Postmodern

Framework of
Thinking
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, students are able to:

1. Understand the post-modern framework of

thinking.

2. Appreciate the importance of post-modern

framework in thinking and deciding about
issues of morality.

3. Develop an attitude of thinking in a post-

modern way.

4. Apply the post-modern framework in moral

decision-making.
EPISTEMOLOGY
PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWLEDGE

What is the nature of

human knowledge?

How do we know?

MODERN POSTMODERN
EPISTEMOLOGY EPISTEMOLOGY
Specialized Education General Education
The Old Paradigm The New Paradigm
 MODERN EPISTEMOLOGY

SUBJECT COGNITION OBJECT

The Knower The Act of Mind The Known

Reality
WORLD
Truth

PERSON METHOD CONTENT

Learning of Learning of Learning
Who? How? What?

The learner learns about the content of learning

through the method of learning!
 MODERN FRAMEWORK FOR LEARNING
FIELD METHOD CONTENT
(Discipline) (Process) (Subject-Matter)
Philosophy Rational (Mind alone) Ultimate reality of all things
Natural Science Scientific (Observation,
Natural, physical phenomena
(Physics etc.) hypothesis, etc.)
Mathematics Analytic (Computation) Number and their relations

Sociology Positivist (Survey, statistics) Social phenomena

Theology Dogmatic (Bible, Magisterium) God and human beings

Creates adverse relations of various fields

Tends towards specializing the disciplines

ADVERSE RELATIONS OF VARIOUS FIELDS

SCIENCE
Its own truth
PHILOSOPHY
Its own truth SOCIOLOGY
Its own truth
Which discipline
THEOLOGY has the best claim
Its own truth for the truth? MATHEMATICS
Its own truth

ART
Its own truth HISTORY
Its own truth
 TENDENCY TOWARDS SPECIALIZATIONS
Philosophy

Logic Ethics Aesthetics Metaphysics Cosmology Epistemology Theodicy

Philo. of Beauty Philo. of Art Philo. of Art Criticism

Fine Art Practical Art Folk Art Digital Art

History of Art Theory of Art Practice of Art

European Art Asian Art American Art

Chinese Art Philippine Art Indian Art

Phil. Pre Colonial Art Phil. Spanish Colonial Art Indigenous Art in Phil.

Tiboli Art Maranao Art Ivatan Art

Tinalak Art Representational Tinalak Bird Motif Tinalak

EFFECTS OF SPECIALIZATION

Teachers teach more and more

about less and less.

Students learn about fragmented

knowledge.

Scholars become experts in one

discipline, but totally paralyzed
in all the others.
 ART ANTHROPOLOGY
APPRECIATION SOCIOLOGY

Tinalak Tiboli’s Religious

Beliefs
FRAGMENTS
OF HISTORY

GRAND NARRATIVES
Nation Building
Formation of
Filipino Identity
REINFORCEMENT CONTEXTS
TO SPECIALIZED Society
LEARNING Culture
Religion
Politics
Economy

ISSUES
Nationality
Ethnicity
Personhood
Race
Gender
POSTMODERN EPISTEMOLOGY

1960
Revolution in Human Thought
End of Modern Era
Start of Postmodern Age
(Lyotard, 1984)

“Postmodernity is the general condition of

human, social and cultural life of every person
at the present times” (Hornedo, 1999).
 “MODERN”
Old Way of Thinking

“POSTMODERN”
New Way of Thinking

MODERN POSTMODERN
CONSCIOUSNESS CONSCIOUSNESS
Starting 1650 Starting 1960

Postmodernism is a condition
of thinking the human mind has achieved
in the state of its highest development
as of the present period.
 MAIN POINT OF
POSTMODERNISM

There is one, objective reality.

But there are many truths
about this reality.
 What is the shape
of a one-peso coin?

Ano ang hugis ng

piso?
 There are many truths
depending upon our points of view!
POSTMODERN WAY OF THINKING…
 POSTMODERN THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

PERSPECTIVE 2

Knowledge 2 Truth 2

Knowledge 1 Knowledge 3
PERSPECTIVE 1 WORLD
PERSPECTIVE 3
Truth 1 Reality Truth 3

Knowledge 4 Truth 4

PERSPECTIVE 4
 POSTMODERN WAY OF THINKING

PERSPECTIVE 2

Knowledge 2 Truth 2

Knowledge 1 Knowledge 3
PERSPECTIVE 1 WORLD
PERSPECTIVE 3
Truth 1 Reality Truth 3

Knowledge 4 Truth 4

PERSPECTIVE 4
POSTMODERNISM

INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
END
“End of History”
“Death of Science”
“End of Anthropology”
“Death of Art”
 INTEGRATION OF
THE VARIOUS DISCIPLINES
Interdisciplinary Approach
Biology Archeology
Sociology Psychology
Art History
Philosophy Physics
Mathematics Theology
Economics Pol. Science
Chemistry Etc.

One Grand System of

Unified Knowledge
 POSTMODERN FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE

SCIENCE

Scientific Knowledge
& Truth

Philosophical Artistic
WORLD ART
PHILOSOPHY
Knowledge Reality Knowledge
& Truth & Truth

Mathematical Knowledge
& Truth

MATHEMATICS
 POSTMODERN FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE

SCIENCE

Scientific Knowledge
& Truth

Philosophical Artistic
WORLD ART
PHILOSOPHY
Knowledge Reality Knowledge
& Truth & Truth

“see reality asMathematical

one—thatKnowledge
which has a mathematical
& Truth
aspect, economic aspect, biological aspect, and so on,
but always in an integrated unity” (Flores, 1996)
MATHEMATICS
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO LEARNING

Philosophy
Biology Psychology
Sociology Archeology
Art INTEGRATED Theology
History KNOWLEDGE Physics
Mathematics AND TRUTH Pol. Science
Economics Chemistry
Chemistry Anthropology
Etc.
THAT’S IT!
Thank you!
☺