अर्धमागधी प्राकृत

emgZ {ZU©¶ H«$‘m§H$ : Aä¶mg-2116/(à.H«$.43/16) EgS>r - 4 {XZm§H$ 25.4.
2016 AÝd¶o ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m g‘Ýd¶ g{‘VrÀ¶m

{X. 19.3.2019 amoOrÀ¶m ~¡R>H$s‘Ü¶o ho nmR>çnwñVH$ gZ 2019-2020 ¶m e¡j{UH$ dfm©nmgyZ {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ¶mg ‘mÝ¶Vm XoÊ¶mV Ambr Amho.
AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$V
B¶ËVm- AH$amdr (V¥Vr¶ ^mfm)
‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i

nwUo - 411004
Amnë¶m ñ‘mQ>©’$moZdarb DIKSHA APP X²dmao nm>R>çnwñVH$mÀ¶m n{hë¶m
n¥îR>mdarb Q.R. Code X²dmao {S>{OQ>b nm>R>çnwñVH$ d nm>R>çnwñVH$mVrb
àË¶oH$ nmR>mg§~§{YV AÜ¶¶Z AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r Cn¶w³V ÑH$lmì¶ gm{hË¶
CnbãY hmoB©b.
© àW‘md¥ËVr … 2019 © ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i,
n{hbo nwZ‘w©ÐU : 2020 nwUo - 411004.
¶m nwñVH$mMo gd© h³H$ ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘
g§emoYZ ‘§S>imH$S>o amhVrb. ¶m nwñVH$mVrc H$moUVmhr ^mJ g§MmcH$,
‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i ¶m§À¶m
boIr nadmZJr{edm¶ CX²Y¥V H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
g§¶moOH$ … AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V ^mfm VÁk g{‘Vr

lr‘Vr g{dVm A{Zb dm¶i,
lr. ~mimgmho~ ^mZwXmg ^Jao (AÜ¶j)
{deofm{YH$mar, ‘amR>r
lr‘Vr dZ‘mbm ~mimgmho~ ^Jao
lr‘Vr g§Ü¶m {dZ¶ CnmgZr,
ghm¶H$ {deofm{YH$mar, qhXr lr‘Vr gamoO lrnmb nmQ>rb
lr‘Vr CÁÁdbm à{Xn ‘JXÿ‘
{MÌH$ma …
lr. Jm¡ad JmoJmdbo lr‘Vr gwZ§Xm AemoH$ Mm¡Jwbo
lr‘Vr AéUm AaqdX nmQ>rb
‘wIn¥îR> …
lr. gXm{ed H$‘Ho$ar
lr. {ddoH$mZ§X {ede§H$a nmQ>rb
lr. ‘hmdra nmQ>rb
{Z{‘©Vr …
lr‘Vr g§Ü¶m {dZ¶ CnmgZr
lr. g{ƒXmZ§X Am’$io, ‘w»¶ {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar
lr‘Vr g{dVm A{Zb dm¶i
lr. amO|Ð qMXaH$a, {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar (gXñ¶ - g{Md)
lr. amO|Ð nm§S>bmoñH$a, ghm¶H$ {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar
AjaOwiUr …
~bXod H§$ß¶wQ>g©, ‘w§~B©
प्रमुख समन्वयक :
H$mJX … श्रीमती प्राची रविंद्र साठे
70 Or. Eg. E‘. H«$s‘dmoìh
‘wÐUmXoe …
: àH$meH$ :
lr. {ddoH$ CÎm‘ Jmogmdr
‘wÐH$ … {Z¶§ÌH$,
nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr ‘§S>i,
à^mXodr, ‘w§~B© - 25.
nBÊUm
àñVmdZm
AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V hr EH$ àmMrZ ^maVr¶ ~mobr^mfm hmo¶. ¶m ~mobr^mfoV ^JdmZ ‘hmdram§Zr
Amnë¶m Y‘m©Mo VËËdkmZ gm§{JVbo. {edm¶ Amnë¶m {eî¶-à{eî¶m§Zmhr ¶m àmH¥$V ^mfoVyZM Y‘m}nXoe
H$aÊ¶mg gm§{JVbm. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m àmH¥$V ^mfoMm {dH$mg hmoV OmD$Z hr ^mfm ^maVmÀ¶m H$mZmH$monè¶mV
nmohmoMbr.
¶m ^mfoVM g‘«mQ> AemoH$m§Zr Amnbo {ebmboI H$moê$Z KoVbo. {edm¶ g‘«mQ> AemoH$, g‘«mQ>
Imadob, gmVdmhZ AmXr amOm§Zr amOXa~mamMr ^mfm åhUyZ, àmH¥$V ^mfobm gÝ‘m[ZV Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m
^mfoV {d{dY àH$maMo gm{hË¶ {b{hbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. ¶m gm{hË¶mÀ¶m AÜ¶¶ZmZo àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mOmMm,
VgoM g§ñH¥$VrMm, ê$T>r na§naoMm, amOH$s¶, ^m¡Jmo{bH$, Z¡{VH$ BË¶mXtMm n[aM¶ hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.
¶m{edm¶ ^mfmemór¶ÑîQ>çmhr àmH¥$V ^mfm ‘hËËdnyU© Agë¶mZo AmYw[ZH$ ^maVr¶ ^mfm§À¶m
CËnËËmrÀ¶m Aä¶mgmgmR>r hr ^mfm AË¶§V ‘hËËdnyU© Amho.
‘hmamîQ>´ emgZmZo V¶ma Ho$boë¶m ZdrZ Aä¶mgH«$‘mZwgma OyZ 2019 nmgyZ B. 11drÀ¶m dJm©gmR>r
ho nmR>çnwñVH$ V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo Amho.
¶m nmR>çnwñVH$m‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$ nmR>mÀ¶m àma§^r àñVmdZm, nmR>mMm CX²Xoe, H$R>rU eãXmW©, ñdmÜ¶m¶
B. {Xbobo AmhoV. {edm¶ n[a{eîQm‘Ü¶o àmH¥$V dU©‘mbm, dU©~Xb, H$mi, {d^³Vr, g§Yr, àmH¥$V
dm³¶aMZm, {Z~§Y, An{R>V CVmao, {edm¶ àmH¥$V ZmQ>çgm{hË¶m§Mm (gQ²>Q>Ho$) g§{jßV n[aM¶ B.Mm
g‘mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m àmH¥$V ^mfoMo AÜ¶¶Z H$aVmZm {dXçmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o àmH¥$V {df¶m{df¶r
JmoS>r {Z‘m©U hmoV amhrb.
AY©‘mJYr ^mfm VÁk g{‘Vr, Aä¶mgJQ> gXñ¶ Am{U {MÌH$ma ¶m§À¶m AmñWmnyd©H$ n[al‘mVyZ ho
nwñVH$ V¶ma Pmbo Amho. ho nmR>çnwñVH$ OmñVrV OmñV {ZXm}f d XO}Xma ìhmdo ¶m ÑîQ>rZo ‘hmamîQ´>mÀ¶m gd©
^mJmVrb {ZdS>H$ {ejH$, VgoM H$mhr {ejUVÁk d {df¶VÁk ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mMo g‘rjU
H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶m§À¶m Amboë¶m gyMZm d A{^àm¶ ¶m§Mm H$miOrnyd©H$ {dMma H$ê$Z ¶m nwñVH$mbm
A§{V‘ ñdê$n XoÊ¶mV Ambo.
AY©‘mJYr ^mfm VÁk g{‘Vr, Aä¶mgJQ> gXñ¶, {Z‘§{ÌV VÁk, g§~§{YV g‘rjH$ d {MÌH$ma ¶m
gdmªMo ‘§S>i ‘Z:nyd©H$ Am^mar Amho. {dXçmWu, {ejH$ d nmbH$ ¶m nwñVH$mMo ñdmJV H$aVrb, Aer
Amem Amho.
¶m nmR>çnwñVH$m~amo~a Aä¶mgmbm nyaH$ Ago ânya ÑH$-lmì¶ gm{hË¶ Amnë¶mbm n{hë¶m nmZmda
Agboë¶m Q.R. Code À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ CnbãY hmoB©b. {dXçmÏ¶mªZr Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z ¿¶mdm.
(S>m°. gw{Zb ‘Ja)

nwUo g§MmbH$
H$ : 20 OyZ 2019
{XZm§ ‘hmamîQ>´ amÁ¶> nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d
^maVr¶
gm¡a {XZm§H$ : 30 Á¶oîR, 1941> Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo.
AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V
^mfm{df¶H$ j‘Vm
B¶ËVm AH$amdrÀ¶m {dXçmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V ^mfm{df¶H$ nwT>rb j‘Vm {dH${gV ìhmì¶mV,
Aer Anojm Amho.
joÌ
l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrc ^mdmW© g‘OyZ KoVm ¶oUo.
l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$VmVrb {d{dY gm{hË¶àH$mam§À¶m Üd{Z{’$Vr EoHy$Z Ë¶mVrb ñdamKmV,
Amamoh-Adamoh ¶m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr OmU hmoUo.

ldU l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§dmX d g§^mfU EoHy$Z {M{H$ËgH$
{dMmamgh Ë¶mV gh^mJr hmoVm ¶oUo.

l n[agamV ~mobë¶m OmUmè¶m {d{dY ~mobr^mfm EoHy$Z Ë¶m§À¶m d¡{eîQ>çm§Zwgma VwbZm H$aVm
¶oUo.
l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$VmVrb CÀMma d¡{eîQ>çm§Zm AZwgê$Z ¶mo½¶ Aem JmWm§Mo nR>Z Am{U
g§^mfU H$aVm ¶oUo.

^mfU
l AY©‘mJYr-‘mÜ¶‘mV AÜ¶¶ZH¥$VtZm d {df¶mcm AZwgê$Z AZw^d H$WZ H$aVm ¶oUo.
l AY©‘mJYr àmH¥$V ^mfoV MMm© H$aVm ¶oUo.
l {dam‘{M•m§Mr XIb KoD$Z ¶mo½¶ JVrZo AW©nyU© àH$Q> dmMZ H$aVm ¶oUo.
l AY©‘mJYr gm{hË¶mVrc {d{dY gm{hË¶àH$mam§Mo g‘Onyd©H$ dmMZ H$ê$Z Ë¶mMm AmñdmX

dmMZ KoUo.
l g§Ho$VñWimda CnbãY Agboë¶m "B©' gm{hË¶mMo dmMZ H$ê$Z Ë¶m ‘m{hVrMm
ñd¶§AÜ¶¶ZmgmR>r Cn¶moJ H$aVm ¶oUo.

l boIZ H$aVmZm ewÕboIZmÀ¶m {Z¶‘m§Mo nmbZ H$aVm ¶oUo.
boIZ l ^mfm {Z¶‘m§Zm AZwgê$Z g§dmX / dU©Z / bKwn[aÀN>oX {b{hVm ¶oUo.
l ‘mÜ¶‘ ^mfoVrb ^mfm {Z¶‘mbm AZwgê$Z AZwdmX H$aVm ¶oUo.
l H$moUË¶mhr g§X^m©gmR>r eãXH$moe nmhVm ¶oUo.
l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V ^mfoV eãXOmc {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aUo.

AÜ¶¶Z l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V ^mfoV H$WmnyVu H$aVm ¶oUo.
H$m¡eë¶ l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V ^mfoV AZwdmX H$aVm ¶oUo.
l g§JUH$mda CnbãY AgUmè¶m {d{dY e¡j{UH$ Cn¶moOZm§Mm Aä¶mgmgmR>r dmna H$aVm
¶oUo.
l B¶ËVm Xhmdrn¶ªV Aä¶mgboë¶m ì¶mH$aU KQ>H$m§Mr COiUr H$aUo.
^mfmä¶mg l AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V ^mfoV gai g§dmX H$aUo.
l EH$ Vo e§â (1-100) A§H$ (H«$‘) OmUyZ KoUo.

{ejH$m§gmR>r
AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V B¶ËVm AH$amdrMo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r

AmnUm§g XoVmZm A{Ve¶ AmZ§X hmoV Amho. {dXçmÏ¶mª‘Yrb ^m{fH$ H$m¡eë¶o A{YH$m{YH$
{dH${gV hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m ÑîQ>rZo nmR>çnwñVH$m‘Ü¶o {dXçmÏ¶mªÀ¶m ^md{dídmer g§~§{YV nmR>,
H${dVm, H¥$Vr (ñdmÜ¶m¶) d Ame¶mZwê$n {MÌo ¶m§gma»¶m AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe Ho$bobm
Amho. {ejH$m§Zr nmR>çnwñVH$mV g‘m{dîQ>> AgUmè¶m ^mfm{df¶H$ j‘Vm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z
{dXçmÏ¶mª‘Yrb ^m{fH$ j‘Vm {dH${gV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb H¥$Vr§~amo~aM BVa
{d{dY H¥$Vr d CnH«$‘ ¶moOyZ Vo {dXçmÏ¶mªH$Sy>Z H$adyZ ¿¶mdoV.
j‘Vm joÌmVrb ^mfmä¶mg ¶m erf©H$mImbr {Xboë¶m gd© ì¶mH$aU KQ>H$m§Mr

COiUr {ejH$m§Zr {dXçmÏ¶mªH$Sy>Z H$ê$Z KoUo Ano{jV Amho. {ejH$m§Zr ñdV… ¶m ì¶mH$aU
KQ>H$m§À¶m gamdmgmR>r {d{dY H¥$Vr ¶moOmì¶mV d Ë¶m {dXçmÏ¶mªH$Sy>Z gmoS>dyZ ¿¶mì¶mV.
{ejH$m§Zr ñdV…À¶m g¥OZerbVoZo, H$ënH$VoZo {d{dY ^m{fH$ H¥$VtMr aMZm H$amdr,

Ë¶mM~amo~a Aem {d{dY H¥$Vr V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dXçmÏ¶mªZmhr ào[aV H$amdo. Ë¶mVyZ
{dXçmÏ¶mªMr {ZarjUj‘Vm, {dMmaj‘Vm d H¥${VerbVm ¶m§Zmhr g§Yr {‘iUma Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m {d{dY ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z AÜ¶mnZmV A{YH$m{YH$ g§X^©
XoUo Ano{jV Amho. nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb JXç d nXç nmR>m§‘Yrb H$R>rU eãXm§Mo AW©
nmR>mÀ¶m eodQ>r {Xbobo AmhoV. {ejH$m§Zr Amdí¶H$VoZwgma nmR>mVrb BVa eãXm§Mo AW©
g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r eãXH$moemMm dmna H$amdm, VgoM {dXçmÏ¶mªZm g§X^© åhUyZ eãXH$moe
nmhÊ¶mgmR>r ào[aV H$amdo.
AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V B¶ËVm AH$amdrMo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ Vwåhm§bm Z³H$sM AmdS>ob,

Aer Amem Amho.
AUw³H$‘{U¶m
AZw. H«$. gwJ‘-nmB¶§ nmZ H«§$.
1 dËWy Zm‘§ 1
2 é³I Zm‘§ 2
3 n³Ir Zm‘§ 3
4 Ad¶d Zm‘§ 4
J‚m {d^mJmo 5
1 ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo 6
2 n{SgÔmo 9
3 gmhþ-ap³I¶§ n‚mmdaU§ 12
4 g§~mohogw A§Va§ 16
5 gƒdmUñg gm{dÎmr 19
6 A¶hma¶-{XÆ>§V§ 23
n‚m {d^mJmo 26
1 aÆ>^Îmr 27
2 A^¶XmU§ 30
3 ZrBd‚mm 34
4 nwÎmmU-n[a³Im 38
5 Hy$S>-ZrB© 42
6 {H${gdmbñg OrdU§ 46
n[a{gÆ>§ 51
(A) ì¶mH$aU {d^mJ 52
1 àmH¥$V dU©‘mbm 53
2 gd©Zm‘o 62
3 H$mi 67
4 {d^³Vr àË¶¶ 72
5 g§»¶m 77
6 àmH¥$V g§Yr 83
(~) bohU-H$mog„§ 87
1 AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$VmV H¥$Vr H$am 88
2 {Z~§Y boIZ 89
3 An{R>V CVmao 92
(H$) àmH¥$V gÅ>H (ZmQ>ç) gm{hË¶ n[aM¶ 97
gwJ‘-nmB¶§ (1) dËWw-Zm‘§
H§$XþJ S>mobm Ambmo¶U
Vwbm gJS> A{g¶
hb Hw$Ô{b¶m A³Ia’$bH
XÿaX§gU ^‘UPw{U g§JU¶

1
(2) é³I-Zm‘§
B©S>qU~ ~~yb Am‘é³I
H§$Ho$br dS>é³I nUg/’$Ug
O§~yé³I H$ßné³I B³Iy
nyJVê$ Vmbé³I gmJé³I

2
(3) n³Ir-Zm‘§
H$mJ ~J ‘D$a
‘D$ar H$sa H$moBbm
goU {JÕ nmaod¶
Jéb M¸$dm¶ gm[a¶m

3
(4) Ad¶d-Zm‘§
‘ËW¶ {US>mb Z¶U
Zmgm H$ÊU d¶U/‘wh
Orhm Jrdm hUy
H$Q>r OmUy hËW

4
J‚m - {d^mJmo
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1. ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo
^JdmZ ‘hmdra ho O¡Z Y‘m©Vrb 24 do
VrWªH$a hmoV. Ë¶m§Mm H$mi gmYmaUnUo B. g. nyd©
5-6 ì¶m eVH$mMm ‘mZbm OmVmo.
^JdmZ ‘hmdram§Zr Y‘m}nXoemgmR>r
AY©‘mJYr ^mfoMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m
Y‘m}nXoemVyZ AqhgoMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Ho$dbkmZmMr
àmßVr Pmë¶mZ§Va ^JdmZ ‘hmdram§Zr Amnë¶m
{Xì¶dmUrZo {ÌH$mbm~m{YV VÎdkmZmMm CnXoe
^ì¶Ordm§Zm H$aÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Mm[aÍ¶~b dmT>dm, g§¶‘ nmim, dmgZm§da
{dO¶ {‘idm. Agm‘m{OH$ àd¥ÎmtMm Zme H$am Am{U
amJ-X²dof ‘ZmVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$m. g§¶‘ê$nr Vn H$am.
Ago Ë¶§mZr à{VnmXZ Ho$bo.
~mhoarb eÌyer bT>mB© H$aUo gmono Amho nU
Amnë¶m‘Ü¶o Agboë¶m {dH$mam§Mm Zme H$aUo Iyn H${R>U Amho. ¶mgmR>r draVoMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo.
‘hmdram§Zr ñdV:‘Ü¶o ¶m e³VrMm {dH$mg Ho$bm d Ë¶mMm AmXe© g§nyU© OJmg‘moa R>odbm. Ë¶m§Mm
g§{jßV n[aM¶ ¶m nmR>mV nwT>rbà‘mUo {Xbobm Amho.
ApËW Bhod ^maho-dmgo H§w${S>Unwao {gÕËWmo ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo Ho$dbr hmoB& ^Jd§ ‘hmdraoU gìdm{U
Zm‘ I{Îm¶-JUm{hdB© & Vñg {Vgbm Zm‘ Xodr& B§{X¶m{U amJXmogmB§ H$gm¶mB§ {O¶m{U & AAmo gmo
gm ¶ gw{gbm gwê$dm ¶& MoÎm-gwÕ-Voag¶mE gmohUo ‘{OUmo’ {Îm n{gÕ§ hmoB&
{XUo gwßnhmE gm gìd-JwU-g§nÞ§ nwÎm§ ngy¶m& Omd Jmo¶‘mB> E¸$mag-‘mhUm ^¶d§ ‘hmdrañg
gmo {VgbmE Jãô AmJAmo Vmd {gÕËW‘hmam¶ñg n‘wh-grgm g§{V& Vo JUha {Îm Zm‘oU n{gÕm&
{dhdmo nB{XUo dS>²T>B & VoU Vñg ~mbñg dÕ‘mUmo ^¶d§ ‘hmdrañg g‘mogaU§ Jm‘mUwJm‘§ MbB& Vpå‘
{Îm Zm‘ H$¶§ & A½JAmo gmo ~mbmo AßnUmo draÎmoU g‘mogaUo ^¶d§ ‘hmdramo AÕ‘mJhr ^mgmE CdEg§
‘‘hmdramo’ {Îm n{gÕmo OmAmo& Vrg d[agmE U§Va§ XoB&
‘hmdraoU ‘w{U{X³Im J{h¶m& H${T>U-Vd§ H$aUËW§
gmo dU§ JAmo& VËW ^Jd§ ‘hmdraoU Xþdmbgd[ago "nƒoJ-Ordmo {Z¶-H$å‘ñg H$Îmm ^moÎmm ¶&
C½J§ Vd§ H$¶§& Vdp½JUm {d{dh-H$å‘mB§ {dUm{gD$U gmo {ÀM¶ AßnUmo {‘Îmmo A{‘Îmmo ¶& Ordmo O§ O§
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H$å‘§ H$aoB V§ V§ gwhmgwh-’$b§ ^w§OB& gwh§ Xþ³I§ na‘mo Yå‘mo hmoB& Aqhgm Yå‘oU gìd Ordogw ‘oÎmr
M nmdoB& Ordmo gwH$å‘oU goQ²>R>Îm§ nmdoB Z Oå‘oU§& hmoB& qhgmE doa^md§ dS²> T>B ¶& AAmo Aqhgm
AAmo ^mo Ordm! {Zƒ§ gwH$å‘§ H$aoh&' Yå‘ñg Am¶aU§ H$aoh' {Îm CdEg§ XoB& Ed§ n¶maoU
"gìdo Ordm gwh§ BÀN>§{V Z Xþ³I§ & VoU B¶am gìdOrdmU§ gwhmdh-Yå‘§ H${hD$>U ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo
Z nrS>oB& qhgmE XÿamAmo MmE‚mm& Aqhgm gìd- nmdmCao R>mUo {ZìdmU§ nmdB&
Yå‘mU§ ‘yb§ ApËW& VoU Aqhgm-OwÎmmo Yå‘mo {ƒ¶
eãXmW©
AAmo - åhUyZ Vdp½JUm - Vnm½ZrZo
AUm¶ma - AZmMma Voag - Voam
A½JAmo - nwT>o Xþdmbg - ~mam
B¶am - BVa ngy¶m - OÝ‘ {Xbm
Bhod - ¶oWo ‘mhUm - ~«mh²‘U
E¸$mag - AH$am {dhdmoo - d¡^d
I{Îm¶ - j{Ì¶, amOm doa^md§ - d¡a^md
JUm{hdB - g‘yhmMm à‘wI g‘mogaU - VrWªH$am§Mr Y‘©g^m
J{h¶m - J«hU Ho$br gmohU - ew^, Mm§Jbo
MmE‚mm - Ë¶mJmdr gwhmdh - gwImdh
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.

