Nevid CH04 TB

Total Assessment Guide
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

Learning Objective Multiple Choice 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6
Introduction
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31 27, 32
4.1 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 28,
29, 30, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37
True-False 188, 189, 190, 191,
192, 193, 194, 195,
196, 197, 198, 199,
200, 201, 202, 203,
204, 205, 206, 207,
208, 209, 210
Essay 283, 285 282, 284
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 40, 44 48
4.2 45, 46, 47, 49, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
56, 57, 58
True-False 211, 212, 213
Essay 286, 287 288
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 60, 61, 62 59
4.3
True-False 214
Essay 289
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 66, 70 68, 81, 86
4.4 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,
76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
82, 83, 84, 85, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92
True-False 215, 216, 217, 218,
219, 220, 221, 222
Essay 290
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 95, 100, 102, 103, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 93, 98, 108, 117
4.5 104, 105, 106, 107, 115, 118, 122, 128
109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 116, 119,
120, 121, 123, 124,
125, 126, 127, 129,
130, 131, 132
True-False 223, 224, 225, 226,
227, 228, 229, 230,
231, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238,
239, 240, 241, 242,
243
Essay 292, 293, 294, 295 291
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 133, 134, 135, 137 136
4.6
Copyright © 2018, 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
273
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied
True-False 244, 245, 246, 247,
248, 249
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 138, 139, 141 140 142, 143, 144
4.7
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 145, 149 146, 148 147, 150
4.8
True-False 250, 251, 252, 253,
254, 255, 256, 257,
258, 259, 260, 261,
262
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 153, 154, 155, 157, 151, 165 152, 156, 159, 160,
4.9 158, 163, 164, 169, 161, 162, 166, 167,
170, 171, 172, 173, 168
174
True-False 263, 264, 265, 266,
267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272, 273, 274,
275, 276, 277, 278,
279
Essay 299 296, 297, 298
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 179, 180 175, 176, 177 178, 181
4.10
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 183, 184, 187 185, 186 182
4.11
True-False 280, 281
Essay 300, 301
274
4
Stress-Related Disorders
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. A psychologist who is studying the effects of stress on physical health is most likely a ______.
a. health psychologist c. positive psychologist
b. evolutionary psychologist d. psychiatrist
ANSWER: A
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 1 Page: 136
Topic: Introduction
Learning Objective: Introduction
Skill: Factual
2. Psychologists who study the interrelationships between psychological factors and physical well-being are
called ______.
a. positive psychologists c. health psychologists
b. evolutionary psychologists d. psychoneuroimmunologists
ANSWER: C
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
3. Which of the following refers to a pressure or demand that is placed on an organism to adapt?
a. Eustress c. Situational stimulus
b. Immunological challenge d. stress
ANSWER: D
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
4. The term_________ refers to a state of physical or mental pain or suffering.

a. mourning c. distress
b. eustress d. stress
ANSWER: C
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
5. The term used to describe something that is a source of stress is ______.

a. an antigen c. an antagonist
b. a stressor d. an initiating event
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ANSWER: B
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
6. Jody is suffering from severe tension headaches and anxiety due to an extremely overwhelming schedule.
The most precise term for Jody’s physical and emotional reaction is ______.
a. eustress c. stress
b. distress d. stressors
ANSWER: B
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Applied
7. According to a recent nationwide study by the American Psychological Association, _______percent of

Americans polled reported that their level of stress had increased during the preceding five years
(American Psychological Association, 2007a, 2007b, 2010).
a. 18 c. 68
b. 50 d. 93
ANSWER: B
Topic: Effects of Stress
Learning Objective: 4.1
Skill: Factual
8. The field of ______ studies the relationship between stress and the workings of the immune system.
a. psychoendocrinology c. psychoneuroimmunology
b. neuropsychology d. psychopathology
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
9. Which bodily system that releases hormones plays a key role in the physical reaction to stress?
a. Endocrine c. Circulatory
b. Excretory d. Musculoskeletal
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
10. The ______ system is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
a. immune c. endocrine
b. cardiovascular d. respiratory
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
11. The endocrine glands release ______ directly into the bloodstream.
a. acetylcholine c. antigens
b. antibodies d. hormones
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
12. During the stress response, the hypothalamus releases a hormone that stimulates the nearby pituitary gland
to secrete ___________.
a. human growth hormone
b. testosterone
c. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
d. cortisol
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
13. Cortisol and cortisone are ______.

a. leukocytes c. androgens
b. components of hemoglobin d. corticosteroids
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
14. When you are under stress, the ______ releases a hormone that arouses the pituitary gland to release
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, or ACTH.
a. adrenal medulla c. kidney
b. hypothalamus d. adrenal gland
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
15. Hormones that boost resistance to stress, foster muscle development, induce the liver to release sugar, and
help the body defend against allergic reactions and inflammation are ______.
a. cortical steroids c. norepinephrines
b. epinephrines d. acetylcholines
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Factual
16. Adrenaline is synonymous with ______.

a. cortisol c. ACTH
b. cortisone d. epinephrine
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
17. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is aroused to deal with threat?
a. Voluntary c. Parasympathetic
b. Sympathetic d. Involuntary
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
18. Which statement is most accurate about the relationship of stress and health?
a. Prolonged stress can damage multiple bodily systems.
b. The immune system is the only bodily system affected by prolonged stress.
c. Short-term significant stress is just as damaging as longer term stress.
d. Stress can lead to emotional problems and indirectly to health problems but does not
directly lead to health problems.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
19. The ______ system is the body’s system of defense against disease.
a. autonomic c. immune
b. nervous d. respiratory
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
20. The body’s foot soldiers in the fight against disease are known as ______.
a. antigens c. leukocytes
b. microbes d. red blood cells
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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21. Leukocytes are ______.
a. white blood cells c. viruses
b. red blood cells d. bacteria
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
22. Which of the following is a pathogen?

a. White blood cells c. Worn-out body cells
b. Leukocytes d. Corticosteroids
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
23. Surface fragments on pathogens that cause leukocytes to produce antibodies to destroy them are called
______.
a. antigens c. endocrines
b. lymphocytes d. platelets
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
24. Leukocytes recognize invading pathogens by their ____________.

a. sickle shape
b. protein transport
c. surface fragments
d. ability to attach to red blood cells
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
25. A lymphocyte is a type of ______.

a. pathogen c. platelet
b. leukocyte d. antigen
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
26. _________ are a special type of “reserve” lymphocyte that can remain in the bloodstream for years and
form the basis for a quick immune response to an invader the second time around.
a. Reserve lymphocytes c. Memory lymphocytes
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b. Antigens d. Antibodies
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
27. Barbara has continuous colds during the winter. A psychoneuroimmunologist would contend that Barbara
______.
a. has not been keeping herself warm enough
b. has not been absorbing enough Vitamin C and sunshine
c. has been too relaxed to activate her stress-combating white blood cells
d. may have a weakened immune system due to prolonged stress
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
28. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Occasional mild stress actually strengthens the body’s immune system.
b. Persistent exposure to stress improves the effectiveness of memory lymphocytes.
c. Exposure to stress reduces symptoms associated with the body’s reaction to allergens.
d. Even relatively brief periods of stress can weaken the body’s immune system.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
29. Scientists recently discovered that chronic stress increases levels of ______, which may contribute to the
physical health problems associated with psychological stress.
a. inflammation c. hair growth
b. immune system functioning d. positive moods
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
30. Prolonged stress has been linked to____________, which may contribute to asthma, arthritis, and
cardiovascular disease.
a. inflammation c. increased immune system functioning
b. ovulation d. leukocyte production
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
31. The harmful effects of stress on the immune system may be moderated by ______.
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a. living alone c. travel
b. work that keeps you very busy d. social support
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
32. Lance is a dental student who studies hard in his single-person studio apartment. He has not developed any
friendships in dental school. He has gotten numerous colds. Which recommendation would most
likely help Lance to protect his immune system?
a. Develop friendships c. Move to a larger apartment
b. Cut down on studying d. Drop out of dental school
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
33. Much of the research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology is ______.

