TITLE: HOTEL AND CASINO

BEACH RESORT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

I. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………... 1
II. BACKGROUND ……………………………………………………… 2
III. DEFINITION OF TERMS …………………………………….……... 3
IV. DESIGN CONCEPT …………………………………………………. 5
V. DESIGN INSPIRATIONS …………………………………………… 6
VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ……………………………………… 7
VII. DESIGN TRENDS …………………………………………………… 7
VIII. DESIGN STANDARDS AND PARAMETERS …………………… 8
IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL) ……………………….. 11
X. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (FOREIGN) …………………………. 19
XI. REFERENCES……………………………………………………….. 25
I. INTRODUCTION

The intrinsic connection between individuals and nature assumes a pivotal role in their
holistic well-being. Even amidst the hustle and bustle of urban life, where fast-paced routines
prevail, occasional respites become essential for individuals to rejuvenate and inhale the
revitalizing essence of nature. Often overshadowed as potential getaway destinations, rural
areas emerge as untapped havens brimming with possibilities. These scenic locales not only
grant residents access to pristine natural landscapes and close encounters with wildlife but also
serve as havens for those who prioritize seclusion and tranquility. Stepping away from the
clamor of urban streets, teeming populations, and towering glass structures, individuals find
solace in the lush greenery, cultivating a profound appreciation for the unspoiled beauty intrinsic
to rural areas, particularly those nestled beside bodies of water.

As individuals seek refuge from the demands of urban living, beach outings and
swimming have emerged as favored vacation choices, providing a revitalizing escape from the
sweltering summer heat. The beach environment, distinct from the pressures of professional or
academic pursuits, facilitates a unique opportunity for relaxation and introspection. A visit to the
beach not only offers a refreshing dip in the cool waters but also serves as a catalyst for
individuals to embrace a more active and health-conscious lifestyle. The rhythmic waves, soft
sands, and expansive horizons inspire a renewed commitment to physical well-being,
encouraging activities such as beach sports, jogging along the shoreline, or even serene
moments of meditation against the backdrop of the ocean's melody. In essence, the beach
becomes not just a destination but a transformative sanctuary where individuals rekindle their
connection with nature and embrace a healthier and more balanced way of life.

In numerous tropical nations, including the Philippines, tourism is predominantly

anchored in the vast array of beaches and coastal destinations that offer an array of activities
like surfing, snorkeling, diving, jet skiing, and island hopping. Research indicates that natural
environments, resembling nature, are highly esteemed for their positive impact on various
aspects of human life and health. Furthermore, a beach visit provides an excellent venue for
physical activities such as swimming or jogging along the shore, induces a meditative state, and
promotes better sleep. Exposure to sun and sand also offers benefits like vitamin D absorption
and skin exfoliation. Consequently, a well-constructed beach resort becomes a crucial factor in
ensuring a fulfilling swimming vacation, catering to the desires and needs of guests, showcasing
beautiful natural surroundings, and exuding a relaxing, comforting, and homely atmosphere.

Defined as a deliberately crafted space catering to recreation, entertainment, and

accommodation, a beach resort stands as an architectural masterpiece meticulously designed
for the pleasure of vacationers. Beyond its immediate role as a haven for relaxation, a beach
resort assumes a multifaceted significance by becoming a recognizable and distinct
architectural landmark. In doing so, it doesn't merely provide a retreat for visitors but also
establishes a visual identity closely tied to the cultural and geographical essence of its local
province.

This architectural gem, in addition to offering a sanctuary for leisure, assumes a dynamic
role in the broader context of regional development. Its presence becomes a catalyst for the
amplification of tourism, injecting vitality into the local economy, and subsequently, catapulting
the region's popularity on the tourism spectrum. Functioning as both an instrumental force and a
source of communal pride, a beach resort takes on the responsibility of not only catering to the
desires of its visitors but also contributing significantly to the overall growth and recognition of its
provincial surroundings. In essence, it becomes a beacon, drawing attention to the unique
offerings of the locale, marking its presence on the map as an indispensable destination for
travelers seeking an unforgettable experience.

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II. BACKGROUND

Nestled within the breathtaking landscapes of the Visayas region, the envisioned beach
resort hotel complex stands as a testament to the region's unparalleled natural beauty and
cultural richness. Situated on one of the enchanting islands that characterize the Visayan
archipelago, this coastal haven is poised to provide an idyllic escape for discerning travelers
seeking a harmonious blend of luxury, serenity, and local charm.

The site, embraced by the Visayan waters and surrounded by lush greenery, offers a
panoramic tableau of pristine white-sand beaches and crystal-clear azure seas. Coconut trees
sway gently in the coastal breeze, casting playful shadows upon the golden shores. The irregular
contours of the terrain, adorned with pockets of rugged boulder formations, add a touch of natural
drama to the landscape, creating a captivating visual tapestry.

This parcel of land, rich in natural beauty, beckons with heavy vegetation, creating a
verdant backdrop that enhances the resort's appeal. The absence of electric power sources and
potable water systems fosters a sense of eco-conscious living, encouraging the implementation of
sustainable practices to preserve the site's untouched allure.

Embracing the unique characteristics of the Visayas, the beach resort hotel complex is
designed to seamlessly integrate with the natural setting, paying homage to regional architecture
and cultural nuances. The development aims to not only provide a luxurious retreat but also to
become a beacon that showcases the ingenuity of the local community, enriching the cultural
tapestry of the region.

With its strategic placement, this beach resort hotel complex aspires to not only become a
haven for relaxation and recreation but also a catalyst for sustainable tourism, contributing to the
economic growth and cultural preservation of the Visayas. It is envisioned to be a destination
where the beauty of the natural surroundings harmonizes with world-class amenities, creating an
unforgettable experience for guests and placing the Visayas firmly on the global map of premier
beach destinations.

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III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

A. RESORT HOTEL FACILITIES

1. Administration:
a. Front Desk (Counter): The area where guests check in and out, providing a point
of contact for guest services.
b. Reception: The space where guests are welcomed and inquiries are addressed.
c. Reservations: Area dedicated to handling room reservations and guest bookings.
d. General Manager: Office space for the top managerial role overseeing the entire
operation.
e. Assistant Manager: Office space for the assistant manager supporting the
general manager.
f. General Work Area: Shared workspace for administrative tasks.
g. Conference Room: Meeting space for official discussions and presentations.
h. Record Room: Storage area for administrative records and documents.
i. Storage Room: Space dedicated to storing supplies and materials.
j. Vault Room: Secure room for storing valuable items or sensitive information.