1) ‘hmdram§Zm ‘‘hmdra’ ¶m ZmdmZo H$m g§~moYÊ¶mV ¶oD$ bmJbo?
2) ^JdmZ ‘hmdram§Zm ‘{OZ’ åhUyZ H$m AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo?
3) ^JdmZ ‘hmdram§Zr H$moUVm CnXoe Ho$bm d H$m?
2 àmH¥$V ^mfoV ê$nm§Va H$am.
{Ìebm
M¡Ì dY©‘mZ {Zdm©U
7
3 aoImOmb nyU© H$am.
A)
OÝ‘ {R>H$mU
‘wZr Xrjm ‘mVm-{nVm

^JdmZ ‘hmdra

àW_ {eî`
~)

CnXoemMr ^mfm

^JdmZ ‘hmdra à‘wI VËËd

{Zdm©U [R>H$mU
4 [aH$må¶m OmJm âm.

1) gìdo Ordm gwh§ BÀN>§{V Z.....&
2) ..... gìd-Yå‘mU§ ‘yb§ ApËW &
3) nƒoJ-Ordmo ..... H$å‘ñg H$Îmm ^moÎmm ¶ &
4) ^Jd§ ‘hmdraoU...... d[ago C½J§ Vd§ H$¶§&
mmm
8
2. n{S>gÔmo
‘n{S>>gX²Xmo’ (à{VÜdZr) hr EH$ bmoH$H$Wm AgyZ S>m°. XodràgmX Iad§S>rH$a ¶m§Zr Vr

AY©‘mJYrV ê$nm§V[aV Ho$br Amho. S>m°. Iad§S>rH$a ho g§ñH¥$V d AY©‘mJYr ¶m {df¶mMo godm{Zd¥ËV
àmÜ¶mnH$ AmhoV. g§ñH¥$V H$mì¶boIZm ì¶{V[a³V Ë¶m§Zr H$mhr g§ñH¥$V d AY©‘mJYr nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mohr
g§nmXZ Ho$bo Amho. ‘g§ñH¥$V n§{S>V’ åhUyZ ‘hmamîQ>´> emgZmZo Ë¶m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm Amho. Ë¶m§Zm
{‘imboë¶m AZoH$ nwañH$mam§n¡H$s EZ. gr. B. Ama. Q>r. Mo XmoZ Am{U AmH$medmUrMo XmoZ ho ‘w»¶
nwañH$ma hmoV. emór¶ g§JrVmMmhr Ë¶m§Mm ì¶mg§J Amho.
na‘oídamH$S>o ‘mJUo ‘mJVmZm Á¶mMm Ogm ^md Agob Vgo Ë¶mbm ’$i {‘iVo. ho gË¶
nmR>mVrb VrZ bmoH$m§À¶m CXmhaUm§dê$Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. åhUyZ àË¶oH$mZo ‘ZmV Zoh‘r Mm§JboM ^md R>odmdoV
Ago ¶m nmR>mVyZ ñnîQ>> Ho$bobo Amho.
Am[g H$pñg {n A{hQ²R>mUo {gdmbAmodH§$R>o JpÀN§gw & Voqg EJmo OrdU-OÎmmE Cpìd½Jmo {UamgmE
EJ§ ‘wha§ JmoCa§& VËW J§VyU Omo H$moB O§ qH$ {n VËW AmJAmo & ~rAmo bwÕJmo XodX§gUoU A{hJ§
d¶B Vñg n{S>gX²Xmo Vhod gwUB& n{S>gÔmUwamohoU Xìd§ b{hñgm{‘ {V {d¶maoU VËW AmJAmo& VBAmo
’$b§ nmdB pËV OUmU§ drgmgmo & Ah EJ¶m CU ZmUr gmhJmo Zda§ ‘Ug§{V b{hC>§ {gdmb¶§
Jm‘§Va-AmJ¶m {VpÊU OUm Vpñg¨ JmoC>ao H$‘oU nÎmmo &
9
Voqg nT>‘mo EJ§Vo B©gagw‘aU§ H$[aD$U VmaadoU V¶m {dpåhAmo gmo Zamo qMVoB -"Ahmo, g¶§ ^Jd§
d¶B Vd H$E Umh§ qH$ {n H$[aC>§ g‘ËWmo & Vm I‘gw ‘hogamo {d YU§ Om¶B& gmo ‘o YU§ XmC§ H$h§ nhdo‚mm &
‘§& V³IUo n{S>gX²Xmo C{Æ>Amo& "Vd H$E Umh§ [H§$ {n AU§Va§ VBAmo ZmUr gmhJmo {dUEU ^mgB -
H$[aC>§ g‘ËWmo& Vm I‘gw ‘§&' ^¶dAmo B¶§ n{S>d¶U§ "O§ O§ ‘‘ g‘rdo ApËW V§ V§ gìd§ Vd Mod& Ah§ Vo
Am¶pÊUD$U gmo Zamo, A{hJ§ Xþ³I§ AmdÊUmo qMVoB, Xmgmo påh & VAmo n{S>gX²Xmo {d Vhod g‘wßnÊUmo &
"Ahmo! B©gamo {d Um‘ Ag‘ËWmo, VËW H$m H$hm gmo ZmUr gmhJmo nrD$>gJã^§ V§ d¶§ {Ugå‘§ Aƒ§V§
gmhmaUOUñg & n[aVwQ²>R>mo g‘mUmo AßnmU§ H$¶ËW§ ‘ÊUB& Ahdm
~rAmo bmobwAmo Zamo Ed§ ÛB & Ah§ Vd H$E gƒ§ Ed§ CƒB&
qH${M Xìd§ Adñg§ Xo{‘ & na§ Vw‘§ ‘E nhÿ¶§ YU§
Xo‚m & VAmo n{S>gX²Xmo {d Vm[agmo Mod g‘w{Æ>Amo &
Om[agr H$m‘Um Oñg ’$b§ bã^B Vm[ag§ &
Hw$Amo H$Sw>¶-~r¶mAmo ^do‚mm ‘hþa§ ’$b§ &&
eãXmW©
A{hQ²>R>mU - Znw§ (A{YîR>>mZ) ñWmZ, OmJm C{Æ>¶ - {d.(CpËWV) CR>bm, CËnÞ Pmbm.
{gdmbA - nw§ ({edmb¶) e§H$amMo ‘§{Xa CdH§$R> - Znw§. (CnH$ÊR>) Odi
Am¶pÊUD$U - (ËdmÝV A.) EoHy$Z ‘wha - {d. (‘wIa) ~mobHo$
JmoCa - Znw§. (Jmonwa) ZJa qH$dm {H$ëë¶m§Mm XadmOm gmhmaUOU - (gmYmaUOZ) gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$
n[S>gX²XmUwamoh - nw. (à{VÜd{Zamon) à{VÜdZrÀ¶m Za - nw. (Za) ‘mUyg
AZwamoYmZo nhÿ¶ - (à^yV), ânya Iyn
drgmg - nw. ({dídmg) lX²Ym, {dídmg ‘hoga - nw (‘hoída) ‘hoída
Jm‘§Va-AmJ¶ - {d (J«m‘mÝVamJV) Xþgè¶m JmdmhÿZ Om¶B - (¶mM{V) ¶mMZm H$aUo.
Ambobm H$‘oU - nw§. (H«$‘oU) H«$‘mZo, EH$m‘mJyZ EH$
nhd - {H«$. (à^d) g‘W© AgUo. OrdUOÎmm - ór (OrdZ¶mÌm) Am¶wî¶
gmhJ - nw. (gmYH$) gmYZm Xmg - nw§. (Xmg) Xmg, Jwbm‘, godH$
g‘rdo - A. (g‘rn) Odi AgUo nrD$gJã^§ - {d. (nr¶wfJ^©‘) A‘¥Vmg‘
Cpìd½J - {d. (CX²{d½Z) Ìmgbobm, H§$Q>mibobm Aƒ§V§ - A (AË¶§V) A{Ve¶
{Uamgm - ór ({Zamem) {Zamem nmdbobm. n[aVwQ²>R>mo - H$‘© ^y. Ym. {d. g§VwîQ>>
bwÕJ - nw§ (bwãYH$) bmo^r AßnmU§ - nw§ (AmË‘mZ§) ñdV:bm.
XodX§gU - Znw§ (XodXe©Z) XodmMo Xe©Z H$¶ËW§ - {d. (H¥$VmW©‘) YÝ¶, g’$b
A{hJ§ - A (A{YH$‘) A{YH$ OmñV H$m‘Um - ór (H$m‘Zm) BÀN>m
Xìd§ - Znw (Ðì¶) g§nÎmr. d¡^d, n¡gm g‘ËW - {d. (g‘W©) g‘W© AgUo.
10
{d¶ma - nw§ ({dMma) {dMma V³IUo - A (VËjUo) Ë¶mMjUr, VËjUr
ZmUr - {d. (kmZr) kmZ {‘i{dbobm I‘§ - j‘m
‘Ug§{V - ór (‘Z:em§Vr) ‘mZ[gH$ g‘mYmZ Om[agr - {d. (¶mÑer) Oer
EJ§V - nw. EH$mÝV Hw$Amo - A (Hw$V:) H$moRy>Z
B©gagw‘aU - Znw. B©ídañ‘aU H$Sw>¶~r¶mAmo - Znw. (H$Qw>H$~rOmV²) {~¶m§nmgyZ
Vmaad - nw. (Vmaad) C§M ñda, ‘moR>m AmdmO ‘hþa - {d (‘Ywa) JmoS>
H$[aD$U - ËdmÝV Aì¶¶ (H¥$Ëdm) AmdÊU - {d. (AmnËZ), àmßV Pmbm.
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 Imbrb àíZmMr CËVao {bhm.
1) {edmb¶mV H$moU Ambo?
2) JmonwamV Agboë¶m n{hë¶m ‘mUgmZo H$moUVr ¶mMZm Ho$br?
3) bmo^r ‘mUgmZo XodmH$S>o H$m¶ ‘m{JVbo.
2 Ago H$moU åhUmbo.
1) “Oo Oo ‘mPo Amho, Vo Vo gd© VwPoM Amho.’’
2) “‘r VwÂ¶mgmR>r H$mhr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr, ‘bm j‘m H$am.’’
3) “Aao ao ! Aao ao! B©ídahr Ag‘W© Amho.’’
4) “Ahmo, gmjmV ^JdmZ ‘hoída YZmMr ¶mMZm H$aV Amho.’’
3 g‘mZmWu eãX {bhm.
1) B©ga - 3) Xìd§ -
2) {gd - 4) g§VwÆ> -
4 AY©‘mJYrV eãX {bhm.
1) à{VÜdZr 2) j‘m 3) ^Jd§V 4) ‘hmXod 5) bmbMr 6) kmZr
5 g§X^m©g{hV ñnîQ>>rH$aU H$am.
1) "Ahmo, g¶§ ^Jd§ ‘hogamo {d YU§ Om¶B& gmo ‘o YU§ XmC>§ H$h§ nhdo‚mm &'
2) "O§ O§ ‘‘ g‘rdo dÅ>B V§ V§§ gìd§ Vd Mod & Ah§ Vo Xmgmo påh&'
6 AmH¥$Vr nyU© H$am.

JmonwamV Ambobo VrZ bmoH$

mmm
11
3. gmhþ-ap³I¶§ n‚mmdaU§
ZdZdrZ g§emoYZm§‘wio
{Xdg|{Xdg ‘mZdr OrdZ gwIr
hmoV Agbo Var ‘mZd Z¡g{J©H$
KQ>H$m§Mm An[a{‘V {dZme
H$aV Amho. Ë¶m‘wio {ZgJm©Vrb
n¶m©daUmMm g‘Vmob {~KSy>Z
gd© àm{U‘mÌm§Mo OrdZ Ymo³¶mV
¶oUma Amho. åhUyZ àË¶oH$mZo
n¶m©daUmg AZwHy$b Aem
Z¡g[J©H$ KQ>H$m§Mo ajU Ho$bo
nm{hOo. ‘Zwî¶ Á¶m g¥îQ>>rV
amhVmo Vr g¥îQ>>r d ‘Zwî¶ ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y Omon¶ªV gm‘§Oñ¶mda AmYmabobo AmhoV Vmon¶ªV Xmohm|Mo
ghOrdZ gm¡»¶nyU© Agob. Joë¶m H$mhr dfmªV bmoH$g§»¶oV hmoV Agbobr ~ogw‘ma dmT>, Am{U
Ë¶mMà‘mUo gwImgrZ Am¶wî¶ OJÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mUgmZo Ho$boë¶m gwYmaUm ¶m§‘wio {ZgJm©Mm g‘Vmob
T>mgiV Amho. n¶m©¶mZo n¶m©daUmV {~KmS> hmoV Amho. n¶m©daU hm eãX ZdrZ Agbm Var Ë¶mÀ¶mer
g§~§{YV {dMmaYmam hr àmMrZ ^maVr¶ gm{hË¶mVhr à{Vq~{~V Pmbobr AmT>iVo. àñVwV CVmè¶mV
‘mZdmÀ¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r n¶m©daU {H$Vr ‘hËËdmMo Amho ho XmI{dbo Amho. Voìhm àË¶oH$mZo Amnmnë¶m
e³VsZwgma n¶m©daUmMo ajU H$amdo Ago ¶m nmR>mVyZ ñnîQ>> Ho$bo Amho.
(nÎmm{U - OUJmo, H$Þm - H$‘bm)

OUJmo - H$‘bo, A{¶ H$‘bo! Ahmo! Z OUJmo - V‘od dmoÎmw§ BÀN>m{‘& n‚mmdaU-{dgE
OmUm{‘, H$ËW J¶m Egm & H$„§ Ood Ood gm dÅ>m& gwU- n‚mmdaU-
gm n‚mmdaU{dgE ‘§ qH${M nwpÀN>ËWm& {d³Iod-H$maUm {JÕ-{dgogmU§
H$‘bo {g½K§ AmJÀN>& H$dmo¶-{dgogmU§ M OmB©Amo bwßnßnm¶m,
H$‘bm - Vm¶, Egm AmJ¶m & ZÆ>nm¶m dm hd§{V&
OUJmo - H$‘bo, {X½K§ H$mb§ Omd h§ h¸$mao{‘& H$‘bm - Ahh & H$h{‘U§ Om¶§?
A{d A‚mV{U¶§ dÅ>nÎm§ Vw‘o n{T>¶§? OUJmo - H$‘bo, EËW Vmd ‘mUdñg
H$„§ Ed nmT>gmbmE n‚mmdaU-nmT>mo agUmbmobwdÎmU§, AmIoS>mBgAmo ¶
AÁPm{dAmo {V Vw‘o dwÎm§& H$maU§ dÅ>B& ‘mUdmo ^³IUÆ>§ {JÕmU§
H$‘bm - gƒ§ V§! {H$§? H$dmo¶mU§ M dh§ H$aoB& Ed§ AßnoUod
H$mboU§ d½KOmB© {d Xþ„hX§gUm
12
^{dñgB {Îm ‘o V¸$mo& OAmo d½Kñg OUJmo - nñg -
Må‘§ Zhm{U ¶ ‘Uwñgmo {Z¶JbmhËW§ AdUr AdUrH$mC>§ C‚mwÎmmo Ibw ‘mUdmo &
nC§OB& AßnmU§ AmdB© JÎmo {IdB {Îm Z g§gAmo &&
H$‘bm - Vm¶, d½KmU§ {dUmg§ {dé§{YC>§ gmgUoU dUmU§ {dUmgoU nmC>g‘mU§ {n
d½Ka³IU-nH$ßnm Cd¸§$Vm& {I‚m‘mU§ XrgB& Ed§ n‚mmdaU-nÊhmo
OUJmo - gƒ‘od V§& H$‘bo, qH$ Vw‘§ OmU{g, O{S>bmo H$Amo ‘UwñgoU§&
d½K{dgE Aåh§ nwìdE{h qH$ ^{U¶§? H$‘bm - qH$ qH$, ‘UwñgoU? H$h‘o¶§?
h§ nT>m{‘ -
OUJmo - n‚mmdaU{d³Iodñg nhmU§ H$maU§
{ZìdUmo hÊUB d½Kmo, {Zìd½K§ {N>‚mB dU§& ApËW nXÿgU§& V§ M {V{dh§ &
d½Kmo dU§ {h a³Io‚mm, dU§ d½K§ M a³IC> && dmCnXÿgU§, ObnXÿgU§, Pw{UnXÿgU§
d½Km{hUmo ngwUmo g¶mh[a¶m{U ¶ M& nXÿgU§ M ‘mUdmo Ed Hw$ìdoB&
dUm{U ‘h{U‚mm{U Ed!
H$‘bm - Vm¶, nXÿgU§ {ZamH$aUËW§ ApËW H$mo
H$‘bm - Vm¶, qH$Vw dÅ>‘mUnËVogw ^y¶mo {d CdmAmo?
^y¶mo n{T>‚mB O§ d½Km Z¶adgBE
OUJmo - EËW gmgU§ H$aoB Ed Ohmg{Îm§
n{d{gD$U ngwUmo ~mbJm ¶ ^³I|{V&
CdmAOmo¶U§& n‚mmdaU{XU§,
V§ ghmdH$m¶ao{h Zao{h qH$ H$m¶ìd§?
dgw§Yam{XU§, dU‘hÿgdmo, A^¶maÊU-
d½KmU§ hUU§ {dUm H$m AÊUm JB©?
nH$ßn-AmB©Umo AUoJm Cd¸$‘m
OUJmo - Zo¶§ CB¶§& Oh ‘mUdm Vh AÊUo {d gmgUoU g‘maÕm& n‚mmdaU{dgAmo
ngwnp³IUmo n¶B-Xod¶mE Adƒm{U AÁP¶U¸$‘o {d g‘mdo{gAmo & qH$Vw
g§{V& dUmB§ Ood O§ gƒ§ ngwn[³IU§ Zo¶§ n‚mÎm§& Oh E¶§ nwh>dr¶b§ ‘mUdñg
{ZdmgËW§ CdH$pßn¶mB§& VËW {d H$E hmoB Vh V§ AÊUo{g H$E {d dÅ>B&
gËWbmobwdoU ZaoU A¸$‘U§ H$¶§& gìdo{g§ A{damohoU OB gmo {Zdgo‚mm Vmo
Ed§ {R>E VdpñgUmo ngwnp³IUmo qH$ n‚mmdaUñg nÊhmo Z nwUmo Cã^{dñgB&
Zm‘ Hw$‚mm& gìdo {d nm{UUmo {Z¶
H$‘bm - Vm¶, ‘E n‚mmdaUñg ‘mhßnU§ gå‘§
Or{d¶OÎm§ gwhoU AB¸${å‘C§> BÀN>§{V&
Om{U¶§&
EËW ‘mUdmo Iw n‚mmdaU{d³Iod-
H$maUm AdaÁPB& OUJmo - gmhþ! gmhþ!
H$‘bm - H$h‘o¶§? (C^m{d {Z¸§$Vm)
13
eãXmW©
gmhþ-ap³I¶§ - Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao ajU Ho$bobo dwÎm§ - gm§{JVbo
{g½K§ - Ëd[aV dÅ>m - dmVm©
h¸$mao{‘ - {H«$. ~mobmdVmo {d³Iod - ({djon) hñVjon
dÅ>nÎm /dÅ>‘mUnÎm - dV©‘mZnÌ {JÕ - {JYmS>
A‚mV{U¶§ - AmOMo H$dmo¶ - H$~yVa
n{T>¶§ - dmMbo bwßn - bwßV,
AÁPm{dAmo - {eH${dbo AmIoS>mBgAmo - {eH$marV hmoUmar dmT>.
^³IUÆ>§ - ImÊ¶mgmR>r CB¶ - ¶mo½¶, C{MV
dh§ - hË¶m, dY n¶B - {ZgJ©, g¥îQ>>r
V¸$mo - VH©$ Adƒm{U - AnË¶o
Må‘§ - (M‘©) H$mVS>o, Mm‘S>o CdH$pßn¶mB§ - ¶moObobr
nC§OB - dmnabo OmVo gËWbmobwd - ñdmW© bmobwn
{Zé§{YC§ - Wmon{dÊ¶mgmR>r VdpñgUmo - Jar~, {~Mmao, Vnñdr
Cd¸§$Vm - gwê$ Ho$ë¶m AmhoV Or{d¶OÎm§ - Am¶wî¶H«$‘
{ZìdUmo - ajU H$aUo, g§ajU H$aUo, g‘maÕm - gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV.
dZa{hV H$aUo n‚mÎm§ - nwaogo
(JmWm ^mdmW© - O§JbmVyZ ~mhoa nS>boë¶m dmKmbm R>ma H$aVmV, O§JbmV dmK Zgob Va O§JbVmoS>
H$aVmV. IamoIa dmKmZo dZmMo ajU H$amdo d dZmZohr dmKmMo ajU H$amdo.)
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

A) dmKm{df¶r nyd©O H$m¶ åhUV hmoVo?
~) n¶m©daUmÀ¶m ajUmgmR>r emgZmZo H$moUH$moUVo CnH«$‘ Mmby Ho$bo?
A)

nmR>mVrb nmÌo

14
~)
àXÿfUmMo àH$ma

1) nwh>{d -
2) Za -
3) np³I -
4) OU¶ -
5) H$dmo¶ -
4 AY©‘mJYrV eãX {bhm.