a. experimental c. correlational
b. based on case studies d. anecdotal
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
34. Recent research suggests that aside from social support, ______ may boost psychological and physical
well-being.
a. writing about stressful events c. moving to a rural area
b. taking regular vacations d. breaking up unhealthy relationships
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
35. Why is terrorism-related trauma a source of chronic stress?

a. Terrorism is most likely never to occur again.
b. Terrorism looms as a constant threat to our safety.
c. Most people don’t worry about terrorism.
d. The likelihood of an act of terrorism to occur again is very small.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
36. Evidence gathered since the 9/11 attack showed which of the following helped buffer the effects of stress?
a. Living near a military base
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b. Experiencing positive emotions
c. Spending a great deal of time watching coverage of the events on TV
d. Avoiding others and cutting off social ties
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
37. Your body has ______ of white blood cells fighting off microbes.
a. thousands c. billions
b. millions d. 17
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
38. The general adaptation syndrome is based on the work of ______.

a. Lawrence Frank c. Oliver Sacks
b. Peter Kubiovsky d. Hans Selye
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
39. The body’s three-stage physiological reaction to stress is called the ______.
a. Stockholm syndrome c. general adaptation syndrome
b. phi phenomenon d. Korsakoff syndrome
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
40. Selye figured out that our body responds_________ to various kinds of unpleasant stressors.
a. in a similar manner
b. in different response patterns
c. with varying degrees of intensity
d. in consistently different
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
41. The alarm reaction mobilizes the body for ______.

a. defense c. threat
b. illness d. invasion
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ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
42. The alarm reaction is initiated by the brain and the ______.
a. central nervous system c. voluntary nervous system
b. parasympathetic nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
43. The “fight-or-flight” response pattern was first described by ______.

a. Clifford Beers c. Wilhelm Wundt
b. William James d. Walter Cannon
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
44. The “fight-or-flight” reaction characterizes the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. alarm reaction c. resistance
b. anxiety d. exhaustion
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
45. During the alarm reaction stage, the ______ pump(s) out stress hormones.
a. thalamus c. adrenal glands
b. parietal lobe d. circulatory system
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
46. Which of the following changes in the body occurs during the alarm reaction stage of Selye’s General
Adaptation Syndrome?
a. Corticosteroids are released c. Heart rate decreases
b. Muscles relax d. Respiration decreases
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
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47. During the alarm reaction stage of Selye’s GAS, which of the following changes in the body occurs?
a. Bone cells begin to rapidly multiply c. Heart rate increases
b. Muscles begin to atrophy d. Respiration decreases
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
48. Julia is walking through the forest when she encounters a bear. Her body enters the alarm reaction stage of
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Which of the following is most likely occurring in her
body?
a. Blood circulation is slowing c. Heart rate is decreasing
b. Muscles are tensing d. Digestion is increasing
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
49. During the alarm reaction stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, _________.
a. digestion is inhibited c. heart contractions stop
b. muscles tend to relax d. respiration tends to decrease
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
50. Thomas has just gotten into a fight with a bully and sustained a cut over his eye. This just happened and he
is in the alarm reaction stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome. Which of the following
changes in the body that occurs during this stage is most likely to help him with specific regard to the
cut over his eye?
a. Muscles relax c. Blood pressure drops
b. Blood-clotting ability is increased d. Respiration decreases
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
51. Which of the following is the adaptation stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
a. Alarm reaction c. Resistance
b. Anxiety d. Exhaustion
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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52. The proper sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome are ______.
a. alarm reaction, exhaustion, resistance
b. resistance, alarm reaction, exhaustion
c. alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
d. resistance, exhaustion, alarm reaction
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
53. Which of the following does the American Psychological Association suggest for coping with traumatic
experiences?
a. Try to adjust as soon as possible.
b. Communicate your experience.
c. Make major life decisions during this time.
d. Avoid exercise and your regular routines.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
54. In the GAS, the body tries to renew spent energy and repair damage during the ______ stage.
a. alarm reaction c. resistance
b. arousal d. exhaustion
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
55. The ______ nervous system dominates the exhaustion stage.

a. parasympathetic c. peripheral
b. sympathetic d. voluntary
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
56. If a source of stress is unrelenting and enduring, Selye believed that we would develop ______.
a. a nervous breakdown c. burnout and meltdown
b. chronic resistance d. diseases of adaptation
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
57. The immune system is weakened by continuous secretion of ______.
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a. saliva c. gastric juices
b. serotonin d. cortical steroids
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
58. As cited within your text, the American Psychological Association has at least ________ suggestion(s) for
coping with traumatic experiences.
a. one
b. two
c. four
d. eight
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
59. Life changes are sources of stress ______.

a. only when they are negative changes
b. only when they are unexpected or involve some sort of loss
c. because they force us to adjust
d. because they are emotionally upsetting
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
60. Research shows that people who experience greater numbers of life changes are ______ likely to suffer
from psychological problems and ______ likely to suffer from physical health problems.
a. less, less c. more, less
b. less, more d. more, more
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
61. ______ life changes can be stressful.

a. Neither positive nor negative c. Only negative
b. Only positive d. Both positive and negative
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
62. Getting married is a stressful life change that is ____________.
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a. neither positive nor negative c. only negative
b. only positive d. dependent upon the persons getting married
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
63. The process of adaptation by which immigrants, native groups, and ethnic minorities adjust to the new
culture through making behavioral and attitudinal changes is called ______.
a. assimilation c. acculturation
b. immersement d. appeasement
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
64. Pressure that results from the demands placed on immigrant, native, and ethnic minority groups to adjust to
life in the mainstream culture is called___________.
a. acculturative adaptation
b. bicultural adaptation
c. acculturative stress
d. bicultural stress
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
65. Which of the following is a one of the general theories about the relationship between acculturation and
psychological adjustment presented in your text?
a. Melting-pot theory
b. Adaptation theory
c. Immigrant adjustment theory
d. Assimilation theory
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
66. According to research (Caetano, 1987) highly acculturated Hispanic American women are more likely than relatively
unacculturated Hispanic American women to___________.
a. remain single
b. avoid drinking and smoking
c. become heavy drinkers
d. be victims of domestic violence
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Conceptual
67. The melting-pot theory holds that ______.

a. immigrants can never truly acculturate
b. immigrants themselves can never truly acculturate but their children can
c. acculturation should be resisted until the third generation after immigration
d. acculturation helps people adjust to the host culture
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
68. According to the melting pot theory, Hispanic Americans’ adjustment would improve by ______.
a. learning English
b. saving money for their children’s education
c. moving where there are many other Hispanic Americans
d. maintaining close contact with relatives and friends in their native countries
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
69. The theory that psychosocial adjustment for immigrants is aided by identification with both the traditional and host
cultures is called the ______ theory.
a. melting pot c. bicultural
b. multicultural d. immersion
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
70. According to the bicultural theory, immigrants will adjust better if they ______.
a. replace their ethnic identity and traditional values with those of the new culture
b. learn the new culture’s language but otherwise resist assimilation
c. maintain their original culture while adapting to the new culture
d. maintain their original language but otherwise adapt to the new culture
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
71. Highly acculturated adolescent Hispanic women have been found to be more likely to ______.
a. resist speaking Spanish c. cook only American foods
b. develop eating disorders d. show an increased involvement in sexual intercourse
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
72. In Latin American cultures, compared to women, men tend to drink ______ alcohol compared to female
Latin Americans.
a. much less c. slightly more
b. slightly less d. much more
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
73. Which of the following is true of Charles Negy’s research of Latinos in the United States?
a. Latinos greatly varied in their degree of acculturation to the U.S. culture.
b. The longer Latinos lived in the U.S, the less acculturated they tended to be.
c. Scores of more acculturated Mexican-Americans were very different to non-Hispanic whites on
standardized personality tests.
d. Mexican couples reported less verbal and/or physical aggression in their relationships than did
Mexican-American couples.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
74. In Latino adolescents, higher levels of acculturation are also linked to increased risk of__________.
a. gambling c. smoking
b. social anxiety d. depression
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
75. In Latino adolescents, higher levels of acculturation are also linked to increased risk of__________.
a. gambling c. eating disorders
b. social anxiety d. depression
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
76. According to research presented in the text, for Latina teens, acculturation makes them more vulnerable to
accepting and striving towards the demands of contemporary American ________.
a. cultural trend of casual sexual relationships
b. view that women should be assertive
c. ideal of the slender woman
d. model of women as career-oriented
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ANSWER: C
Level of Difficulty (1-3):3 Page: 145
Skill: Factual
77. Compared to less acculturated Hispanic American high school girls, more acculturated girls
were more likely to ______.
a. show indications of having an eating disorder c. give up their religion
b. attend college d. use drugs
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
78. Increased bicultural adaptation among Mexican American elders ______.

