30

A.
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e ELECTRON
Photochemical
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chlorophylla) pigment photo-phosphorylation. non-cyclic In
rhotosynthesis
inthe I pigments thylakoid the
PS thecomplexes ATP
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it and in
has are membrane the of
forming organised NADPH, presence reaction
absorptioncentre the more are modern
reaction bound
involved
chlorophyll efficient a (PS I in inresearches,
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light to sequential
called which
maxima centre. proteins. )into
harvesting by in reducing
the
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athas a The Photosystem Each discreteprocess. describe
680 reaction and
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Transport.
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 Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

Excited
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wavelength of red light causing

In photosystem II the reaction centre chlorophyll a absorbs 680 nmatomic
electrons to become excited and jump into an orbit farther from the nucleus. These electrons
consisting
are picked up by an electron acceptor which passes them to anelectrons transportsystem
of cytochromes. This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of an oxidation-reduction or
redox potential scale.
The electrons are not used up as they pass through the electron transport chain, but are påssed on to
Iare also
the pigments of photosystem PS I. Simultaneously, electrons in the reaction centre of PSaccepter
excited when they receive red light ofwavelength 700 nm and are transferred to another
molecule that has a greater redox potential.
These electrons then are moved downhill again, this time to a molecule of energy-rich NADP.
The addition ofthese electrons reduces NADP to NADPH + H.
This whole scheme of transfer of electrons, starting from the PS II, uphill to the acceptor, down the
electron transport chain to PS I, excitation of electrons, transfer to another acceptor, and finally
downhill to NADP* causing it to be reduced to NADPH+ H is called the Z scheme, due to its
characteristic shape. This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox
potential scale.
Photolysis of water
The splitting of water is associated with the PS Il; water is split into H, [O] and electrons.
This creates oxygen, one of the net products of photosynthesis. The electrons needed to replace
those removed from photosystem Iare provided by photosystemn II.
2H,0’ 4e +4H +0,
Cyclic and Non-cyclie Photo-phosphorylation
The process through which ATP is synthesised by cells (in mitochondria and chloroplasts) is named
phosphorylation.
 A.(2.
pathways. Calvin Melvin Explain
so, occurs
No this
hon-cyclic
Whentransport
Photophosphorylation light.
1.
Calvin
uBisCO.
ygenase enzyme
orSince Carboxylation
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cycle pathway Calvin
called
molecules Calvin of
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This to
photo-phosphorylation PS
electron
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released. isl
P+ reactioni is beoccurs cycle. functional, as two
of described the - his
cycle flow seen
flÓw photosystems
Carboxylation
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is all earlier-in is
C0, has
catalysedcrucial of along the
an lunder
photosynthetic electrons. the symthesis
+
,0ygenation step electron with
by is three conduct the work
the of the occurs.
the the Onl y Z ofATP
, stages:carboxylation,
is
release.of
enzymefixation
the circulated scheme. in
activity Calvin plants, ATP The
experiments series, froma
RuBP cycle is tw o
12 of it synthesized withinOxygen. Both
it does photosystems first ADP
carboxylasewhere
would CO,
ATP and
into (March-2016-TS,
not May-2022) 2018,
on the PS
be CO, matter chlorella photosystem inorganic
andPhotosynthesis Il
reduction a in and
more which stable is cyclic NADPH are
utilised whether connected then
orrect and phosphate
results organic photo-phosphorylation the
for and discovered and +
to regenération. the they H PS in
in the through are
call intermediate.
carboxylation the I, in
have phosphorylaticnsynthesised a Higher
formation
it process the
RuBP C, this an
preseniceg
or cyck electron Plant
C, calle
by
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C. b.. 12 a.2 Pho
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