1) n¶m©daU -
2) ajU -
3) dmK -
4) n¥Ïdr -

n¶m©daU àXyfUmMr H$maUo
6 CnH«$‘ :-
(i) n¶m©daUmda AmYm[aV àH$ën V¶ma H$am.
(ii) àm{Ug§J«mb¶mg ôQ> Xçm.
mmm
15
4. g§~mohogw A§Va§
O¡Z Y‘m©‘Ü¶o EHy$U
Mmodrg VrWªH$a AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zm
XodXodVm§À¶mnojmhr loîR>> ñWmZ
{Xbo OmVo. VrWªH$am§À¶m gd© à{V>‘m
nÙmgZmV EH$gma»¶m {XgVmV.
Ë¶m‘wio H$moUVr à{V‘m H$moUË¶m
VrWªH$am§Mr Amho ho g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r
Ë¶m Ë¶m à{V‘oÀ¶m nmXnrR> nÅ>rda
doJdoJir bm§N>Z ({MÝho) H$moabobr
AgVmV. ¶m {MÝhm§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘m§VyZ
Ë¶m Ë¶m VrWªH$am§Mm n[aM¶ hmoÊ¶mg
‘XV hmoVo.
¶m {MÝhm§Mo ñnîQ>>rH$aU
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àñVwV nmR>mV gmYy
Am{U dmZa ¶m§À¶m g§dmXmMr EH$
AË¶§V ‘Zmoa§OH$ d ~moYàX Aer
ê$nm§V[aV H$Wm Ambobr Amho. Ë¶mVyZ ‘mZdr ñd^mdmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. gXa H$Wm hr AmMm¶© {dXçmZ§X
‘wZtÀ¶m JwédmUrVyZ KoVbr Amho.
EJpå‘ Jm‘o MC>drg-{VËW¶amU n{S>‘mE Oñg Vñg gê$doU V§ V§ n{S>‘mE {MÊh§ nmgo V§ V§
OwÎm§ EJ§ {OUmb¶§ ApËW& EJ¶m EJmo dmUamo V§ ngy np³I§ M {MÆ>mdoB&
{OUmb¶på‘ ndo{gAmo & gmo dmUamo {OUmb¶på‘ qH${M dobmE Vpå‘ {OUmbE EJm ‘{hbm
gìdo n{S>‘mE XÆz>U AB©d {dpåhAmo hmoB& gmo Vm{U {VËW¶añg X§gUËW§ AmJ¶m& V§ {OUmbE {d{dhm
gìdm{U ‘wÎmrE {Z[ap³IC>§ b½Jm& VAmo H$mo n{S>‘mE ngw-np³IUmo XÆz>U gm ‘{hbm ^¶^r¶§ hmoD$U
nm¶nrT>>-nÅ>rE Cd[a¨ dg^mo, H$mo {d n{S>‘mE ‘wpÀN>¶m Om¶m& V¶U§Va§ VËW EJmo gmhÿ V§ {VËW¶a-
Añg, Vm H$mo {d n{S>‘mE hpËW-qghmB {MÊh§ {XÆ>B& n{S>‘mE X§gUËW§ AmJAmo&
V¶U§Va§ {Z¶-{MÎm§ XÆz>U AB©d {dpåhAmo OmAmo&
gmo gmhÿ X§gUËW§ {OUmb¶på‘ ndogB
V§ {X{Æ>D$U gmo dmUamo {OUmb¶ñg ~m{ha§ {OUmb¶på‘ nƒoJm n{S>‘mE nmgo {d{dh-
AmJ§VyU aÊUo JAmo& gìd ngw-np³IUmo gÔm{dD$U ngwnp³IU¨ XÆz>U {d gmo ^¶^r¶§ Z hmoB& {Zã^¶-
Vo gìdmU {Z¶g‘§ KoÎmyU V§ {OUmb¶på‘ AmJAmo & {MËVoU, gìd-n{S>‘mE X§gU§ H$aoB& Omd gmo gmhÿ
16
A{hU§XU-n{S>‘mE nmg§ d§XUËW§ Z‘B Vmd VËW dmUamo ¶ Xþdo {d ~hþb§ H$mb§ {ddmX§ H$aopÝV&
Cd{dgmo V§ dmUamo AB©d h[a{gD$U {Z¶-hËW§ Cd[a¨ V¶U§Va§ gmhÿ ÛB, "‘UwñgmU garañg
H$[aD$U gmhþ§ Amgrdm¶§ XoB& V§ XÆz>U gmo gmhÿ dmUa§ AmH$ma§ g‘mU§ ApËW& VoU H$maUoU H$ñg {d n[aM¶§
ÛB, "^mo dmUamo! Vwãô U d§Xm{‘ & Ah§ E¶§ ^Jd§ Z hmopÝV& AAmo n{S>‘mE Cd[a¨ ‘Uwñgñg {MÊh§ U
n{S>‘mE d§Xm{‘ & V§ gmhþñg d¶U§ gw{UD$U dmUaoU {MÎmmaopÝV& ngwn{³IUm gara-AmH$ma§ {^Þ-{^Þ§
ÛB, ‘OB Ah§ ^Jd§ ZpËW Vmo {d B‘mE n{S>‘mE ApËW& VoU H$maUoU n{S>‘mE n[aM¶H$aUËW§ gwb^§
‘‘ {MÊh§ qH$ {MÎmmaoB? V§ dmUañg d¶U§ gw{UD$U hmoB& VoU§ nƒoJ-n{S>‘mE nm¶nrT-nÅ>rE Cd[a¨
gmhþ ÛB, ‘B‘m n{S>‘m nmgmUñg ApËW B‘på‘ {d{dh§ {MÊh§ {MÎmmaopÝV&
H$qh ^Jd§ ApËW?'
V§ gmhÿ d¶U§ gw{UD$U dmUaoU dwÎm§, "A‚m
VAmo gmhþ dwÎm§, ‘EE A{hU§XUßn^y ApËW& ‘E EJ§ ’w$S>§ hmoB, ‘Uwgm ~m{ha§ AmH$maoU EJg[agm
dmUaoU ÛB, ‘E¶§ Vw‘§ H$h§ OmU{g? gmhÿ ^{U¶§ {XÆ>§{V qH$Vw A§Va‘UoU {^Þ-{^Þ§ hmopÝV& gìdo
‘n{S>‘mE nm¶nrT>nÅ>rE Cd[a¨ dmUa-{MÊhoU Ah§ ngwnp³IUm{d ~m{ha§ AmH$maoU {^Þ§ {^Þ§ garam
OmUm{‘& V§ gw{UD$U dmUaoU ^{U¶m, ‘^Jd§ hmopÝV qH$Vw {h¶EU EJg[agm hmopÝV& AAmo
A{hU§XU-ßn^wñg n{S>‘mE g‘rd§ ‘‘§ {d {MÎm§ ‘mUdmAmo {d ngwnp³I¨ goÆ>§ ApËW& VoU H$maUoU
ApËW VoU Ah§ {d ^Jd§ ApËW! Ed§ n¶mao gmhÿ ^Jd§ n{S>‘mE g‘rd§ R>mU§ nmdoB&
eãXmW©
{VËW¶a - VrWªH$a nmgmU - XJS>

’w$S>§> - ñnîQ> hmoUo {h¶¶ - öX¶
{dåh¶ - AmíM¶© goÆ§ - loîR>>
aÊU - O§Jb d¶U§ - ~mobUo
n{S>‘m - à{V‘m nm¶nrT> - ‘yVuImbrb XJS>nÅ>r
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 AY©‘mJYrV g‘mZmWu eãX {bhm.

1) {dåh¶
2) n³Ir
3) aÊU
4) ‘{hbm
17
2 KQ>ZmH«$‘ {bhm.
1) EJm ‘{hbm {VËW¶añg X§gUËW§ AmJ¶m &
2) EJmo dmUamo V§ {OUmb¶på‘ ndo{gAmo &
3) Ah§ E¶§ ^Jd§ n{S>‘mE d§Xm{‘&
4) EJmo gmhÿ V§ {VËW¶a-n{S>‘mE X§gUËW§ AmJAmo &
5) EJpå‘ Jm‘o MCdrg-{VËW¶amU n{S>‘mE OwÎm§ EJ§ {OUmb¶§ ApËW&
3 g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>>rH$aU H$am.

1) “^mo dmUamo! Vwãô U d§Xm{‘&’’
2) “OB Ah§ ^Jd§ ZpËW Vmo, {d B‘mE n{S>‘mE ‘‘ {MÊh§ qH$ {MÎmmaoB?’’
H$mJmo np³I
5 JQ>mV Z ~gUmam eãX AmoiIm.
hpËW JO damh Hw§$Oa

grh
gma§J h[a Ho$g[a
6 CnH«$‘ :- {d{dY ‘§{Xam§Zm ôQ>r XoD$Z Ë¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr g§J«hrV H$am.

mmm
18
5. gƒdmUñg gm{dÎmr
‘gm{dÌr’ åhQ>bo H$s, Amnë¶m S>moiçm§g‘moa gm{dÌr~mB© ’w$bo Am{U gË¶dmZmMr gm{dÌr
¶m§Mo H$UIa, Y¡¶©erb, ~w{Õ‘mZ d g§H$Q>H$mimVhr g§¶‘ Z gmoS>Umao ì¶p³V‘Ëd Cô amhVo.
XþîQ>>m§Zm Am{U ê$T>r na§nam§Zm Z Ow‘mZVm gm{dÌr~mB© ’w$bo§Zr ‘{hbm§gmR>r emim MmbdyZ
AkmZmÀ¶m OmoIS>rVyZ {ó¶m§Mr ‘w³VVm Ho$br Va gË¶dmZmÀ¶m gm{dÌrZo ¶‘mÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶w’$memVyZ
ñdV:À¶m nVrMr ‘w³VVm Ho$br. Aem ¶m Y¡¶©erb, ~ww{Õ‘mZ, MVwa ì¶p³V‘Ëd Agboë¶m gË¶dmZmÀ¶m
gm{dÌrMm n[aM¶ ZdrZ {nT>rbm hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
gË¶dmZmMr gm{dÌr hr AídnVrMr EHw$bVr EH$ ‘wbJr. Vr VméÊ¶mV Amë¶mda Amnë¶m
OrdZgmWrXmamMr {ZdS> Vr ñdV:M H$aVo. na§Vw XþX£dmZo {VMm nVr Aënm¶wfr R>aVmo. ¶‘amO Amnë¶m
nVrMm àmU KoD$Z OmV AgVmZm gm‘mÝ¶ órà‘mUo Vr AmH«$moe H$aV Z ~gVm ¶‘mÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJyZ
OmD$ bmJVo. Voìhm ¶‘ Am{U gm{dÌr ¶mÀ¶m§V Omo g§dmX Pmbm Vmo gm{dÌrMr ~ww{Õ‘Îmm, Y¡¶©, g§¶‘
B. {d{dY JwU ñnîQ>> H$aUmam AgyZ àmMrZH$mbrZ ^maVr¶ {ó¶m§Mo loîR>Ëd ñnîQ>> H$aUmamhr Amho. Vmo
g§dmX g§{jßVnUo ¶m nmR>mV AZwdm{XV Ho$bobm Amho. Voìhm Vmo AmXe© S>moiçmg‘moa R>oD$Z AmOÀ¶m
VéU ^maVr¶ {ó¶mhr à{VHy$b pñWVrda ‘mV H$ê$Z AmnUhr gË¶dmZmÀ¶m d ’w$b|À¶m gm{dÌrà‘mUo
Y¡¶©erb, ~ww{Õ‘mZ, g~bm {ó¶m Agë¶mMo XmIdyZ XoVrb Agm ¶m nmR>mMm CÔoe Amho.
19
O‘am¶ - gm{dÎmr Vw‘§ ‘‘ ‘½Jo qH$ E{g? Vd gm{dÎmr - ‘‘ nB Vw‘§ g‘rd§ ApËW& nB§ ‘w§{MD$U
nBñg ‘ƒy hmoB& VAmo nBñg Xohñg Ah§ H$qh JÀN>m{‘? ~r¶§ Vw‘§ ‘‘
A§Vg¸$ma§ H$aoh& gìd§ BÀN>m nwÊU§ H$ao{g& AÊU§, Vw‘§
gm{dÎmr - nBñg ‘½Jo {Za§Va§ JÀN>h {Îm ^mahr¶ ‘‘ gìdd¶U§ gw{UD$U VoU n‘mU§
ZmarE Yå‘§ ApËW& VoU Ah§ ‘‘ nBñg H$[aËWm& VAmo Ed§ n¶mañg X¶md§Vñg
‘½Jo E{‘& ‘w§{MD$U Ah§ AÊUÎm§ H$qh U JÀN>m{‘&
O‘am¶ - VwÁP nB{UÆ>m XÆz>U ‘‘§ Aƒ§V§ AmU§X§ O‘am¶ - gm{dÎmr, Ed§ n¶mañg VwÁP d¶U§
hmoB& VAmo nBñg nmU§ ‘w§{MD$U AÊU§ gw{UD$U ‘‘ {d {h¶E X¶m^md§
H$mo{d da§ ‘½Jgw& {Zå‘mU§ hmoB& VAmo da§ ‘½Jgw&
gm{dÎmr - ‘‘ ggwa§ {XÆ>r ZpËW Vñg {X{Æ§ Xoh& gm{dÎmr - ‘E nwÎm§ hmoñgB&
O‘am¶ - "Am‘§ {V&' EpÊh¨ Vw‘§ JÀN>& MbUñg O‘am¶ - Vd BÀN>m {g½K§ nwÊU§ hmoC& EpÊh¨ Vm
{ZaËWH§$ H$Æ>§ Z Ko{g& JÀN&
gm{dÎmr - ‘‘ nB© OËW JpÀN>ñgB VËW Ah§ {d gm{dÎmr - E¶§ {dñg§ g§V-gwnw[agñg Am¶ma-
JpÀN>ñgm{‘& nBg‘§ JÀN>§VmU ‘‘ {d¶maoU Yå‘ZrB©EU {ƒ¶ VaB&
qH${M {d H$Æ>§ Z hmoB& ~rAmo Vw‘§ ghmd§ ^mahr¶ g¸$B©E nBñgg‘§ {ƒ¶ nwÎm§
{d gwnw[agmU Bd ApËW VoU Ah§ Vw‘§ ‘ÊUB& E¶§ Vw‘§ {n OmU{g&
g‘§ ~mo„m{‘& O‘am¶ - ^mo M[aÎmg§nÊU-BËWrE! Vw‘§ E¶§
O‘am¶ - ^mo gm{dÎmr ! VwÁP d¶UoU ‘‘ {h¶¶§ d¶UoU Ah§ A{h¶§ AmU§X§ hmo{‘& Vm
ngÞ§ hmoB& nBñg nmU§ ‘w§{MD$U AÊU§ da§ ‘½Jgw!
H$mo {d da§ ‘½Jgw& gm{dÎmr - Vwåho ‘E nwÎmñg da§ Xo{g& VoU Ah§
gm{dÎmr - ‘‘ ggwañg J¶-{dhd§ nwUmo nm{dñgB& Vw‘§ Am^ma§ ‘ÊUm{‘& qH$Vw ‘‘ nB© ‘E
O‘am¶ - Vhod {ƒ¶ hmoC& EpÊh¨ Vm Vw‘§ JÀN>& g‘§ ZpËW& Vm ‘E nwÎm§ H$h§ hmoB? OB
B¶amAmo nw[agmAmo nwÎm§ nmdB Vm bmoJm
gm{dÎmr - O‘am¶ Vw‘§ gìd§ Yå‘-{Z¶‘§ OmU{g
‘E AgB§ g§~mo{hñgpÝV& ~r¶§ nBñg
VoU Vw‘§ ¶‘§ {Îm Zm‘oU g§~mohB& ~rAmo
{dUm Ah§ ‘¶d§ ApËW& VAmo nB{dUm
Vw‘§ gÎmwñg {d {h¶§ qMV{g& XrUOUmU
‘E qH${n BÀN>m ZpËW&
Cd[a¨ {d AUwH§$nm H$ao{g&
O‘am¶ - gm{dÎmr! Vw‘§ Aƒ§V§ MCam ApËW&
O‘am¶ - gm{dÎmr! VwÁP d¶U§ VÊhmOrdñg Ob§
Vw‘E ‘E g§^mgUpå‘ {O¶{g & Vw‘§
Bd ApËW& V§ gw{UD$U ‘‘ {h¶¶§ g§VwÆ>§
gƒ§ gìdgoÆ>§ BËWr ApËW& Vd E¶§ {n
hmoB& VAmo gƒdmUñg nmUmE {dUm
BÀN>m nwÊU§ hmoC {Îm ^{UD$U g§VwÆ->
AÊU§ da§ ‘½Jgw &
{h¶EU O‘amEU gm{dÎmrE nBñg nmU§
gm{dÎmr - ‘‘ {nCUmo d§gd–rE EJ§ {d nwÎm§ {d XoB&
ZpËW & Vmd Vñg nwÎm§ ^{dñgB&
O‘am¶ - Vhod {ƒ¶ hmoC& EpÊh¨ Vm {d Vw‘§
JÀN>gw&
20
eãXmW©
‘ƒy - ‘¥Ë¶y ~rAmo - Xþgao
nB© - nVr Bd - à‘mUo, g‘mZ, gmaIo
‘w§{MD$U - gmoSy>Z {h¶¶ - öX¶, ‘Z
da§ - BÀN>m, Anojm, AmH$m§jm {dhd§ - d¡^d
ggwwa - gmgao nm{dñgB - àmßV hmoD$ Xo
Amåm§ - H$~yb H$aUo, ‘mÝ¶ H$aUo EpÊh¨ - AmVm
H$Æ>§ - H$îQ>> g§~mohB - g§~moYZo, CƒmaUo
{ZaËWH§$ - {ZaW©H$, ì¶W© gÎmwñg - eÌyMo
{h¶§ - {hV bm^ Vd - VwPr
VÊhm - VhmZboë¶m {g½K§ - Vm~S>Vmo~
{nCUmo - {nVmÀ¶m {dñg - {díd, OJ
d–rE - d¥X²Yr, dmT>rgmR>r Am¶ma - AmMma
g‘rd§ - g‘doV, Odi VaB - VaUo, MmbUo, ApñVËdmV AgUo
H$qh - H$moR>o g³H$B©E - g§ñH¥$VrV
AÊUÎm§ - AÝ¶Ì ‘ÊUB - ‘mÝ¶Vm AgUo
BËWrE - órZo AgB§ - AgVr, Mm[aÍ¶hrZ
A{h¶§ - A{YH$ ‘¶d§ - ‘¥VdV
dÎm‘mU - dV©‘mZH$mimVrb ‘E - ‘bm, ‘mPr
H$h§ - H$er g§^mgUpå‘ - ~mobÊ¶mV
B¶amAmo - BVam§nmgyZ {O¶{g - qOH$bog
~mo{h - ~wX²Yr dgU§ - g§H$Q>
WoB‘m - Aer, hr
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 EH$m dm³¶mV CËVao {bhm.