a. created conflicts between spouses
b. accelerated decisions to retire
c. decreased likelihood of depression
d. resulted in rejection by relatives still in Mexico
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
79. In a study of Mexican American elders, it was found that those who had the highest levels of depression
were ______.
a. moderately acculturated c. highly acculturated
b. minimally acculturated d. bicultural
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
80. Low levels of acculturation among Mexican American immigrants are ______ socioeconomic status.
a. not related to c. related to fluctuating
b. related to high d. related to low
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
81. Maria is a highly acculturated third-generation Mexican American teenager. Which behavior is most likely
to be adopted by Maria?
a. Avoiding sexual intercourse c. Being concerned about fitness
b. Improved subjective body image d. Disturbed eating behaviors
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Applied
82. It has been reported in a study that Mexican Americans who were more proficient in English generally had
______________ than did their less English-proficient counterparts.
a. more marital discord
b. fewer signs of depression and anxiety
c. stronger relationships with their country of origin
d. more signs of psychological distress
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
83. In a northern California sample, research found better mental health among Mexican immigrants than
among ______.
a. Korean immigrants
b. Mexican Americans born in the United States
c. homosexuals
d. African Americans
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
84. It appears that “Americanization” of Mexican American immigrants may have a ______ effect on mental
health and retention of cultural traditions may have a ______ effect.
a. damaging; damaging c. buffering; damaging
b. damaging; buffering d. buffering; buffering
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
85. Ethnic minority children with a high ethic identity are more likely to experience ______.
a. higher self-esteem
b. more conflicts with Anglo Americans
c. academic problem
d. loneliness
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
86. Kim is an Asian immigrant living in San Francisco. She is most likely to experience emotional problems if
______.
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a. her parents are rich
b. her parents push her too hard academically
c. she is alienated from both of her cultures
d. she is an only child
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
87. Wives in ______ acculturated Mexican American couples report greater marital distress than those in
______ acculturated couples.
a. wealthier; poorer c. less; more
b. first generation; third generation d. more; less
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
88. In a 1990 study by Salgado de Snyder, Cervantes, & Padilla, female immigrants exhibited higher levels of
______ than male immigrants.
a. socialization c. depression
b. tranquilizer addiction d. English usage
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
89. More acculturated Mexican-American college students tend to come from ______ socioeconomic
backgrounds.
a. lower c. mixed
b. moderate d. higher
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
90. The Mexican-American college students who are most likely to experience suicidal thinking have ______
levels of depression and ______ levels of acculturation.
a. low; low c. low; high
b. high; low d. high; high
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
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91. When compared to Mexican couples, Mexican-American couples had ______ egalitarian relationships and
______ levels of marital satisfaction.
a. less; lower c. more; lower
b. less; higher d. more; higher
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
92. More highly acculturated women reported _____ satisfaction with the sexual component of their
relationships than did less acculturated women.
a. greater c. no
b. about the same d. less
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
93. Ann recognizes her stressors, evaluates them and modifies her reactions to render them less harmful. She is
applying ______ coping.
a. sensate-focused c. problem-focused
b. emotion-focused d. intuitive
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
94. In emotion-focused coping, people take ______ measures to reduce the impact of the stressor.
a. provocative c. self-enhancing
b. immediate d. enduring
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
95. A coping style that attempts to minimize emotional responsiveness rather than deal directly with a stressor
is known as ______ coping.
a. rational c. sensate-focused
b. problem-focused d. emotion-focused
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
96. A coping style that attempts to confront the stressor directly is ______ coping.
a. rational c. sensate-focused
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b. problem-focused d. emotion-focused
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
97. Which of the following is not an example of denying that an illness is present?
a. Recognizing the seriousness of the illness
b. Minimizing the emotional distress the illness causes
c. Misattributing symptoms to other causes
d. Ignoring threatening information about the illness
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
98. An example of emotion-focused coping is ______.

a. obsessing c. rationalizing
b. intellectualizing d. denial
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
99. Avoidance and denial are forms of ______.

a. effective stress coping
b. emotion-focused coping
c. problem-focused coping
d. common coping strategies that recent immigrants from Mexico employ
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
100.In one study, people with cancer showed greater disease progression if they maintained ______ style of
coping.
a. a problem-focused c. an aggressive
b. an intuitive d. an avoidant
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
101.Wish-fulfillment fantasy is ______.

a. an effective means of coping with an illness
b. a strategy that needs to result in real wish-fulfillment
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c. an example of emotion-focused coping
d. provides alternative plans for dealing with a stressor
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
102.Informed cardiac patients with a repressive style showed ______ incidence of medical complications than
uninformed patients.
a. a lower c. an unpredictable
b. a similar d. a higher
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
103.Cardiac patients with a(n) ______ style who were informed about their conditions showed a higher
incidence of medical complications than their uninformed counterparts with the same style.
a. repressive c. vigilant
b. obsessive d. sensitized
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
104.Cardiac patients with a repressive style who were informed about their conditions showed a higher
incidence of ______ than uniformed patients with a repressive style.
a. spontaneous recovery c. anger
b. medical complications d. crying
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
105.Seeking information about an illness through research is an example of ______.

a. a repressive style c. self-defeating obsessiveness
b. wish-fulfillment fantasy d. problem-focused coping
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
106.Beliefs in one’s ability to accomplish certain tasks are known as ______.

a. psychological hardiness c. psychological perseveration
b. self-efficacy expectancies d. self-enhancement heuristics
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
107.In his study with spider-phobic women, Bandura found that stress declines with our ______.
a. knowledge about the stressful situation
b. ability to escape the situation quickly
c. confidence that we will be able to cope effectively
d. recognition that we are not alone in dealing with the situation
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
108.Max is afraid of dogs. According to Bandura, therapy should help Max to ______.
a. develop confidence that he can cope with the presence of dogs
b. learn to devise strategies to avoid dogs
c. focus on developing a close relationship with another kind of animal
d. dream about positive interaction with dogs
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
109.The effects of self-efficacy expectancies on buffering stress were first investigated by ______.
a. Albert Ellis c. Hans Selye
b. Suzanne Kobasa d. Albert Bandura
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
110.Epinephrine and norepinephrine make us feel ______.

a. generally nervous c. angry
b. relaxed d. generally confident
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
111.Lower secretion of stress hormones is associated with ______.

a. emotion-focused coping
b. high self-efficacy expectancies
c. an avoidant or repressive style of coping
d. ability to effectively utilize the general adaptation syndrome
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
112.Psychological hardiness in business executives was investigated by ______.

a. Mary Ainsworth c. Eloise Ferrer
b. Janet Rafferty d. Suzanne Kobasa
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
113.The trait that Kobasa has conceptualized as helping people cope with stress is ______.
a. self-esteem c. hardiness
b. spirituality d. confidence
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
114.The effects of stress can be moderated or buffered by which of the following?

a. Skepticism c. Self-efficacy expectation
b. Work d. Relocation to a new community
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
115.A cluster of stress-buffering traits characterized by commitment, challenge, and control are known as
______.
a. psychological hardiness c. self-efficacy expectancies
b. psychological perseveration d. self-enhancement heuristics
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
116.Which of the following is a trait associated with psychologically hardy executives?