2. Sales Department:
a. Credit Manager: Office space for managing credit-related matters.
b. Food and Beverage Manager: Office space overseeing food and beverage
operations.
c. Public Relations Office: Area focused on managing public relations and
communications.
d. Resident Manager: Office space for the resident manager overseeing day-to-day
operations.
e. Banquet Manager: Office space for managing banquet events.

3. Auditing Department:
a. Chief Auditor: Office space for the head of the auditing department.
b. Cashier: Space for handling monetary transactions.
c. Paymaster: Office space managing payroll.
d. Clinic: Space for medical assistance.
e. Waiting Area: Area for individuals awaiting services.
f. Doctor’s Room: Private space for medical consultations.

4. Concession and Shops:

a. Barbershop: Space for haircuts and grooming services.
b. Beauty Shop: Area offering beauty treatments.
c. Gift Shop: Retail space for selling gifts.
d. Post Office: Space for postal services.

5. Lobby (Public Lounge and Waiting Area): a public space for relaxation and waiting.
6. Main Dining Hall (Ballroom): a large dining area often used for events and gatherings.
7. Coffee Shop: a casual dining area serving coffee and light meals.
8. Bar and Cocktail Lounge: a space for serving beverages in a relaxed atmosphere.
9. Kitchen Complex: the area dedicated to food preparation.
10. Function Rooms (Four): separate spaces for various events and gatherings.
11. Guest Rooms (Twin-Bed Type with Balcony): accommodation spaces with twin beds
and balconies.
12. Guest Rooms (Single Bed Type with Balcony): accommodation spaces with single
beds and balconies.
13. Guest Rooms (Double Bed with Balcony): accommodation spaces with double beds
and balconies.
14. Family Rooms: accommodation spaces designed for families.
15. Elevators: vertical transportation systems.
16. Stairs: accessible pathways between different levels.

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III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

17. Toilet Facilities: restroom areas for guests.

18. Service Area: space dedicated to support services.
19. Maintenance Room: area for housing maintenance tools and equipment.
20. Electrical Room: space for electrical infrastructure.
21. Mechanical Equipment Room: space for housing mechanical systems.
22. Employees Lounge, Locker Rooms, and Toilets: spaces dedicated to employee
amenities.
23. Housekeeping Room: area for housekeeping operations.
24. Workshops: spaces for specialized work activities.
25. Laundry Room: area for laundry operations.
26. Parking Area: designated space for parking vehicles.
27. Landscaping: outdoor design elements enhancing the visual appeal of the
surroundings.

B. CASINO
1. Casino Lobby: the entrance area to the casino setting the tone for the gaming
experience.
2. Elevator Lobby: a designated space where elevators are accessed, ensuring smooth
vertical transportation.
3. Surveillance Office: an area dedicated to monitoring and ensuring the security of the
casino premises.
4. Bars and Restaurants: spaces providing food and beverage services for visitors.
5. Restrooms (Public and Employees): facilities catering to both the public and casino
staff.
6. Gifts and Souvenir Shops: retail spaces offering casino-themed gifts and souvenirs.
7. Ticket/Token Booth: a service area for purchasing tickets or tokens for gaming
activities.
8. Cashier: the point of transaction for financial activities, including cash exchanges.
9. Customer Service: an area dedicated to assisting and addressing the inquiries of
casino patrons.
10. Cash Vault: a secure space for storing large sums of cash within the casino.
11. ATMs Area: designated zones for automated teller machines, providing convenient
access to cash.
12. Mechanical Room: a space housing mechanical systems crucial for the functioning
of the casino.
13. Utility and Janitor’s Room: rooms dedicated to utility services and janitorial
supplies.
14. Storage Room: space for storing various items essential for casino operations.
15. Casino Gaming Area:
a. Table Games: a section hosting a variety of table games for patrons.
b. Slot Machines: areas with electronic gaming machines for slot games.
16. VIP Tournament Room: an exclusive space catering to VIP patrons and hosting
gaming tournaments.
17. High Rollers Rooms: lavish rooms designed to accommodate high-stakes players,
offering an elevated and private gaming experience.

C. SPORTS AND HEALTH FACILITIES

1. Body Fitness Gym: a dedicated space equipped for physical exercise and fitness
training.
2. Game Room: an area designed for recreational activities and indoor games.
3. Massage and Sauna: facilities providing relaxation services, including massages and
sauna sessions.

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III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Outdoor Recreational Facilities:

 Swimming Pool: a facility for aquatic recreation and exercise.
 Children’s Pool: a separate pool area designed for children's
recreational use.
 Tennis Courts: outdoor courts for tennis enthusiasts.
 Horseback Riding: a recreational activity offering horse riding
experiences.
b. Cottage:
 Single Detached Two Bedroom Type: detached cottages with two
bedrooms, providing private accommodation.
 Single Detached Studio Type: detached cottages with a studio layout for
more compact living.
c. Scuba Diving Center:
 Equipment Rental: a facility offering the rental of scuba diving
equipment.
 Exhibit Area: a space showcasing exhibits related to scuba diving.
 Decompression Chamber: a specialized chamber for treating
decompression sickness in divers.
 Clinic: a medical facility providing healthcare services related to scuba
diving activities.

IV. DESIGN CONCEPT

The design concept of the hotel and casino resort is deeply rooted in the rich maritime
heritage and vibrant sea life that characterizes the Visayan region. Inspired by the intricate
connection between the people of Visayas and the ocean that sustains them, the architectural
design strives to be a tribute to both the vernacular traditions and the organic beauty found in
the depths of the sea.

Incorporating vernacular elements, the design draws inspiration from the traditional
architecture of Visayan communities, seamlessly blending cultural aesthetics with modern
luxury. The use of indigenous materials, such as bamboo, pays homage to the local
craftsmanship, ensuring that the resort is not merely a structure but a reflection of the cultural
identity of the Visayan people.