1) gm{dÌr H$moUmMr ‘wbJr hmoVr?
2) ¶‘mZo gm{dÌrg ‘¥V earamMo H$m¶ H$amd¶mg gm§{JVbo.?
3) gm{dÌrZo àW‘ daXmZmgmR>r H$moUVr BÀN>m ì¶³V Ho$br?
21
4) ¶‘mZo BpÀN>V daàmßVrgmR>r gm{dÌrg H$moUVr AQ> KmVbr hmoVr?
5) gm{dÌrZo ñdV:gmR>r H$moUVm da ‘m{JVbm?
6) ^maVr¶ órMo à‘wI d¡{eîQ>ç H$moUVo?
2 àmH¥$VmVrb eãX {bhm.

1) ‘mJ© 5) Xwgao
2) ‘¥Ë¶y 6) AÝ¶Ì
3) gmoSy>Z 7) {edm¶
4) gmgao 8) AmVm
3 dU© ~Xb ñnîQ>> H$am

1) nB 5) gÎmy
2) gm{dÎmr 6) gìd
3) O‘am¶ 7) ghmd
4) {dhd 8) nmU
4 ê$no AmoiIm.
1) nm{dñgB 5) hmoC
2) ggwañg 6) ApËW
3) {h¶§ 7) hmoB
4) gw{UD$U 8) JÀN>{g
5 ì¶p³V{MÌU aoImQ>m.
1) gm{dÌr 2) ¶‘amO
6 Imbrb eãXm§gmR>r nmR>mVrb eãX emoYm.

1) ór 3) Xþgam
2) d¡^d 4) ‘¥Ë¶y
7 CnH«$‘ :- àñVwV nmR>mà‘mUo EImXr H$Wm ZmQ>çmV ê$nm§V[aV H$am.

mmm
22
6. A¶hma¶-{XÆ>§V§
"A¶hma¶-{XÆ>§V§'hm nmR>
AY©‘mJYr O¡Z AmJ‘ J«§WmVrb
"am¶ngo{U¶-gwÎm§' ¶m Xþgè¶m
Cnm§J J«§Wm‘YyZ KoVbobm Amho.
am¶ngo{U¶ J«§W åhUOo AmJ‘
e¡brMo EH$ Img d¡{eîQ>çM hmo¶.
àXoer amOm Amnbm
nma§n[aH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU gmoS>Ê¶mg
V¶ma Zgë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMm {dH$mg
Iw§Q>bobm hmoVm. åhUyZ Ho$grHw$‘ma
‘wZr Ë¶mbm CnXoemVyZ g‘OmdyZ
gm§JVmV ho amOm, H$mimZwgma Amnë¶m AmMma-{dMmam‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z Ho$bo Va Amnbr àJVr hmoD$Z
gwImMr àmßVr hmoVo. na§Vw H$mimZwgma ñdV:‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z Ho$bo Zmhr Va Xþ:I ^moJmdo bmJVo {edm¶
níMmVmnhr H$aÊ¶mMr doi ¶oVo. WmoS>³¶mV H$mimZwgma n[adV©Z H$aUo H$go Amdí¶H$ Amho Vo bmoI§S>mMo
AmoPo dmhUmè¶m ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m CXmhaUmVyZ ¶oWo ñnîQ>> Ho$bo Amho.
àmMrZ H$mimVrb Mm§Jë¶m KQ>H$m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ¶m~amo~a AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb d¡km{ZH$
àJVrMmhr ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Va OrdZ gwIH$a hmoÊ¶mg H$er ‘XV hmoVo Vo ¶m nmR>mV nwT>rbà‘mUo ñnîQ>>
Ho$bo Amho. Ë¶mMm {dXçmÏ¶mªZm ^mdr OrdZmV {ZpíMVM Cn¶moJ hmoB©b Ago dmQ>Vo.
VE U§ nEgr am¶m Ho${gHw$‘ma-g‘U§ Ed§ VAmo Ho$grHw$‘ma-g‘Uo d¶mgr, "^mo nEgr,

d¶m{g, Ed§ Ibw ^§Vo, ‘‘ A‚mJñg Egm gÞm go OhmZm‘E Ho$B nw[agm AËWËWr, AËW-Jdogr,
Omd g‘mogaUo Ohm V§ Ordmo V§ gara§ Zmo AÝZmo AËW-{ndm{g¶m, AËW-JdogU¶mE {dCb§ n{U¶-
Ordmo AÝZ§ gara§& V¶U§Va§ M U§ ‘‘ {nCUmo {d Egm ^§S>‘m¶mE gw~h§þ ^Îm-nmU-nËW¶U§ Jhm¶ EJ§ ‘h§
gÝZm& V¶U§Va§ ‘‘ {d Egm gÝZm Omd g‘mogaU§& AJm{‘V§ Xrh‘Õ§ AS>qd AUwn{dÆ>m'& VE U§ Vo nw[agm
V§ Zmo Ibw Ah§ ~hþ-nw[ag-na§namJ¶-AmJ¶m Hw$b- Vrgo AJm{‘¶mE AS>drE H§${M Xog§ AUwnÎmm g‘mUm
{Zpñg¶§ {XqÆ> N>§S>oñgm{‘& EJ§ ‘h§ A¶mJa§ nmg§{V V§ AEU§ gìdAmo g‘§Vm
VE U§ Ho$gr -Hw$‘ma-g‘Uo nEqg am¶§ Ed§ AmBÊU§ {dpËWÊU§ JmT>§ n[anwÊU§ A¶mJa§ nm{gD$U
d¶mgr- ‘‘ U§ Vw‘§, nEgr, nÀN>mUwVm{dE ^do‚mm{g hÆ>VwÆ>m namoßna§ Ed§ gÔmd|{V, "^mo XodmUwpßn¶m,
Ohm go nw[ago A¶hmaE& Ho$ U§ ^§Vo, go A¶hmaE? Ah§ A¶^maE ~§{YÎmE {Îm H$Åx> AÞ§ AÝZñg Ed§
AÆ>§ n{S>gwU|{V& A¶^ma§ ~§{YD$U AhmUwnwìdrE
g§npËW¶m'&
23
VE U§ Vo nw[agm AJm{‘¶mE Omd AS>drE a¶UmJa§, doSy>amJa§ nmg§{V& nƒoJ-dobmE gìdo bmoJm
H§${M Xog§ AUwnÎmm g‘mUm EJ§ VC-AmJa§ nmg§{V& {Z¶-^ma§ n[adÎmU§ H$aopÝV& H$‘oU Vo nw[agm OoUod
VAmo AÞ§ AÝZ§ gÔmd|{V, "Eg U§ XodmUwpßn¶m VC- g¶m OUd¶m, OoUod g¶m Z¶amB§ VoUod CdmJÀN>§{V&
^§S>o Omd ‘Um‘o& AßnoU Mod VCEU§ gw~hþ§ AE doSy>¶-{d¸$¶U§ H$[aD$U gw~hþ-Xìd§ nmd§{V& V§
bã^B& VAmo E¶§ go¶§ Ibw, XodmUwpßn¶m A¶-^ma¶§ Xìd§ n^mdo[h§ gw~hþ-Xmgr-Xmg-Jmo-‘{hg-JdobJ§
N>È>oÎmm VC¶^maE ~§{YÎmE' {Îm H$Åx> AÝZ‘ÝZñg Ed§ {JÊh§{V& AÆ>Vb{g¶dqS>gJo H$mamd|{V& ZmS>Eqh
AÆ>§ n{S>gw{UD$U A¶^ma§ N>È>|{V& VC^ma§ ~§Y§{V& da-VéUr-g§nCÎmo{h BÆ>o gÔ-’$[ag§ {dha§{V&
qH$Vw VAmo VËW U§ EJo nw[ago Zmo g§MmEB VE U§ go A¶-^ma-dh§Vmo nw[agmo OoUod
A¶^ma§ N>{È>ÎmE VC¶^ma§ ~§{YÎmE& VE U§ Vo nw[agm {Z¶-Z¶ao VoUod CdmJÀN>B& A¶-^maoU Jhm¶
V§ nw[ag§ Ed§ d¶mgr, Eg U§, XodmUwpßn¶m, VC¶- A¶-{d{¸$UU§ H$aoB& VAmo Vñg Aƒ§V§ Aßn-‘mo„§
^§S>o Omd gw~hþ§ AE bã^B& V§ N>È>o{h U§ XodmUwpßn¶m nmdB& PrU-n[aìdE go nw[agmo Vo nw[agmU§ Cpßn¨
A¶-^maJ§, VC^maJ§ ~§Ym{h& nmgm¶daJE XÆz>U Ed§ qMVoB, "Ahmo U§ Ah§ AYÞmo,
VE U§ go nw[ago Ed§ d¶mgr, "XÿamhS>o ‘o AnwÊUmo, AH$¶ËWmo AH$¶-b³IUmo {h[a-{g[a-
XodmUwpßn¶m AE; VoU ABJmT>-~§YU-~Õo ‘o d{‚mE hrU-nwÊU-MmCÔgo Xþa§V-n§V-b³IUo & OB§
XodmUwpßn¶m AE Zmo g§MmE{‘ A¶^maJ§ NXmo N>È>oÎmm U§ Ah§ {‘ÎmmU dm ZmB©U dm {Z¶JmU dm gwU|VAmo,
VC¶-^maJ§ ~§{YÎmE& Vmo U§ Ah§ {n Ed§ Mod Cpßn¨ nmgm¶- daJE Omd
{dha§Vmo& go VoU AÆ>oU§ nEgr Ed§ dwƒB, ‘E U§ Vw‘§,
VE U§ nw[agm V§ nw[ag§ Omho Zmo g§MmE§{V ~hþqh nE{g nÀN>mUwVm{dE ^do‚mm{g Ohm ìd go nw[ago
AmKdUm{h ¶ nÞdUm{h ¶ V¶m AhmUwnwìdrE A¶hmaE'&
g§npËW¶m& Ed§ n¶mao Vå~mJa§, éßnmJa§, gwdÊUmJa§,
(am¶ngo{U¶gwÎm- ‘A¶hma¶{XÆ>§V§’)
eãXmW©
A¶ - bmoI§S> Xrh‘Õ - bm§~M bm§~, Xÿa

A¶hma¶ - bmoI§S>mMo AmoPo dmhUmam XÿamhS>o - XÿahÿZ AmUUo
A‚mJ - AmOmo~m Xþa§V - XyanmgyZ,Á¶mMm n[aUm‘ dmB©Q> hmoVmo Ago
AËWËWr - AWm©Wu, Ðì¶mgmR>r VC - {ego
AJm{‘¶ - AJ«m{‘H$, Jmda{hV V§~ - Vm§~o
A¶mJa - bmoI§S>mMr ImU, gmR>m ‘U - ‘mZUo
AB-JmT> - A{Ve¶, A{YH$ n{U¶ - {dH«$sbm¶H$ dñVy
AmKdUm - à{VnmXZ H$aUo, g‘Om{dUo nËW¶U - ^moOZ, {eXmoar
AH$¶ËW - AH¥$VmW©, XþX£dr n{S>gw¶ - ñdrH$maUo
AËW - AW©, Ðì¶, n¡gm n§V - (àm§V) eodQ>n¶©ªV
24
D${g‘ - C§M éßn - ê$no, Mm§Xr
CdÀN>S>§ - H$mR>moH$mR> âbobo Jmo - Jm¶
N>È> - gmoS>Uo, Ë¶mJUo doSy>a - d¡Sy>a, aËZ, {ham
{XÆ>§V - ÑîQ>>m§V, CXmhaU d{S>§gJ - ^yfU, dg§VH$
gÊUm - g§km, lX²Ym, g‘OyV gÀN>S>§ - n[anyU©
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>>rH$aU H$am.

1) V§ Ordmo V§ gara§ Zmo AÝZmo Ordmo AÞ§ gara§&
2) Ho$ U§ ^§Vo go A¶hmaE?
3) ‘m U§ Vw‘§, nEgr, nÀN>mUwVm{dE ^do‚mmqg Ohm d go nw[ago Am¶aE&
4) XyamhS>o ‘o XodmUwpßn¶m AE VoU ABJmT>-~§YU-~Õo ‘o&
2 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.
1) Ho$erHw$‘ma ‘wZtZr àXoer amOmg CnXoe H$m Ho$bm?
2) Ðì¶mO©ZmgmR>r Joboë¶m nwéfm§Zr H$m¶ Ho$bo?
3) bmoI§S>mMo AmoPo dmhUmè¶m nwéfmZo Amnë¶m AmoÂ¶m‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$m Ho$bm Zmhr?
4) AmoÂ¶m‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z Ho$boë¶m nwéfm§Zm H$moUVo bm^ Pmbo?
5) bmoI§S>mMo AmoPo dmhUmè¶m nwéfmbm níMmVmn H$m H$amdm bmJbm?
3 àmH¥$VmV ê$nm§Va H$am.
àXoer amOm Vm§~o ZmQ>H$ n¡emgmR>r ñZmZ
ZmVodmB©H$ bmoI§S>mMo AmoPo nwÊ¶a{hV ‘¥X§J
4 ê$no AmoiIm.
nmgpÝV d¶m{g H$[aD$U ZmS>Eqh Z¶ao
N>S>oñgm{‘ nw[ago nw[ag§
1) am¶m - 2) AËW -
mmm
25
n‚m - {d^mJmo
26
1. aÆ>^Îmr
^maV ho ‘hmZ amîQ´> Amho. ¶oWrb g§nyU© amîQ´>r¶ g‘mO hoM Amnë¶m gdmªMo EH$‘od lÕmñWmZ
Amho. amîQ´>Y‘© hr EH$ g§OrdZ e³Vs Amho. ¶mVM gd© g‘mOmMr CÞVr, g§nyU© amîQ´>mMm CËH$f©
A{^àoV Amho.
OmV, n§W, ^mfm, àm§V AWdm nj ¶mgma»¶m AÝ¶ H$moUË¶mhr JmoîQ>>tMm {dMma ¶m
amîQ´>^³VsÀ¶m AmS> ¶oD$ Z XoVm Amnbo amîQ´> CËH$fm©bm H$go OmB©b ¶mMmM àË¶oH$mZo Ü¶mg KoVbm
nm{hOo. AmO Xþ~içm d Ae³V g‘mO KQ>H$m§Zm amîQ´>^³VsMo YS>o XoÊ¶mMr JaO dmQ>Vo. Ë¶mgmR>r gd©
amîQ´>Y‘m©À¶m àUoË¶m§Zr Ho$bobo H$m¶© AmO VéUm§À¶m nwT>o R>odbo nm{hOo. H$maU ¶mVyZ VéU dJm©bm ‘moR>r
àoaUm {‘iob.AmOÀ¶m VéU {nT>rbm amîQ´> åhUOo H$m¶? amîQ´>Y‘© åhUOo H$m¶? ho H$iboM nm{hOo.
"ñdJm©X{n Jar¶gr' Aem Amnë¶m amîQ´>m~Ôb lÕm^md d AmXa amIyZ Amnbo amîQ´> OJmV
gd©loîR>> Amho. Vo {Ma§VZ ahmdo åhUyZ gVV AmnU à¶ËZerb AgUo hr Iè¶m amîQ´>^³VsMr JaO
Amho. Ago ‘hmZ {dMma gm§JUmar hr H${dVm lr ’y$bMÝX O¡Z ào‘r, (dmamUgr) ¶m§Zr {b{hbr. ¶m
H${dVoV em¡agoZr àmH¥$V ^mfoMr d¡[eîQ>ço nhm¶bm {‘iVmV.
Egmo ‘o AB-Jmadmo O§ ^maho Oå‘ ‘o OmXmo&

dra! ‘‘ qXVw g{Îm Ooqg aÆx>ËWmU§ gAm hmo{‘ Ëmßnamo &&1&&
dra! aÆ>^{Îm-g‘pßnXmo hmo{X gXm ‘‘ {hX²Xmo&
hmoXþ gwhr bhXþ g§{V {dUgXþ gAm AÊUmU{V{‘amo&&2&&
27
Aqhgm-g‘Xm-I§{V, {dñg~§YwÎm-n¶mgAmo &
g{‘Õmo-{n¶Xogmo ‘o gXm gmo O¶Xþ ^maXmo &&3&&
J§Jm M JmoXmdar, $H$Êhm, H$mdoar Vw gwgmo{^Xm gXm&
{h‘mb¶mXmo qdÁPßnXog§ {dÆ>mo O¶oXþ ‘o ^maX^y{‘-^mJmo &&4&&
am‘-{H$Êh-~wÕ-dram OmAm Apñg¨ AB-n{dÎm-Xogpå‘ &
g‘Xm ^md-nwìd§ C d{gXìd§ AËW naßnamod¶mapå‘ &&5&&
EJmo Aåh ^maXmo ApËW H$åhramAmo M H$ÊUmHw$‘marAmo &
O§ n{gÕmo {dñg-JwéUmo dgwhod Hw$S>§w~UÎmU§ &&6&&
AmX§H$dmX-X{bXþ§ gñgXmo hmoXþ§ M gmo ‘w¸$mo &
hmoD$ gwhr gã^mdmo ¶ bh|Vw H$Am{d U {H$bgmo &&7&&
‘‘ {n¶ ^mah‘m¶m Oå‘XmB© Aåh OUUr ¶ ^m[aXr &
nU‘m{‘ V§ g^qÎm AUwH§$nm hmoXþ§ V§ JwUmXþ &&8&&
eãXmW©
Jmadmo - Jm¡ad H$Êhm - H¥$îU
g[Îm - e³Vr H$åhra - H$mí‘ra
aÆx>ËWmU§ - amîQ´>mMo CËWmZ ({dH$mg) X{bXþ§ - Xm[aÐ¶
{dUgXþ - {dZme hmoD$ Xo g‘pßnXmo - g‘{n©V
{hX²Xmo - öX¶
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 nwT>rb eãX AY©‘mJYrV {bhm.

H$mí‘ra -
H¥$îU -
n{dÌ -
{díd~§YwËd -
amîQ´>^³Vr -
28
A)

UB©
~) nìd¶ Zm‘ -
H$) AmH¥$Vr nyU© H$am.
‘hmnw[ag
3 g‘mZmWu (AY©‘mJYrV) eãX {bhm.

1) OUUr 2) AUwH§$nm
4 {déX²YmWu eãX {bhm.