a. adaptability c. commitment
b. concreteness d. detachment
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
297
117.Scott recently learned that he has a form of treatable cancer. Traits that will help Scott to cope more
effectively with his illness and its treatment are ______.
a. hardiness and optimism c. avoidance and denial
b. motivation and intelligence d. assertiveness and ambitiousness
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
118.Which trait is characteristic of psychological hardy people?

a. Reliance on wish-fulfillment fantasies.
b. A preference for active problem-solving approaches.
c. The perception that they have no control over the stressors they face in life.
d. A tendency to deny the existence of problems.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
119.Psychologically hardy people report ______ physical symptoms and ______ depression in the face of stress
than non-hardy people.
a. fewer; more c. fewer; less
b. greater; less d. greater; more
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
120.Locus of control is a construct that was suggested by ______.

a. Gardner Murphy c. Gordon Allport
b. Julian Rotter d. Hans Eysenck
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
121.A limitation of research linking optimism and better health outcome is that it ______.
a. has not been conducted on children and adolescents
b. has only involved hospitalized patients
c. has been correlational
d. has focused almost exclusively on females
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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122.The study of optimism falls within a broader contemporary movement in psychology known as ______
psychology.
a. positive c. health
b. wish fulfillment d. evolutionary
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
123.Researchers found that a broad network of social contacts strengthens resistance to ______.
a. propaganda c. colds
b. distraction d. flirting
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
124.Recent studies (Hernandez et al., 2015; Jaffe, 2013) suggest a relationship between greater optimism
and___________.
a. lower rates of heart disease and greater longevity
b. a lower divorce rate
c. fewer eating disorders such as obesity and bulimia
d. athleticism
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
125.The Optimism Scale measures ______.

a. stress levels c. career interests and goals
b. sexual preference d. whether someone tends to look on the bright side
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
126.The particular stressors that African Americans often face, such as racism, poverty, violence, and
overcrowded living conditions, may contribute to____________.
a. higher rates of anorexia nervosa
b. higher rates of emotion-focused coping
c. heightened risks of serious health-related problems
d. higher rates of bipolar illness
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
127.Compared to Whites, African Americans have a ______ risk of developing chronic and serious health-
related problems but also have a ______ degree of resiliency in coping with stress.
a. lower, low c. higher, low
b. higher, low d. higher, high
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
128.Strong social and family networks, coping skills, ethnic identity and self-efficacy are particular factors that
help buffer stress among ______.
a. Euro-Americans c. Hispanic Americans
b. Asian Americans d. African Americans
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
129.Stresses imposed by racism or perceived discrimination may be moderated by ______.

a. intermarriage
b. moving to a more tolerant community
c. ethnic pride
d. ethnic alienation
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
130.Evidence links____________ among ethnic minorities to poorer mental and physical health and to higher
rates of substance abuse.
a. perceived discrimination
b. pride in one’s ethnicity
c. preference in music
d. presence of a specific gene
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
131.Calvin, an African American, has a strong sense of ethnic identity. According to past research, Calvin will
most likely have ________.
a. fewer social networks c. a negative self-image
b. an external locus of control d. perceptions of a better quality of life
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
132.African Americans and other ethnic minorities who __________may be more vulnerable to the effects of
stress, which in turn may increase risks of physical and mental health problems.
a. become alienated from their ethnic identity
b. are more resilient
c. are more effective in coping
d. have stronger ties to their culture
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
133.Adjustment disorders are classified in the DSM-5 within a category of ____________.

a. Schizophrenic Disorders
b. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
c. Anxiety Disorders
d. Childhood Disorders
ANSWER: B
Topic: Adjustment Disorders
Skill: Factual
134.According to the APA, what percentage of people seeking outpatient mental health services present with a
diagnosis of adjustment disorder?
a. 80% to 90%
b. 50% to 70%
c. 30% to 50%
d. 5% to 20%
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
135.According to DSM-5, a maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor, characterized by impaired

functioning or emotional distress that exceeds what would normally be expected is a (n)_______.
a. distress disorder c. stress disorder
b. adjustment disorder d. anxiety disorder
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
136.Jean is so sad she is unable to go to work because her husband Bert left her for another woman a week ago.
Prior to Bert’s leaving Jean only missed work if she was physically ill. A likely diagnosis for Jean is
a(n) ______.
301
a. adjustment disorder c. major depressive disorder
b. marital dissolution disorder d. bereavement disorder
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
137.Adjustment disorders are among the ______ types of disorders.

a. rarest c. most severe
b. most distressing d. mildest
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
138.In the DSM-5, acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder are classified in which of the
following categories?
a. Schizophrenic Disorders
b. Substance Abuse Disorders
c. Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders,
d. Childhood Disorders
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
139.If an adjustment disorder lasts for more than six months after the stressor (or its consequences) has been
removed, the diagnosis may_______.
a. suggest that the client did not present an accurate history
b. be changed
c. be associated with an underlying physical malady
d. motivate the clinician to change his treatment methods to a more suitable course
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
140.In order for an adjustment disorder to be diagnosed, a person’s emotional reaction must ______.
a. include significant levels of anxiety c. exceed what would be expected with normal coping
b. not involve any loss of relationships d. equal the expected response for coping normally
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
141.Which of the following is a specific type of adjustment disorder found in the DSM-5?
302
a. Adjustment disorder with agitation
b. Adjustment disorder with psychomotor disturbance
c. Adjustment disorder with anhedonia
d. Adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
142.Danny, a first semester college freshman referred to the college counseling center. He has recently begun
spray painting obscenities on the student center bathroom walls. Several weeks ago, Danny’s longtime
girlfriend, who attends college in a neighboring state, broke up with him. Danny does not present in the
interview with emotional distress. He has no history of psychological problems and, until his recent
vandalism activities, was considered a peaceful and law-abiding member of the college community.
Based on the aforementioned history, which of the following diagnoses would a therapist would most
likely diagnose Danny with?
a. Adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct
b. Adjustment disorder with anxiety
c. Adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood
d. Adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotion and conduct
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
143.Abigail’s 18-year-old son has left home for the first time and now serving in the Army. Since her son’s
departure, Abigail has been experiencing uncontrolled crying episodes and loneliness. Based on this
information, a clinician might diagnose Abigail with a (n)
a. Acute Stress Disorder
b. Adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood
c. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
d. Adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
144.Randy’s father recently died in an automobile accident. Since his father’s death, Randy has appeared
emotionally unchanged but is now frequently truant from school, engages in reckless driving, and
fights with other teens. A suitable diagnosis for Randy might be a (n) ___________.
a. adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotion and conduct
b. adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood
c. adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct
d. adjustment disorder unspecified
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
303
145.A maladaptive pattern of behavior for a period of three days to one month following exposure to a
traumatic event is called a (n) _____________disorder.
a. acute stress c. adjustment
b. posttraumatic stress d. personality
ANSWER: A
Topic: Traumatic Stress Disorders
Skill: Factual
146.Individuals suffering from Acute Stress Disorder may feel ______________.