Embracing organic architecture, the design mimics the graceful forms and fluidity found
in the sea life of the Visayas. The curvilinear shapes and undulating structures evoke the gentle
movements of underwater creatures, creating a harmonious connection between the built
environment and the natural surroundings. This approach not only enhances the visual appeal
but also fosters an immersive experience that resonates with the organic flow of the sea.

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IV. DESIGN CONCEPT

The architectural detailing is adorned with sea life motifs, celebrating the biodiversity of
the Visayan waters. From intricately carved seashell patterns to murals depicting marine
ecosystems, every element is a nod to the vibrant and diverse sea life that holds cultural
significance for the local population. This design choice not only serves an aesthetic purpose
but also instills a sense of pride and familiarity among the guests, fostering a connection to the
local culture.

The hotel and casino resort, inspired by the sea life of the Visayas, is envisioned not just
as a place of leisure but as a cultural landmark deeply rooted in the traditions of the local
community. By seamlessly merging vernacular elements with organic architecture, it aims to
create an immersive experience that not only captivates guests but also fosters a sense of pride
and connection among the people of the Visayas. This resort stands as a testament to the
beauty of the sea, the richness of cultural heritage, and the sustainable coexistence between
human life and the ocean.

V. DESIGN INSPIRATIONS

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VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 Accessibility: Designing for accessibility means ensuring that guests with disabilities can
enjoy the resort experience. This includes accessible paths, ramps, and elevators, as well
as accessible rooms and bathrooms.

 Safety and Security: Ensuring the safety and security of guests is crucial in any resort
design. Consideration should be given to factors such as emergency exits, fire safety, and
the use of non-slip materials on floors and pool areas.

 Lighting: Proper Lighting can enhance the aesthetic appeal of the resort and create a
warm and welcoming atmosphere. It’s important to consider both natural and artificial
lighting sources and how they can be used to create different moods and ambiances.

 Privacy: Beach resorts prioritize privacy through secluded accommodations, private beach
access, and strategically designed spaces, allowing guests to enjoy the coastal experience
while ensuring a sense of exclusivity.

 Entertainment: Beach resorts offer a diverse range of entertainment options, including

water sports, beachside activities, live performances, and themed events, creating a
dynamic and vibrant atmosphere for guests.

 Local Cultural: Infuse elements of the local culture into the design, including artwork,
architecture, and cuisine, to offer guests a unique and authentic experience.

VII. DESIGN TRENDS

A. LOCAL CULTURE AND AUTHENTICITY

Resorts are moving away from generic designs and incorporating local culture,
architecture and traditions to create a more authentic and immersive experience for
guests. This includes using local materials, artworks, and design elements that reflect the
destination’s identity.

B. FLEXIBLE AND MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SPACES

Resorts are designing spaces that can adapt to different purposes, allowing for
flexibility in use. Multi-functional areas can host a variety of events, from conferences and
weddings to cultural activities, ensuring that the resort remains versatile and caters to
diverse guest needs.

C. TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION
Technology is being integrated into resort design to enhance the guest experience.
This includes smart room controls, interactive guest services, virtual concierge services,
and advanced security systems. Resorts are leveraging technology to streamline
operations and provide a seamless and convenient stay for guests.

D. OUTDOOR EXPERIENCES AND ADVENTURE

Resorts are increasingly focusing on providing unique outdoor experiences and
adventure opportunities. This includes designing spaces for outdoor activities, such as
hiking, biking, water sports, and guided tours, to appeal to guests seeking adventure and
exploration.

E. ART AND DESIGN INSTALLATIONS

Artistic and visually striking design elements are becoming more prominent in
resorts. This may include large-scale art installations, sculptures, and unique architectural
features that serve both aesthetic and experiential purposes, creating a memorable and
Instagram-worthy atmosphere.

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VIII. DESIGN STANDARDS AND PARAMETERS

A. VEHICULAR CIRCULATION/PARKING
1. Locate pedestrian/vehicular site entries to minimize conflicts and design these entries
with enhanced paving and other design techniques to differentiate the two.
2. Locate additional site access points as far as possible from street intersections to
minimize conflicts.
3. Provide separate vehicular and pedestrian circulation systems with a strong emphasis
on pedestrian linkages between uses. In large commercial developments, pedestrian
access within parking areas, is a key consideration.
4. Minimum curb radii in accordance with the design and construction standards shall be
applied where appropriate at public and private road intersections with pedestrian
crossings to reduce pedestrian crossing distances and turning car speeds.
5. Provide landscape islands (19 feet long by 10 feet wide) at the ends of rows of parking
stalls, and, at a minimum, at least one island within rows; the size and number of islands
will vary with the size and design of the parking lot and will be reviewed at the time of Site
Plan/Architectural Review.

B. SERVICE/DELIVERY, EMERGENCY AND UTILITY ACCESS

1. Meet all regulations, including the International Fire Code, in the design of emergency
access to buildings.
2. Avoid the creation of "blind areas" that cannot be patrolled by police or security staff.
3. Where feasible, connect emergency routes between adjacent properties.
4. Provide shared service and delivery access ways between adjacent parcels and/or
buildings where possible.

C. SURFACE PARKING LOTS

1. Design parking lots to avoid dead-end aisles and, where feasible, provide connections
to adjacent parking aisles, roads or lots; and, where dead-end situations are unavoidable,
adequate space for unimpeded turnaround must be provided.
2. Separate parking areas from buildings by a decorative concrete walkway and
landscaped strip. Avoid situations where parking spaces directly abut structures.
3. Orient parking aisles perpendicular to building entries so pedestrians walk parallel to
moving cars. Minimize the need for pedestrians to cross parking aisles and landscape
areas.
4. Design parking areas in a manner that links buildings to the street sidewalk system as
an extension of the pedestrian environment.
5. Use curbed landscaped islands to designate a change in direction of parking stalls and
aisles.

D. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
1. Continuous pedestrian walkways shall be provided to connect the public sidewalk to the
principal customer entrances at each tenant space and transit stops. The drive aisle shall
not be used as a pedestrian walkway.
2. Sidewalks shall be provided along the full length of the building along any facade
abutting streets and parking areas.
3. Sidewalks and pedestrian ways shall be scaled to the use and expectations of
pedestrian volumes in any given location with the minimum width of the sidewalk and
pedestrian ways no less than 5 feet, and no less than 8 feet where multi-use is proposed.

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VIII. DESIGN STANDARDS AND PARAMETERS

HOTELS
According to the classification system of the German Hotel and Inn Association
(DEHOGA), there are five categories, essentially determined by the room's size and features:
1 Star (Tourist): single room 8m2, double room 12m2 (minimum area for 75% of the hotel
rooms, without bathroom), bed, wardrobe, seat, washbasin in the room, reception as a
separate area
2 Stars (Standard): as before, but single room 12 m 2, double room 16 m2 (minimum area
for 75% of the hotel rooms, including bathroom and corridor), bathroom in room (for 70%
of hotel rooms), seat per bed, color television (in 70% of the hotel rooms)
3 Stars (Comfort): as before, but single room 14 m2, double room 18 m2 (minimum area,
see above), bathroom in room (for all rooms in the hotel), telephone, reception area with
seating for group, independent reception
4 Stars (First Class): as before, but single room 16 m 2, double room 22 m2 (minimum
area, see above), minibar, armchair/couch with coffee table, lobby with seating and drinks
service
5 Stars (Luxury): as before, but single room 18m2, double room 26m2, (minimum size, see
above), 2% of the hotel rooms as suites (at least two), each with an armchair/sofa per bed,
additional washbasin in double rooms and suites, additional color television in suites,
reception lobby.

SINGLE ROOM (minimum DOUBLE ROOM (minimum

HOTEL CLASSIFICATION
sqm) sqm)
1* Basic / Economy 8 12
2* Budget / Standard 12 16
3* Mid-grade 14 18
4* High Class / First Class 16 22
5* Luxury / De Luxe 18 26

MAXIMUM GAMING AREA

Gaming Area = Table Games Area + Electronic Gaming Machines Area + Poker Room
Area + Bingo Venue
Where:
Table Games Area = gaming table footprint x quantity of gaming tables
Poker Room Area = poker room table footprint x quantity of poker room tables
Electronic Gaming Machines (EGM) Area = EGM footprint x quantity of EGMs
Bingo Venue = size of the designated venue for bingo operations

*NOTE
1. Gaming table footprint is equivalent to 27 square meters.
2. Poker room table footprint is equivalent to 27 square meters.
3. EGM footprint is equivalent to 3 square meters.

SWIMMING POOLS
POOL WIDTH (m) LENGTH (m) WATER DEPTH, MIN. CEILING
REMARKS HEIGHT (m)
Paddling Pool min 15 25 m2 0.00-0.40/60 2.50
Non-swimmers 8.00 12.50 0.60/0.80 to max
Pool 10.00 16.66 1.35 m 3.20

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VIII. DESIGN STANDARDS AND PARAMETERS

POOL WIDTH (m) LENGTH (m) WATER DEPTH, MIN. CEILING

REMARKS HEIGHT (m)
Combined Pool 8.00 25.00 With lifting floor: 4.00
10.00 50.00 0.30-1.80m
12.50 25.00 In swimmer’s
16.66 25.00/50.00 section: 1.80m
21.00 In diving section:
25.00 min. water depth
3.80 + 4.50
(5.00) m
Swimmers Pool 16.66 25.00/50.00 4.00
21.00 50.00 Min 1.80 m
25.00 50.00
Wave Pool 12.50 min 33.00 Initial water 4.00
16.66 depth: 0.00 m (if
21.00- step, max 0.30
25.00 m)
Final water
depth: according
to the use of the
pool and type of
wave machine

TENNIS COURT
SPORTS
COMPETITIVE SPORT LEISURE SPORT NET
HALL
Free space Free space
Size of Total Size of Total
around around Height Clear
playing Area playing Area
Sides Ends Sides Ends (m) Height
area (m) (m) area (m) (m)
(m) (m) (m) (m)
18.00 x 24.00 x 18.00 x 24.00 x
Reg>7.00
9.00 3.00 3.00 15.00 9.00 3.00 3.00 15.00 1.50
Nat>9.00
18.00 x 3.00 3.00 24.00 x 18.00 x 3.00 3.00 24.00 x 1.50
Int>9.00
6.00 12.00 6.00 12.00

FITNESS GYM
Dimension: Depends on equipment, min. height 2.5
Usable playing area (m2): 20-50

SPA
Sauna stove: Sauna cabins for installation usually have electric stoves (which require a three-
phase supply above a certain size), while log cabin types mostly have solid fuel stoves (which
require a chimney).
Plunge pool: max. depth 1.20 m. An important part of a proper sauna, a (warm) footbath with a
seat is required.
Room temperatures: changing room 20-22°C, wash room i’: 24-26°C, cooling room ~ 18-20°C,
rest room 20-22°C, massage room 20-22°C.
Humidity: 100°C: 2-5% rel. humidity, 80°C: 3-10% rel. humidity, 70°C: 5-15% rel. humidity,
60°C: 8-28% rel. Humidity
Solarium: an area of approx. 0.80 x 2.00 m is required per lying place. The side aisle width is
0.40 m.

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VIII. DESIGN STANDARDS AND PARAMETERS

Size of sauna Air supply Air extraction Size of sauna Air supply
cabin (m2) opening (cm2) opening (cm2) cabin (m2) opening (cm2)
5 100 70 5 100
10 150 105 10 150

CHUTE SYSTEMS

IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL)

A. Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National Building Code of the Philippines
(PD 1096)

• Classification and general requirement of all buildings by use of occupancy

General Classification of USE
Use/Character of
Zoning Classification
Occupancy of PRINCIPAL
Building/Structure
Division H-4 (Recreational, 7. All types of PRE (Park Structures, Recreation and
tourism estate developments resort complexes Entertainment) – a range of recreational
or tourism-oriented users or occupancies, characterized
establishments, which are mainly as a low-rise or medium-rise
structures not included in building/structure for low to medium-
Divisions H-1) intensity recreational or entertainment
functions related to educational uses,
e.g., structures on campuses or its
component parks/open spaces and all
other kinds of recreational or assembly
buildings/structures on campus such as
auditoria, mess halls, seminar facilities,
gymnasia, stadia, arenas and the like.