Aqhgm, n{gÕmo, Xþhr
5 CnH«$‘ :- amîQ´>^³Vrna JrVm§Mm g§J«h H$am.

mmm
29
2. A^¶XmU§
hm nXçnmR> ‘gwX§gUm-M[a¶§’ ¶m àmH¥$V H$mì¶J«§WmVyZ KoVbm Amho. ¶m J«§WmMr aMZm

Xod|Ðgyar ¶m§Zr Ho$br. Ë¶m§Mm H$mi gmYmaUnUo 13 ì¶m eVH$mÀmm ‘mZbm OmVmo. Xod|Ðgyar ho g§ñH¥$V-
àmH¥$V-An^«§e B. ^mfm OmUUmao hmoVo.
‘A^¶XmU’ hr H$Wm g§ñH¥$V H$Wmgm{hË¶mVhr {e~r amOmMr H$Wm åhUyZ à{gÕ Agbobr
{XgyZ ¶oVo. AqhgoMo d XmZmMo loîR>>Ëd ñnîQ>> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrb H$Wm à{gX²Y Amho.
na‘oídamZo {dídmVrb àË¶oH$ àmUr n¶m©daUmMo ajU H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZoM {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo
AmhoV. Ë¶m‘wio àË¶oH$ àmÊ¶mbm OJÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho. n¶m©daUmMm g‘Vmob amIÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$
àm{U‘mÌmMm gh^mJ Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. àË¶oH$ àmÊ¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vr‘mJo {ZgJm©Mm H$moUVm Zm H$moUVm
CXmÎm hoVy Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. åhUyZ ¶m {dídmVrb àË¶oH$ Ord n¶m©daUmÀ¶m ÑîQ>>rZo ‘hËËdnyU©
Amho. Ë¶m‘wio gd© àm{U‘mÌm§Mo ajU H$aUo H$go Amdí¶H$ Amho Vo ¶m nXç nmR>mV ‘oKaW amOmÀ¶m
CXmhaUmVyZ ñnîQ>> Ho$bo Amho.
Ah gmo ‘ohah-{Zdmo C‚mmUmAmo {JhmJAmo H$B¶m&

nmog{hAmo nmoghgmb-g§{R>Amo H$hoB {OUYå‘§&&1&&
Ah J¶U‘§S>bmAmo ^¶g§^§Vmo nH§${namo XrUmo &

nmaodAmo aS§>Vmo n{S>Amo am¶ñg CÀN>§Jo &&2&&
30
A^¶§ M Om¶‘mU§ ‘mUwg-^mgmB V§ IJ§ am¶m &
H$éUmag-Zra{Zhr ‘m ^m{h nwUmo nwUmo ÛB &&3&&
Ed§ dwÎmmo aÊUm ng§V‘wÎmr {dh§J‘mo Egmo &

{nCC>ÀN§>Jo ~mbw ìd {ZãÂmo {MÆ>E Omd &&4&&
‘‘§ ^³I§ ‘w§M B‘§ am¶! Z OwÎm§ B‘§ {Îm O§n§Vmo &
VpßnQ²>R>rE goUmo nÎmmo gßnñg JéS> ìd &&5&&
Vmo ÛB ^y{‘Zmhmo goU, "B‘§ Vwh H$h§ g‘ßno{‘ &

Eg Z I{Îm¶Yå‘mo gaUm@@J¶-AßnU§ O{‘h' &&6&&
qH$ M Z VwÁP {d OwÎm§ OwÎmm@OwÎmmodEg-Hw$gbñg &

na-nmU-nhmUoU gßnmU-n[anmogU§ Ed§ &&7&&
Oh C³I{U‚m‘mUo nrS>m {nÀN>o {d hþ‚m Vwh JéB©&

AÊUñg {d qH$ Z Vhm? ‘m[a‚m§Vñg H$m dÎmm? &&8&&
AÊU§ M ^p³IEU§ IU{‘Îm‘UoU Vwh ^do {ËmÎmr &

E¶ñg nwUmo Oå‘mo dƒB g¶bmo {d E‘od &&9&&
n§{M§{X¶-KmEU§ ZaE O§ ZyU§ Jå‘E Våhm &

IU{‘Îm-gwh-{Z{‘Îm§ H$mo Ordo hUB Nw>{hAmo {d? &&10&&
gm nwU Nw>hm g{‘‚mB AdaoU {d ^mo¶UoU Oh {nÎm§ &

nda{g¶m-g‘{U‚m§ {n qH$ Z n¶gm Cdg‘oB? &&11&&
Z C Cdg‘§{V Ho$U {d {O¶-dh-n^dmC> Za¶{d¶UmAmo &

Vm ‘w§Mgw Orddh§ Hw$Ugw X¶§ g¶b-gwh-OU¶§ &&12&&
goUmo {d ÛB Zada! "gaU§ Vwh Eg AmJAmo ^rAmo &

{H$‘h§ H$ao{‘ gaU§ H$hgw ‘hm^mJ! Nw>hJ{hbmo' &&13&&
Oh a³I{g Xþ³IÎm§ E¶§ H$éUmB Vh ‘‘§ {n Z qH$?

AB^wp³I¶ñg nmUm ZyU{‘‘mo ‘ÁP dƒ§{V &&14&&
31
Yå‘m@Yå‘{dqMVm {d {MÆ>E gw{Æ>E garapå‘&
V§ ZpËW Z Hw$UB ~w^wp³IAmo Hy$a‘{d H$å‘§ &&15&&
VÕå‘dÎm¶m Ab§ Aßngw ‘h ^³I-^y¶§ BU§ ABam &

H$mo Yå‘mo O§ B¸$mo ap³I‚mB hå‘E Adao?&&16&&
Z ¶ ‘ÁP hþ‚m {VÎmr H$h§ {d ^w‚m§Vao{h§ O§ g¶¶§&

g‚mmo g¶§ h¶§ {O¶-’w$a§V-‘§gm@gUmo Ah¶§ &&17&&
ÛB {Zdmo, "OB Ed§ Vm Vwh {d¶ao{‘ goU! {Z¶‘§g§&

nmaodEU Vw{b¶§ hmogw gwhr ‘m Vw‘§ ‘agw' &&18&&
Am‘§ {Îm nao goUo VwbmB EJËW R>mdB H$dmo¶§ &

AÊUËW {IdB am¶m {N>Îmw§ {N>Îmw§ {Z¶¶‘§g§ &&19&&
Oh Oh {IdoB ‘§g§ am¶m Ç${ÎmD$U {Z¶-VUwUmo&

Vh Vh ^maoU B‘mo d–B nmaodAmo A{h¶§ &&20&&
^maoU d–‘mU§ V§ np³I§ {n{³I>D$U A³Iw{hAmo &

g¶‘odm@@éhB V{h§ VwbmB am¶m AVwbgÎmmo &&21&&
B¶ {ZÀN>¶‘dJpÀN>¶ {Zdñg EJmo A‘ÀN>amo A‘amo &

da-‘CS>-Hw§$S>b-Yamo n¶S>r hmoC>§ ÛB Ed§ &&22&&
"B¸$mo {M¶ V§ YÊUmo gwnw[ag-MyS>m‘Ur {Vhþ¶Upå‘ &

Mm{b‚m{g? Z gwao{h§ {d gÆ>mUmAmo gwa{J[a ìd &&23&&
B¶ B©gmqUXoU§ {d d{U‚m§V§ Vw‘§ {Ugw{UD$U &

Vwh gÎm-n[a³IËW§ Bhm@@JAmo Agh‘mUmo@h§ &&24&&
Vwh Cdg½J‘H$mh§ V§ gìd§ I‘gw n{gD$U &

B¶ ^{U¶ {Zd§ g‚m§ H$mC>§ Z{‘C>§ gwamo JAmo g½J§ &&25&&
32
eãXmW©
nmog{h¶ - (nm¡f{YH$) AîQ>>‘r, MVwX©er nmaod¶ - nmadm, H$~yVa
¶m nd©{VWr§Zm nmimd¶mMo Amhmam{XMo d«V goU - ~{har ggmUm
nmogh>gmbm - nm¡fYemim (nm¡fY-Cnmg d«V C³IU - CIS>Uo, CngUo
H$aÊ¶mMo {R>H$mU) {nÀN> - nrg
nH§${na - WaWa H$mnUmam nda{g¶m - CËH¥$îQ>> IS>rgmIa, Ðmjag
Za¶{d¶Um - ZaH$mVrb ¶mVZm n¶ - XÿY
Nw>hJ{hbmo - ^wHo$Zo ì¶mHy$i Pmbobm Am‘§ - hmo¶
ABam - Vm~S>Vmo~ A‘amo - ‘¥Ë¶y Zgbobo, Xod
A‘ÀN>a - X¶miy, H¥$nmiy dam¶ - {~Mmam, Jar~, jwÐ
B©gmqUXoU - B©emÝ¶ ñdJm©Vrb B§Ð A³Iw{hAmo - àjmo{^V Z hmoVm, Z amJdVm
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm. 4 H$moU Vo {bhm.
1) ‘oKaW amOm H$moR>o ~gbm hmoVm? 1) nm¡fYemioV qMVZ H$aUmam
2) ‘oKaW amOmOdi H$moU A^¶XmZ ‘mJV
hmoVo? 2) ^¶^rV hmoD$Z WaWa H$mnUmam
3) nmaì¶mÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJyZ H$moU Ambo?
4) ‘oKaW amOm H$m¶ åhUmbm? 3) nmaì¶mÀ¶m nmR>monmR> ¶oUmam
2 g§X^m©g{hV ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1) ‘‘‘ ^³I§ ‘w§M B‘§ am¶&’ 4) ñdV:À¶m ‘m§S>rMo ‘m§g H$mnyZ XoUmam
2) ‘{H$‘h§ H$ao{‘ gaU§ H$hgw ‘hm^mJ!
Nw>hJ{hbmo&’ 5) amOmbm CngJ© XoD$Z j‘m ‘mJUmam
1) am¶m 6) A^¶XmZ XoUmam
2) n¶§
3) nmaod¶ 5 CnH«$‘ :- XmZeya H$U© d amOm h[aíM§Ð
¶m§À¶m H$Wm dmMm.
4) gwamo
5) {nÀN> mmm
33
3. ZrBd‚mm
‘ZrBd‚mm’ hr H${dVm
‘d‚mmb½J§’ ¶m àmH¥$V gw^m{fV
J«§WmVyZ KoVbobr Amho. ‘d‚mmb½J§’
hm àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrb AË¶§V
loîR>> J«§W AgyZ H$dr O¶d„^m§Zr
¶m J«§WmMr aMZm Ho$br Amho. ¶m
J«§WmV {d{dY {df¶m§darb {ZdS>H$
JmWm§Mm g§J«h Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
‘d‚mm’ åhUOo nÕVr,
‘m{bH$m, amJ hmo¶. ‘b½J§ åhUOo
g‘yh, g§J«h. ‘d‚mmb½J§’ hm J«§W
åhUOo àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb gw^m{fVm§Mm g§J«h hmo¶. AmH$f©H$ d ‘moO³¶m eãXmVrb ‘m¡{bH$ {dMmam§Mm
g§J«h åhUOo gw^m{fVo hmoV.
g‘mOmVrb bmoH$ g§ñH$maj‘, AmMma-{dMmamZo {ZH$mon d J{V‘mZ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r gw^m{fVm§Mo
AÜ¶¶Z åmhËËdnyU© Amho. ¶m gw^m{fVm§Mm n[aM¶ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘ZrBd‚mm’ hm nXç nmR> ¶oWo {Xbm
Amho. {dXçmÏ¶mªZr Amnë¶m OrdZmV Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJ Ho$ë¶mZo {dXçmÏ¶mªMohr OrdZ {dH${gV hmoÊ¶mg
‘XV hmoB©b.
O§ Oñg åmå‘-ô¶§ Mm{b‚m§V§ M Xy‘E {h¶¶§ &

V§ Vñg H$ÊU-H$Sw¶§ Hw$bogw Om¶m Z O§npÝV &&1&&
g§Vo{h Ag§Vo{h ¶ nañg qH$ O§{nEqh Xmogo{h§ &

AËWmo Ogmo Z bã^B gmo {d A{‘Îmmo H$Amo hmoB&&2&&
Aßn-{h¶§ H$m¶ìd§ OB g¸$B na-{h¶§ M H$m¶ìd§ &

Aßn-{h¶§ na-{h¶mU§ Aßn-{h¶§ Mod H$m¶ìd§ &&3&&
nww[ago gƒ-g{‘ÜXo A{b¶-n‘w¸o$ ghmd-g§VwÆ>o &

Vd-Yå‘-{U¶‘-‘BE {dg‘m {d Xgm g‘m hmoB&&4&&
34
grb§ da§ Hw$bmAmo, Xm{bÔ§ ^ìd¶§ M amoJmAmo &
{d‚mm a‚mmC da§, I‘m da§ gwÆx> {d VdmAmo &&5&&
grb§ da§ Hw$bmAmo, Hw$boU qH$ hmoB {dJ¶-grboU &

H$‘bmB H$Ô‘o g§^d§{V Z hþ hþ§{V ‘{bUmB§ &&6&&
O§ {O I‘oB g‘ËWmo, YUd§Vmo O§ Z Jìd§ CìdhB &

O§ M g{d‚mmo Z{‘amo {Vgw Vogw Ab§{H$¶m nwhdr &&7&&
N>§X§ Omo AUwdÅ>B ‘å‘§ a³IB JwUo n¶mgoB &

gmo Zd[a ‘mUwgmU§ XodmU§ {d d„hmo hmoB &&8&&
N>U-d§MUoU d[agmo ZmgB, {Xdgmo Hw$^mo¶Uo ^wÎmo&

Hw$H$bÎmoU ¶ Oå‘mo ZmgB Yå‘mo AYå‘oU &&9&&
N>Þ§ Yå‘§, n¶S>§ M nmo[ag§ naH$bÎm-d§MU§&

J§OU-a{hAmo Oå‘mo amT>mBÎmmU§ g§nS>B &&10&&
(d‚mmb½J§- ‘ZrBd‚mm’)
eãXmW©
AUwdÅ>B - AmMaU H$aUo, dmJUo Xy‘¶ - Xþ:I XoUo

Aßn{h¶ - ñdV:Mo {hV n¶mgoB - àH$Q>nUo
A{b¶ - ImoQ>o nwhdr - n¥Ïdr
Ag§Vo{h - Zgbobohr nmo[ag - nm¡éf, nwéfmW©
H$Ô‘ - {MIb ^wÎmo - ImUo
H$bÎm - nËZr {dJ¶grb - erb^«îQ>>
I‘m - j‘m g¸$¶ - e³¶ hmoUo
N>U - gU, CËgd g§Vo{h - AgUo, AgUmao
N>Þ§ - PmHy$Z, JwßVnUo g{‘Õ - g‘¥Õ
N>§X§ - BÀN>oà‘mUo gwÆx> - Mm§Jbo, CÎm‘
Om¶m - OÝ‘ hmoUo d§MUoU - a{hV, ZgUo
35
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am

1) Xþgè¶m§Mo Xmof àH$Q> Ho$ë¶mZo H$moUVo n[aUm‘ hmoVmV?
2) ñdV:Mo {hV H|$ìhm H$amdo?
3) loîR>> AmMaU H$moUVo?
4) n¥>Ïdrbm emo^m H$em‘wio àmßV hmoVo?
5) ‘Zwî¶ H$moUË¶m JwUm‘wio gdmªZm {à¶ hmoVmo?
2 dU©{df¶H$ ~Xb ñnîQ>> H$am.

1) I‘m 4) g§VwÆ>
2) H$ÊU 5) d„^
3) gƒ 6) nwhdr

1) H$‘bmB§ H$Ô‘o g§^d§{V Z hþ hþ§{V ‘{bUmB&
2) {d‚mm a‚mmC da§, I‘m da§ gwÆx> {d VdmAmo&
4 Imbrb gw^m{fVm§À¶m Amoir nyU© H$am.

1) g§Vo{h Ag§Vo{h ¶ nañg qH$ O§{nE{h§ .......& (Xmogo{h§, nwhdr)
2) grb§ da§ Hw$bmAmo Xm{bÔ§ ^ìd¶§ M ........& (amoJmAmo, VdmAmo)
3) Aßn-{h¶-na-{h¶mU§ Aßn-{h¶§ Mod .......& (H$m¶ìd§, nT>oìd§)
4) {d‚mm a‚mmC> da§, I‘m da§ gwÆx> {d .......& (VdmAmo, Yå‘mAmo)

1)
J«§W ZrBd‚mm J«§WH$ma
36
2)
amÁ¶mnojm loîR>>
$Hw$brZ KamÊ¶mnojm loîR>>
VníM¶}nojm loîR>>
6 Imbrb eãXm§gmR>r H${dVoVrb eãX emoYm.
1) Vn 3) amÁ¶
2) j‘m 4) {dXçm
7 CnH«$‘ :- "Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶o' ¶m {df¶mda AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V‘Ü¶o 10-12 Amoir§n¶ªV {Z~§Y

{bhm.
mmm
37
4. nwÎmmU-n[a³Im
‘nwÎmmU-n[a³Im’ hm
nXçnmR> A§~XodgyatZr {b{hboë¶m
‘Am»¶mZH$‘{UH$moed¥{Îm’ ¶m
àmH¥$V J«§WmVyZ KoVbobm Amho.
{d{dY JwUmZo ¶wº$ ì¶³Vs OoWo
OmB©b VoWo nyOZr¶ hmoVo. {edm¶
g‘mOmH$Sy>Z Ë¶m§Mm AmXahr Ho$bm
OmVmo.
loîR>>nXmgmR>r ¶mo½¶
ì¶³VsMr {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
AmOhr {d{dY àH$mao narjm
KoVë¶m OmV Agboë¶m {XgyZ ¶oVmV. àmMrZ H$mirhr àgoZ{OV amOmZo Amnë¶m amOHw$‘mam§Mr Y¡¶m©Mr,
gmhgmMr, CXmaVoMr, ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr narjm H$er KoVbr Vo ¶m H${dVoV ñnîQ>> Ho$bo Amho. Ë¶mà‘mUo
dV©‘mZH$mimVrb nmbH$m§Zrhr Amnë¶m ‘wbm§Mr narjm KoD$ZM Hw$Q>§w~mVrb O~m~Xmar gmondmdr.
AÝ¶Wm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gdmªZm Xþ…I, H$îQ>> ghZ H$amdo bmJVo. Voìhm ¶m H${dVoVrb lo{UH$ Hw$‘mamMm
AmXe© S>moiçmg‘moa R>odyZ ‘wbm§Zr AmMaU H$amdo Ago ¶m H${dVoVyZ ñnîQ>> Ho$bobo Amho.
Ah AÞ¶m H$¶mB© npÀN>‘på‘ Om‘på‘&

gwh-g§~wÕmo qM{VC>§ AmaÕmo ZadB© Ed§ &&1&&
‘ÁP Hw$‘amU ‘ÁPo hmohr H$mo Ya-Ywam-YaU-Yramo &

gogmo d ‘hm^moJmo MyS>m‘{U-a§{Ám¶-{ga½Jmo &&2&&
B¶ [M§{VD$U qgYwa-Vwa§J-AmC‚m-ah-da-AmBÊU§&
n‚mmbmdB g¶b§ MC{Ôqg {OÊU-gmb-{Jh§&&3&&
V§ {Z¶{d ObU-Ombm-H$am{b¶§ ÛB ^ydB© Hw$‘ao &

"ao ao ! Omo O§ {JÊhh {XÞ§ V§ Vñg gìd§ {n' &&4&&
38
am¶mEg§ {Zgw{UC>§ VS>¶S>-’w$Å>§V-d§g-g§Xmoho&
H$–§{V n{bÎmo n{d{gD$U Hw$‘am JB§XmB© &&5&&
Ombm-OS>mb-ObUmAmo H${–Amo Ho$U {d Vwa§Jmo &

Ho$U {d H$[a¨Xmo H${–Amo, Ho$U {d ahdamo am¶Hw$‘aoU &&6&&
go{U¶-Hw$‘aoU nwUmo n{d{g¶ nOb§V-‘§{Xañg§Vmo &

J{h¶m q^^@{^hmUm X³IoU PS>{Îm O¶T>¸$m &&7&&
V§ XÆz>U Z[a¨XoU [M§{V¶§, ‘go{UEU gmhþ H$¶§&

nT>‘§ BU§ a‚m§J§ g§J{h¶m OoU O¶T>¸$m &&8&&
Ah AÞ¶m na¸$‘-Mm¶-n[a³IU-H$E Hw$‘mamU &

H$ma{d¶ na‘Þ§ ^moEB {Zdmo {Z¶Hw$‘mao &&9&&
na‘Þ§ n[ado{g¶ {ZdoU {b{b{¸$Amo gwU¶-d½Jmo &

gå‘wh§ AmJÀN>§V§ V§ {Z¶{d nbmB¶m B¶ao (Hw$‘mam) &&10&&
go{U¶Hw$‘amo B¶amU§ C^¶-nmg-{Æ>E J{h¶-Wmbo&

gwU¶mU {IdB O‘oB AßnUm ^¶-{d‘w¸$-‘Umo &&11&&
VìdB¶a§ AdbmoB¶ qMVoB n‘moBAmo nwhBnmbmo &