a. as though they are experiencing a heart attack
b. angry and betrayed by the world
c. “in a daze” or feel that the world seems like a dreamlike or unreal place.
d. unaware of their internal emotions
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
147.Paul witnessed a murder while walking through the subway three weeks ago. Three days after witnessing
the murder, Paul began experiencing intense anxiety and reliving what he saw at night in his dreams.
Paul would most like be diagnosed with____________.
a. an anxiety disorder
b. an acute stress disorder
c. an adjustment disorder with anxiety
d. dissociative identity disorder
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
148.In what way is Acute Stress Disorder different from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
a. Acute Stress Disorder is a reaction to a less intense trauma than those experienced by someone with
PTSD.
b. The symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder are limited to one month.
c. Individuals with Acute Stress Disorder report more frequent flashbacks than an individual with PTSD
would.
d. Individuals with PTSD never recover from their trauma; those with Acute Stress Disorder do recover.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
149.First responders who are responsible for collecting human remains or police officers who regularly
interview children about the details of child abuse ________________as a result of exposure to trauma
in their work.
a. often develop dissociative identity disorder
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b. rarely develop acute stress disorder
c. may develop acute stress disorder
d. may develop a personality disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
150.Heather’s boyfriend Matt served combat duty in Iraq. After returning to the US last month and reuniting
with Heather, Matt shared the details of the battles he was involved with and the trauma he
experienced while serving. Heather has begun to experience intense periods of anxiety and feels as if
she is “in a daze”. It is possible Heather has developed _____________ as a result of listening to
Matt’s experiences.
a. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
b. an Acute Stress Disorder
c. an Adjustment disorder with anxiety
d. an Adjustment disorder unspecified
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
151.For an individual with Acute Stress Disorder, stronger or more persistent symptoms of dissociation around
the time of the trauma is associated with a greater likelihood of later development of ________.
a. major depression
b. panic disorder
c. PTSD
d. Dissociative Identity Disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
152.Last year, Hannah witnessed an accident where a pedestrian was struck and killed by an automobile.
Since the accident, Hannah has experienced anxiety and actively avoids the street where she witnessed
the accident. A clinician might diagnose Hannah as having__________.
a. an adjustment disorder with anxiety
b. PTSD
c. reactive stress disorder
d. acute stress disorder
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
153.Acute stress disorder has features similar to those of PTSD, but are limited to a period of______ following
direct exposure to the trauma, witnessing other people exposed to the trauma, or learning about a
trauma experienced by a close family member or friend.
305
a. 1 week c. one month
b. one year d. one decade
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
154.The lifetime prevalence rate of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the population is______.
a. 9% c. 50%
b. 90% d. unknown
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
155.A prolonged maladaptive reaction to an extreme stressor, such as combat or a natural disaster, is ______
disorder.
a. acute stress c. an adjustment
b. posttraumatic stress d. a chronic stress
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
156.Of the following situations, which is the most likely to result in PTSD?
a. Divorce
b. Death of a family member due to natural causes
c. Being in an airplane crash
d. Being involved in a “fender bender” accident
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
157.About ______ of people suffer a traumatic experience at some point in their lives.
a. one-fourth c. one-half
b. one-third d. two-thirds
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
158.The prevalence of PTSD among U.S. soldiers who served in the Vietnam War is about one in ______.
a. two c. four
b. three d. five
306
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
159.If someone is having intrusive memories, recurrent disturbing dreams, or momentary flashbacks of a
traumatic event such as being pursued by an attacker, the individual is most likely experiencing which
of the following common features of traumatic stress disorders?
a. Re-experiencing the trauma
b. Emotional distress and impaired functioning
c. Heightened arousal
d. Emotional numbing
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
160.After witnessing a terrible car accident, John is experiencing so much emotional distress that he is having
difficulty taking care of his responsibilities at work. He is most likely experiencing which of the
following common features of traumatic stress disorders?
a. Avoidance behavior
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
161.Hector is hypervigilant, is having difficulty sleeping and concentrating, easily becomes irritable and has
outbursts of anger. He is most likely experiencing which of the following common features of
traumatic stress disorders?
b. Re-experiencing the trauma
c. Emotional distress and impaired functioning
d. Heightened arousal
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
162.Sheila just witnessed someone being brutally attacked. Now she seems to jump at any sudden noise. She is
most likely experiencing which of the following common features of traumatic stress disorders?
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Applied
163.In PTSD, the loss of the ability to have loving feelings is which of the following common features of
traumatic stress disorders?
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
164.The feeling of detachment from oneself or one's environment is known as ______.

a. dissociation c. a delusion
b. a hallucination d. a personality disorder
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
165.The major difference between the features of an acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is
the emphasis on ______ .
a. abreaction c. length of persistence of the symptoms
b. hallucinations d. compulsions
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
166.Joe is a combat veteran who returned from active duty in Iraq one year ago. He is extremely anxious and
feels like he is in a "daze." Joe is also disorganized and unable to arrange for the medical help he
needs. It appears that Joe is suffering from a(n) _________ disorder.
a. acute stress c. adjustment
b. posttraumatic stress d. personality
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
167.Ron is an Iraq War veteran. He wakes up in the middle of the night in a cold sweat due to nightmares in
which he relives his most frightening war experiences. He refuses to talk about the war with anyone
and is constantly fidgety and "on edge." He is unable to enjoy himself or develop intimate
relationships. His symptoms have continued for over three years. He is best diagnosed as suffering
from a(n) ______ disorder.
308
a. personality c. acute stress
b. adjustment d. posttraumatic stress
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
168.Rhonda had undergone chemotherapy for a serious case of breast cancer. Even six months after this
successful treatment, she finds that she is on edge, has nightmares about death, and no longer enjoys
sex with her husband. She is probably experiencing ______ disorder.
a. sleep terror c. posttraumatic stress
b. dysthymia d. adjustment disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
169.Women are ______ as likely as men to develop posttraumatic stress disorder.

a. half c. twice
b. equally d. four times
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
170.Compared to women, men are ______ likely to have a traumatic experience and are ______ likely to
develop PTSD.
a. less, less c. more, less
b. less, more d. more, more
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
171.Investigators reported the ___________was smaller in a group of combat veterans with PTSD than in
combat veterans without PTSD (Moreyet al., 2012).
a. cerebellum c. amygdala
b. DNA d. corpus callosum
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
172.Morey et al. (2012) reported the amygdala was _________ in a group of combat veterans with PTSD
compared to combat veterans without PTSD.
a. smaller c. fluid-filled
309
b. not functioning d. larger
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
173.Research has shown people who experience __________during or immediately after the trauma stand a
greater risk of developing PTSD than do other trauma survivors.
a. dissociative experiences
b. positive emotions
c. extreme physical pain
d. significant temperature drop
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
174.Experts have asserted that ______ represent the type of trauma most often leading to PTSD.
a. natural disasters c. plane crashes
b. acts of terrorism d. vehicular accidents
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
175.In the classical conditioning model of posttraumatic stress disorder, the traumatic event serves as the
______.
a. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response d. conditioned response
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
176.In the classical conditioning model of posttraumatic stress disorder, sights, smells, and sounds associated
with the original traumatic event serve as ______.
a. unconditioned stimuli c. conditioned stimuli
b. unconditioned responses d. conditioned responses
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
177.From the learning perspective, the fear component of posttraumatic stress disorder is learned through
______.
a. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning
310
b. vicarious learning d. prepared conditioning
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
178.In the classical conditioning model of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety that is elicited by exposure to
trauma-related stimuli serves as________.
a. unconditioned stimuli c. conditioned stimuli
b. an adaptive response d. a conditioned response
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
179.Which of the following medications has recently been shown to reduce acquired fear reactions?
a. Seroquel c. Ritalin
b. Propranolol d. Prozac
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
180.Propranolol blocks adrenaline receptors in the _________, which may weaken memories of fearful stimuli.
a. thalamus c. pons
b. hypothalamus d. amygdala
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
181.As it pertains to the common features of traumatic stress disorders, the example of a rape survivor avoiding
traveling to the part of town where she was attacked is an example of __________.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
182.An exposure-based homework assignment for a patient with combat-based PTSD could be ______.
a. volunteering as a little league coach c. supervising a Boy Scout troop
b. watching a war movie d. driving alone for two hours
311
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
183.EMDR is a technique to treat ______.

a. PTSD c. generalized anxiety disorder
b. phobia d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
184.The controversy related to EMDR is ______.

