PC bạc
noun basic action material silver #ɓa:k (tentaNR LOC/EMC (白3 VM-C-S bạc 'white/s
noun agriculture amaterial thatch-gras *paːjʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bái
verb basic action manipulate chop/mince#pam NR NR 3 VM-C-S băm
adjective food and dr condition minced *bam NR NR 2 VM-S bằm
verb possession social sell (v) *paːɲʔ NR NR (note: in 3 VM-PC-S bán
verb warfare andmanipulate shoot (v) *pəɲʔ *paɲʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S bắn
noun spatial relat condition flat/even *baŋ NR LOC/EMC (平3 VM-C-S bằng
noun cognition general dream (n) *s-poː *mp[ɔ]ʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S bao
noun basic action implement envelope/b *pɔː NR LMC (包 bāo2 VM-PC bao 'bag/en
verb warfare andmanipulate fish/catch f *pat NR NR 2 VM-P bắt
noun agriculture aproduce gourd, India*buː NR LOC/EMC (匏2 VM-C bầu
function wokinship pronoun you (plural) #baj (tentat *pɛj NR 1 VM bay
verb motion phys-intent fly (v) *pər *par cf. 飛 fei1 't 3 VM-PC-S bay
noun animals part flock/herd/ *biː / piː NR NR 3 V-PC-S bầy
noun animals part flock/swarm*baːj NR NR 3 VM-C-S bầy
function woquantity numeral seven *pəs NR (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-PC-S bảy
noun basic action implement raft (n) #bɛ: #bɛ: (tentat REGIONAL ( 2 V-S bè
verb basic action general break in tw *pɛh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bẻ
verb basic action unintent. break/burst*-peh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bể
noun physical wo environmensea/downst*pes / peh ( NR NR 2 VM-C bể, ( biển )
function wospatial relat location side #pe:n NR LOC/EMC (邊3 VM-C-S bên
noun animals mammal panther *pɛːw NR LOC/EMC (豹2 VM-C beo (ESV)/ b
noun animals insect tick (insect) *k-pɛːt NR NR 3 V-P-S bét, (ve ve )
noun agriculture aproduce squash/pum*k-biːrʔ / k-p*cpiir NR 3 VM-PC-S bí
noun agriculture aproduce bunch/bouq*pɔːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bó
verb motion movement crawl (cater*bɔː NR NR 3 VM-C-S bò
noun animals mammal bovine/zeb *bɔː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bò
noun kinship family father *poːʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S bố / ( cha )
noun animals insect flea *cɛːt NR NR 2 V-PC bọ chét
noun animals insect louse on ch *maːc NR NR 2 V-P bọ mạt
verb basic action manipulate peel (tr.) (v)#pɔ:k *pɔɔk REGIONAL: 3 VM-C-S bóc
verb motion phys-intent swim (v) #pɤ:j (tenta NR NR 3 V-C-S bơi
verb basic action phys-intent chew (slow #?? *gɓam 'to h NR 1 V bỏm bẻm 't
function woquantity numeral four *poːnʔ *punʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S bốn
noun physical wo general shadow *pɔːŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-C bóng
noun agriculture awild flower/blos*poːŋ *pnpuŋ NR (cf. PMP 3 VM-PC-S bông
adjective basic action condition burned #kV.pɔ:ŋh NR NR 3 VM-C-S bỏng
noun body organ bladder *pɔːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bong bóng
noun body external hole (in ear *boːŋʔ NR NR 3 V-P-S bộng 'hollow
noun physical wo substance foam *bɔːt NR NR 2 VM-PC bọt
verb food and dr phys-intent suckle/suck *b-ʔuːʔ > PP*ʔbuuʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S bú
noun agriculture aimplement harrow #LOC/EMC NR LOC/EMC (耙3 VM-C-S bừa
verb basic action manipulate split/cleave *bah | pah *puh (tenta NR 3 VM-PC-S bửa
noun basic action implement hammer #ɓuaʔ (tentNR LOC/EMC (斧2? VM-C? búa 'hamme
verb clothing andmanipulate plait (hair) (*puːlʔ NR NR 2 V-PC búi
noun clothing anddecoration bun (of hair*c-puːlʔ NR NR 3 V-P-S búi
noun physical wo substance dust *buːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S bụi
noun agriculture ageneral bush/thicke*buːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bụi
noun physical wo substance mud/silt *buːl NR NR 3 VM-C-S bùn
verb basic action phys-intent carry (with #pɤŋ (tenta NR NR 2 VM-S bưng
noun body organ belly/stoma*buŋʔ *buuŋʔ NR 3 VM-P-S bụng ( cf lao
verb basic action manipulate tie up/bind #pak *bək LOC/EMC (縛2 VM-C buộc
noun agriculture aproduce pomelo *paːs NA (but atteNR 3 VM-C-S bưởi
noun animals insect butterfly *paːmʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC bướm bướm
verb social and p social release (v) #?? (LOC/EMNR LOC/EMC (放2 VM-S buông
noun house location room (n) #bo:ŋ NR LOC/EMC (房2 VM-S buồng
noun agriculture aproduce bunch (of b *bɔːŋ *buuŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S buồng
noun body external goiter *pɨəwʔ NR NR 2 VM-C bướu cổ
verb basic action manipulate pick/pluck (*pəc NR NR 3 VM-PC-S bứt
noun animals water creat fish (n) *ʔa-kaːʔ *kaʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S cá
noun agriculture aproduce eggplant *gaː NR LOC/EMC (茄3 VM-PC-S cà
adjective spatial relat condition large/impor*kah NR NR 2 VM-C cả
noun animals fish catfish (type*c-lɛːl NR NR 2 VM-S cá trê
function woquantity unit classifier, ge#kajʔ NR LOC/EMC (O3 VM-C-S cái
noun agriculture aproduce cabbage mu*kaːs NR LOC/EMC (芥3 VM-PC-S cải
noun agriculture aproduce orange (fru #ka:m (LMC NR LMC (柑 gan3 VM-C-S cam
noun agriculture aproduce bran *t-kaːmʔ *skaamʔ (cf NR 3 VM-PC-S cám
noun body external chin #gam (tenta*dgam NR 2 VM-C cằm
noun warfare andimplement arrow/arrow *kam *kam NR 3 V-P-S căm 'spokes
verb animals phys-intent bite/sting (a*gamʔ / kamNR NR 3 VM-C-S cắm 'stick in
noun basic action implement handle (n) *kaːnʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC cán
adjective basic action condition dried up/sh#kanʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S cạn
adjective spatial relat condition shallow *gaːnʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S cạn (dialect
noun animals part claws/pince*gaːŋ NA (cf. Katu NR 2 VM-PC càng
noun body external leg/paw *kaŋʰ (<) NR LOC/EMC (脛2 VM-C cẳng
noun animals part wing *kɛːŋʔ *kaiɲʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S cánh
noun agriculture apart branch *k-caːŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC cành
noun agriculture apart branch *t-kɛːŋʔ / gɛ*kaŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S cành
verb basic action manipulate scratch/scra#ka:wʔ (ten #ka:w (tentaNR 2 V-S cạo 'to scrap
verb food and dr implement grill/grilling *t-kap NR LOC/EMC (夾3 VM-PC-S cặp 'tongs'
noun time material sand *t-kaːc NR NR 2 VM-S cát
verb basic action manipulate cut (v) *kac *kat NR 3 VM-PC-S cắt
verb motion manipulate lift/raise (v)*kət NR NR 3 VM-P-S cất 'put awa
noun agriculture aproduce arecanut *kaw *kaw NR 3 VM-PC-S cau
adjective physical wo weather cloudy/dim *r-kuːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S cáu
noun warfare andphys-intent hook/fishho*kuː NR LMC (鉤 gōu3 VM-PC-S câu
noun kinship family mother's yo*guːʔ NR LOC/EMC (舅3 VM-PC-S cậu
verb agriculture aimplement plough (v)/a*gal *lngal, *ŋga Ferlus notes3 VM-C-S cày
noun agriculture awild tree *gəl / kəl *kəl 'to cut NR 3 VM-PC-S cây
verb agriculture aproduce transplant r*kəlʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S cấy
noun animals domestic dog #gəj (tentat *cgəj NR 1 VM cầy
noun agriculture awild plants/vege*koːjʔ NR NR 2 VM-C cây cối
noun house part bamboo pa *təŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC cf. dựng dứ
noun basic action implement rope/cord *ɟaːk NR Tai *ɟɤ:k (Pit3 VM-PC-S chạc
noun warfare andimplement net, casting *ɟaːl #ɟaːl (tentat Ferlus notes3 VM-PC-S chài
verb clothing andimplement comb (v) *caːs NR NR 3 VM-PC-S chải
noun basic action material indigo *ɟaːm NR LOC/EMC (籃2 VM-C chàm
noun body external leg/foot *ɟiːŋ | ciɲ *ɟəŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S chân
noun food and dr food gruel/porrid*caːwʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S cháo
adjective basic action taste sour/bitter/#ca:t (tenta *sraat NR 1 VM chát
noun kinship family great grand *cat *ceʔ NR 3 VM-C-S chắt
noun kinship family grandchild *cuːʔ *cuuʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S cháu
noun animals insect grasshoppe *coːʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S châu chấu