Egmo CXmadramo' {Îm H$m¶am B¶a-Hw$‘am ‘o &&12&&
Ada g‘¶på‘ am¶m ~wpÕ-n[a³IU-H$E Hw$‘mamU&

‘wÔoB J{U¶-bÈx>¶-H$a§S>E g{bb-H$bgo ¶ &&13&&
h³H$m[aC>§ VAmo Vo ÛB, "dÀN>! g~wpÕ-{dhdoU&

‘wÔ§ A^§{O¶ ^w§Ooh ‘mo¶Jo, {n¶h g{bb§ {n' &&14&&
Ed§ dwÎmm {Z¶-~wpÕ-Jpìd¶m {d ¶ Cdm¶§ Ab^§Vm&

Vo Nw>h-{ndmg-gmo{g¶-JÎmm XrUÎm§ AUwnÎmm&&15&&
go{U¶-Hw$‘aoU nwUmo KoÎmw§ nJb§V-H$bg-q~Xþ-Ob§&

Yw{UC>§ H$a§S>E ‘mo¶JmU MyarE ^mo¶{d¶m &&16&&
39
V¶U§Va§ Hw$‘mao {d{dh-{dUmo¶-ßng§J-Adp³IËVo&
nm{ñmÎmw Zad[a¨Xmo dmh[aC>§ nwÀN>B Ed§ &&17&&
‘wÔm A^§J H$mD$U ‘mo¶Jm ^p³I¶m H$h-H$hoh&

Ed§ dwÎmm amEU§ Hw$‘ao H$hoh OhdÎm§ dwÎm§V§&&18&&
Oh q^^gma-Hw$‘aoU ^moB¶m {Z¶¶ ~wÕrE&

am¶m qMVoB Ohm "OwÎmmo Egmo aÁOm{h' go¶ñg&&19&&
a‚m-g‘¶på‘ {Z¶‘m B‘ñg H$mhm{‘ A{hgo¶§&

qM{VD$U Cdm¶§ H$aoB Vñg a³IUH$E &&20&&
(A§~Xodgyar - "Am»¶mZH$‘{UH$moed¥{Îm' JmWm Z§ 23 Vo 48)
eãXmW©
g§~wÕ - OmJ¥V hmoUo qgYwa - hÎmr
{OÊU - OrU© AmaÕmo - Ama§^, àma§^
H$[a§Xmo - loîR>> hÎmr AmC‚m - dmXç
YaU - YmaU H$aUmam npÀN>‘på‘ - eodQ>r
gogm - ~mH$sMo n‚mmbmdB - àÁd{bV H$aUo
n{bÎm§ - OiV Agbobo JB§XmB© - hÎmr B.
ObU-Ombm - OiUmè¶m Ádmbm Vwa§J - KmoS>m
O¶T>¸$m - {dO¶ S>§H$m, EH$ dmXç g{bb - nmUr
{b{b{¸$Amo - MwMH$maUo gwU¶mU - Hw$Í¶m§Mm
Adp³IÎmo - AmH${f©V H$aUo ‘mo¶J - bmSy>
A{hgo¶ - A{^foH$ d§g - ~m§~y
Ya-Ywam-YaU-Yra - O~m~Xmar gm§^miÊ¶mg g‘W©
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am
1) àgoZ{OV amOmZo amOHw$‘mam§Mr narjm KoÊ¶mMo H$m R>a{dbo?
2) àgoZ{OV amOmZo OrU© Am¶wYemim H$m Omibr?
40
3) lo{UH$ Hw$‘mamg ‘q^^gma’ ¶m ZmdmZo H$m g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo?
4) amÁ¶m{^foH$mg H$moU, H$go nmÌ R>abo?

1) ao ao! Omo O§ {JÊhB {XÞ§ V§ Vñg gìd§ {n&
2) dÀN>m, g~wpÕ-{dhdoU, ‘wÔ§ A^§{O¶ ^w§Ooh ‘mo¶Jo {n¶h g{bb§ {n &
3) q^^gma Hw$‘aoU ^moB¶m {Z¶¶-~wpÕE &
3 H$moU Vo {bhm.
1) O¶S>§H$m ~mhoa H$mT>Umam
2) OrU© Am¶wYemim noQ>dUmam
3) amOHw$‘mam§Mr narjm KoUmam
4) ‘q^^gma’ ZmdmZo g§~moYbm OmUmam

1)
àgoZ{OV amOmZo amOHw$‘mam§Mr

KoVbobr narjm
2)
J«§W nwÎmmU-n[a³Im J«§WH$ma
5 dU©{df¶H$ ~Xb ñnîQ>> H$am.

1) n[a³Im 3) ‘wÔm
2) na¸$‘ 4) {OÊU
mmm
41
5. Hy$S>-ZrB©
‘ Hy$Q>>ZrVr’ hr EH$ ‘mZdr ~w{ÕMmVw¶m©Mo loîR>Ëd ñnîQ>> H$aUmao AmMaU ‘mZbo OmVo. O§oìhm
EImXm eÌy qH$dm {damoYH$ ~bembrAgob Voìhm Hy$Q>-ZrVrMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z eÌyda [H§$dm {damoYH$mda
‘mV Ho$br OmVo. ¶m Hy$Q>>ZrVrMm Cn¶moJ àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV Ho$bm OmV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
¶m Hy$Q>>ZrVrbmM ‘J{Z‘r H$mdm’ ¶m ZmdmZohr AmoiIbo OmVo. ¶m Hy$Q>ZrVrMm, J{Z‘rH$mì¶mMm Cn¶moJ
H$ê$Z N>ÌnVr {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m eÌyda ‘mV Ho$bobr {XgyZ ¶oVo.
¶m Hy$Q>ZrVr{df¶r Am¶©-MmU³¶m§Zr {dñV¥VnUo J«§WaMZmhr Ho$bobr AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ¶m
Hy$Q>ZrVr‘Ü¶o Ho$di nwéfm§MmM g‘mdoe ZìhVm Va {ó¶mhr Hy$Q>ZrVr‘Ü¶o {ZnwU hmoË¶m. Ë¶mMr AZoH$
CXmhaUo àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mV AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV.
gXa nmR>m‘Ü¶o A^¶Hw$‘ma Am{U J{UH$m Amnë¶m ~w{ÕMmVw¶m©À¶m à^mdmZo Hy$Q>>ZrVrMm
Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z ~bmTç> àXçmoV amOmg ¶wÕ^y‘rVyZ H$go nidyZ bmdVmo. Vo ñnîQ>> Ho$bobo Amho.
{dXçmÏ¶mªZrhr A^¶Hw$‘mamMr àoaUm KoD$Z Amnë¶m OrdZmV ¶e àmßV H$amdo Ago ¶m
nmR>mVyZ ñnîQ>> Ho$bo Amho.
gXa nmR> A§~XodgyatZr {b{hboë¶m "Amdí¶H$gyÌQ>rH$m' J«§Wm‘YyZ KoVbm Amho.
EÎmmo {d hþ AUwd[ag§ amohB amogoU am¶{Jh-Z¶a§ &

{Z¶-~b-Jpìd¶-{MÎmmo gw-n¶§S>mo M§S>n‚mmoAmo &&1&&
Vmo go{UEU ^{UAmo A^¶-‘§Vr qH$ {n qMVgw Cdm¶§ &

Z¶añg OoU Io‘§ g§Om¶B V¶Uw AÊU &&2&&
42
nwa-n[aga-nwhB©E VoU {ZhmUr-H$¶m H$U¶-H$bgm &
g‘¶§ ‘wg§{T>-‘mo½Ja-Vmo‘a-Pg-{Zgr¶-gËWoqh&&3&&
nwÊUa{d H$på‘ {d d[ago nwìd-nAmoJoU amo[h¶§ Z¶a§ &

Vmo AÊU ^{UAmo ‘gm‘§Vm VwÁP gìdo {d &&4&&
‘h {nCUm YU-XmUoU ôB¶m OB Z nƒAmo VwÁP&

Vm n[aga-Ya{UdrT>§ I{UC§ {Zñg§{H$¶§ Hw$Ugw' &&5&&
Vmo VËW M§S>n‚mmo¶-ZadB Om IUmdE Imo{U§ &

Vm {Z¶B H$U¶-H$bgo {Zgm¶-YU-nhaU-JUo ¶ &&6&&
nopÀN>¶ AVwÀN>-CÀN>{b¶-H§$n-n[aJ{b¶-go¶-g{bbmoohmo &

{Z¶-I§Ydma-{daB¶-ga³IUmo Zm{gD$U JAmo &&7&&
Zmg§Vñg Agog§ {n by{S>¶§ go{UEU Vñg ~b§ &

Ord§Vmo C‚moqU nÎmmo {H$ÀN>oU nwU am¶m &&8&&
h³Ho$B {ZE Vo {d hþ Û§{V E¶ñg H$maUmo Z d¶§&

Vm Xod EËW AËWo A^¶-nd§MoU hmo¶ìd§ &&9&&
AdJ¶-gã^mdmo ÛB, "ZpËW gmo H$moB ‘ÁP AËWmUo &

Omo Hy$S>-H$dS>-~wpÕ§ ~§{Y¶ AmUoB Bh A^¶§' &&10&&
V§ {Zgw{UD$U {dÞdB, "ZadB§ M‘a-hm[aUr J{U¶m &

AmBggw Xod, ‘§ P{Îm OoU ~§{YD$U V§ AmUo{‘ h§ &&11&&
Vmo ZadBUm ‘pÁP‘-d¶mAmo B¶amAmo gÎm-J{U¶mAmo &

VrE gh W{da-n[a¶U-nm¶mAmo no{g¶mAmo bhþ§ &&12&&
VÎmmo g‘w{U-g¶mgpå‘ {gp³IC>§ gìd‘od {JhYå‘§&

nÎmm n[any¶§Vr {VËWm{U H$‘oU am¶{Jh§ &&13&&
VËW ny¶§Vr {Jhn{S>‘m g§nÎmm A^¶ñg ^dUpå‘ &

AmJ¶mAmo nwÀN>B AÊU§, ‘Bh H$Amo Vwãô' &&14&&
43
‘pÁP‘-d¶mU ‘ÁPmAmo Vñg EJm H$hoC>§ AmT>Îmm &
{ZgwUgw gmd¶, EB©E ^d-{daÎmmE gwh-M[a¶§ &&15&&
C‚moUrE Bã^ñg ^m[a¶m Vñg Am{g ‘U-BÆ>m &

nwìd-H$¶-H$å‘-n[aUB-dgoU {dhdÎm§ AUwnÎmm &&16&&
^d-Cpìd½Jm H$mD$U {VËW-OÎmmAmo {Z¶-Z¶[a¨&

J§VyU§ nìd‚m§ KoÎmw§ H$aoB Vd-ƒaU§ &&17&&
~r¶-{XUo AÂmo J§VyU VmAmo Am‘§VE g{Jho &

^{UAmo ¶ Vmqh, Vw‘§ {M¶ Hw$U EËW ^mo¶U§&&18&&
gå‘moh-H$m[a-~hþ-{dh-dËWw-Ow¶§ nmBAmo n¶§ Vm{h &

VoU ngwÎmmo g§Vmo Adh[aAmo ahdaoU AÂmo &&19&&
ZrAmo C‚moUrE VrE {Z¶-am¶-nm¶-nmgpå‘ &

np³IÎmmo ¶ Z[a§XoU V¶Uw ~mo„m{dAmo Ed§ &&20&&
"ao H$ËW J¶m ~wÕr ‘{hbm-‘oÎmoU O§ Bh-Am{U¶m &

Yå‘-ÀN>boU N>{bAmo nmdmE B‘mE gmo ÛB &&21&&
B¶ ^{UE ZaUmhoU {Z¶{bAmo Vh g-d¶U-{Z¶booqh&

Oh Z A‘w¸$mo g¸$B {Z¶-Z¶ao J§Vw§ EÎmmo ¶ &&22&&
(A§~yXodgy[a-{daB¶ ‘"Am»¶mZH$‘{UH$moed¥{Îm' JmWm 183-210)
eãXmW©
AUwd[ag§ - àË¶oH$ dfu ^d - g§gma, OÝ‘

Agog§ - ~mH$sMo, am{hbobo ^wÎm - ^moOZ H$aUo
AdJ¶ - AdJV, OmUrd hmoUo ‘wg§{T> - EH$ àH$maMo eó
AmBggw - AmXoe XoUo ‘mo½Ja - EH$ àH$maMo eó
AUwnÎmm - àmßV hmoUo gwn¶§S> - AË¶§V, àM§S>, ^¶§H$a
AËWmU - amOXa~ma gmd¶ - lmdH$
44
Cpìd½J - d¡am½¶, CX²{d¾ hmoUo g³H$B - e³¶
{VËWOÎmm - VrW©¶mÌm {Z¶{b¶ - ~§{XñV H$aUo
Yå‘ÀN>b - Y‘m©À¶m ZmdmZo ’$gdUyH$ n¶§ - XÿY
nmBAmo - nmOUo, {nÊ¶mg XoUo g‘¶§ - EH$Ì, g‘yh
nm¶mAmo - nm¶r, nm¶Xi
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am

1) A^¶Hw$‘mamZo àXçmoV amOmMm nam^d H$gm Ho$bm?
2) J{UHo$Zo A^¶Hw$‘mamMo AnhaU H$go Ho$bo?
3) A^¶Hw$‘mamÀ¶m ~wpÕMmVw¶m©da n[aÀN>oX {bhm.
2 H$moU Vo {bhm.
1) Xadfu amOJ¥h ZJamda AmH«$‘U H$aUmam
2) Y‘m©À¶m ~hmÊ¶mZo A^¶Hw$‘mamg ’$g{dUmar
3) lm{dH$m§Zm Kar ^moOZmgmR>r Am‘§ÌU XoUmam
2) AmH¥$Vr nyU© H$am.
J«§W Hy$S>-ZrB J«§WH$ma

1) am¶m 3) n¶
2) ‘{hbm 4) YU
4 ê$no AmoiIm.
1) I{UC§$ 2) n{bD$U 3) qMVgw 4) Û§{V 5) J§VyU§ 6) H$mD$U
1) "Vw‘§ {M¶ Hw$U EËW ^mo¶U§ &'
2) "ao! H$ËW J¶m ~wÕr ‘{hbm-‘oÎmoU O§ Bh-Am{U¶m &'
3) "Yå‘-ÀN>boU nmdmE B‘mE &' mmm
45
6. {H${gdmbñg OrdU§
dV©‘mZH$mbrZ eoVH$è¶m§Mo OrdZ {Xdg|{Xdg

g§H$Q>J«ñV Am{U Xþ:IXm¶H$ hmoV Amho. eoVr ì¶dgm¶
Z nadS>Umam hmoV Amho. Ë¶m‘wio {Zame Pmbobm eoVH$ar
AmË‘hË¶oH$S>o diV Amho ho AË¶§V Xþ:IXm¶H$ Amho.
àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrb eoVH$ar ‘mÌ g§H$Q>mg Z
Km~aVm ‘moR>çm Y¡¶m©Zo g§H$Q>mda ‘mV H$aV Agbobm {XgyZ
¶oVmo,na§Vw AmË‘hË¶oMm Adb§~ H$aV Zmhr. CbQ> O‘rZ
{H$Vrhr H$R>rU, IS>~S>rV Agbr Varhr Zm§Ja YaUmè¶mÀ¶m
hmVmV e³Vr Agob Va IS>~S>rV O‘rZhr gwnrH$ hmoVo. ¶m
{dMmam§MoM eoVH$ar JmWmgßVeVr J«§WmV AmT>iVmV, na§Vw
AmË‘hË¶m Ho$ë¶mMo EH$hr CXmhaU {XgV Zmhr.
Voìhm AmOÀ¶m eoVH$è¶mZo JmWm gßVeVr‘Ümrb
eoVH$è¶m§Mm AmXe© S>moiçm§g‘moa R>odyZ Y¡¶m©Zo eoVr Ho$ë¶mg
Z¡amí¶ ¶oUma Zmhr. VgoM AmË‘hË¶m Ho$ë¶mZo g§H$Q> Va Q>iV Zmhr CbQ> Vo dmT>Vo. ho bjmV KoD$Z
eoVH$è¶mZo AmË‘hË¶oMm ‘mJ© gmoSy>Z Y¡¶m©Zo eoVr H$amdr Agm ¶m nmR>mMm CÔoe Amho. gXa JmWm
hçm hmbH$dtZr {b{hboë¶m "JmWmgßVeVr' ¶m àmH¥$V J«§WmVyZ KoVë¶m AmhoV.
1. n§H$-‘BboU, N>rao¸$-nmBUm {XÊU-OmUw-dS>UoU &

AmU§{X‚mB h{bAmo nwÎmoU ìd gm{b-N>oÎmoU &&567&&
2. ’$bhr-dmhU§ nwÊUmh-‘§Jb§ b§Jbo Hw$U§VrE &

gB©A ‘Umoah-JpãÛrA hËWm WahapÝV &&165&&
3. H${T>U-Iadra-no„U-hb ìd nËWa-{d{U½J¶-Ap½JH$Uo
YMbmo-Am¶[a¶-nho H$ñg {d gwhoU dƒ§{V &&795&&
4. Vh n[a‘{b¶m JmodoU VoU hËW§ {n Om U Amo„oB&

gm {ƒA YoUy EpÊh¨ noÀN>gw! Hy$S>-Xmo{hUr OmAm &&637&&
46
5. Ydbmo {OAB Vwh H$E, Ydbñg H$E {OApÝV {JÆ>rAmo&
{OA V§~o! Aåh {d Or{dEU JmoÆ>§ Vw‘mAÎm§ &&638&&
6. EËW ‘E a{‘Aìd§ Hw$Qw>§~-g‘§ qM{VD$U {h¶EU&

nm‘a-H$a-goA-C„m {UdAB Vwdar d{d‚mpÝV &&358&&
7. AßnÎm§ nÎmA§ nm{dD$U Ud-a§JA§ h{bA-gmoÊhm &

CAh! VUwB© U ‘mAB é§Xmgw {d Jm‘-aÀN>mgw &&241&&
8. noå‘-Cå‘B¶mB ‘E CdD$T>mo h{bA-nwÎm-~wÕrE&

’§$go{‘ Omd, ’$égmo VU-nw[agmo Jm‘-gr‘mE &&745&&
9. Ud-H$på‘EU CA-nm‘aoU XÆz>U nmC-hmarAmo &

‘moÎmìdo OmoÎmA-n½Jhpå‘ Adhm{gUr ‘w¸$m &&692&&
10. A{b{h‚mB n§H$Abo hbm{b-MbUoU H$b‘-JmodrE &

Ho$Ama-gmoA-ê§$Û-V§g-{Æ>A H$mo‘b-MbUmo &&690&&
11. A§VmohwÎm§ S>ÁPB, OmAm-gwÊU-Kao h{b¶-nwÎmmo &

C³ImA-{UhmUmB§ ìd a{‘A-Ç>mUmB§ noÀN>§Vmo &&373&&
12. {U¸$å‘mqh {d N>oÎmmqh nm‘amo UoA dƒB dgB§&

‘A-{nA-OmAm-gwÊUBA-Joh-Xþ³I§ n[ahaÝVmo &&169&&
13. JhdBUm ‘wA-goah-Sw>§SA>-Xm‘§ {Ma dhoD$U&

d½J-gAmB§ UoD$U Ud[aA A‚mmKao ~Õ§&&172&&
14. gwh-nwpÀN>AmB h{bAmo ‘wh-n§H$A-gwa{h-ndU-{Uìd{dA§&