a. whether it works
b. whether the eye movements are necessary
c. the use of a blindfold that may cause anxiety in some PTSD victims
d. the ethical propriety of touching the patient as part of treatment
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
185.According to Taylor et al. (2003), the real reason EMDR works is because of ______.
a. rapid eye movements c. repeated exposure
b. aversive conditioning d. response cost
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
186.If we invoke the principle of parsimony, then the most likely explanation for the success of EMDR is
______.
a. rapid eye movements c. repeated exposure
b. aversive conditioning d. response cost
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
187.The idea that the simplest explanation is usually the best explanation is known as ______.
a. the Peter Principle c. the Law of Effect
b. Weber’s Law d. the Principle of Parsimony
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Factual
True-False Questions
188.Psychologists who study interrelationships between psychological factors, including stress, and physical
health are called health psychologists.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
189.Psychologists who study interrelationships between psychological factors, including stress, and physical
health are called positive psychologists.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
190.The term distress refers to a state of physical or mental pain or suffering.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
191.The term stress refers to a state of physical or mental pain or suffering.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
192.The field of psychoneuroimmunology studies relationships between psychological

factors, especially stress, and the workings of the immune system
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
193.The endocrine system consists of ducts distributed throughout the body.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
313
194.Endocrine glands pour their secretions—called hormones—directly into the bloodstream.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
195.Endocrine glands pour their secretions—called hormones—directly into the brain.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
196.Norepinephrine is also produced in the amygdala, where it functions as a neurotransmitter.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
197.Leukocytes stimulate the adrenal medulla to release hormones.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
198.Leukocytes recognize invading pathogens by their surface fragments, called antigens.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
199.Some leukocytes produce antigens which are specialized proteins.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
200.Social support networks can act as a buffer against cold symptoms.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
314
201.There is a negative correlation between social support networks and general health.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
202.Through a conditioning process, stress improves the body’s resistance to the common cold.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
203.Writing about traumatic experiences may be good for physical and emotional health.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
204.Writing about traumatic experiences increases the probability a person will go through more stressful
situations.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
205.Correlational research helps scientists demonstrate causal connections.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
206.Although most people exposed to traumatic events do not develop PTSD, many do experience symptoms
associated with the disorder, such as difficulties concentrating and high levels of arousal.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
207.People have basically similar reactions to traumatic stress.
ANSWER: F
315
Skill: Factual
208.People’s reactions to trauma differ from one individual to the next.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
209.In more than 80% of households in New York City, parents reported that their children were upset by the
attacks of 9/11.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
210.Evidence gathered since 9/11 shows that experiencing positive emotions, such as feelings of gratitude and
love, helped buffer the effects of stress.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
211.The GAS model suggests that our bodies, under stress, are like clocks with alarm systems that do not shut
off until their energy is perilously depleted.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
212.During the alarm reaction, the adrenal glands, controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain, pump out
cortical steroids.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
213.When a stressor is persistent, we progress to the second stage, also known as the exhaustion stage, of the
GAS.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
316
214.Life changes are sources of stress because they force us to adjust.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
215.Bicultural theory holds that acculturation helps people adjust to living in the host culture.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
216.Evidence shows that highly acculturated Hispanic-American women are less likely than relatively
unacculturated Hispanic-American women to become heavy drinkers.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
217.A study of elderly Mexican Americans found that subjects who were minimally acculturated showed higher
levels of depression than either their highly acculturated or their bicultural counterparts.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
218.People who are minimally acculturated often face less economic hardship and tend to occupy the higher
strata of socioeconomic status.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
219.People who are fully acculturated often face less economic hardship and tend to occupy the higher strata of
socioeconomic status.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
220.Highly acculturated Hispanic couples have less conflicted, more egalitarian, and more satisfying marriages.
ANSWER: T
317
Skill: Factual
221.The more acculturated Mexican American college students are, the more similar their scores are to those of
non-Hispanic Whites on standardized personality tests.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
222.Among lower-income Mexican American adolescents who showed signs of depression, the more
acculturated they are, the more likely they are to have experienced thoughts of committing suicide.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
223.Denial is an example of emotion-focused coping.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
224.In problem-focused coping, people examine the stressors they face and do what they can to change them or
modify their own reactions to render stressors less harmful.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
225.Avoidance is a form of emotion-based coping.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
226.As a form of coping, the use of wish-fulfillment fantasies, has been linked to poor adjustment in coping
with serious illness.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
318
227.Wishful thinking is a form of emotion-based coping.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
228.A mismatch between the individual’s style of coping and the amount of information provided about his
condition may impede recovery.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
229.Self-efficacy expectancies refer to our expectations that we will not succeed in coping with the challenges
we face.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
230.Most of the initial scientific research on self-efficacy was performed by B.F. Skinner.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
231.Albert Bandura and colleagues found spider-phobic women showed high levels of GABA and serotonin.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
232.Albert Bandura and colleagues found spider-phobic women showed high levels of stress hormones.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
233.Three key traits identified by Kobasa that distinguished the psychologically hardy executives from other
executives were concern, contentment, and commitment.
ANSWER: F
319
Skill: Factual
234.Kobasa distinguished the psychologically hardy from the un-hardy by using 10 key personality traits.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
235.Psychologically hardy people appear to cope more effectively with stress by using more emotion-focused
problem-solving approaches.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
236.Research links greater optimism to lower rates of heart disease and greater longevity.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
237.The developers of positive psychology believe that psychology should focus more of its efforts on the
positive aspects of the human experience.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
238.Positive psychology focuses on topics such as love and hope.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
239.Evidence links perceived discrimination among ethnic minorities to poorer mental and physical health and
to higher rates of substance abuse
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
240.African Americans often demonstrate a low level of resiliency in coping with stress.
320
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
241.Acquiring and maintaining pride in their racial identity and cultural heritage may help African Americans
and other ethnic minorities withstand stresses imposed by racism.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
242.African Americans and other ethnic minorities who become alienated from their culture or ethnic identity
may be more vulnerable to the effects of stress.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
243.Ethnic identity is associated with perceptions of a better quality of life among African Americans
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
244.An adjustment disorder is a maladaptive reaction to a distressing life event or stressor that develops within
3 years of the onset of the stressor.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
3 months of the onset of the stressor.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
3 days of the onset of the stressor.
ANSWER: F
321
Skill: Factual
247.For the diagnosis of an adjustment disorder to apply, the stress-related reaction must be sufficient enough to
also meet the diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder and a mood disorder.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
248.It is estimated that between 5% and 20% of people receiving outpatient mental health services present with
a diagnosis of adjustment disorder.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
249.If the adjustment disorder lasts for more than one month after the stressor (or its consequences) has been
removed, the diagnosis may be changed.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
250.Traumatic stress disorders are characterized by maladaptive patterns of behavior in response to trauma that
involve marked personal distress or significant impairment of functioning.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
251.In acute stress disorder, the person shows a maladaptive pattern of behavior many months following
exposure to a traumatic event.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
252.People with acute stress disorder may feel they are “in a daze” or that the world seems like a dreamlike or
unreal place.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
322
253.In acute stress disorder, the person shows a maladaptive pattern of behavior many months following
exposure to a traumatic event.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
254.In acute stress disorder, the traumatic event may involve exposure to either actual or threatened death, a
serious accident, or a sexual violation.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
255.For a diagnosis of acute stress disorder, the traumatic events can only include a sexual violation.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
256.For a diagnosis of acute stress disorder, the traumatic events cannot be a battlefield trauma—battlefield
traumas are saved for posttraumatic stress disorder.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
257.In acute stress disorder, the person with acute stress disorder may have been directly exposed to the trauma,
witnessed other people experiencing the trauma, or learned about a trauma experienced by a close
friend or family member.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
258.In order to be diagnosed with acute stress disorder, the person with acute stress disorder must have been
directly exposed to the trauma.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
323
259.Stronger or more persistent symptoms of dissociation around the time of the trauma is associated with a
greater likelihood of later development of PTSD.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
260.A person with acute stress disorder may have problems sleeping; may develop irritable or aggressive
behavior or exhibit an exaggerated startle response to sudden noises.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
261.Individuals with traumatic stress disorders do not exhibit difficulty effectively meeting daily
responsibilities.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
262.Unlike individuals with PTSD, individuals with acute stress disorder never re-experience the trauma.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
263.One of the common features of PTSD is that the person may feel “numb” inside and lose the ability to have
loving feelings.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
264.Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prolonged maladaptive reaction that lasts longer than one month after the
traumatic experience.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
265.First responders to traumatic events do not develop PTSD.
ANSWER: F
324
Skill: Factual
266.High rates of PTSD are found among earthquake and hurricane survivors in many countries.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
267.About 50% of combat veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have developed PTSD.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
268.Investigators found that survivors of terrorist acts had double the rate of PTSD as compared with survivors
of motor vehicle accidents.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
269.PTSD is found in very few cultures.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
270.As many as 300,000 American soldiers returning from the war zones in Iraq and Afghanistan show
symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder or depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
271.Less than one-third of people suffer a traumatic experience at some point in their lives.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
272.Traumatic events are actually quite rare.
325
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
273.An individual who experiences detachment or “dissociation” shortly following the trauma, or feeling numb
is more vulnerable to developing PTSD.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
274.The more direct the exposure to the trauma, the greater the person’s likelihood of developing PTSD.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
275.Although women more often have traumatic experiences, men are more likely to develop PTSD.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
276.Men are more likely to have traumatic experiences; women are more likely to develop PTSD.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
277.Investigators reported that the brain structure, amygdala, was larger in a group of combat veterans with
PTSD than in combat veterans without PTSD.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
278.Individuals with a history of childhood sexual abuse are more at risk for developing PTSD.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
326
279.Individuals with vivid imaginations are more at risk for developing PTSD.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
280.Evidence from carefully controlled studies demonstrates little in the way of therapeutic benefits for EMDR
in treating PTSD.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
281.The Principle of Parsimony holds that the more complex the explanation, the better.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
Essay Questions
282.How do Americans feel about stress? Discuss this within the context of the findings of the American
Psychological Association’s nationwide study.