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IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL)

i.) GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Table VII.2. Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy

Building Height Limit (BHL)
Character of Use of Type of Number of allowable
Meters above
Occupancy Building/Structure storeys/floors above
highest grade
established grade
7. Parks and Open
Recreational 15.00 meters (or must complement the duly-
-
and Entertainment approved BHL in the major zone it is part of)
Spaces

Table VII.4. Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot, Parking-
Area and Loading/Unloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use or Occupancy
Reference Uses or Minimum Required. Parking
Specific. Uses or of
Character of Occupancies Slot. Parking Area and
Occupancy (refer to
or Type of Building Loading Space
Section1.3 of this Rule)
Structures Requirements
8. GROUP H
8.4 Division H-4 Covered amusement parks, one (1) car slot for every
amusement and 50.00 sq. meters of gross floor
entertainment complexes, etc. area
Clubhouses, beach houses one (1) slot for every 100.00
and the like sq. meters of gross floor area

Table VII.G.1. Reference Table of Floor to Lot Area Ration (FLAR) Designations/Rights
Type of
Type of Use or Occupancy FLAR Designation/Rights
Building/Structure
Parks and Open Recreational
- 0.50 up to 1.00
Spaces

Table VIII.1. Reference Table of Maximum Allowable PSO, Maximum Allowable ISA, the
MACA, the Minimum USA and the TOSL by Type of Land Use Zoning per Lot
% of Total Lot Area (TLA)
Maximum Minimum
Building/structure
Duly- Maximum Allowable USA TOSL
Use or
Approved Allowable ISA (Paved (Unpaved (ISA +
Occupancy
Zoning PSO Open Open USA)
Spaces) Spaces)
Parks and Open
Recreational - 20 30 50 80
Spaces

Table VIII.3. Setbacks for Commercial*, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational Buildings
Road Right-of-Way (RROW)
Front (meters) Side (meters) Rear (meters)
Width (meters)
30.00 & above 8.00 5.00 5.00
25.00 to 29.00 6.00 3.00 3.00
20.00 to 24.00 5.00 3.00 3.00
10.00 to 19.00 5.00 2.00 2.00

*According to Executive Order No. 180, since none was indicated, National Roads – not less than
20 m; Provincial Roads – not less than 15 m; Municipal and City Roads – not less than 10 m.

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IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL)

Table VIII.4. Minimum Requirement for Air Changes

Cubic Meter Air Changes Per Hour
Per Minute Per Ceiling Height
Person (meters)
Min. Max. 2.40 3.00 3.70 4.90 6.10
Banking Space 0.22 0.29 3 2 1-½ 1 ¾
Barber Shop 0.22 0.29 3 2 1-½ 1 ¾
Beauty Parlor 0.22 0.29 3 2 1-½ 1 ¾
Cafeteria 0.43 0.57 6 4-½ 3-½ 2-½ 1-¾
Cocktail Bar 0.57 0.85 8 6 4-½ 3 2-¼
Gambling Rooms 0.57 0.85 6 6 4-½ 3 2-¼
Hotel Room 0.29 0.43 3 2 1-½ 1 ¾
Office 0.29 0.43 4 3 2-¼ 1-½ 1
Restaurant Kitchen 0.34 0.43 5 3-¾ 3 2 1-½
Shop, Retail 0.22 0.29 3 2 1-½ 1 ¾

TABLE X.1. Projection of Balconies and Appendages

Width of Streets Total Projections
10.00 meters to less than 11.00 meters 1.00 meter
11.00 meters to less than 12.00 meters 1.10 meter
12.00 meters to less than 13.00 meters 1.30 meter
13.00 meters to less than 14.00 meters 1.40 meter
14.00 meters or over 1.50 meter

Table XII.1. General Requirements for Occupant Loads and Exits

Minimum of Two (2) Exits
Unit Area per Occupant Other than Elevators are
Use or Occupancy
(sq. meters) Required Where Number of
Occupants is Over
Hotels 18.60 10
Exhibit Rooms 1.40 50
Stores-Retail Sales Rooms 2.80 50
Offices 2.80 50

DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES

•Site Development
a) Location and Orientation - Position buildings for optimal natural ventilation,
lighting, and energy efficiency while considering functional needs, topography,
and site layout. North-south orientation takes advantage of cooling winds from
the southeast and southwest while reducing afternoon solar heat.
b) Site Drainage - Drainage is integral to site design, closely linked with building
placement, parking, roads, and topography. Ensure proper grading for parking
lots, roads, and walks to maintain positive drainage, integrating them into a
comprehensive system. Utilize existing drainage ways to preserve site
character and minimize earthwork.
c) Grading Design - Achieve site earth balance to avoid earth transport. Carefully
select finished elevations for backfilling if cut and fill is needed for parking,
roads, and site features.
d) Vehicular and Pedestrian Access and Circulation - Access and circulation
patterns to and within the site must be studied in the process of site planning.
Easy and direct access and smooth circulation should be provided for vehicles
and pedestrians including for disabled persons.

13
 e) Site Utilities and Services - Ensure efficient underground utilities with
maintenance-accessible trenches, aligning them with roads and landscape to
prevent conflicts. Minimize utility relocation and coordinate the placement of power,
water, sewerage, communications, and drainage systems to prevent crossing and
contamination.

B. Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) Amendments Minimum Requirements for

Accessibility (BP 344)

B.1 General Provisions

Accessible Ramps - minimum clear width of 1.20 m.; gradient not steeper than 1:12.;
maximum length of 6.00 m.; level area not less than 1.80 m at the top and bottom of any
ramp.
Parking - minimum width of 3.70 m and a length of 5.00 m.; a walkway with a minimum
clear width of 1.20 m. provided between the front ends of parked cars.
Stairs - uniform risers of 150 mm (maximum) and treads of 300 mm (minimum).