Vh {nAB nAB-H$Sw>A§ {n Amogh§ Oh U {UÆ>mB &&317&&
15. qH$ éA{g AmoUA-‘whr YdbmAÝVogw gm{b-{N>Îmogw&

h[aAmb-‘§{S>V-‘whr U{S> ìd gU-dm{S>Am Om¶m &&9&&
16. JmB©C> n§M-Ira§ ^[aC, MÎmm[a n¸$b-~B„m &

g§nÊU§ dmbmd„-aA§, godm {gd§ Hw$UC &&806&&
47
eãXmW©
n§H$-‘BboU - {MIbmZo ‘mIbobo. go¶ - Km‘.
h{bAmo - eoVH$è¶mg. C„m - Amobo.
N>rao¸$-nmBÊU - {MIbmZo ‘mIbobo. {UdAB - noaUo.
gm{b-N>oÎmoU - gmirMo eoV. d{d‚mpÝV - dmT>ë¶mZ§Va.
OmUw - JwS>Km, AßnÎm§ - Z {‘iUmao.
AmU§{X‚mB - AmZ§X XoUo. nÎmA§ - {‘iUo.
dS>UoU - dmT>bobo. ìd - à‘mUo. gmoÊhm - gyZ.
’$bhr-dmhU§ - noaUr H$aÊ¶mMo gmYZ. CAh - nhm.
b§Jbo - Zm§Ja. VUwB© - H¥$e, gS>nmVi.
gB©A - gVr, nËZr, ór. aÀN>mgw - añË¶mV.
JpãÛrA - ‘ZmV. öX¶mV AgUo. Cå‘B¶mE - CÝ‘mX, CËH$Q>, AmVya.
H${T>U - H$R>rU. CdD$T>mo - dmT>Uo, {Z‘m©U hmoUo.
Iadra - IS>~S>rV. ~wÕrE - {dMmamZo.
no„U - nobZo. gm§^miUo ’§$go{‘ - ñnem©Zo.
Ap½JH$Uo - A{¾À¶m {R>U½¶m. Omd - Ooìhm.
YMbo - Y¡¶© Zgbobo, Xþ~io. ’$égmo - H$R>rU.
nho - ‘mJ©. VUnw[agmo - JdVmZo V¶ma Ho$bobo ~wOJmdUo (nwéf).
dƒ§{V - OmUo . H$på‘EU - H$‘© H$aUmè¶mZo.
n[a‘{b¶m - hmVmiUo, Yma H$mT>Uo. nm‘aoU - Jar~, {~Mmè¶mZo.
JmodoU - JdiçmZo. CA - nhm.
Amo„oB - Amobo hmooUo. nmC-hmarAmo- {eXmoar, ^moOZ, AmUUmè¶m nËZrg.
EpÊh¨ - AmVm. ‘moÎmìdo - gmoS>Uo, ‘moH$io H$aUo.
Hy$S - H$m¡eë¶, MmVw¶©. OmoÎmA - Oy.
Xmo{hUr - Ðmd{dUo, hmVmiUo, nmZm KmbUo. n½Jhpå‘ - KoUo, Xmoar.
OmAm - hmoUo, Pmbo, XoUo. Adhm{gUr - dogU.
{OAB - OJVo. ‘w¸$m - gmoS>Uo, ‘wº$ H$aUo.
H$E - H$[aVm. Am{bh{‚mB - {b{hbobo, R>go, nmD$bIwUm.
V§~o - Vm§~S>r, Vm§~r. hbm{b - Zm§JaUo.
JmoÆ> - JmoR>m. H$b‘-JmodrE - amIU H$aUmar ór.
Vw‘mAÎm§ - Am‘À¶mgmR>r. Ho$Ama-gmoAm- OmoamMm àdmh ñÌmoV.
‘E - ‘r. é§Û - AS>Wim.
{hAEU - ‘ZmV, ‘ZmZo. V§g - ÌñV hmoUo, dH«$ hmoUo.
nm‘a - Jar~ eoVH$ar. A§VmohþÎm§ - ‘ZmV.
H$a - hmV. S>ÁPB - OiUo.
48
OmAm - nËZr. nwpÀN>AmB - {dMmanyg. Mm¡H$er H$aÊ¶mgmR>r.
C³ImA - CISy>Z Q>mH$Uo. n§H$A - H$‘i.
{UhmUmB§ - nwabobr g§nÎmr. gwa{h - gwJ§{YV,
ìd- à‘mUo, g‘mZ. ndU - dmè¶mZo.
{U-H$å‘mqh - H$m‘ ZgVmZmhr. {Uìd{dA§ - W§S> Ho$bobo.
UoA - ZgUo. {nAB - {nUo.
‘A - ‘aUo, ‘¥V hmoUo. nAB - ñd^md, ‘wimVM.
n[ahaÝVmo - H$‘r hmoUo, ZîQ>> hmoUo. {UÆ>mB - Z R>odUo, g§n{dUo.
JhdBUm - J¥hnVr, ‘mbH$. AmoUA - Imbr.
‘wA - ‘¥V, ‘oboë¶m. gU - VmJmMo.
goah - aoS>çmMo. Ydbm-AÝVogw - nm§T>ao Pmbobo.
Sw>§S>A-Xm‘§ - Kw§Jam§Mr ‘mi. ‘§{S>¶ - bmdbo, {d^y{fV Pmbobo.
{Ma - {MaH$mi. U{S>-ZQ>r,
dhoD$U - dmhÿZ. dm{S>Am - dmT>bobo.
d½J - g‘yh. Om¶m - hmoUo, Pmbobo.
gAmB§ - eoH$S>mo. Ira - XÿY.
UoD$U - ZoD$Z. n¸$b - n³d, àm¡T>, VéU, nwîQ>>.
Ud[aA - ¶mo½¶ Z dmQ>ë¶mZo. g§nÊU - g‘¥Õ, gwnrH$.
A‚mmKao - Am¶m©Ka, XodVoÀ¶m XodimV. BA - ‘mVr.
~Õ§ - ~m§YUo. {gd§ - AmH$f©U
gwh - gwImMr.
ñdmÜ`m`
H¥$Vr H$am

1) eoVH$è¶mg eoVmVrb nrH$ H$moUmà‘mUo dmQ>Vo?
2) ~bdmZm§Zr Adb§~boë¶m ‘mJm©Mm H$moUmbm bm^ hmoVmo?
3) JdiçmÀ¶m H$m¡eë¶mMm n[aUm‘ H$moUVm hmoVmo?
4) ZdrZ dó àmßV Pmboë¶m eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m gwZoda H$moUVm n[aUm‘ Pmbm?
5) ZddYyg nmhÿZ Jm|Yiboë¶m eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m ‘wbmZo H$m¶ Ho$bo?
6) nËZrÀ¶m {ZYZmZo, (Xþ:ImZo) X½Y Pmbobm eoVH$ar Amnbo Xþ:I H$go H$‘r H$aVmo?
7) àH¥$VrMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Amboë¶m eoOmaÀ¶m órMm eoVH$è¶mda H$moUVm n[aUm‘ Pmbm?
8) gm‘mÝ¶ ‘mUgm§Zm H$moUË¶m JmoîQ>>tMo AmH$f©U AgVo?
49
2 Imbrb àíZm§Mr WmoS>³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
1) nËZrÀ¶m {ZYZmZo ì¶mHy$i Pmboë¶m eoVH$è¶mMr AdñWm ñnîQ>> H$am.
2) eoVH$è¶mMo eoVmdarb ào‘ ñnîQ>> H$am.
3) Hw$eb d ~bdmZ eoVH$è¶mMo dU©Z H$am.
3 Imbrb eãXm§Zm àmH¥$VmVrb eãX gm§Jm.

1) Zm§Ja 5) eoVH$ar
2) Jdir 6) AmV
3) XÿY 7) nËZr
4) gyZ
4 ê$no AmoiIm.
1) noÀN>§Vmo 4) dƒB
2) Amogh§ 5) N>oÎmogw
3) nm‘aoU
5 dU©~Xb ñnîQ>> H$am.

1) N>oÎm 4) H$å‘
2) Jmod 5) ‘w¸$m
3) AßnÎm 6) gwa{h
mmm
50
n[a{gÆ>§
(A) ì¶mH$aU {d^mJ
(~) bohU-H$mog„§
(H$) gÅ>¶-n[aM¶§
51
(A) ì¶mH$aU {d^mJ
ì¶mH$aU ho
àË¶oH$ ^mfoMm àmU Amho.
åhUyZ ì¶mH$aU g‘OyZ
KoVë¶mZo ^mfo‘Ü¶o H$go
n{adV©Z hmoV OmVo qH$dm
^mfoMo VwbZmË‘H$ AÜ¶¶Z
H$aÊ¶mg H$er ‘XV hmoVo ho
g‘OVo.
H$moUË¶mhr ^mfoMo
AÜ¶¶Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m
ì¶³Vrg H$‘rV H$‘r EH$m
^mfoMo Va kmZ AgUo
Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
àmH¥$V ^mfm hr g§ñH¥$V ^mfoà‘mUo EH$ àmMrZ ^maVr¶ ^mfm Amho. åhUOo ¶m XmoÝhr ^mfm
g‘H$mbrZ ^mfm hmoV. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m XmoÝhr ^mfm§Mm Cn¶moJ ZmQ>ç gm{hË¶mV Pmbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
Ë¶mVyZM ¶m XmoÝhr ^mfm§À¶m VwbZmË‘H$ AÜ¶¶Zmg àma§^ hmoD$Z àmH¥$V ì¶mH$aU J«§WmMr {Z{‘©Vr
Pmbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo. àma§^rMo Oo àmH¥$V ^mfoÀ¶m ì¶mH$aUmMo J«§W {Z‘m©U Pmbo Ë¶m‘Ü¶o àmH¥$V ^mfoÀ¶m
{dX²dmZm§nojm g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ¶m {dX²dmZm§Mo ‘moR>o ¶moJXmZ Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. Ë¶m‘wioM g§ñH¥$V ^mfoer
VwbZm H$aV H$aV àmH¥$V ì¶mH$aU J«§WmMr aMZm Pmbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo. Ë¶m‘wio àmH¥$V ^mfoMo ì¶mH$aU
g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMr ‘XV hmoVo.
ì¶mH$aU g‘Oë¶mZo Ë¶m-Ë¶m ^mfoV dm³¶aMZm H$aUo qH$dm g§^mfU H$aÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.
dm³¶aMZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gd©Zm‘o, H$mi, AW©, {d^³Vr àË¶¶, eãXg§J«h, à¶moJ B. Mo kmZ AgUo
Amdí¶H$ Amho. Va g§Yr, g‘mgmÀ¶m kmZmZo ‘moR>‘moR>çm dm³¶m§Mo bhmZ-bhmZ dm³¶m§V ê$nm§Va
H$aVm ¶oVo. Ë¶m‘wio dm³¶aMZm gwb^ hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo. åhUyZ ì¶mH$aUmMo kmZ AgUo Amdí¶H$
Amho. Ë¶m ÑîQ>>rZo ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mV àmH¥$VmVrb dU©~Xb H$go hmoVmV Vo {Xbobo AmhoV.
àma§^r àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb dUmªMm n[aM¶ {Xbobm Amho. Ë¶mZ§Va g§ñH¥$V Am{U ‘amR>r ^mfoVrb
dUm©Mm àmH¥$VmV H$gm ~Xb hmoVmo Vohr ñnîQ>> Ho$bobo Amho. Ë¶mZ§Va dV©‘mZ, ^yV, ^{dî¶H$mimMo
àË¶¶, AW©, {d^³Vr, gd©Zm‘o B. Mo àË¶¶ {Xbobo AmhoV. Ë¶m§Mm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z {dXçmWu dm³¶aMZm
VgoM {Z~§Y boIZ, g§^mfU H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVrb Aer Anojm Amho.
52
dU©‘mbm -
ñda - (ñdV§ÌnUo CƒmaVm ¶oÊ¶mOmoJm dU© åhUOo ñda)
èhñd ñda - A, B, C, E, Amo
XrK© ñda - Am, B©, D$, Eo, Am¡
Q>rn -
g§ñH¥$V dU©‘mboVrb F$, F¥$, b¥, Eo, Am¡ ho ñda AY©‘mJYr àmH¥$VmV ZmhrV.
(1) àmH¥$V dU©‘mbm

àmH¥$V ^mfm hr EH$ àmMrZ ^mfm Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o AY©‘mJYr, ‘mJYr, em¡agoZr, n¡emMr, My{bH$m-
n¡emMr, ‘hmamîQ>´>r, An^«§e BË¶mXr 18 {d{dY ~mobr^mfm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m ^mfooÀ¶m AÜ¶¶ZmZo
àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrMo, g‘mOmMo, ~mobr^mfm§Mo VgoM amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tMohr Xe©Z hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.
EdT>oM Zìho Va AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ ^mfm H$gH$em {dH${gV hmoV Joë¶m ¶mMmhr n[aM¶ hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.
åhUyZ àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb dU©‘mbm§Mm {dXçmÏ¶mªZm àW‘ n[aM¶ ìhmdm ¶m AnojoZo àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb dU©‘mbm
nwT>rbà‘mUo {Xbobr Amho.
dU©‘mbm
ñda ì¶§OZ
èhñd ñda XrK© ñda Ag§¶w³V g§¶w³V
1. àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb ñda

1. àmH¥$V ^mfoV A, Am, B. B©, C, D$, E, Amo EdT>oM ñda AmhoV.
2. Eo, Am¡, A…, F$, F¥$, b¥, b¦ ho g§ñH¥$VmVrb ñda CƒmaÊ¶mg gwb^ ìhmdoV åhUyZ H$mhr ~Xb H$ê$Z
Vo àmH¥$V ^mfoV Ambobo {XgVmV.
3. ñdam§Mr èhñd, XrK© Am{U gOmVr - {dOmVr ñda Aer {d^mJUr Ho$bobr {XgyZ ¶oVo.
4. A, B, C, E, Amo ¶m ñdamg èhñd ñda åhUVmV Va Am, B©, D$ (Eo, Am¡) ¶m§Zm XrK© ñda åhUVmV.
5. A, Am, B, B©, C, D$, E, hçm OmoS>çm gOmVr¶ (g‘mZ) ñdam§À¶m AmhoV, Va A, B, C BË¶mXr
ñdam§Zm {dOmVr¶ (doJiçm àH$maMo) ñda åhUVmV.
6. Eo, Am¡, A… F$, b¥ ho ñda àmH¥$VmV Zgbo Var Ë¶mMo gwb^rH$aU H$ê$Z Vo àmH¥$VmV nwT>rbà‘mUo
Amboobo {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
53
(A) ñdam§Mo ~Xb
1) Eo - E, AB Agm ~Xb hmoVmo.

H¡$bmg = Ho$bmg, H$Bbmg d¡Hw§$R> = doHw§$R> (doJ§wR>), dBHw§$R>
d¡ar = do[a, dBar H¡$H$¶r = Ho$JB, H$BH$¶r
‘¡Ìr = ‘oËVr, ‘BËVr g¡Ý¶ = goÝZ, gBÝZ, goZm
X¡d = Xod, XBd
2) Am¡ = Amo, AC hmoVmo.
Jm¡ar = Jmoar, JCar Jm¡V‘ = Jmo¶‘ H$m¡em§~r = H$mog§~r, H$Cg§~r
Zm¡ = Zmod, ZC Jm¡S> = JmoS>, JCS> H$m¡VwH$ = H$moC¶, H$CC¶
Zm¡H$m = ZmoH$m, ZCH$m Jm¡ad = Jmoad, JCad ¶m¡dZ = OmodÊU§
Am¡fY = Amogh, AC>gh nm¡a = nmoa, nCa H$m¡‘wXr = H$mo‘wB©, H$C‘wB©
3) Am, B©, D$ ¶m AmXç ñdam§da AZwñdma Amë¶mg èhñd hmoVmo.
nm§gw = n§gw dm§{N>¶ = d§{N>¶ ‘m§g = ‘§g
nm§S>d = n§S>d nm§{S>Ë¶ = n§{S>ƒ jm§V = I§V
4) Am, B©, D$ ¶m ñdam§nwT>o OmoS>mja Amë¶mg Ë¶mMo èhñd‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z hmoVo.
YmÝ¶ = YÞ ^m¶m© = ^‚mm narjm = n[a³Im
ny{U©‘m = nwpÊU‘m Vrd« = {Vìd Xrjm = {X³Im
nyd© = nwìd H$s{V© = {H${Îm amÁ¶ = a‚m
5) àmH¥$V‘Ü¶o (A…) {dgJm©EodOr "Amo' Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
am‘… = am‘mo Xod… = Xodmo Z¥n… = {Zdmo
6) F$ = A, B, C, E, [a hmoVmo.
1) F$ = A
‘¥V = ‘¶ K¥V = K¶ ‘¥Xþ = ‘C H¥$îU = H$Êh
H¥$V = H$¶ V¥U = VU ‘¥Ë¶w = ‘ƒw V¥îUm = VÊhm
54
2) F$ = B
F$fr = Bgr ‘¥fm = {‘gm J¥h = {Jh $H¥$îU = {H$gZ
‘¥J = {‘J ÑT> = {XT> Z¥n = {Zd $H¥$e = {H$g
3) F$ = C
F$Vw = CVw,CC. ‘¥fm> = ‘wgm. d¥X²Y = dw–> $‘mV¥ = ‘mC>
àmd¥f = nmCg. ^«mV¥> = ^mC. {nV¥ = {nC> d¥{ï> = dw{Q²>R>
4) F$ = E hmoVmo.
J¥h = Joh
5) F$ = [a
F$U = [aU F${X²Y = [a{X²Y d¥f^ = [agh F${f = [a{g
(~) àmH¥$VmVrb ì¶§OZ
ì¶§OZo (ñdam§À¶m ‘XVrZo CƒmaVm ¶oÊ¶mOmoJm dU© åhUOo ì¶§OZ)

Q>rn -
1) g§ñH¥$V‘Yrb "L>²' Am{U "Äm²' ¶m ì¶§OZmMm AY©‘mJYrV Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. Ë¶m§Mo AZwñdmamV
ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
2) g§ñH¥$V‘Yrb {dgJ© AY©‘mJYrV Zmhr. Ë¶mEodOr "Amo' hmoVmo.
3) AZwZm{gH$mnwT>o ì¶§OZ Amë¶mg Ë¶mMm AZwñdma H$aÊ¶mMr àWm Amho. CXm. d§H$, g§I, A§O{b, H§$n
n¶§S>
4) ‘amR>r dU©‘mboVrb i, j, k hr ì¶§OZo AY©‘mJYrV ZmhrV. Varhr Ë¶m§Mo ê$nm§Va hmoD$Z Vo àmH¥$VmV
¶oVmV.
1) àmH¥$VmV "e', "f' EodOr "g' dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
eer = ggr eV = g¶ ^yfU = ^ygU
H¥$fr = {H$gr ‘{hfr = ‘{hgr ‘yfH$ = ‘ygH$, ‘yg¶
2) àmH¥$VmV i, j, k hr ì¶§OZo CƒmaÊ¶mg H$R>moa Agë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶mEodOr "i' = b, j =

$³I, ÀN>, N>, I Am{U k = U Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
1) i = b, H$‘i = H$‘b, Zi$ = Zb, ’$i$ = ’$b
55
2) k = U, kmZ = UmU, kmV$ = UmV,Um¶, kmZoída$ = UmUoga
3) j = ÀN>, >³I d¥j = ê$³I, ê$ÀN> djñWb = dÀN>ËWb, d³IËWb
jra = Ira jU = IU,
Cƒma ñWmZ dJ© ì¶§OZo
H§$R> H$ H²$, I² J², K², L²>
Vmbì¶ M M², N>², O², P², Äm²
‘yY©Ý¶ Q> Q>², R²>, S>², T²>, U²
X§ÝË¶ V V², W², X², Y², Z²
AmoîR>> n n², ’²$, ~², ^², ‘²,
(H§$R>, Vmbì¶, ‘yY©Ý¶, X§V) AÝVñW ¶², a², b², d²
Cî‘ dU© g²
‘hmàmU h²
A) "H$ Vo n' dJm©Vrb n{hë¶m Mma ì¶§OZm§Zm ñne© ì¶§OZo åhUVmV.
1) ñne© ì¶§OZo ~bmZo gdmªV A{YH$ AgVmV.
2) Ë¶m§À¶m ~bmMm H«$‘ CVaVm Amho "H²$' ho gdmªV bhmZ Am{U "^²' ho gdmªV ~bdmZ Amho.
~) "L>², Äm², U², Z², ‘²' ¶m ì¶§OZm§Mm Cƒma H$mhr à‘mUmV ZmH$mVyZ hmoVmo. åhUyZ Ë¶m§Zm AZwZm{gHo$
åhUVmV.
1) AZwZm{gHo$ ~bmZo Xþgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mMr åhUOo ñne© ì¶§OZmhÿZ H$‘r ~bmMr AgVmV.
H$) "¶², a², b², d²' ¶m ì¶§OZm§Zm AÝË¶ ì¶§OZo åhUVmV.
1) àË¶oH$ AÝË¶ñW ì¶§OZm§Mo Cƒma, ñWmZ {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgyZ gd© AÝË¶ñW ì¶§OZo ~bmZo {Vgè¶m
H«$‘m§H$mMr åhUOo ~bmZo gdmªV H$‘r ~bmMr AmhoV.
2) ¶mÀ¶m‘Ü¶o "d², b², a², ¶²'åhUOo "d²' gdmªV ~bdmZ Am{U ¶² ho gdmªV H$‘r ~bmMo Amho.
S>) "g²' ho Cî‘ ì¶§OZ Amho. ¶mÀ¶m Cƒmam‘Ü¶o BVa ì¶§OZm§À¶m VwbZoZo ’w$ß’w$gmVrb hdm A[YH$ ~mhoa
nS>Vo.{edm¶ Kf©U à{H«$¶mhr hmoVo. åhUyZ ¶mbm Cî‘ dU© åhUVmV. Cî‘ dU© ~bmZo H$‘r Amho.
(Varhr A§VñW ì¶§OZmnojm A{YH$ ~bdmZ Agë¶mMo ‘mZbo Amho.)
B©) "h²' ¶m ì¶§OZm§Mm Cƒma H$aV AgVmZm ’w$ß’w$gmVrb hdm A{YH$ à‘mUmV ~mhoa nS>Vo åhUyZ ¶mg
‘hmàmU åhQ>bo OmVo. (àmU åhUOo hdm) "h²' Mo X²{dËd Ho$ìhmM hmoV Zmhr.
56
1. Ag§¶w³V ì¶§OZm§Mo ~Xb
ì¶§OZm§À¶m ~Xbm‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo Ag§¶w³V Am{U g§¶w³V Ago XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶ohr AmXç,
‘Ü¶, AÝË¶ Ago {d^mJ {XgyZ ¶oVmV. AmXç åhUOo AJmoXaMo, AZmXç åhUOo AJmoXa Zgbobo (‘Ü¶,
AÝË¶, {R>H$mUr Agboë¶m§Zm AZmXç Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.)
1) eãXm§À¶m Ama§^r "¶' Agob Va àmH¥$VmV Ë¶mMo "O' hmoVo.
¶mÌm = OÎmm ¶mXd = OmXd ¶Wm = Ohm
¶moJr = OmoJr ¶‘wZm = O‘wUm ¶‘ = O‘
2) eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "H$' Mo Ho$ìhm§ "I' hmoVo.