Skill: Conceptual
283.Explain the role of the endocrine system in the experience of stress.

Skill: Factual
284.Describe the different parts of the immune system and the interplay with the experience of stress.

Skill: Conceptual
285.Describe how the experience of stress can lead to a compromised immune system.

327
Skill: Factual
286.Describe how psychological factors translate into physical health problems.

Skill: Factual
287.Summarize the steps one can take to restore emotional wellbeing and a sense of control following a disaster
or other traumatic experience,

Skill: Factual
288.Describe the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome. What is the possible outcome of prolonged exposure
to stress?
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 1 Page: 140-141

Skill: Conceptual
289.Summarize research findings regarding life changes and their relationship to stress.

Skill: Factual
290.Discuss Charles Negy’s research that investigated the quality of relationships in acculturated and non-
acculturated Mexican-American couples.
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 2 Page: 146-147

Skill: Conceptual
291.Discuss the forms of denial of illness and the impact this coping strategy may have on health and recovery.

Skill: Conceptual
292.Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the problem-focused and emotion-focused styles of coping with
stress in dealing with serious illness.

Skill: Factual
293.Discuss research findings relating the concepts of self-efficacy expectancies, hardiness, and
328
optimism to health.

Skill: Factual
294.Discuss the relationship between optimism and the subjective experience of pain.

Skill: Factual
295.Discuss the factors involved with African American ethnic identity and resiliency to stress.

Skill: Factual
296.Discuss the similarities and differences between Acute Stress disorder and PTSD.

Skill: Conceptual
297.Summarize the factors that could contribute to an individual having an increased vulnerability to PTSD.

Skill: Conceptual
298.Within a classical conditioning framework, describe the elements (conditioned response, unconditioned
stimuli, etc.) as they apply to the associations formed from a traumatic experience.

Skill: Conceptual
299.Summarize the research using the drug propranolol, in the treatment of traumatic memory. How might
morphine be used in treating traumatized soldiers?

Skill: Factual
300.Describe how cognitive behavioral therapy has been used in the treatment of PTSD.

329
Skill: Conceptual
301.Describe EMDR and discuss the controversy regarding its use. Why is it worthwhile to consider the famous
dictum known as Occam’s razor in evaluating EMDR?

Skill: Conceptual
330
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOC Q4.1
White blood cells work by recognizing invading pathogens by their surface fragments, called
__________.
a) receptors
b) lymphocytes
c) antigens
d) antibodies
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 4.1 Evaluate the effects of stress on health.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
EOC Q4.2
The release of corticosteroids, an increase in heart rate, muscle tension, and the ability for blood
to clot are all stress-related changes in the body associated with __________ of the GAS.
a) the exhaustion stage

b) the resistance stage
c) the alarm reaction
d) the alert stage
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 4.2 Identify and describe the stages of the general adaptation syndrome.
Skill Level: Analyze
331
EOC Q4.3
The observation that people who experience a greater number of life changes are more likely to
suffer from a psychological health problem compared to people who experience fewer life
changes should be interpreted with caution because the relationship __________.
a) is correlational
b) is experimental
c) invalidates a cause and effect relationship
d) is the result of randomly assigning research participants to experimental
conditions
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 4.3 Evaluate evidence of the relationship between life changes and
psychological and physical health.
Difficulty: Difficult
EOC Q4.4
The idea that acculturation helps people adjust to living in a host culture is termed the
__________.
a) American Dream
b) melting pot theory
c) bicultural theory
d) multicultural theory
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 4.4 Evaluate the role of acculturative stress in psychological adjustment.
332
EOC Q4.5
Problem-focused coping involves ___________.
a) focusing on reducing one’s emotional response to a stressor

b) ignoring or escaping from a stressor
c) directly confronting a stressor
d) focusing on a problem to such an extent that one becomes unable to function
normally
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 4.5 Identify psychological factors that moderate the effects of stress.
EOC Q4.6
The __________ is the body’s system of defense against disease.
a) endocrine system
b) immune system
c) stress reaction
d) autonomic disease system
Answer: b
Skill Level: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
EOC Q4.7
Which stress researcher is responsible for coining the term “general adaptation syndrome”?
a) Hans Selye
b) Walter Cannon
c) Albert Bandura
d) Suzanne Kobasa
Answer: a
333
EOC Q4.8
Our beliefs regarding our ability to cope with challenges, perform skillfully, and produce
positive changes in our lives are referred to as our __________.
a) self-directed expectancies
b) self-efficacy expectancies
c) self-esteem expectancies
d) externalized locus of control
Answer: b
EOC Q4.9
About two months ago, Justin’s parents announced they were getting a divorce. Before this
Justin had never been in trouble in school, but since he learned about the divorce Justin has been
cutting classes. Justin is most likely experiencing __________.
a) an adjustment disorder
b) acculturative stress
c) emotion-focused coping
d) acute stress disorder
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 4.6 Define the concept of an adjustment disorder and describe its key
features.
Skill Level: Apply
EOC Q4.10
An adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct is a maladaptive response to a stressor and is

likely to include __________.
a) violation of the rights of others

b) feelings of hopelessness
c) fear of separation from primary attachment figures
d) excessive crying
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 4.7 Identify the specific types of adjustment disorders.
334
EOC Q4.11
Which psychologist is famous for studying self-efficacy and for measuring how self-efficacy
expectancies impact our likelihood to feel anxious in stressful situations?
a) Walter Cannon
b) Albert Bandura
c) Suzanne Kobasa
d) Charles Negy
Answer: b
EOC Q4.12
With __________, a person shows a maladaptive pattern of behavior for a period of three days to
one month following a traumatic event.
a) an acute stress disorder

b) posttraumatic stress disorder
c) an alarm reaction
d) generalized anxiety disorder
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 4.8 Describe the key features of acute stress disorder.
EOC Q4.13
Many, but not all, people with acute stress disorder go on to develop __________.
a) major depression
b) PTSD
c) acculturative stress disorder
d) avoidant personality disorder
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 4.9 Describe the key features of posttraumatic stress disorder.
335
EOC Q4.14
Within a classical conditioning framework of assessing PTSD, the traumatic experience is the
__________.
a) conditioned stimulus
b) unconditioned stimulus
c) conditioned response
d) neutral stimulus
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 4.10 Describe theoretical understandings of PTSD.
EOC Q4.15
In the __________ method of treatment, the client is asked to form a mental picture of an image
associated with the trauma while the therapist rapidly moves a finger back and forth in front of
the client’s eyes for about 20 to 30 seconds.
a) physiological rerouting
b) EMDR
c) psycho-physical retraining
d) emotional reconditioning
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 4.11 Describe treatment approaches to PTSD.
Skill Level: Understanding
EOM Q4.1.1
What does the endocrine system secrete directly into the bloodstream?
a) red-blood cells
b) hormones
c) steroids
d) antigens
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
336
EOM Q4.1.2
When Mary saw the man in the hooded sweatshirt approach her on the dark street, she began to
breathe rapidly and her heart rate increased. She was experiencing which stage of the general
adaptation syndrome?
a) alarm reaction
b) adaptation stage
c) exhaustion stage
d) resistance stage
Answer: a
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q4.1.3
Acculturative stress is pressure __________.
a) on community residents that results from the influx of large numbers of