verb basic action unintent. burn (v) *k-carʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S cháy
noun food and dr implement pestle *tʃ-reː *nrəjʔ, *nrə NR 3 VM-PC-S chày
noun animals insect louse of the*ciːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S chấy
verb motion unintent. flow/run (v *cas *cuur, *cuə NR 3 VM-C-S chảy
verb motion phys-intent run (v) *ɟalʔ *ɟarʔ 'quick,NR 3 VM-PC-S chạy
verb basic action manipulate split/cleave *cɛh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S chẻ
noun agriculture aproduce ear (of grain*k-cɛːrʔ / kɟ NR NR 2 VM-S chẹn , ( gié )
noun animals mammal mouse-dee *t-rɛːw NR NR 3 VM-C-S cheo
verb body general die (v) *k-ceːt *kc[ə]t NR 3 VM-PC-S chết
noun kinship family elder sister *ɟiːʔ NR LOC/EMC (姊3 V-PC-S chị
noun body organ thread > ten*cis NR NR 3 VM-C-S chỉ / ( sợi )
noun animals bird bird *-ciːm *-ciːm NR 3 VM-PC-S chim
verb basic action unintent. sink/subme#*Ci:m (ten NR (cf. BahnNR 2? VM-S? chìm (cf. LSV
adjective food and dr condition ripe/cooked*ciːnʔ (< c-ʔ *ciinʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S chín
function woquantity numeral nine *ciːnʔ *dciin[ʔ] NR 3 VM-PC-S chín
verb basic action phys-intent give/cause *cəː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S cho
noun animals domestic dog *ʔa-cɔːʔ *cɔʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S chó
verb basic action manipulate sweep/broo*k-cuːs NR NR 2 VM-S chổi
noun animals mammal weasel *ɟoːn NR NR 2 V-C chồn 'fox'
verb basic action phys-intent lean (on a s *coːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S chống
noun kinship family husband *ɟoːŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S chồng
noun kinship family male/husba*p-ʄoːŋ NR NR 3 V-PC-S chồng
noun physical wo weather lightning *k-ɟəːp / k-c NR NR 3 VM-PC-S chớp
noun kinship family father's you*cuːʔ NR LOC/EMC (叔2 VM-PC chú
adjective sense perce taste bitter/sour *coːʔ *ɟuʔ NR 2 VM-PC chua 'sour'
function woquantity numeral ten *ɟuːk NR NR 2 VM-S chục
verb basic action manipulate wipe (v) *ɟuːj NR NR 3 VM-C-S chùi
noun agriculture aproduce banana *caːjʔ *t1luuj[ ] NR 2 VM-PC chuối
noun agriculture aproduce banana *cɔːjʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S chuối
noun basic action implement mallet (cf. a*k-tuːj NR LOC/EMC (椎2 VM-P chùy 'mallet
verb possession general have/there *kɔːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S có
noun agriculture awild grass *kɔh NR NR 3 VM-C-S cỏ
noun body external neck/throat*koh *kɔʔ NR 2 VM-PC cổ
noun animals part horn (of ani*t-kɔːj NR NR 2 V-S còi
noun food and dr implement mortar (for *t-koːlʔ *guul NR 3 VM-PC-S cối
verb basic action manipulate untie (v) ?? NR NR 2 V-S cởi
noun food and dr produce rice, cooked*kəːm NR LOC/EMC (泔3 VM-PC-S cơm
noun kinship family child/perso *kɔːn *kuun Tai *ɣonA (L3 VM-PC-S con
noun kinship family daughter in *-juː NR NR 3 VM-C-S con dâu
noun kinship family elder/first ( *daːw NR NR 2 VM-S con đầu lòn
noun animals reptile crocodile/a *k-ruːʔ *krɓə[ə]ʔ NR 2 VM-C con sấu
noun animals insect earthworm *p-luːn / p-rNR NR 3 VM-C-S con trùn / g
noun kinship family last born *ʔuːc (*k-ɗuNR NR 2 VM-C con út
noun kinship family last born *k-ɗuːc (cf. NR NR 3 VM-C-S con út
noun animals bird peacock *k-voːŋ #k-voːŋ (ten NR 3 VM-PC-S công
noun basic action sound gong (n) #gɔ:ŋ (tenta#gɔ:ŋ (tentaLOC/EMC (鉦2 V-C cồng, ( chiên
noun house part stilt, post (o*goːt NR NR 3 VM-PC-S cột
noun animals bird dove *t-kuː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S cu
noun agriculture aproduce tuber *kuh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S củ
noun animals bird owl *kuːʔ *ŋk[awʔ] NR 2 VM-S cú ( mèo )
noun animals water creat crab *kua NR NR 2 VM-C cua
noun house part door *kɨah NR NR 2 VM-C cửa
function woquantity unit lump #kok NR (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-C-S cục
verb animals sound cackle (v) *k-taːk *ktaat NR 3 VM-PC-S cục tác
noun physical wo implement fire/firewoo*guːs | kuːs *[ ]ʔus NR 3 VM-PC-S củi
noun animals domestic pig *guːrʔ | kuː *cur NR 3 VM-PC-S cúi ( heo cú
adjective sense perce condition hard/solid *kəŋʔ *kr[ɔ]ŋ; alsoNR 2 VM-PC cứng
noun spatial relat location end/extrem*gɔːjʔ / kɔːjʔNR NR 2 VM-PC cuối
verb kinship social marry/get m*-gaːlʔ / kaː NR NR 3 VM-C-S cưới
noun agriculture apart leafstalk/pe*kuoŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S cuống ( lá )
noun body substance feces/defec*kəc / kɨc NR (Ferlus s NR 2 VM-S cứt 'feces'
noun body external skin *-taː NR NR 2 VM-C da
noun agriculture awild banyan *taː NR NR 2 VM-C đa
verb basic action phys-intent kick (v) *taːʔ NR LOC/EMC (打3 VM-C-S đá
noun physical wo material stone/rock *l-taːʔ NR NR 3 V-PC-S đá
adjective sense perce condition hard/tough *k-taːl NR NR 2 V-PC dai
noun body external scrotum/te *k-taːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S dái
adjective spatial relat condition long/high *jaːr NR NR 3 VM-C-S dài
adjective agriculture awild wild (plant) *-daːlʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC dại
adjective emotions angeneral stupid/silly Vietnamese NR NR 3 VM-C-S dại
noun body substance urine (n) / u*t-rn-neːʔ NR NR 2 VM-S đái
noun body substance urine (n) / u*-teːʔ > t-rn NR NR 3 VM-PC-S đái
adjective spatial relat location right side *dam | tam #Ctam (tentNR 2 VM-S đăm (archai
noun animals water creat crab *k-taːm NR NR 2 VM-S dam 'field c
verb basic action manipulate beat/punch*təm *t1əm NR 2 VM-PC đâm 'to stab
verb clothing andmanipulate weave (v) *taːɲ *taaɲ NR 3 VM-PC-S đan
adjective sense perce taste bitter *taŋʔ *kt2aŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S đắng
noun agriculture amaterial bamboo (De*k-taːŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S dang / giang
noun basic action implement knife *-taːw NR LOC/EMC (刀2 VM-PC dao / đao
verb basic action phys-intent bury/cover #dVp (tenta *t1əp NR 2 V-S dập
verb basic action manipulate cover/build *tap NR NR 2 VM-C đắp
noun basic action implement dam/dike #təp (tentat*dəp 'to damNR 1 V đập
verb agriculture aproduce thresh/husk*dəp NR Tai *tɤpD 'to2 VM-PC đập
verb basic action phys-intent stomp/tram*daːp NR LMC (踏 tà, 3 VM-PC-S đạp 'to step
verb motion manipulate lead (w. a te*-tac NR NR 3 VM-P-S dắt
verb basic action general lead/guide ?? NR NR 2? V-S dắt
noun physical wo environmenearth *tət NR NR 2 VM-PC đất
verb basic action manipulate put/place (v*dac / tac NR NR 3 VM-C-S đặt
noun basic action general mark/footp*k-toːʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S dấu
noun basic action material oil *-tuː NR LMC (油 yóu3 VM-C-S dầu
adjective body condition painful/hur #taw (tenta NR NR 2 VM-S đau
noun agriculture aproduce beans *duːʔ *t1uh LMC (豆 dòu3 VM-C-S đậu
noun agriculture aproduce blackberry *-toː NR NR 2 VM-C dâu ( cây dâ
adjective spatial relat condition thick *k-daj NR NR 3 VM-PC-S dày
verb motion phys-intent awaken/ris *jərʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S dậy
verb basic action manipulate push (v) #təlh NR NR 3 V-C-S đẩy
verb motion phys-intent awaken/ris *ʔa-jərʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S dây / dậy
noun animals mammal goat *-teː NR NR 2 VM-C dê
noun animals insect cricket *-teːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S dế
noun agriculture aproduce chestnut *-tɛh NR NR 3 VM-C-S dẻ ( cây dẻ )
noun time part night *teːm NR NR 2 VM-PC đêm
adjective sense perce color black #tɛ:n (tenta NR NR 3 VM-C-S đen
noun basic action implement lamp #dE:n (tentaNR NR 2 VM-S đèn
verb motion phys-intent come/arrive#teNʔ (tentaNR NR 2 VM-S đến
noun agriculture awild amaranth, s*-ceːɲ NR NR 2 VM-S dền, rền, giề
verb clothing andclothing wear (necla?? NR NR 3? VM-C-S? đeo
noun physical wo environmenpass/gorge *ʔɛːw NR NR 2 V-PC đèo
noun clothing andclothing sandal #cɛp NR NR 3? VM-C-S? dép
verb motion phys-intent go (v) *diː | tiː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S đi
noun animals insect leech, wate *l-dɛh / l-tɛ NA (cf. Katu NR 3 VM-C-S đỉa
adjective body general deaf *dɛːk | tɛːk NA (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-C-S điếc