B.2. Outside and Around Buildings

Dropped Sidewalks - less than 1.50 m. in width, the base/level surface at the bottom of
the ramp shall have a minimum depth of 1.50 m. with a width corresponding to the width of
the crossing.; minimum width corresponding to the width of the crossing (4.00 M minimum
for national roads and as mandated by Local ordinances for local roads).
Sidewalks and Walkways - sidewalks/walkways should have a maximum cross gradient
of 1:100 or 1%.; minimum width of 1.20 meters.

B.3. Inside Buildings and Structures

Accessible Entrances - one (1) entrance levels should be provided where elevators are
accessible.; entrances with vestibules shall be provided with a level area with at least a
1.80 m. depth and a 1.50 m. width.
Doors - minimum clear width of 900 mm.; clear openings shall be measured from the face
of a fully open door at 90 degrees and the door jamb.

i. WHEELCHAIR
Length 1.10 to 1.30
Width 0.60 to 0.75
Turning Space 1.50
Reach 0.70 to 1.20 above floor
Clear space under table 0.75

ii. SEATING CAPACITY OF DISABLED IN

ii.a. PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
4-50 2
51-300 4
301-500 6
Increase of 100 +1

ii.b. DROPPED CURB

Width 0.90 min
Gradient 1:12 max
Cross Gradient 1:20 max – to avoid water
Lowest Portion 0.025 max

ii.c. CURB CUT-OUTS

Width 0.90 min
Gradient 1:12 max

14
IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL)

ii.d. WALKWAYS
Width 1.20 min
Gradient 1:20 max or 5% max
Cross Gradient 1:100
Lengthy Walkways width of 1.50 x 1.90 rest stop max dist 12.00
between stops

ii.e. HANDRAILS IN STAIRS, RAMPS & DROPPED CURBS

Height 0.70 – 0.90 above steps or ramps
1.00 to 1.06 at great heights
Extension of Railing 0.30

ii.f. RAMPS
Clear Width 1.20
Gradient 1:12
Length 6.00 max
Landings 1.50 min
Level Area Top & Bottom 1.80 min
Refuge when carriage exceeds 10.00m
1.50 – 2.00

ii.g. DOORS
Width 0.80 min
Clear Level Space 1.50 or 1.20
Doorknobs 0.82 – 1.06
0.90 preferred

ii.h. CORRIDORS – 1.20 min

ii.i. WASHROOMS & STORAGE

Stall 1.70 x 1.80
Turning Space 1.50
No. of water closets for disabled 1:20 +1 if greater than 20

Height of water closet 0.45

Flush 1.20

Max height of lavatories 0.80

Knee recess height 0.60 – 0.70
Knee recess depth 0.50

Handrail 0.80

Urinal height 0.48

Turnabouts 1.50 x 1.50

15
IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL)

iii. ACCESSIBLE PARKING SLOT REQUIREMENT

Where parking spaces are required to be provided, the number of accessible parking lots
for vehicles driven by persons with disabilities or vehicles with passengers with disabilities shall be
in accordance with Table below:
Accessible Parking Slot Requirement
Total Number of Parking Slot Required Number of Accessible Parking Slots
1 - 25 1
26 – 50 2
51 – 75 3
76 - 100 4
101 – 150 5
151 - 200 6
201 – 300 7
301 – 400 8
401 – 500 9
501 - 1000 2% of Total Spaces
1001 - Over 20+ (1 For Each 100 or a Fraction Thereof Over 1000)

C. Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 9514 otherwise known as the
“Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”

RULE 10. FIRE SAFETY MEASURES

Every building or structure, new or old, designed for human occupancy shall be provided with
exits sufficient to permit the fast and safe escape 44 of occupants in case of fire or other
emergency. The design of exits and other fire safety construction shall be such that reliance for
safety to life in case of fire or other emergency will not depend solely on any single fire safety
construction. Additional safeguards shall be provided for life safety in case any single safeguard is
ineffective due to some human or mechanical failure.

16
IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL)

Capacity of Egress Level Egress components,

MEANS OF EGRESS including class
A ramps = 100 persons
Travel Distance Individual rooms subject to
occupancy by not more than 6 persons,
distance to exits do not exceed 15.00 mts
Access to exits
• Door from room to exit shall be of
hinge/swinging types.
• Minimum door widths = 0.70 meters.
• Exits shall discharge to a free &
unobstructed to the exterior of the building.
Floor of discharge is protected with automatic
fire suppression system
Headroom shall not be less than 2.30 mts
At least one entrance to every building should
be accessible from arrival and departure
ENTRANCES points to the Interior lobby One entrance level
should be provided where elevators are
accessible
Changes in level requires a ramp unless
dropped curb is provided.
RAMPS Clear width = 1.20 mts.
Maximum gradient = 1:12
Handrails will be provided on both side
Clear width = 0.80 mts.
DOORS Level space on the corridor side of the door be
a minimum of 1.20 mts corridor width
THRESHOLD Thresholds and sliding door height of 25 mm
WASHROOMS Minimum area = 1.70 x 1.80 mts.

DIVISION 7. BUILDING SERVICES EQUIPMENT

SECTION 10.2.7.1 UTILITIES
C. Cooking equipment shall be protected by automatic kitchen hood fire suppression
system in accordance with NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of
Commercial Cooking Operations and NFPA 17A, Standard for Wet Chemicals Extinguishing
System, except in the following:
1. Restaurants and similar establishments with an occupant load of less than fifty
(50) persons (classified under mercantile occupancy) which could include, but not be
limited to, fast foods, carinderias, food stalls, food trucks, food counters that use the
following cooking equipment:
a. Outdoor equipment;
b. Portable equipment; and/or
c. Equipment used only for food warming.
2. Restaurants that use small cooking appliances and do not have kitchen hoods
and exhaust ducting systems.
SECTION 10.3.7.5 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
D. On Storage and Handling
8. No delivery of any flammable or combustible liquid shall be made in portable
containers, unless such container is of approved material and construction, having a tight
closure with screwed or spring cover, so designed that the contents can be dispensed
without spilling. The dispensing of flammable liquids into fuel tanks of vehicles or into a
container shall at all times be under the supervision of a qualified attendant, except in
service stations not open to the public. Such stations may be used by commercial,
industrial, governmental or manufacturing establishments for fueling vehicles used in
connection with their activities or operation. However, personnel of such establishments
shall have knowledge and skills in dispensing flammable and combustible liquids. 17
IX. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (NATIONAL)

SECTION 10.3.7.8 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES (LPG)

C. Building LPG System
5. LPG piping within a building shall be equipped with Gas Leak Sensor (GLS) at
strategic areas like service entrance, or in case of enclosed structures at the base of the
riser, in enclosed meter cabinets and inside residential/commercial units.