immigrants to their communities
b) on each new generation to adopt mainstream gender norms
c) that results from the demands placed on immigrant, native, and ethnic minority
groups to adjust to life in the mainstream culture
d) to assimilate experiences by new college students on campus for the first time
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 4.4 Evaluate the role of acculturative stress in psychological adjustment.
337
EOM Q4.1.4
Samantha is a business executive who effectively deals with stress in her life by fully committing
to the work at hand, seeing challenge as normal, and believing that she has control over her life.
Psychologists would most probably describe Samantha as having __________.
a) an external locus of control

b) high psychological hardiness
c) low self-efficacy
d) high dispositional readiness
Answer: b
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q4.1.5
Anne recently noticed that a mole on her arm has become irregular in shape and “mushy” to
touch. Her roommate suggests that Anne make an appointment with a dermatologist. Anne
cheerfully responds “It’s no big deal. It will probably go away on its own.” Anne is using
__________.
a) positive-focused coping
b) sensate-focused coping
c) emotion-focused coping
d) problem-focused coping
Answer: c
338
EOM Q4.2.1
To be diagnosed with an adjustment order, an individual must be dealing with a distressing life
event or stressor in a(n) __________ way.
a) antisocial
b) positive
c) maladaptive
d) inconsistent
Answer: c
features.
EOM Q4.2.2
Susan broke up with her boyfriend at the beginning of the semester. Two months later, she
continues to feel sad much of the time and has difficulty concentrating on her schoolwork. Susan
is most likely experiencing __________.
a) a social disorder
b) major depression
c) an acute stress reaction
d) an adjustment disorder
Answer: d
features.
Skill Level: Apply
339
EOM Q4.2.3
The percentage of people receiving outpatient mental health services who present with a
diagnosis of adjustment disorder is estimated to be between __________.
a) 1%–3%
b) 5%–20%
c) 25%–30%
d) 40%–50%
Answer: b
features.
Difficulty: Easy
EOM Q4.2.4
If an adjustment disorder lasts longer than __________ after the removal of the stressor or its
consequences, the diagnosis may be changed to another clinical syndrome.
a) two weeks
b) one month
c) three months
d) six months
Answer: d
340
EOM Q4.2.5
Seven-year-old Amanda has been experiencing intense fear of being separated from her mother
for the last few months. Her fear began after her mother was hospitalized for a serious infection.
The specific type of adjustment disorder that best describes Amanda’s maladaptive reaction is
__________.
a) adjustment disorder with anxiety

b) adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct
c) adjustment disorder with depressed mood
d) adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotion and conduct
Answer: a
EOM Q4.3.1
Mike served in Iraq four years ago and saw combat activity. Since returning home, Mike
experiences nightmares about his past combat involvement, startles easily when he hears loud
noises, and constantly feels on edge. Mike would most likely be diagnosed with __________.
a) an acute stress reaction

b) an adjustment disorder
c) posttraumatic stress disorder
d) major depression
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 4.9 Describe the key features of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Skill Level: Apply
341
EOM Q4.3.2
According to the American Psychiatric Association, lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic stress

disorder is approximately __________.
a) 4%
b) 9%
c) 15%
d) 21%
Answer: b
Learning Objective: Traumatic Stress Disorders
Difficulty: Easy
EOM Q4.3.3
Researchers have found that sufferers of PTSD who were asked to recall the PTSD-related
traumatic event after being given the drug propranolol had __________ compared to a group
who received a placebo.
a) a decrease in physiological activity

b) an increase in emotional response
c) better memory of event details
d) an increase in perceptual sensitivity to the details of the event
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 4.10 Describe theoretical understandings of PTSD.
EOM Q4.3.4
__________ is an intense form of exposure treatment for PTSD in which the person repeatedly
reexperiences the traumatic event in imagination during treatment sessions or directly confronts
situations linked to the trauma in real life without seeking to escape from the anxiety.
a) Progressive stress inoculation

b) Prolonged exposure
c) Systematic exposure
d) Exposure debriefing training
Answer: b
342
EOM Q4.3.5
In which type of therapy for PTSD does the individual gradually reexperience the anxiety
associated with the traumatic event, allowing extinction of the anxiety to occur?
a) cognitive-behavioral
b) self-relaxation
c) anger management training
d) EMDR
Answer: a
343

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Total Assessment Guide

Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

4. The term_________ refers to a state of physical or mental pain or suffering.

5. The term used to describe something that is a source of stress is ______.

7. According to a recent nationwide study by the American Psychological Association, _______percent of

13. Cortisol and cortisone are ______.

16. Adrenaline is synonymous with ______.

22. Which of the following is a pathogen?

24. Leukocytes recognize invading pathogens by their ____________.

25. A lymphocyte is a type of ______.

28. Which of the following statements is true?

33. Much of the research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology is ______.

35. Why is terrorism-related trauma a source of chronic stress?

38. The general adaptation syndrome is based on the work of ______.

41. The alarm reaction mobilizes the body for ______.

43. The “fight-or-flight” response pattern was first described by ______.

55. The ______ nervous system dominates the exhaustion stage.

57. The immune system is weakened by continuous secretion of ______.

59. Life changes are sources of stress ______.

61. ______ life changes can be stressful.

62. Getting married is a stressful life change that is ____________.

67. The melting-pot theory holds that ______.

78. Increased bicultural adaptation among Mexican American elders ______.

98. An example of emotion-focused coping is ______.

99. Avoidance and denial are forms of ______.

101.Wish-fulfillment fantasy is ______.

105.Seeking information about an illness through research is an example of ______.

106.Beliefs in one’s ability to accomplish certain tasks are known as ______.

110.Epinephrine and norepinephrine make us feel ______.

111.Lower secretion of stress hormones is associated with ______.

112.Psychological hardiness in business executives was investigated by ______.

114.The effects of stress can be moderated or buffered by which of the following?

116.Which of the following is a trait associated with psychologically hardy executives?

118.Which trait is characteristic of psychological hardy people?

120.Locus of control is a construct that was suggested by ______.

125.The Optimism Scale measures ______.

129.Stresses imposed by racism or perceived discrimination may be moderated by ______.

133.Adjustment disorders are classified in the DSM-5 within a category of ____________.

135.According to DSM-5, a maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor, characterized by impaired

137.Adjustment disorders are among the ______ types of disorders.

146.Individuals suffering from Acute Stress Disorder may feel ______________.

164.The feeling of detachment from oneself or one's environment is known as ______.

169.Women are ______ as likely as men to develop posttraumatic stress disorder.

183.EMDR is a technique to treat ______.

184.The controversy related to EMDR is ______.

190.The term distress refers to a state of physical or mental pain or suffering.

191.The term stress refers to a state of physical or mental pain or suffering.

192.The field of psychoneuroimmunology studies relationships between psychological

193.The endocrine system consists of ducts distributed throughout the body.

195.Endocrine glands pour their secretions—called hormones—directly into the brain.

196.Norepinephrine is also produced in the amygdala, where it functions as a neurotransmitter.

197.Leukocytes stimulate the adrenal medulla to release hormones.

198.Leukocytes recognize invading pathogens by their surface fragments, called antigens.

199.Some leukocytes produce antigens which are specialized proteins.

200.Social support networks can act as a buffer against cold symptoms.

205.Correlational research helps scientists demonstrate causal connections.

207.People have basically similar reactions to traumatic stress.

208.People’s reactions to trauma differ from one individual to the next.

223.Denial is an example of emotion-focused coping.

225.Avoidance is a form of emotion-based coping.

238.Positive psychology focuses on topics such as love and hope.

265.First responders to traumatic events do not develop PTSD.

269.PTSD is found in very few cultures.