noun body external anus *diːt / tiːt NR NR 3 V-PC-S đít
verb body unintent. fart/pass ga#ti:t *kt1iit NR 1 V địt
verb spatial relat phys-intent measure (v)*tɔː NR NR 3 VM-C-S đo
noun agriculture aproduce beans *duh *t1uh LOC/EMC (豆3 V-C-S đỗ
adjective sense perce color red *tɔh NR NR 3 VM-C-S đỏ
verb basic action manipulate pour (v) *toh NA (cf. BahnLOC/EMC (倒3 VM-PC-S đổ
verb motion unintent. flow/run (v *tuh NR NR 2 VM-S đổ 'to pour'
noun animals mammal gibbon *k-joːk NR NR 3 VM-PC-S dộc
noun body general poison/pois*doːk *kraw/kraawLMC (毒 dú, 3 VM-C-S độc
verb speech and sound lie/tell an u #CV.to:jʔ (teNR NR 2 VM-S dối
function woquantity general pair/twins *toːj NR LOC/EMC (對3 VM-PC-S đôi
verb basic action phys-intent change (intr#to:lh (tentaNR NR 2 V-S đổi
noun body social life (of hum #dəj NR NR 3 VM-C-S đời
verb clothing andphys-intent wear (a hat *doːjʔ NR LOC/EMC (戴2 VM-C đội
verb basic action social meet/greet #tɔnʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S đón
verb agriculture amanipulate measure (ri #tɔ:ŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S đong
noun basic action material copper/bro *doːŋ NR LMC (銅 ton2 VM-PC (S hađồng
noun agriculture alocation field #to:ŋ (tentaNR NR 2? VM-S? đồng
verb basic action manipulate light a fire ( *tuːc NR NR 2 VM-S đốt
noun body organ joint/intern*tuːc NA (cf. Katu NR 3 VM-P-S đốt
verb animals phys-intent bite (by a sn*toːc NR NR 3 V-P-S đốt
adjective emotions ancondition naughty *jɨh NR NR 2 V-S dữ 'vicious'
noun agriculture afood melon ?? NR NR 3? VM-C-S dưa
noun agriculture aproduce pineapple *-caːʔ > -cɨaNR NR 3 VM-C-S dứa
noun kinship gender son/person *k-ɗɛːʔ NR NR 2 VM-S đứa
verb basic action manipulate carve/chise *duːk NR LOC/EMC (鑿3 VM-PC-S đục
adjective animals gender male (of an *dək NR LOC/EMC (特3 VM-PC-S đực
noun animals mammal bamboo rat*-tuːjʔ / -du NR NR 3 V-C-S dúi
noun basic action implement stick/awl/c #C.du:j NR LOC/EMC (椎3 VM-C-S dùi
adjective body condition blind (adj) *duːl / tuːl NR NR 3 VM-P-S đui
verb basic action manipulate wrap (v) *duːm NA (cf. Katu NR 2 V-P đùm
verb basic action manipulate dig (v) *duːɲ NR NR 2 V-S đùn
verb basic action general stop (v, intr ?? NR NR 3 VM-C-S? dừng
verb basic action manipulate build (v) *pr-təŋʔ > pNA (cf. Bru pNR 2 VM-S dựng
verb motion phys-intent stand up/ge*təŋʔ *ɟəŋ NR 3 V-PC-S đứng
function wospatial relat location under *-taːlʔ *kt1aal NR 2 VM-P dưới
noun animals part tail *dɔːj / tɔːj NR NR 3 VM-PC-S đuôi
noun food and dr substance sugar/cane *daːŋ NR LMC (餳 tán3 VM-PC-S đường
noun basic action location way/road #da:ŋ (tentaNR (cf. unlikLMC 唐?; Ta3 VM-C-S đường
verb basic action manipulate plug (hole, b*tuːt / nsuːtNR NR 2 VM-PC đút
noun animals water creat frog *ʔeːk NR NR 2 VM-PC ếch
noun kinship family younger sib *ʔɛːm NA (cf. Katu NR 2 V-PC em
noun animals bird swallow (bi *ʔɛːnʔ NR LOC/EMC (燕3 VM-PC-S én / yến
noun animals domestic chicken *r-kaː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gà
noun agriculture apart thorn *t-keː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gai
verb body phys-intent scratch (due*-kaːs *kais NR 3 VM-PC-S gãi
noun kinship gender woman/fem*-keːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gái / cái
verb food and dr phys-intent gnaw/nibbl *gɛːmʔ / kɛːNR NR 3 V-P-S gặm 'to nibb
noun body organ liver *t-kaːn NR LOC/EMC (肝3 V-C-S gan
adjective spatial relat location near *t-kəɲ NR LOC/EMC (近2 VM-S gần
noun quantity unit span *c-kaːŋ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gang
noun basic action material steel (Ferlus*t-kaːŋ NR LOC/EMC (鋼3 VM-PC-S gang 'iron'
noun agriculture aproduce gourd/calab*-gaːwʔ / -k NR NR 3 VM-C-S gáo
noun agriculture awild kapok tree *-kaːwʔ NR NR 2 VM-C gạo
noun agriculture aproduce rice, husked*r-koːʔ *rk[aw]ʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S gạo
verb basic action manipulate fold (v) *p-kəp NR NR 3 VM-C-S gấp
verb basic action general pick up with#gap (tentatNR (cf. ('gra REGIONAL: 2 VM-S gắp
noun animals mammal bear (n) *c-guːʔ / c-k*c-guːʔ / c-kNR 3 VM-PC-S gấu
verb animals sound crow (cock) *t-karʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gáy
verb basic action manipulate break/brea #gas (tentat*[d]kah NR 1 V gãy
noun basic action implement stick, walkin*-giːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gậy
verb emotions angeneral hate (v) *t-kɛːt NR NR 3 VM-PC-S ghét
adjective time condition old (in age) *k-raː NR NR 3 VM-C-S già
noun law law bandit/inva#kacak (tentNR LOC/EMC (賊2 VM-S giặc
noun basic action implement mat (of leav*ɲcaːrʔ NR NR 3 V-P-S giại 'bambo
noun food and dr substance vinegar *-jəmʔ NR NR 2 VM-C giấm
noun animals insect roach/cock #ca:nʔ (tentNR NR 2 VM-S gián
adjective emotions ancondition angry (v) *ɟənʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC giận
adjective possession condition rich *k-ɟaw NR NR 3 VM-C-S giàu
noun agriculture aproduce grape, Burm*p-cuː NR NR 3 V-P-S giâu ( cây gi
noun speech and implement paper *k-cajʔ NR LOC/EMC (紙3 VM-C-S giấy
noun basic action implement rag *k-cɛh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S giẻ
noun house implement well (n) *-ciɛŋʔ NR LOC/EMC (x3 VM-PC-S giếng
adjective spatial relat general flat/flattene#CVtɛ:p (tenNR NR 2 V-S giẹp
verb body phys-intent kill (v) *k-ə-ceːt (< ?? *kcet NR 3 VM-PC-S giết
noun physical wo weather wind *k-jɔːʔ > kʰjɔ*kjaal NR 3 VM-PC-S gió
verb basic action phys-intent raise (as of *k-jəː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S giơ
noun animals insect maggot/wo*k-rɔːj NR NR 2 VM-PC giòi 'larva/w
noun agriculture aproduce seed *k-coːŋʔ NR LOC/EMC (種3 VM-PC-S giống
verb basic action phys-intent watch/look *k-cɨh NR NR 3 VM-C-S giữ 'to keep
function wospatial relat location middle #Csah NR NR 3 VM-C-S giữa
noun basic action implement awl/drill (cf *k-cuːj NR LOC/EMC (椎3 VM-PC-S giùi
noun house implement bed *k-ɟəːŋ NR LOC/EMC (床3 VM-PC-S giường
verb basic action general knock/rap (#gɔ:h (tenta*g[uə]h NR 2 V-S gõ
adjective kinship social widowed *-kwaːʔ NR LOC/EMC (寡2 VM-C góa
adjective kinship social widowed *k-jawʔ NR NR 2 VM-S góa
noun agriculture awild foot of tree *t-koːk NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gốc
noun body external knee *t-kuːlʔ *[ ]kuul NR 3 VM-PC-S gối
noun house implement pillow/cush*-koːlʔ NR NR 3 V-C-S gối
noun house implement pillow/rest #CV.kol NR (cf. Katu NR 3 VM-C-S gối
verb basic action general wash one's #-ko:lʔ (tentNR NR 2 VM-S gội
noun animals part shell (crab, *goːp NR NR 3 VM-C-S gộp / ( mai r
verb basic action manipulate carve/chise *t-kɔːc NR NR 3 VM-PC-S gọt 'peel/wh
verb motion manipulate send/entru *p-kəːs NR LOC/EMC (寄3 VM-PC-S gửi / gởi ( d
noun agriculture aproduce ginger *s-gəːŋ / s-k*s-gəːŋ / s-kLOC/EMC (姜3 VM-PC-S gừng
noun warfare andimplement sword *t-kɨəm TW NR LOC/EMC + 3 VM-C-S gươm / kiếm
verb basic action phys-intent open (mout*haːʔ NR (cf. Katu NR 2 VM-S há
noun agriculture aproduce seeds/kerne*-hɛːk NR NR 2 VM-PC hạch
verb agriculture aproduce harvest/gat*haːrʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S hái
function woquantity numeral two *haːr *ɓaar NR 3 VM-PC-S hai (cf. vài 'a
noun body external jaw/molar *-haːm (< h NR NR 3 VM-C-S hàm
verb basic action manipulate heat/warm #*-həm (tenNR NR 2 VM-S hâm
function wokinship pronoun he/she/3s *hanʔ *[ʔ]anʔ NR 3 V-PC-S hắn, ( nó )
noun physical wo environmencave (n) *haːŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S hang
noun body external hip *k-haːŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-S háng
verb speech and sound sing (v) *haːt NR NR 3 VM-PC-S hát
adjective basic action condition good/well ( #haj NR NR 2 VM-S hay
verb cognition general know (a fac #haj (tentat NR NR 3 VM-C-S hay
function wospatial relat general or #hi: NR NR 3 VM-C-S hay
adjective sense perce condition withered/to*hɛːwʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC héo
adjective time condition finished *heːt *ʔət NR 3 VM-PC-S hết, ( xong )
verb body unintent. cough (v) *hɔː NR NR 2 VM-PC ho
