Introduction to Web

V.Mareeswari
Assistant Professor(Sr)
SITE, VIT, Vellore
 The Internet
 Internet is a global system of interconnected networks…
 It is a network of networks, that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business and government networks of local to global
scope…

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

 MODERN USES OF INTERNET
 The internet can be accessed almost anywhere
by numerous means including mobile internet
services…

 The Internet allows computer users

to remotely access other computers and
information stores easily, wherever they may
be.
V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT
Uses for the Internet
WWW or HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Email – Outlook, Yahoo, Gmail
FTP File Transfer Protocol
Gaming
Video On Demand
Voice Over IP – Telephone Services
File Sharing

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

 World Wide Web
 The world wide web is a sophisticated system for universal
information capture and delivery
 The Web is a large number of computer documents or "Web
pages" that are stored on computers around the world and are
connected to one another using hyperlinks. These Web pages can be
seen by anyone through their computer's "Web Browser," which is
the program you are using now.
 A group of Web pages that follow the same theme and are connected
together with hyperlinks is called a "Web site." Web sites and Web
pages are written in a coding language that makes it possible to add
pictures, sound and interactivity to plain old text, making people's
reading experience more exciting.

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

 Web addresses
 Just like every house has a postal code, each Web page has an address describing
where it can be found. On the Web these addresses are called URLs (Uniform
Resource Locator).
http://www.google.com/services/index.htm

 http:// - Protocol - This part of the address indicates that it is a Web page.
 www - This indicates that the Web page you are looking at is part of the World
WideWeb. ManyWeb sites do not use www but are still part of theWeb.
 google.com - This part of the address is the domain name and indicates the
unique address of a Web site.
 /services/ - The "/" symbol indicates you have moved into a specific directory in
the Web sites. Directories are like the folders on your computer and help to
organizeWeb pages in aWeb sites.
 index.htm - A word with ".htm" or "html" following it indicates the name of the
specific page in theWeb site you are looking at.

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

Domain Affiliations
Domain Affiliations
arts cultural and entertainment activities
com business organizations
edu educational sites
firm businesses and firms
gov government sites
info information service providers
mil military sites
nom individuals
net networking organizations
org organizations
rec recreational activities
store businesses offering goods for purchase
web entities related to World Wide Web activities
net networking organizations
V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT
 Web browsers
 Web browsers are programs used to explore the
Internet. Software that creates a unique hypermedia-
based menu on your computer screen and provides a
graphical interface to the Web.
 There are many Web browser programs available
including Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer and
Opera.

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

Connect to the internet

Mobiles and PDA’s 3G USB Dongle 3G

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT
 RISKS !!!
Viruses, attack, hacking, identity theft, fraud,
getting passwords, stealing bank details,
intercepting emails, theft of data, posting
unwanted videos, posting unwanted
text………..

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

 RISK PREVENTION
What do you need to do to minimise some or all of the risk
when accessing the internet ?
FIREWALL
VIRUS SCANNER
INSTALL ADWARE AND MALWARE SCANNERS
BE AWARE OF EMAIL SCAMS
BE CAREFUL WHEN USING PAYMENT SITES
BE CAREFUL DOWNLOADING AND UPLOADING
USE COMPLEX PASSWORDS

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

 IP Address
 The number of IP addresses provided by a 32-bit code
(IPv4) is insufficient for the Internet’s current growth
trajectory
 How many different addresses does a 32-bit number
provide?
– 232 = 4,294,967,296
 IPv6 is going to increase the address space to 128 bits

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

 Web Servers
 A web server is a computer with special software to host web
pages and web applications.
 A web server serves web pages to clients across the Internet or
an Intranet. The web server hosts the pages, scripts, programs,
and multimedia files and serves them using HTTP, a protocol
designed to send files to web browsers and other protocols.
 A number of server-side technologies can be used to increase
the power of the server beyond its ability to deliver standard
HTML pages.
 These include CGI scripts, server-side includes, SSL security,
and Active Server Pages(ASPs)
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How the WWW Works

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

Example of an HTTP Request from a
Web browser
Command URL HTTP version

GET http://www.kelley.indiana.edu/ardennis/home.htm HTTP/1.1 ]- Request

Date: Mon 06 Aug 2001 17:35:46 GMT Line
User-Agent: Mozilla/6.0 ]- Web browser (this is Netscape)
Referer: http://www.indiana.edu/~aisdept/faculty.htm Request Header

URL that contained the link to the requested URL

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 HTTP response from a Web server

HTTP version Status code Reason

HTTP/1.1 200 OK ]- Response Status
Date: Mon 06 Aug 2001 17:35:46 GMT ]- Date
Response
Server: NCSA/1.3 ]- Web server
Header
Location: http:// www.kelley.indiana.edu/adennis/home.htm ]- URL
Content-type: text/html ]- Type of file
<html>
<head>
<title>Allen R. Dennis</title>
</head>
<body> Response
<H2> Allen R. Dennis </H2> Body
<P>Welcome to the home page of Allen R. Dennis</P>

</body>
</html>
V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT
 HTTP Request Types
 GET (default) and POST do basically the same thing: Send data
from the client to the server. However, they have some
differences:
 GET
 Appends form data directly to the end of the URL—visible
to users (not suitable for sending passwords)
 Limited to 2,048 characters for the entire URL
 Result page can be bookmarked and cached
 POST
 Sends form data in the HTTP request—invisible to users
 Virtually no limit (but check your specific configuration)
 Results are not cacheable or bookmarkable
V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT
System Architecture
 Multi-tier application (n-tier application)
 Information tier (data or bottom tier)
 Maintains data for the application
 Stores data in a relational database management system
(RDBMS)
 Middle tier
 Implements business logic and presentation logic
 Control interactions between application clients and
application data
 Client tier (top tier)
 Application’s user interface
 Users interact directly with the application through the client
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tier
3 tier Architecture

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT

N-tier Client-Server Architecture

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Hosting a website: Self hosting
 Install a web server on a computer
 Local access
 Using domain <localhost>
 or IP address 127.0.0.1
 Necessary for server-side programming development
 Global access
 Register a human-readable domain name
 Obtain IP address
 Static: Costs more
 Dynamic: Needs dynamic DNS system, e.g.
http://www.dyndns.com/

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V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT
V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT
 SGML
 The Standard Generalized Markup Language (1986) is a
standard for defining generalized markup languages for
documents.
 Markup Language is a way of writing layout information within
documents.
 The XML is a subset of SGML and it adds a number of additional
restrictions on the kinds of SGML syntax.
 HTML was theoretically an example of an SGML-based language
until HTML 5.
 The second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is
entirely marked up with an SGML-based markup language.

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Filename extension .sgml
Internet media type application/sgml, text/sgml
Developed by ISO in 1986
Type of format Markup Language
Extended from GML
Extended to HTML, XML

V.Mareeswari / AP(Sr) / SITE / VIT