D. PLUMBING CODE. Uniform Plumbing Code Adopted

MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES

Each building shall be provided with sanitary facilities, including provisions for persons with
disabilities as prescribed by the city.
URINALS
WATER CLOSETS LAVATORIES
(FIXTURE
TYPE OF OCCUPANCY (FIXTURES PER (FIXTURES PER
S PER
PERSON) PERSON)
PERSON)
ASSEMPLY PLACES – Male Female Male Male Female
Theaters, Auditoriums, 1: 1-100 3: 1-50 1: 1-100 1: 1-200 1: 1-200
convention Halls, etc. for 2: 101-100 4: 51-100 2: 101-200 2: 201-400 2: 201-400
public use 3: 201-400 8: 101-200 3: 201-400 3: 401-750 3: 401-750
11: 201-400 4: 401-600

Over 400, add 1 fixture Over 600, Over 750, add 1 fixture
for each additional 500 add 1 for each additional 500
males and 2 fixture for fixture for persons
each additional 300 each
females. additional
500
males.
BUSINESS OCCUPANCY Male Female Male Male Female
(office, professional or service 1: 1-50 1: 1-15 1: 1-100 1: 1-75 1: 1-50
type transactions) – banks, vet 2: 51-100 2: 16-30 2: 101-200 2: 76-150 2: 51-100
clinics, hospitals, car wash, 3: 101-200 3: 31-50 3: 201-400 3: 151-2003: 101-150
banks, beauty salons, 4: 201-400 4: 51-100 4: 401-600 4: 201-3004: 151-200
ambulatory health care 8: 101-200 5: 301-4005: 201-300
facilities, laundries and dry 11: 201-400 6: 301-400
cleaning, educational Over 400, add 1 fixture Over 600, Over 400, add 1 fixture
institutions (above high for each additional 500 add 1 for each additional 250
school), or training facilities not males and 1 fixture for fixture for males and 1 fixture for
located within school, post each additional 150 each each additional 200
offices and printing shops. females. additional females.
300
males.

18
X. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (FOREIGN)

A. Context: All building designs shall consider surrounding or nearby buildings and developments
and implement design solutions which are sensitive to those nearby buildings and developments.
The review of this requirement shall be based on the following:
1. The buildings contribute positively to the overall character of the city and the
neighborhood in which it is located;
2. The buildings reflect the character of surrounding development through the use of
similar positive and desirable features;
3. The buildings demonstrate imaginative design; and
4. Where proposed building designs closely copy or mirror surrounding development, the
buildings vary colors, materials, or architectural elements.

B. Entrances: All building entrances shall be clearly articulated to indicate a transition from the
exterior to the interior of the building. Every main entrance shall have a special emphasis when
compared to the other portions of the building. This shall be accomplished through the use of at
least three (3) of the following near entrances:
1. A prominent architectural feature that is unique to the overall building design;
2. Complementary yet differing building materials or colors;
3. Increased use of windows or glass;
4. Pedestrian amenities that may include patios, porches, special paving treatments,
seating areas, or awnings; or
5. Increased landscaping.

C. Massing: Buildings should harmonize with nearby structures in terms of size and design to
minimize the visual impact of large buildings that don't match the surrounding scale. This can be
achieved through vertical and horizontal design elements and multi-level roofs and awnings.

D. Materials: High-quality, long-lasting materials shall be required for all buildings in order to
contribute to the aesthetics of the community over the long term. Permanence in design and
construction will add to the overall value and sustainability of the community.

E. Pedestrian Considerations: All buildings shall consider pedestrians as an integral part of the
design. Additionally, buildings that contain more than one story or that are taller than twenty feet
(20') in height shall provide a clearly articulated and more detailed base that relates to
pedestrians.

F. Windows: The majority of windows shall relate to the scale of the person.

G. Architectural Details: Surface details, ornaments, and other building elements that enrich the
character of a building shall be provided. Attention to detail, including all building and architectural
design elements shall be required. The following architectural details are desirable and
encouraged:
1. Stonework;
2. Exposed beams and columns;
3. Cornices, moldings, bands, pop outs, decorative vents, cast or sculpted features;
4. Covered walkways, breezeways, bays, and balconies;
5. Courtyards and patios;
6. Wide roof overhangs; and
7. Accessories such as art features, benches, pots, lamps, artwork, and sculptures.

19
X. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (FOREIGN)

NEUFERT ARCHITECT’S DATA. 4th EDITION

A. HOTELS
The essential areas are: hotel lobby and reception as the central, well-arranged and
prestigious erve centre between the various parts of the operation, catering area in connection
with the hotel lobby (extent of the services depend on the hotel category), administration, a staff
area, which is separately accessed and partly in direct connection with other areas of the hotel,
guest room area with differentiated rooms and individual access areas arranged under the
aspects of category, orientation and noise screening, service area with kitchens, store and
associated rooms

B. RETAIL OUTLETS
Open sales (1): unrestricted entrance and exit (specialized shops and retail chains,
department stores).
Closed sales (2): unrestricted entrance, exit only through staffed checkout (specialized
supermarkets).
Specialized shops (3): small shops (50-500m2), mostly only one sector

20
X. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (FOREIGN)

C. LIFTS / ELEVATORS
For all buildings, lifts should normally be positioned at the source of traffic flow. Provide
sufficient space for waiting and queuing which must not infringe on stairs. Carefully plan the
connection to the traffic routes. There are two different drive systems for lifts:
1. Traction sheave drive (for cable lifts)
2. Hydraulic lifts

The waiting area (lobby) in front of the lift shaft must be laid out and designed so that:
 lift users entering and leaving the lift do not obstruct each other more than necessary,
even if carrying luggage
 the largest items to be transported by the lift (e.g. prams, wheelchairs, stretchers, coffins,
furniture) can be loaded and unloaded without risk of injury to people or damage to the
building or the lift, and causing the least possible obstruction to other users.
Waiting area in front of a single lift:
 minimum usable depth between shaft door wall and opposing wall, measured in the
direction of the depth of the car, should equal the car depth).
 minimum usable area should equal the product of lift car depth and shaft width.
Waiting area in front of adjacent lifts:
 minimum usable depth between shaft door wall and opposing wall measured in the
direction of the depth of the car, should equal thedepth of the deepest car.