noun animals reptile cobra *huh NR NR 2 VM-PC hổ ( mang )
adjective sense perce smell stinking/sti *hoːj NR NR 3 VM-PC-S hôi
noun body general breath (n) *həːj NR NR 2 VM-C hơi
verb emotions anphys-intent kiss (v) *huːɲ *ɟhuuɲ 'to s NR (cf. 婚 h 3 V-P-S hôn
verb food and dr phys-intent suck/inhale #hu:c (tentaNR (cf. *hVpNR 2 V-S hút 'to suck
noun body substance feces/defec*ʔɛh *ʔic "excremNR 2 VM-PC iả 'to defeca
function woquantity general few *?iːt NR NR 3 V-PC-S ít
noun agriculture aproduce millet (seta *k-hiɛl > kiɛ NR NR 2 VM-PC kê
noun animals insect cocoon *kɛːnʔ NR LOC/EMC (繭2 VM-C kén
verb basic action general pull (v) #kɛwʔ (tent NR NR 2 VM-S kéo
verb speech and sound call (v) *keːw NR NR 2 VM-PC kêu
verb body phys-intent spit (v)/spit *kr-haːk *khaak NR 3 VM-PC-S khạc
noun social and p social guest *kʰɛːk NR LMC (客 kè, 3 VM-PC-S khách
noun animals mammal tiger *k-haːlʔ > kʰ*klaʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S khái, ( hổ )
adjective sense perce condition thirsty *kʰaːt NR LMC (渴 kě 2 VM-PC khát
noun agriculture aproduce starfruit/ca *kʰeːʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC khế
noun physical wo environmenriver/brook*kʰɛː NR NR 3 V-C-S khe 'brook/
noun animals mammal monkey *kʰih NR NR 3 VM-C-S khỉ
adjective cognition general difficult *kʰɔːʔ NR LOC/EMC (苦3 VM-PC-S khó
adjective sense perce condition dry (adj) *kʰoː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S khô
noun clothing andclothing loincloth *kʰoːʔ NR NR 2 VM-C khố
verb body phys-intent cross (arms *k-vɛːŋ NA (cf. MonNR 3 VM-C-S khoanh
noun physical wo general smoke (n) *k-hɔːjʔ > kʰNR NR 3 VM-PC-S khói
noun animals insect ant *gɛːnʔ / kɛːnNR NR 3 VM-PC-S kiến
noun clothing andimplement needle *kiːm NR LOC/EMC (鍼3 VM-PC-S kim (LSV) / g
noun agriculture awild leaf *s-laːʔ *slaʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S lá
noun body organ spleen *laːʔ ~ laː *slaʔ NR 2 VM-S lá lách
verb motion phys-intent come (v) *laːjʔ NR LOC/EMC (來3 VM-P-S lại
adjective quantity condition full *ɓ-lam NR NR 2 VM-P lăm lăm
verb basic action unintent. sink/subme*lanʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S lặn
verb basic action phys-intent bury/fill up #-ləp (tenta NR NR 2 VM-S lấp
noun basic action material bamboo str *laːc NR NR 3 VM-PC-S lạt
noun agriculture aimplement reed *k-luː NA (cf. Pala LOC/EMC (蘆3 VM-PC-S lau
adjective time condition long (of tim *CVlo: (tentNR NR 3 VM-C-S lâu
verb basic action manipulate take (v) *leːʔ / -leːʔ *liʔ (but onl NR 3 VM-PC-S lấy / lậy
verb body phys-intent stick/pull ou*t-lɛːl #lVl (tentati NR 3 VM-PC-S lè
adjective basic action ?? indicating a *lɛh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S lẻ 'odd/unev
verb motion phys-intent go up/mou *leːɲ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S lên
verb basic action phys-intent lick (v) *-lɛːmʔ *[c]limʔ REGIONAL ( 3 VM-PC-S liếm
noun basic action implement sickle *liɛm NR LOC/EMC (鐮3 VM-PC-S liềm
verb possession unintent. lose (v) #loːh (tenta NR NR 2 VM-S lỗ
verb motion phys-intent swim/wade#lo:jʔ *lujʔ Tai (Pitt. *lo2 VM-S lội
?? food and dr condition nonglutinou*lɔːɲ NR NR 3 VM-P-S lòn 'variety
noun body external fur/hair of t*-loːŋ NR NR 2 VM-C lông
noun body organ joint/intern*p-lɔːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S lóng / gióng
noun basic action implement cage for hen*k-ɗɔːŋʔ NR LOC/EMC (籠2 VM-PC lồng gà
noun agriculture aproduce paddy rice *ʔa-lɔːʔ NR LOC/EMC (稻3 VM-PC-S lúa
noun clothing andmaterial silk *luaʔ NR LOC/EMC (縷3 VM-C-S lụa
noun body external back (of the*k-ləŋ NR NR 2 VM-PC lưng
verb food and dr manipulate boil (tr.) (v) #*lVk (tentaNR cf. Cantones3 VM-C-S luộc
noun warfare andphys-intent net, fishing #la:jʔ (tenta NR NR 3 VM-C-S lưới
noun body external tongue *laːs NR NR 3 VM-PC-S lưỡi
noun animals water creat eel *-laːɲ NA (cf. PalauNR 3 VM-PC-S lươn
verb basic action weather flood (v) *p-luːt NR NR 3 VM-C-S lụt
noun religion and general ghost/spirit*-maː NR LMC (魔 mó 2 VM-PC ma
noun body external cheek *-maːʔ NA (cf. Pala NR 3 VM-C-S má
noun social and p social grave (n) *-mah NR LOC/EMC (墓3 VM-C-S mả
noun agriculture aproduce seedlings, r *s-maːʔ *maʔ LOC/EMC (米3 VM-C-S mạ
verb body general be caught/c*ɓak NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mắc
verb clothing andmanipulate put on/wea*mak NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mặc
noun house part roof *ɓaːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S mái
adjective general condition female/fem#CVmajʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S mái
noun food and dr implement tray *ɓəm NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mâm
adjective food and dr condition salted/ to s *ɓamʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mắm
adjective sense perce taste salty *-maɲʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mặn
verb basic action phys-intent do/work (v)*mən NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mần (dialec
verb basic action phys-intent carry (by ha#ɓa:ŋ (tentaNR NR 2 VM-S mang
noun animals part gills *k-maːŋ NA (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-C-S mang
noun agriculture aimplement pipe/condu*ɓaːŋʔ NR Tai (Southw 2 VM-S máng
noun agriculture aproduce bamboo sho*t-ɓaŋ *t1ɓaŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S măng
verb sense perce phys-intent hear/listen *c-maŋʔ *rməŋ NR 2 VM-S mắng
noun animals mammal deer *t-ɓaːŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S mang (obsc
adjective sense perce temperatur cold/cool *t-maːc NR NR 3 VM-C-S mát
verb possession unintent. lose (v) *ɓət #bit (tentatiNR 3 VM-PC-S mất
noun body external eye *mat *mat NR (often co3 VM-PC-S mắt
noun food and dr substance honey/mola*məc NR NR 2 VM-PC mật
noun body substance gall *məc *k.mət NR 3 VM-PC-S mật
noun body organ blood/sap *t-muːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S máu
adjective emotions ansocial lucky/fortu #Cvɓal (tentNR NR 2 VM-S may
function wokinship pronoun you/2s *miː *mi[i]ʔ; *mi NR (cf. PMP 3 V-PC-S mày
noun house material rattan *-məl NR NR 2 VM-C mây
noun physical wo weather cloud *k-məl #Cmil (tentaNR 3 VM-PC-S mây
function woquantity general how many *bəlʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC mấy
noun agriculture aproduce sesame #mV: (tenta NR LOC/EMC (麻2 VM-S mè
noun animals part gizzard #me:l (tentaNR NR 2 VM-S mề
adjective basic action unintent. cracked/chi*ɓɛh NR NR 2 VM-PC mẻ
adjective basic action condition notched (of #CV.ɓɛ:h NR NR 2 V-S mẻ
noun kinship family mother > fe*meːʔ ~ mɛ *meeʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S mẹ
adjective basic action condition misshapen/#ɓiəwʔ (ten *ɓiəwʔ 'aslaNR (cf. WL n2 VM-S méo
noun animals mammal cat *mɛːw *miəw LOC/EMC (貓3 VM-C-S mèo
noun body external eyelid *k-piːl | ɓiːl NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mí / ( lông )
noun agriculture aproduce sugarcane *k-mɛːʔ NA (cf. Khm NR 3 VM-PC-S mía
noun body external mouth *mɛːŋʔ *miəɲʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S miệng / ( mồ
noun quantity unit mouthful/p*-mɛːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S miếng / mán
noun agriculture aproduce jackfruit/br #mi:t (tenta #mi:t (tenta NR 2 VM-S mít
noun animals part beak *k-ɓɔh *ɟɓuəh (cf. KNR 3 VM-PC-S mỏ
verb basic action manipulate cut open/op*ɓoh NR NR 2 V-PC mổ
noun body substance fat/lard (n) *məh NR NR 3 VM-C-S mỡ
verb house phys-intent open (the d *pəh NR NR 2 VM-S mở
verb basic action phys-intent open (door,*ɓəh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mở
verb basic action phys-intent open/leave *ɓəh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mở
function wocognition general where/whic*-moː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mô (dialect)
noun kinship family father's you*mɨːʔ #mVʔ (tentaLOC/EMC (姆2 V-S mợ 'aunt (m
verb basic action manipulate pull out (v) #CV.pok *lpok 'to pu NR 3 VM-C-S móc
noun body external lips *c-ɓuːjʔ / c- NR NR 3 VM-PC-S môi
noun animals insect termite *k-muːrʔ / kNR NR 3 VM-PC-S mối
noun animals mammal anteater/pa*km-ɓoːr NA (cf. Khm NR 3 V-P-S mồi
noun social and p general person/hum*mɔːlʔ NR NR 2 VM-C mọi
adjective time condition new *ɓəːjʔ *tmiʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S mới
adjective body condition tired *-mɔːs NR NR 3 V-P-S mỏi / ( mệt
noun basic action implement stick for dig *-mɔːl / mu NR NR 2 VM-S moi 'to dig o
noun agriculture aimplement stick for dig *c-mɔːlʔ #C-mɔːl (tenNR 3 V-C-S mói 梅 'a th
verb agriculture aproduce sow rice (in *mɔːlʔ NR NR 3 V-PC-S mói, ( gieo )
adjective body condition toothless *-mɔːmʔ NR NR 2 VM-C móm
noun body external mouth *-moːm NR NR 2 VM-C mồm
verb basic action phys-intent feed (infant #mV:mʔ (te NR NR 2 VM-S mớm
noun agriculture aproduce taro/tuber *ɓoːn NR NR 3 VM-PC-S môn
noun body external nail/hoof/c *-mɔːŋʔ *t1m[uə]ŋʔ NR 3 VM-C-S móng
noun body external buttocks/hi*t-moːŋ NR NR 2 VM-S mông
noun animals part cock's comb*moːŋ NR NR 2 V-C mồng / ( mà
verb basic action manipulate pick (v) *ɓɔːc NR NR 2 VM-P mót
noun time unit day after to#CVmu:t (teNR NR 2 V-S mốt
function woquantity numeral one *moːc *muuj NR 3 VM-PC-S một
noun animals insect termite/we *k-mɔːc *kmuət NR 3 VM-PC-S mọt 'termite
adjective body condition blind (adj) NR NR NR 2? V-C? mù
noun clothing andclothing hat #mu:k (tent *muuk; *muLOC/EMC (帽2 VM-C mũ
noun body substance sap/pus *ɓuh NR NR 3 VM-C-S mủ
noun kinship gender woman, old*muːʔ NR LOC/EMC? (2 VM-C mụ 'old wom
verb possession social buy (v) #muə (tentaNR NR 2 VM-S mua
verb basic action social dance (v) #kV.maʔ NR LOC/EMC (O3 VM-C-S múa
noun physical wo weather rain *k-maː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mưa
verb basic action unintent. vomit (v) *ɓah NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mửa
verb basic action manipulate draw water *ɓuːk *ɓək NR 3 VM-PC-S múc
adjective basic action condition rotten/mol #ɓuk (tenta #ɓuk (tenta NR 2 VM-2 mục 'rotten
noun body external nose *muːs *muh NR 3 VM-PC-S mũi
noun body external mouthful *ɓuːm NR NR 2 M-P mum
noun physical wo substance ashes *ɓuːɲ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S mun / (tro)
adjective emotions ancondition happy *məːŋ NR NR 3 VM-P-S mừng
noun basic action implement net (for mo #mu:ŋ (tent#mu:ŋ (tent LOC/EMC; T 2 VM-S mùng (diale
noun food and dr substance salt *ɓɔːjʔ *ɓɔɔh 'salt'; NR 3 VM-PC-S muối
noun animals insect mosquito/f *mɔːs (final *muujs NR 3 VM-C-S muỗi
function woquantity numeral ten *maːl NR NR 3 VM-PC-S? mười
verb possession social borrow (v) *maːɲʔ *smaaɲ 'to NR 3 VM-PC-S mượn
verb emotions angeneral want/wish/*ɓəːlʔ NR NR 3 V-PC-S muốn, ( ưng
noun agriculture aproduce water spina*ɓɔːŋʔ NR Tai *ɓuŋC 'w3 VM-C-S muống
noun agriculture alocation canal/ditch *-mɨəŋ NR Tai *ʰmɯəŋ 3 VM-PC-S mương
noun basic action implement spoon (n) #buaŋ (tent NR (cf. BahnNR 2 V-S muỗng (dial
noun agriculture aproduce squash/veg *ɓɨəp / buo NR NR 2 VM-PC mướp
noun agriculture aproduce squash/veg *ɓɨəp NR NR 2 VM-PC mướp
verb basic action general suck/lick ar *c-ɓuːc *ɓuc/*ɓuuc NR 3 V-C-S mút
verb food and dr phys-intent suck (v) *c-ɓuːc NR NR 3 VM-C-S mút
noun agriculture awild liana?? *k-tuŋʔ NR NR 2 P-S NA
noun body external armpit *-nɛːk *kʔik (cf. M NR 3 VM-PC-S nách
noun agriculture aproduce handful of b*c-naːs (< c- NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nải
noun animals mammal deer/stag *k-ɗeː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nai 'deer'
noun time unit year *c-n-əm < c *cn1am NR 3 VM-PC-S năm
function woquantity numeral five *ɗam NR (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-PC-S năm
noun agriculture aproduce mushroom *ɗəmʔ NR NR 2 M-C nấm
noun food and dr food croquette o *-namʔ NR NR 2 VM-C nắm
verb basic action manipulate take (v) *-nəmʔ NR NR 3 VM-P-S nắm
noun body external fist/content*k-ɲamʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nắm
verb basic action general lie down/re#nam (tentaNR NR 3 VM-PC-S nǎ̀m
verb physical wo condition shine (of su *ɗaŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-C nắng
adjective sense perce condition heavy *-naŋʔ NA (cf. Katu NR 3 VM-PC-S nặng
verb basic action manipulate dry someth *p-ɗaŋ NR NR 2 V-S nắng 'sunny
noun body external tooth/fang/*k-nɛːŋ #Cnaɲ (tent NR 3 VM-PC-S nanh
verb basic action manipulate hide/conce #*nəp (tent NR NR 2 VM-S nấp
noun basic action implement cover/blank*s-nəp (< s- NA (cf. Wes NR 3 VM-PC-S nắp
noun basic action implement lid/cover of #ʰnap NR NR 3 VM-C-S nắp
verb food and dr phys-intent cook/boil (v*ɗoːʔ NR NR 2 VM-C nấu
verb agriculture ageneral sprout (of p#ɗas (tentatNR NR 2 VM-C nảy
verb basic action phys-intent flick/flip off *k-ɗas NR NR 3 V-PC-S nảy
function womiscellaneo pronoun this *-niː *niʔ; *nih REGIONAL: 3 V-PC-S nay ( voir au
adjective physical wo condition cracked/cha*ɗɛh NR NR 3 VM-C-S nẻ
noun basic action implement lighter *t-rn-ɛs NR NR 3 V-P-S nẻ
verb sense perce phys-intent taste (v) *ɗeːmʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S nếm
adjective food and dr condition glutinous (o*ɗeːp NR (cf. Katu NR 3 VM-C-S nếp
noun animals part ivory/tusk ( *ŋaː NR LOC/EMC (牙3 VM-PC-S ngà
verb spatial relat direction face upward*t-ŋah NR NR 3 VM-PC-S ngả / ngửa
adjective spatial relat location far s-ŋaːjʔ *[c]ŋajʔ (cf NR 3 V-PC-S ngái (dialect
verb food and dr phys-intent suck (v) *ŋəmʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC ngậm 'hold
verb sense perce phys-intent look at (v) #Namʔ (ten NR NR 2 VM-S ngắm 'to co
verb cognition general think about *-ŋamʔ NR NR 2 VM-P ngắm, ( ngh
adjective spatial relat condition short #ŋanʔ (tent NR NR 2 VM-S ngắn
noun basic action material silver *ŋən NR LMC (銀 yín 2 V-P ngân / ( bạc
verb spatial relat general cross (v)/ho*p-ŋaːŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S ngang
verb body unintent. yawn (v) *sŋ-?aːp > s *sʔaap NR 3 VM-PC-S ngáp
adjective time general right/imme *t-ŋar NR NR 3 VM-P-S ngay
verb body unintent. snore (v) *t-ŋarʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S ngáy
noun time unit day *-ŋiː *tŋiiʔ NR 2 VM-PC ngày
verb sense perce phys-intent hear/listen *ŋɛː NR NR 2 VM-PC nghe
noun food and dr substance turmeric *ŋɛːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nghệ
verb food and dr unintent. choke (whil *ŋɛːnʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC nghẹn
adjective spatial relat direction inclined to/ *s-gɛːŋ *ɟkii[ŋ] NR 3 VM-PC-S ngiêng
verb basic action phys-intent sit/sit down*ŋuːj *ŋguj NR 3 VM-PC-S ngồi
adjective sense perce taste good (taste #ŋɔ:n (tentaNR NR 2 V-S ngon
noun body external finger *-ŋɔːnʔ NR NR 2 VM-C ngón
noun spatial relat location top/crown *ŋɔːnʔ NR NR 2 VM-C ngọn
adjective sense perce taste sweet *t-ŋɔːc *lŋuut NR 3 VM-PC-S ngọt
verb body unintent. itch/be itch #*ŋa:ʔ (tent*lŋaaʔ (cf. KNR 2 V-S ngứa
noun animals domestic horse *m-ŋəːʔ NR LOC/EMC (午3 VM-PC-S ngựa
noun body external chest *ŋək NA (cf. Pala NR 2 VM-PC ngực
verb body unintent. breathe (v) *t-ŋəs NA (cf. Katu NR 3 V-C-S ngửi 'smell/
noun body external pupil (of the*-ŋaːj NR NR 3 VM-C-S ngươi
noun social and p general human/peo*ŋaːj NA (cf. Bahncf. Sino-Tibe3 VM-C-S người
noun house general house *ɲaː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nhà
verb food and dr phys-intent chew/chew *s-ɲaːʔ NR NR 3 V-PC-S nhá / ( nhai
adjective emotions ancondition lazy *k-ɲaːk NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nhác
verb food and dr phys-intent chew (v) *-ɲaːj NR NR 2 V-S nhai / nhá
adjective sense perce condition rough/rugg *-ɲaːmʔ NR NR 2 VM-P nhám
adjective time condition fast (adj) *m-laɲ NR NR 2 VM-C nhanh
verb basic action phys-intent close (eyes, *k-ɲap > kʰɲ#k-ɲVp (tentNR 3 VM-P-S nhắp
verb basic action manipulate collect/gath*m-ləc NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nhặt
adjective sense perce taste tasteless/bl*m-laːc NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nhạt, lạt ( XV
noun body organ placenta *ʄaw NR NR 3 V-C-S nhau
verb food and dr phys-intent drink (v) *ɲuːʔ *[ ]ŋuuc NR 3 V-PC-S nhậu ( dial.