21
X. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (FOREIGN)

D. WORKSHOPS

Minimum area for stores 15 m2; approx. 8-1 0 m2 per employee for all stores.

Laundry: Passages between the dirty and clean sides of the laundry are to be equipped with
personnel control lobbies plus hand disinfection and a place for protective clothing. The doors of
the staff control lobby must be fitted with devices making it impossible to open both doors at once.

E. CATERING

Restaurants: To be able to eat in comfort, one person requires a table area around 60 cm wide
and 30-40 cm deep. This provides sufficient distance between adjacent diners. Although an
additional 20 cm space in the center for dishes and large bowls is sometimes desirable, an overall
width of 80-85 cm is suitable for a dining table. If the food is served on plates, then 70 cm is
sufficient, and for fast food 60 cm table depth.

Distance between table and wall is greater than or equal to 75 cm, because the chair alone
requires a space of 50 cm. If the space between table and wall is also used for access, the
distance should be greater than or equal to 100 cm, round tables need a little more space, a
difference of up to 50 cm.

The ceiling heights of dining areas with a floor area is less than or equal to 50 m2 = 2.50 m, > 50
m2 = 2.75 m and >100m2 greater than or equal to 3.00 m; above or below galleries greater than
or equal to 2.50 m.

Emergency exits 1.0 m wide per 150 people using them. Minimum clear width of aisles in
restaurants 0.80 m, doors 0.90 m.

22
X. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (FOREIGN)

Toilets in public houses, bars or restaurants: Stairs to toilets, wash, staff and storage rooms,
usable width less than or equal to 1.10 m. Clear walkthrough height less than or equal to 2.10 m
measured vertically. Window area less than or equal to 1/10 of the floor area of a restaurant.

Restaurant Kitchens:

F. CASINO GAMING AREA

The provision of gambling machines, often called fruit machines or slot machines, is
controlled by gambling regulations. According to these, a gambling machine offering the possibility
of winning money or goods may be made available in amusement arcades or similar enterprises.

On a floor area of 15 m2, only one gambling machine to win money or goods may be
positioned. The total number may not exceed 10 machines ~ e. In the calculation of floor area,
storerooms, corridors, toilets, anterooms and stairs are not considered.

23
X. LAWS AND ORDINANCES (FOREIGN)

G. HORSEBACK RIDING

Riding facilities/stables should, if possible, be in the immediate vicinity of land suitable for
riding. Areas with high ground and air humidity, as are often found in valleys, should be avoided,
as should windless locations, where providing the desired ventilation may be difficult. Ideal sites
are in hilly and windy areas. However, slope gradients for buildings and riding arenas should be
<10%.

Saddle rooms, as far as possible, should be long and rectangular, with a large wall space
and a width of 4.0-4.5 m.

In riding arenas, the minimum headroom for show-jumping and horseback acrobatics is
4.00m.

The size of the main entrance has to be large enough to allow access for medium-sized
lorries (3.00 m wide, 3.80 high}. Side entrances should be 1.20 m or more wide and min. 2.80 m
high. Doors have to open outwards.

H. COMMUNITY SPACES AND SPECIAL FEATURES

1. For any dispersed residential area, other than multi-family development at a net density
of greater than 5 dwelling units/acre, amenity features will be provided in an architectural
style similar to the residential buildings. A minimum of two (2) amenity features shall be
provided. For residential use in a mixed-use complex, amenity features may include, but
are not limited to , clubhouses, pools, or another outdoor recreational facility for the use of
the residents.
2. Buildings and site development plans shall offer attractive environments with inviting
pedestrian scale features, spaces, and amenities.
3. Entrances and parking lots shall be configured to be functional and inviting with
walkways conveniently tied to logical destinations.
4. Amenities such as outdoor playground areas, kiosk areas, water features and patio
seating areas, shall be considered in the development schemes.

I. BUILDING SITING AND ORIENTATION

1. Primary building entries to those buildings along public or private streets shall front on
the street or a courtyard/auto court.
2. Pedestrian paths shall connect buildings and adjacent land uses.
3. Buildings shall be sited in such a way as to enhance relationships between buildings,
promote pedestrian circulation and facilitate vehicular circulation.
4. Encourage parking and vehicular entrances to be distributed around the building
wherever possible to reduce the appearance and scale of large parking lots.

24
XI. REFERENCES

National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096)

Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) Amendments Minimum Requirements for Accessibility
(BP 344)

The Fire Code of the Philippines, Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations Revised 2019
(RA 9514)

Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines (RA 1378)

Neufert, E. (2019). Neufert Architects’ Data. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from Neufert-4th-
edition.pdf

Establishing the Classification of Roads (Executive Order No. 180)

Top 7 Trends in resort design in 2024 | ArcmaxArchitect. (n.d.). https://arcmaxarchitect.com/top-7-

trends-resort-design-2024

Yale, A. (2022). 7 Things People Love About Living in Rural Areas. Embrace Home Loans.
https://blog.embracehomeloans.com/9-things-people-love-about-living-in-rural-areas Retrieved
from: https://blog.embracehomeloans.com/9-things-people-love-about-living-in-rural-areas/

Subiza-Pérez, M., Vozmediano, L., & Juan, C. S. (2020). Green and blue settings as providers of
mental health ecosystem services: Comparing urban beaches and parks and building a predictive
model of psychological restoration. Landscape and Urban Planning, 204, 103926. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103926

Ph, T. (2023, January 23). 9 Health Benefits of Going to the Beach. Traveloka. Retrieved from:
https://www.traveloka.com/en-ph/explore/tips/features-health-benefits-beach/64078

Advantages and Disadvantages of Rural Living. Retrieved from:

https://www.haart.co.uk/buying/buying-advice/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rural-living/

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