verb motion phys-intent jump (v) *ʄas NR NR 2 VM-C nhảy
adjective sense perce condition light (in wei*-ɲɛːlʔ *[s]ɟaal NR 3 VM-PC-S nhẹ
noun animals insect spider *ɲeːɲʔ NR NR 2 VM-C nhện
function woquantity general many/much#ɲew (tentaNR LOC/EMC (饒2 V-S nhiều
noun animals mammal hedgehog ( *k-ɲiːmʔ NA (cf. WestNR 3 VM-PC-S nhím
verb basic action unintent. drip (v) *k-̨ ʄɔh NA (cf. Katu NR 2 VM-S nhỏ
verb basic action manipulate pull out/we*ʄoh NR NR 3 VM-C-S nhổ
verb cognition general remember (*k-ɲəːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nhớ
adjective basic action condition dirty NR NR (cf. Viet NR 1 VM nhơ nhớp
noun physical wo substance soot *m-lɔːʔ NR NR 2 V-PC nhọ nồi
adjective body condition tired #ɲɔ:k NR NR 2 VM-S nhọc
adjective sense perce condition dirty *-ɲəːp NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nhớp
noun agriculture amaterial sap/resin *ɲaːʔ NR NR 2 VM-C nhựa
verb body unintent. ache (v) #ʔaɲɨːk (ten NR NR 3 VM-C-S nhức
verb motion manipulate push (v) *ɲuːs NR NR 2 VM-S nhủi
verb basic action manipulate soak (in wat*ʄuːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S nhúng
verb clothing andmaterial dye/lacque *ɲɔːmʔ NR, but like LOC/EMC (染3 VM-PC-S nhuộm
noun kinship family child *ɗɛːt NR cf. Tai *?dek2 VM-PC nít
adjective spatial relat condition small *ɗiːt (cf. ?it *kɗit NR 2 VM-PC nít 'small (o
adjective food and dr condition full/satiated*ɗɔː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S no
function wokinship pronoun he/she/3s #na:ʔ (tenta*nVʔ NR 2 VM-S nó
verb basic action unintent. burst/explo*ɗoh *bt1uh NR 2 VM-C nổ
noun warfare andimplement crossbow *s-naːʔ *snaʔ LOC/EMC (弩3 VM-PC-S nổ / ná
function womiscellaneo general do not (pro *-nɔh NR NR 2 VM-P nỏ 'no/not'
noun possession social debt *b-n-əːʔ > n NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nợ.
noun animals part venom/stin *nɔːk NR NR 3 VM-C-S nọc ong
verb basic action manipulate attach/splic*ɗoːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nối
verb motion unintent. float on wa *ɗoːs (final NA (cf. Katu NR 2 VM-PC nổi
adjective time condition young #nɔ:n NR NR 3 VM-C-S non
noun clothing andclothing hat, conical *ɗɔːnʔ *ɗuən (cf. K NR 3 VM-PC-S nón
adjective time condition young/tend*k-n-ɔːn (< kNR NR 3 VM-P-S non / ( trẻ )
adjective sense perce temperatur hot *p-ɗuŋʔ / p NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nóng
adjective sense perce temperatur hot *p-ruŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nóng
noun agriculture aimplement basket for w*ɗoːŋʔ #Cduŋ (tent Tai *ɗoŋC 'w2 VM-PC nong, ( sàng
noun body external beauty mar *muːt / nuːtNR NR 2 V-PC nốt
noun kinship family elder broth *maːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S NR, (Ferlus
noun agriculture amaterial bamboo, th*-naːʔ NR NR 3 V-PC-S nứa
function woquantity general more #ɗə:h NR NR 2 VM-S nữa
function woquantity general half #CVɗə:h NR NR 3 VM-C-S nửa
noun body substance sweat (n) *-nək NR NR 3 V-P-S nực 'hot'
noun body external teats, to mi *-nuːmʔ NR NR 2 V-C núm
verb food and dr manipulate heat/cook (*ɗuŋ NR NR 2 VM-PC nung 'bake',
noun physical wo substance water *ɗaːk *ɗaak NR 3 VM-PC-S nước
noun basic action implement broom (n) *tʃ-nɔːk (< tʃNR NR 2 VM-PC nuốc ( dial )
verb basic action social raise/rear (v*ɗoːj NR NR 2 V-C nuôi
verb food and dr manipulate roast (on em*ɗaːŋʔ *t1aŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S nướng
verb food and dr phys-intent swallow (v) *ɗɔːc NR NR 3 VM-PC-S nuốt
noun basic action implement cork/stoppe*t-n-uːt < t-rNR NR 2 VM-PC nút
verb spatial relat location stay/be at ( *ʔəh NR NR 2 VM-PC ở
verb animals sound cry/call (of *ʔɔːʔ NR NR 3 V-C-S ó ( dial. )
noun body organ brain *c-?ɔːk *ʔuək NR 3 VM-C-S óc
noun animals mollusk snail *ʔoːk NR NR 3 VM-C-S ốc
noun agriculture aproduce guava *k-?oːs (finaNR NR 3 VM-PC-S ổi
adjective body unintent. sick #ʔo:mʔ (tenNR NR 2 VM-S ốm
verb basic action phys-intent armful/hold*ʔoːm NR (Note: F NR 3 VM-PC-S ôm 'hug/ho
noun kinship family grandfather#ʔoŋ NR LMC (翁 wē 3 VM-C-S ông
noun agriculture aimplement pipe/tube *ʔoːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S ống
noun animals insect bee/honeyb*ʔɔːŋ *ʔuŋ 'wasp' LOC/EMC (螉2 VM-PC ong ( mật )
noun animals insect wasp/horne*buː NR NR 2 VM-C ong bầu
noun kinship gender man/husba *ʔoːŋ NR LMC? (翁 w 2 VM-PC ông 'old ma
noun food and dr substance chili *ʔəːt NR NR 2 VM-PC ớt
verb basic action manipulate mix/dilute (*pʰaː NR NR 3 VM-C-S pha
noun agriculture amaterial bamboo, co*p-hɛːw NR NR 2 VM-C pheo
noun body organ lungs *p-soːs > p- NR LOC/EMC (肺3 VM-PC-S phổi
noun basic action implement fan (n) *gwaːt NR NR 3 VM-PC-S quạt
verb basic action manipulate stir/mix (v) *kweː NR NR 2 VM-P quay
adjective body condition crippled/lam#gwɛ: (tentaTai loan? (BaTai *gwɛA (L2? VM-S? què
noun social and p social village *k-veːr NA (cf. Katu NR 2 VM-S quê
verb motion phys-intent go out (v) *-saː NR NR 2 VM-PC ra
noun body external stubble *raːʔ NR NR 2 VM-C rạ
noun basic action implement knife/bush-*m-raːʔ #mraaʔ (BahTai *vraC 'sw3 VM-PC-S rạ / rựa
verb basic action wild sprinkle (v) #rak *rac, *raac (NR 2? VM-S? rắc, rảy, rướ
noun animals mammal otter *p-seːʔ *bheʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S rái
verb body unintent. fart/pass ga*k-səmʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC rắm
verb food and dr manipulate fry (v) *-raːnʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S rán
noun animals reptile snake *p-səɲʔ *[b]saɲʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S rắn
noun animals insect louse on the*m-rəɲʔ *[d]mrəɲʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S rận
adjective sense perce condition hard/firm *k-sanʔ NR NR 3 V-P-S rắn, ( vững )
verb basic action food roast/fry (w#ʔV.ra:ŋ NR (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-C-S rang
noun body external tooth *k-saŋ *sraŋ NR 2 VM-S răng
noun agriculture aproduce vegetables *-raw NR NR 2 VM-PC rau
noun body external beard/mou *-soː NR NR 2 VM-PC râu / ( ria )
verb agriculture aproduce sieve/sift (v*-reː NR NR 2 VM-C rây, ( sàng )
noun agriculture apart root *k-riɛs / k-rɛ*ris NR 3 VM-PC-S rễ
noun animals insect bedbug/bug*-reːp NR NR 3 VM-C-S rệp
noun animals insect centipede *kr-siːp *kʔip NR 3 VM-PC-S rệp 'bedbug
noun animals insect centipede *-seːt NR NR 3 VM-C-S rết / rít
noun agriculture aproduce galangal (Al *b-riɛŋ NA (cf. Katu NR 3 VM-PC-S riềng
noun basic action implement axe *m-riːw NR NR 2 VM-S rìu
noun basic action implement basket (flat,*-roh NR NR 2 VM-C rổ
noun basic action implement whip (n) *p-rɔːj NR NR 3 VM-PC-S roi
noun body organ navel/umbi *p-suːɲʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S rốn
verb animals sound cry/call (of *k-roːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S rống
noun animals reptile dragon *-roːŋ NR LOC/EMC (龍2 VM-C rồng
adjective spatial relat condition wide *roːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S rộng
verb basic action manipulate fill up (v) *-rɔːc NR NR 2 VM-P rót 'pour ou
verb speech and sound bleat/cry/sh*k-ruː NR NR 2 V-P rú
verb motion unintent. fall (v) *ruh NR NR 2 VM-S rũ
noun physical wo environmenforest *m-ruːʔ *briiʔ NR 3 VM-C-S rú ( rừng rú
noun physical wo environmenmountain *b-ruːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S rú, (núi)
noun animals reptile tortoise/tur*ʔa-rɔː NR (cf. Seve NR 3 VM-PC-S rùa
verb basic action unintent. shiver (v) *-ruːn NR NR 2 VM-PC run
verb basic action general rock/shake #CV.zun NR NR 3 V-C-S run
verb basic action unintent. leak/drip (v*ruŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC rụng
noun physical wo environmenforest *k-rəŋ NA (cf. Katu NR 2 VM-S rừng
noun animals insect fly (n) *m-rɔːj *ruj NR 3 VM-PC-S ruồi
noun animals insect fly, bluebot *-laŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S ruồi lằng
noun agriculture aproduce rice, wet?? *rɔːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S ruộng
noun body organ intestines *rɔːc *ruuc NR 3 VM-PC-S ruột
noun food and dr substance alcohol *raːwʔ NR LOC/EMC (酒2 VM-PC rượu
verb basic action manipulate gather/pull *p-ruːc #p-ruuc (tenNR 2 VM-P rút
noun motion location way/path *k-raːʔ > kʰl #kra:ʔ (tentaNR 3 VM-P-S sá
noun spatial relat unit fathom (n) *p-laːs NR NR 3 M-PC-S sải
noun physical wo weather thunder *k-rəmʔ *grəm[ʔ] NR 3 VM-C-S sấm
noun agriculture aproduce cassava/ma*s-ranʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S sắn
verb physical wo weather shine (moo *p-laːŋʔ *plaaŋʔ 'to NR 2 VM-PC sáng
noun agriculture aimplement winnow (n) *g-raːŋ *k-raːŋʔ NR 3 VM-C-S sàng
noun agriculture awild wood/plant*s-raŋ NA (cf. Sout NR 3 VM-P-S săng / ( gỗ )
noun physical wo environmenstar *k-raːw NR NR 3 VM-C-S sao
noun animals bird blackbird *k-raːwʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S sáo
noun physical wo substance wax *k-raːp NR LOC/EMC (蠟3 VM-PC-S sáp
adjective spatial relat direction face down (*k-rəp *gruup, *[p NR 3 VM-PC-S sấp
adjective time time about to/pr#srap (tenta*srap NR 2 VM-S sắp
noun basic action material iron (metal)*k-rac NR LOC/EMC (鐵3 VM-PC-S sắt
function woquantity numeral six *p-ruːʔ > pʰ NR (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-PC-S sáu
adjective spatial relat condition deep *c-ruː > kʰluNR NR 3 VM-PC-S sâu
noun animals reptile dragon *k-ruːʔ NR NR 2 V-P sấu 'crocodi
adjective body condition drunk (adj) *p-riː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S say
verb basic action manipulate dry someth *c-riːʔ NR NR 2 VM-S sấy
noun agriculture amaterial reed *p-reːʔ NR NR 2 VM-C sậy
noun animals bird sparrow *k-rɛh NR NR 3 VM-C-S sẻ
noun physical wo general rust (n) *p-rɛːt NR NR 2 V-P sét
noun physical wo weather lightning *p-rɛːt NR NR 2 M-PC sét
noun agriculture awild banyan *ɟ-riː #ɟri (tentativNR 2 P-S si
verb body unintent. give birth/la*tɛh NA (NOTE: ONR 3 VM-PC-S sinh đẻ
noun agriculture aproduce taro *s-roːʔ *t2rawʔ NR 3 VM-C-S sọ
noun body organ skull *k-rɔːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S sọ
function wotime part before/fron*g-rəː NR LMC in Viet 3 V-PC-S sơ (LSV)
noun agriculture aproduce mango NR #svaaj (tent NR 1 VM soài
noun animals mammal squirrel *p-rɔːk > kʰl *prɔɔk NR 3 V-PC-S sóc
adjective body condition bald-heade *k-rɔːlʔ ~ k-lNR NR 3 VM-PC-S sói
noun physical wo general gravel *k-rɔːs NR NR 2 VM-C sỏi
noun clothing andmaterial thread (n) *k-rəːjʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S sợi / ( chỉ )
noun time part morning *k-rəːmʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S sớm
verb basic action manipulate paint (v) / b*k-rəːn NR NR 2 VM-C sơn
noun body external back/ridge *k-roːŋʔ *ruŋʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S sống
adjective body unintent. alive/raw *k-roːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S sống
noun physical wo environmenriver *k-roːŋ *ruŋ NR 2 VM-PC sông (cf. ròn
noun physical wo environmenriver *k-rɔːŋ NR NR 2 VM-PC sông (cf. ròn
verb animals sound bark (v) *k-rɔh #-roh/rɔh (t NR 3 V-PC-S sủa
noun food and dr substance milk *p-rah NR NR 2 VM-C sữa
adjective body condition strong *k-rək NR LOC/EMC (力3 VM-PC-S sức , ( mạnh
noun kinship social marriage *p-ruːj NR NR 2 V-C sui 'parents
noun animals part horn of anim*k-rəŋ *d2raŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S sừng
noun agriculture awild sycamore tr*t-ruːŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S sung ( cây su
noun body organ rib *cm-raːɲ > cNR NR 3 VM-PC-S sườn
noun physical wo weather frost/dew/m*k-raːŋ NR NR 2 VM-C sương
adjective emotions ancondition happy #Cɯɤŋʔ (te NR NR 2 VM-S sướng
noun body external ear (also 'he*saːj NR NR 3 VM-PC-S tai
verb basic action ?? spread/exp *p-taːs NR NR 3 VM-PC-S tãi / dãi thẻ
function woquantity numeral eight *saːmʔ NR (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-PC-S tám
verb basic action manipulate wash (cloth *təm NR NR 2 VM-P tắm 'to bath
function wokinship pronoun I/me *soː NR NR 3 VM-P-S tao / ( tôi )
verb basic action manipulate bail out/dra*ʔa-saːc #ksaːc (cf. B NR 3 V-PC-S tát
verb basic action manipulate put out (a f *p-sət / p-saNA (cf. BahnNR 3 VM-PC-S tắt
noun body external arm/hand *siː *sii[ʔ]; *t1ii NR 3 VM-PC-S tay
noun animals water creat crayfish *sɛːp NR NR 3 VM-C-S tép / tôm té
verb basic action general release (v) #sa:h (tentaNR NR 3? VM-C-S? thả
noun time unit month *k-raːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S tháng
adjective spatial relat general short/low #tVp (tentat#tVVp (tent NR 1 V thấp
noun basic action implement jar (n) #daap (tent NR (cf. BahnNR 1 V thạp 'metal
verb basic action manipulate tie up/bind #sat (tentat NR NR 3 VM-C-S thắt
verb basic action manipulate add more (v#tʰe:m (tentNR LOC/EMC (添3? VM-C-S (Vie thêm
noun food and dr substance meat/flesh *-siːt *sac NR 3 VM-PC-S thịt ( s>ɕ )
verb basic action phys-intent breathe (v) *tʰəh NR NR 2 VM-PC thở
noun agriculture aproduce paddy rice/ *t-hɔːk NR LOC/EMC (粟3 VM-C-S thóc
verb basic action phys-intent blow (v) *t-huːs > tu NR NR 3 VM-PC-S thổi
adjective sense perce smell fragrant *tʰəːm *dhum NR 2 VM-PC thơm
verb basic action phys-intent awaken/get*k-sək NR NR 2 V-PC thức
noun body implement medicine/d *tʰuok NR NR 2 VM-C thuốc
noun body organ heart *seːmʔ (sho NR LOC/EMC (心2 VM-PC tim
noun animals part nest/hive *s-ʔuh > suhNA (cf. Katu NR 3 VM-PC-S tổ / ổ
noun body external hair on the *-suk *suk NR 3 VM-PC-S tóc
noun time part dark/evenin*suːlʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC tối
noun animals water creat crayfish/shr*soːm *sum (Only NR 3 VM-C-S tôm
adjective kinship gender man/male *p-laːl NR NR (cf. incor2 VM-PC trai
adjective spatial relat location left *k-laːjʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC trái
noun agriculture aproduce fruit *p-leːʔ > ple*pləjʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S trái
function woquantity numeral hundred *k-lam NR NR 3 VM-PC-S trăm
noun clothing anddecoration bracelet *p-lam NR NR 2 VM-PC trằm 'earrin
noun body external forehead *k-laːɲʔ *[k]liəŋ NR 3 VM-C-S trán
verb basic action unintent. overflow (v *p-laːɲ NR NR 3 VM-C-S tràn
noun animals reptile python *k-lən *t1lan, *t1laNR 3 VM-PC-S trăn
noun body organ whites (of t *k-laŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-C trắng ( trứn
noun agriculture amaterial thatch-gras *p-lɛɲ #plang (tentNR 3 VM-C-S tranh / gian
verb basic action unintent. overflow (v #*tra:w (tenNR NR 2 V-S trào
noun animals mammal buffalo *c-luː *krpiʔ, *krp NR 3 VM-PC-S trâu
noun agriculture aproduce husk (rice) (*k-luːʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC trấu
noun agriculture aproduce betel leaf *b-luː *ml[əw] (or Tai *bluA (L 3 VM-PC-S trầu / giầu
verb basic action unintent. scratch/be *b-ləːl NR NR 2 V-PC trầy
noun agriculture amaterial bamboo, co*k-lɛː NR NR 2 VM-C tre
function wospatial relat location top/upstrea*k-leːɲ NR NR 3 VM-C-S trên
verb basic action manipulate hang (v) *k-lɛːw NR NR 3 VM-PC-S treo
verb motion phys-intent climb (v) *g-lɛːw NR NR 2 VM-PC trèo / leo
noun physical wo substance ashes *p-lɔː NR NR 3 V-C-S tro
verb motion manipulate return/give *p-ləh NR NR 2 VM-PC trở
verb basic action phys-intent point (v) *k-lɔh NR NR 2 VM-C trỏ ( ngón tr
verb agriculture awild blossom/sp*m-loh > ploNR NR 3 VM-C-S trổ / lổ
noun agriculture aproduce waxgourd *p-luk NR NR 2 V-P tróc
noun body external head *k-loːk NR NR 3 VM-PC-S trốc
verb body unintent. peel/scrape*p-laːk NR NR 3 VM-P-S tróc 'to J126
verb basic action manipulate tie up/bind *k-lɔːjʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S trói
verb motion unintent. flow/drift (v*c-loːj NR NR 3 VM-P-S trôi
noun physical wo environmensky *b-ləːj NR NR 3 VM-PC-S trời
adjective spatial relat condition round/full o*g-lɔːn NR NR 3 VM-C-S tròn
noun body external anus/butto *k-loːn NR NR 2 V-S trôn
verb motion movement flee/run aw#tlonʔ (tent NR NR 2 VM-S trốn
verb motion phys-intent flee/hide/e *k-loːnʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S trốn
function wospatial relat location inside *k-lɔːŋ *kluuŋ 'bell cf. 中 zhōng 3 VM-PC-S trong
adjective sense perce condition clear/limpid*k-lɔːŋ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S trong
noun body external pupil/iris *p-lɔːŋ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S tròng
noun basic action implement drum (n) #*kloːŋʔ (te NR Tai *klɔŋA ( 2 VM-S trống
verb agriculture aproduce plant (a tree*m-loːŋ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S trồng ( t! )
noun time part midday/noo*k-laː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S trưa
noun animals insect cricket, mol#tu:jh NR NR 2? V-S? trũi/dũi
noun animals part egg *k-ləːŋʔ NR NR 2 VM-PC trứng
function wospatial relat location before/fore*k-laːk NR NR 3 VM-P-S trước 'befor
verb motion phys-intent crawl (v) *-lɨəɲ NR NR 3 V-C-S trườn
verb motion unintent. slip (v) *g-leːt / g-ləNR NR 2 VM-PC trượt
verb basic action unintent. slip (v) *b-laːt NR NR 2 VM-PC trượt
noun animals mammal anteater/pa*k-ruːt NR NR 2 V-PC trút ( d. ) (i!
noun animals part hump (of ze*ʔuː NR NR 3 VM-C-S u ( bướu )
verb clothing andmanipulate sew/repair *k-paːʔ NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vá
verb basic action manipulate hit with han*t-pah NR NR 3 VM-C-S vả
noun agriculture afood fig tree #CV.vah NR NR 3 VM-C-S vả
verb basic action phys-intent slap (v) #tVmpa:h (t*pah 'to sla NR 2 VM-S vả 'to slap';
verb basic action manipulate carry (on sh*ɓaːk *ɓɔʔ (tentatREGIONAL: 3 VM-PC-S vác
noun body external shoulder *ɓaːj *paʔ NR 2 VM-PC vai
verb agriculture aproduce scatter (rice*vaːs NR LOC/EMC (播3 V-PC-S vãi
noun agriculture aproduce lychee/litch#pa:jʔ (tent NR NR 2 VM-S vải
noun clothing andmaterial cloth of cot *k-paːs NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vải
verb basic action manipulate twist/wring *vaɲʔ *wiɲ NR 3 VM-P-S vặn
adjective sense perce color yellow/gold#C-wa:ŋ (te NR LOC/EMC (黃3 VM-C-S vàng
adjective basic action condition deserted/ab#βaŋʔ (tent NR NR 2 VM-S vắng
verb motion unintent. trip/bump/ *pəp NR NR 2 VM-PC vấp
verb agriculture aphys-intent press (fruit)*pat *pit NR 2 VM-S vắt
verb basic action manipulate pluck off (v)*ɓ-lac NR NR 3 V-PC-S vặt, ( lắt (搮
noun food and dr food croquette o *k-pat NR NR 3 V-C-S vắt, ( nắm )
verb possession social borrow (v) #βal (tentat *pəl/*pul NR 2 VM-S vay
noun clothing andclothing skirt *ɓəːlʔ NR NR 3 VM-P-S váy
noun clothing andclothing skirt *valʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S váy
noun animals part fin *c-piː NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vây
noun animals part fin *c-piːl NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vây
noun animals part fin *c-pəl / k-pi NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vây
verb basic action general wave (v) #wVs (tenta*was NR 3 V-C-S vẫy
noun animals part scale (of fish*k-pas NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vảy
noun body external thigh *t-peːl (nee NR LOC/EMC (髀2 VM-S vế
verb motion phys-intent come back/*veːr NR NR 3 VM-PC-S về
verb animals phys-intent shake/wag *vasvas *was NR 3 VM-C-S ve vẩy 'to w
verb basic action manipulate pinch (v) #pewʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S véo
noun animals bird duck *viːt NR Tai *petD 3 VM-PC-S vịt
noun basic action implement jar *vɔː NR LOC/EMC (盂2 VM-P vò
noun physical wo part bark/shell ( *-pɔh *pus NR 3 VM-PC-S vỏ
noun kinship family wife *-bəːʔ NR LOC/EMC (婦2 VM-C vợ
noun quantity unit handful/con*poːk NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vốc
noun animals domestic elephant *-vɔːj NR NR 2 VM-PC voi
noun animals part trunk (of an*vɔːj NR NR 3 VM-C-S vòi
noun food and dr substance lime, miner *k-puːr *knpur NR 3 VM-PC-S vôi
adjective basic action spatial relat round/circle#βɔŋ (tentat#wV:ŋ (tent NR 2 VM-S vòng 'circle/
noun body external breast *b-rn-uːʔ / k*ʔbuuʔ NR 3 VM-PC-S vú
noun social and p general king/lord/ru#CV.puə NR (cf. Sre pNR 2 VM-S vua
verb basic action general fit/be just r #CVbɯə NR NR 3 VM-C-S vừa
adjective emotions ancondition happy/joyfu*t-puːj NR NR 3 VM-PC-S vui
verb basic action social bury/put in #bu:l (tenta NR NR 2 VM-S vùi
verb basic action manipulate heap up (v) #ʔV.pun *ɓun/*ɓuunNR 2 VM-S vun
noun basic action implement lid/cover of #CV.puəŋ NR NR 3 VM-C-S vung
noun agriculture aproduce sesame *vɨŋ #lŋaː (tentatNR 3 VM-PC-S vừng, ( mè )
noun animals mammal gibbon *k-vaɲ *kwaaɲʔ (KaNR 3 VM-C-S vượn
verb agriculture aproduce harvest (v) T*ʔa-pɔːt NR NR 2?? V??-S vuột
verb basic action manipulate throw (v) *-vət *wat NR 3 VM-P-S vứt 'to throw
noun body general body *cak *cak NR 2 VM-S xác
adjective sense perce color blue-green #ɕeŋ (tentatNR LOC/EMC (青3 VM-C-S xanh
verb agriculture aproduce husk (rice) (*tʃeː NR NR 3? VM-C-S? xay
verb agriculture aphys-intent dig (v) *tʃeːʔ NR NR 2 V-S xáy
verb clothing andmanipulate thread (a ne*tʃɔh NR NR 3 VM-PC-S xỏ
verb food and dr manipulate steam (rice)*soːj NR NR 2 V-P xôi 'steamed
verb basic action manipulate sprinkle (v) *soːjʔ NR NR 2 V-P xối 'to pour
noun social and p social village #sɔːmʔ (tentNR NR 2 VM-S xóm
verb time general finish/comp#ɕɔ:ŋ (tentaNR NR 2 VM-S xong
verb basic action manipulate dry someth *tʃoːŋ NR NR 2 VM-PC xông
verb motion phys-intent go down (v)*tʃɔːŋʔ NR NR 3 VM-C-S xuống
noun body organ bone *tʃ-ʔaːŋ > ɟa*cʔaaŋ NR 3 VM-PC-S xương