H$sbm = Irbm Hw$ãOm = Iw‚mm, IwOm Hw$i = Iwb H$n©a = Ißna
3) eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "n'Mo Ho$ìhm "’$' hmoVo.

nwéf = ’$ég naew = ’$agw n[aIm = ’${bhm n[aK = ’$[ah
4) eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "¶'Mo Ho$ìhm "V' hmoVo.

¶wî‘X = Vwåho
5) eãXmÀ¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "e' "f' "g' Mo Ho$ìhm "N>' hmoVo.

emd = N>md gwYm >= Nw>hm fÊ‘wI = N>å‘wh fîR>> >= N>Æ>
6) AmXç "j' Mo Ho$ìhm "I>' hmoVo.

jra = Ira jU >= IU joÌ = IoÎm j{Ì¶ >= I{ËV¶
7) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç "J¥' = K hmoVo

J¥h = Ka
8) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm O = P hmoVo.

O{Q>b = P{Q>b, P{S>b
9) Ho$ìhm AmXç M = V hmoVo.

{M{H$ËgH$ = {V{JÀN>J
57
10) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç V = M, N> hmoVo.
VwÀN> = MwÀN>, Nw>ÀN>, Ë¶mJ = M¶, N>¶
11) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç V = >Q hmoVmo.

VJa = >QJa
12) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç X = >S hmoVo.

Xmh = >Smh Xh = >Sh X§e = >S§g
13) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç Z = U hmoVmo.

ZXr = UB© Za = Ua Z‘mo = U‘mo
Zm‘ = Um‘ Zmar = Umar ZyU§ = UyU§
1) "¶' lwVr = Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç (‘Ü¶ AÝË¶) {R>H$mUr Agboë¶m H$, J, M, O, V, X Ag§¶w³V
ì¶§OZm§Mm bmon H$ê$Z "A, qH$dm ¶ {b[hbo OmVo. ¶mbmM "¶' qH$dm "A' lwVr Ago åhUVmV.
1) H=¶ H$UH$ = H$U¶ CXH$ = C¶¶ emoH$ = gmo¶
OZH$ = OU¶ ZaH$ = Za¶ ZmH$ = Zm¶
gH$b = g¶b bmoH$ = bmo¶ H$mH$ = H$m¶
2) J=¶ ZJa = Z¶a gmJa = gm¶a ‘¥J = {‘¶

‘Ja = ‘¶a AmJa = Am¶a gmJ = gm¶
3) M=¶ AmMma = Am¶ma CnMma = Cd¶ma dMZ = d¶U

$ H$dM = $H$d¶ ZrM = Zr¶ H$mM = $H$m¶
4) O=¶ gwOU = gw¶U JO = J¶ nyOm = ny¶m
5) V=¶ erVb = gr¶b JrV = Jr¶ [nVm = {n¶m
6) X=¶ nmX = nm¶ öX¶ = {h¶¶ doX = do¶

58
2) "h' -lwVr = I, K, W, Y, ’$, ^' hr ì¶§OZo AZmXç Ag§¶w³V {R>H$mUr AgVrb Va Ë¶m
ì¶§OZmMm bmon hmoD$Z Ë¶m {R>H$mUr "h' {b{hbo OmVo. ¶mbmM "h' lwVr åhQ>bo OmVo.
1) I=h ‘oIbm = ‘ohbm gwI = gwh ‘wI = ‘wh
ZI = Zh emIm = gmhm gIr = ghr
2) K=h ‘oK = ‘oh amKd = amhd bKþ = bhw

g§K = g§h
3) W=h aW = ah ZW = Zh H$Wm = H$hm

ZmW = Zmh ¶Wm = Ohm
4) Y=h ‘Yw = ‘hþ ‘JY = ‘Jh ~{Ya = ~{ha

‘Ywa = ‘hþa X{Y = X{h {d{Y = {d{h
5) ’$ = h {d’$b = {dhb ‘w³Vm’$b = ‘wËVmhb g’$b = ghb
6) ^=h ñd^md = ghmd bmo^ = bmoh Z^ = Zh

{Ì^wdZ = {Vhþ¶U ew^ = gwh à^y = nhÿ
3) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç Ag§¶w³V "R>, W, ‘ = T>' hmoVmo.

R> nmR> = nmT> nrR> = nrT> $ H$R>moa = H$T>moa
W àW‘> = nT>‘> {e{Wb> = {g{T>b $n¥Ïdr = nw{T>dr
Q> eH$Q> = $g¶T> {dH$Q> = {d¶T>> $
‘ {df‘ = {dgT>
Ag§¶w³V ì¶§OZm§Mo ~Xb

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ àmH¥$V ^mfog gm‘mÝ¶m§Mr ~mobr^mfm åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. H$maU gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$m§Zm
H$R>moa qH$dm g§¶w³V ì¶§OZmMo Cƒma H$aUo H$R>r>U hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio CƒmaÊ¶mg gmoß¶m ì¶§OZm§MmM àmH¥$V ^mfoV
A{YH$ dmna Ho$bm OmV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. WmoS>³¶mV CƒmaÊ¶mg H$R>moa Agboë¶m ì¶§OZm§Mm àmH¥$V
^mfoV gmoß¶m dUmª‘Ü¶o ~Xb Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë¶mbmM ì¶§OZm§Mo ~Xb åhQ>bo OmVo. ¶m‘Ü¶o ì¶§OZm§Mo X²{dËd
H$aUo, gmonoH$aU, gwb^rH$aU H$aUo, AZwZm{gH$sH$aU H$aUo, dUm©J‘, dU©bmon, dU©~Xb, dU©{dn¶©¶,
ñda{d^³Vr AmXr AZoH$ àH$mao g§¶w³V ì¶§OZm§Mm ~Xb Ho$bm OmVmo.
59
1) AmXç g§¶w³V ì¶§OZm§Mm bmon …
àmH¥$V ^mfoV eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Ho$ìhmM OmoS>mja ¶oV Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio OmoS>mjamVrb H$‘r ~bmÀ¶m
ì¶§OZmMm bmon Ho$bm OmVmo.
H«$‘ = $H$‘ ^«‘U> = ^‘U à^mV> = nhm¶ àW‘> = nT>‘
à^m = nhm d«V = d¶ ÜdO> = Y¶ d«U> = dU
2) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç g§¶w³V ì¶§OZmVrb H$‘r ~bmÀ¶m ì¶§OZmMm bmon H$ê$Z A{YH$ ~bmÀ¶m
ì¶§OZmMo X²{dËd Ho$bo OmVo. (åhUOoM A{YH$ ~bmMo ì¶§OZ XmoZ doim {b[hbo OmVo.)
^³V = ^ËV ^¾> = ^½J Y‘©> = Yå‘ MH«$ = M³H$
a³V = aËV b¾> = b½J $ H$‘©> = $H$å‘ H$U© = $H$ÊU
3) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç g§¶w³V ì¶§OZmVrb A{YH$ ~bmÀ¶m ì¶§OZmMo X²{dËd Z H$aVm Ë¶m dJm©Vrb
àW‘ dUm©g X²{dVr¶ Am{U V¥Vr¶ dUm©g MVwW© ì¶§OZ OmoS>bo OmVo.
ì¶mK« = d½K AW© = AËW AY© = AX²Y
nÏ¶ = nËW ‘yI© = ‘w³I àñVa = nËWa
4) AZwZm{gH$sH$aU …- àmH¥$VmV Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm g§¶w³V ì¶§OZmVrb H$‘r ì¶§OZmMm bmon H$ê$Z (X²{dËd
Z H$aVm) AZwñdmamMm dmna H$obm OmVmo. ¶mbm AZwZm{gH$sH$aU åhUVmV.
(Alw) = (Añgw) A§gw dH«$ = (d³H$) d§H$ d¶ñg = d¶§g
5) Vmbì¶rH$aU …- Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm X§Ë¶ (V, W, X, Y) ì¶§OZmEodOr Vmbì¶ (M, N>, O, P) ì¶§OZmMm
Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë¶mg Vmbì¶rH$aU åhUVmV.
gË¶ = (gËV) gƒ§, {dXçm = {d‚mm, nÏ¶ = nÀN> (nËW)
6) ‘yY©Ý¶rH$aU …- g§¶w³V ì¶§OZm‘Ü¶o X§V (V, W, X, Y) ì¶§OZo AgVrb Va Ë¶mÀ¶m OmJr ‘yY©Ý¶
ì¶§OZmMm (Q>, R>, S>, T>) dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë¶mg ‘yY©Ý¶rH$aU åhUVmV.
à{V‘m = n{S>‘m àW‘ = nT>‘ AY© = AS>²T>, AXY
à{VnÞ = n{S>dÞ H¥$V = $H$S>, H$Q> D$Üd© = CS>²T>
7) dUm©J‘ …- g§¶w³V ì¶§OZmÀ¶m Cƒma gwb^VogmR>r EImXçm dUm©Mm bmon H$ê$Z EImXçm ~mhç A,
B, C AmXrMo AmJ‘Z hmoVo.. Ë¶mg dUm©J‘ åhUVmV.
ñÌr = $BËWr {d¶ = $Bd C³V = $dwËV
60
8) gdU©bmon …- Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm Cƒma gwb^VogmR>r g‘mZ CƒmaU Agboë¶m dUm©Vrb (EH$mnwT>o EH$
AgVrb Va) EH$mMm bmon Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë¶mbm gdU©bmon åhUVmV.
öX¶ = $({h¶¶) {h¶ Zddam = $Zdam Zddar = $Zdar
CXþ§~a = $(CC§~a) C§~a JwaamIr = $JwamIr
9) dU©bmon …- ‘mZdr ñd^mdm‘wio KmB© JS>~S>rZo ~mobV AgVmZm Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm (AZmXç, AmXç)
AZmdí¶H$ ì¶§OZmMm bmon Ho$bm OmVmo.
XodHw$b = (XodCb) XoCb AaÊ¶ = $aÊU amOHw$b = $(am¶Cb) amCb
ZyZ§ = $ZyU§, UyU§
10) dU©-{dn¶©¶ …- Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm ~mobÊ¶mÀ¶m JS>~S>rV eãXm§Vrb dUmªMm H«$‘ ~Xbbm OmVmo. Ë¶mbm
dU©-{dn¶©¶ åhUVmV.
dmamUgr = $dmUmagr ZwH$gmZ = ZwgH$mZ {ZS>i = {ZT>i
T>Umb = $T>bmU AmbmU = AmUmb {MH$Q>Uo = ${MQ>H$Uo
T>në¶m = $T>bß¶m ‘ahQ>²R> = $‘haQ>²R> {S>gH$i = ${S>H$gi
11) ñda^{³V …- H$mhr H$R>moa ì¶§OZm§Mo CƒmaU H$aUo H$R>rU hmoVo Voìhm Ë¶mÀ¶m gmonoH$aUmgmR>r g§¶w³V
ì¶§OZo {d^³V Ho$br OmV. Ë¶mg ñda^³Vr åhUVmV.
aËZ = $a¶U ^m¶m© = $^m[a¶m Y‘© = $Ya‘
gyÌ = $gyVa N>ÌnVr = $N>VanB> H$‘© = $$H$a‘
12) àmH¥$VmV Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm k = $Þ, ÊU hmoVo.

g§km = $gÞm, gÊUm gd©k = $gìdÊUw àkm = $nÞm, nÊUm.
13) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm àmH¥$VmV "íZ, ñZ, îU, ËñZ, Ýh = $Êh' hmoVmo
àíZ = $nÊh ñZmZ = $ÊhmU ‘Ü¶mÝh = $‘ÁPÊh
CîU = $CÊh OmoËñZm = $OmoÊhm
14) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm àmH¥$VmV "í‘, î‘, ñ‘, ú‘ = åh' hmoVmo.

H$mí‘ra = $H$åhra D$î‘ = $Cåh bú‘U = $båhU
{dñ‘¶ = ${dåh¶ ~«måhU = $~åhU
61
15) àmH¥$V‘Ü¶o ¶©, Xç = $‚m hmoVo.
Am¶© = $A‚m H$m¶© = $H$‚m {dX²çm = ${d‚mm
^m¶m© = $^‚m ‘X²ç = $‘‚m AmX²ç = $A‚m
16) àmH¥$VmV ³‘, Ë‘ = ßn hmoVo.
ép³‘Z = $épßnU AmË‘m = $Aßnm
17) àmH¥$VmV Ëg, ßg = $ÀN> hmoVmo.
dËg = $dÀN> CËgd = $CÀN>d Aßgam = $AÀN>am
(2) gd©Zm‘o
àmH¥$V, g§ñH¥$V d ‘amR>rVrb VwbZmË‘H$ Aer gd©Zm‘o nwT>rbà‘mUo {Xbobr AmhoV.
nwéf E.d. A.d.

à.nw. Ah§ h§ (Ahåm²) ‘r d¶§, Aåho (d¶‘², Amdm‘²) Amåhr
{Û. nw. Vw§ Vw‘§ (Ëd‘²) Vy Vwåho, VwÁPo (¶wdm‘²) Vwåhr
V¥. nw. gmo (g…) Vmo Vo (Vm¡) Vo
gm (gm) Vr Vm (Vm…) Ë¶m
V§ (VV²) Vo Vm{U (Vm{Z) Vr
H$mo = $$H$moU (nw§.) H$mB§ = $$H$moUVr H$m = $H$moU (ór), Ho$ = $$H$moUVo
Vd = $VwPm, VwPr, VwPo ‘‘ = $‘mPm, ‘mPr, ‘mPo Ho$[ag§ = $H$em àH$mao
B‘mo Egmo = $hm (nw§.) B‘§ = $ho (Z.nw§.) EE = $(nw§.) ho
B‘m, Egm = $(ór) hr B‘mB§ = $hr (ór)
E¶ñg = $¶mMm (nw§.) AåhmU§ = $Am‘Mm, Am‘Mr, Am‘Mo
E¶mE = ${hMm (ór.)
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(1) Xe©H$ gd©Zm‘o d {d^³Vr
1) E¶ (EVX) = hm, hr, ho 2) B‘ (BX‘²) = hm, hr, ho 3) A‘w (AXg²) = hm, hr, ho
E¶ (EVX²) hm (nw.)
H$maH$ E. d. A. d.
H$Vm© (à.) Eg, Egmo EE
H$‘© ({Û.) E¶§ EE
H$aU (V¥.) EEU, EEU§ EE{h, EE{h§
g§àXmZ (M./f.) E¶ñg E¶mU, E¶mU§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) E¶mAmo EE{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) E¶§{g, E¶på‘ EEgw, EEgw§
E¶ (EVX²) ór (hr)
H$Vm© (à.) Egm E¶m, E¶mAmo, EB©Amo

H$‘© ({Û.) E¶§ E¶mAmo, EB©Amo
H$aU (V¥.) E¶mE E¶m{h, E¶mqh
g§àXmZ (M./f.) E¶mE E¶mU, E¶mU§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) E¶mAmo E¶m{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) E¶mE E¶mgw, E¶mgw§
B‘ (BX‘²) nw. (hm)
H$Vm© (à) A¶§, B‘mo, ‘o B‘o

H$‘© ({Û.) B‘§ B‘o, B‘m
H$aU (V¥.) B‘oU§, B{‘Um, B‘o{h, B‘oqh
g§àXmZ (M./f.) B‘mE B‘mU, U§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) B‘mE B‘m{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) B‘mE B‘mgw, gw§.
63
B‘ (BX‘²) ór (hr)
H$Vm© (à) B¶§, B‘m B‘m, B‘mAmo, B‘r

H$‘© ({Û.) B‘§ B‘m, B‘mAmo, B‘r
H$aU (V¥.) B‘mE, B‘rE B‘m{h, qh, B‘r{h
g§àXmZ (M./f.) B‘mE, B‘rE, B‘rgo B‘mqg, B‘mU§, B‘§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) B‘mAmo, B‘rAmo B‘m{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) B‘mE, B‘rE, B‘rgo B‘mgw, B‘mgw§, B‘§
Q>rn …- "A‘w' ¶m Xe©H$ gd©Zm‘mMr ê$no àmH¥$VmV {deof AmT>iV ZmhrV. "gmhþ' ¶m CH$mamÝV nwqbJr
Zm‘mà‘mUo "A‘w' Mr ê$no hmoVmV. Varhr àW‘m, X²{dVr¶m Am{U gßV‘rMr ê$no Imbrbà‘mUo hmoVmV.
H$Vm© (à.) Ah, A‘y, Agmo A‘wUmo, A‘y

H$‘© ({Û.) A‘w§ A‘wUmo, A‘y
A{YH$aU A¶på‘, BApå‘, AAwpå‘ A‘ygw$, A‘w
(gßV‘r)
(2) g§~§YXe©H$ gd©Zm‘o

1) O (¶X²) = Omo, Or, Oo
O (¶X²) nw. (g§~§YXe©H$ gd©Zm‘o)
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

H$Vm© (à.) Omo Oo
H$‘© ({Û.) O§ Oo, Om
H$aU (V¥.) OoU, OoU§ Oo{h, Ooqh
g§àXmZ (M./f.) Oñg Ooqg, OmU, OmU§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) OmAmo Oo{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) O§{g, Opå‘ Oogw, Oogw§
64
O (¶X²) ór. (Or)
H$maH$ E. d. A. d.
H$Vm© (à.) Om OmAmo, OrAmo
H$‘© ({Û.) O§ OmAmo, OrAmo
H$aU (V¥.) OmE, OrE Om{h, Omqh, Or{h
g§àXmZ (M./f.) OmE, OmAmo, OrE, Orgo Omqg, OmU
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) OmAmo, OrAmo Om{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) OmE, OrE, Orgo Omgw, gw§
(3) àíZmW©H$ gd©Zm‘o

1 H$ ({H$åm²) nw. (H$moU)
H$Vm© (à.) H$mo, H$mo Ho$

H$‘© ({Û.) H§$ Ho$, H$m
H$aU (V¥.) Ho$U, Ho$U§ Ho${h, Ho$qh
g§àXmZ (M./f.) H$ñg Ho$qg, H$mU, H$mU§
AnmXmZ (n§.) H$mAmo Ho${hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) H§${g, H$pñg¨, H$på‘ Ho$gw, Ho$gw§
H$ ({H$‘²) ór (H$moU)
H$Vm© (à.) $H$m H$mAmo, H$sAmo

H$‘© ({Û.) $H§$ H$mAmo, H$sAmo
H$aU (V¥.) H$mE H$m{h, [h§
g§àXmZ (M./f.) H$mE H$mU, U§
AnmXmZ (n§.) H$mE, H$mAmo H$m{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) H$mE, H$sgo H$mgw, gw§
65
(4) gd©Zm‘m§Mo {d^³Vr àË¶¶
Ah§ (Añ‘X², ¶wî‘X²) = ‘r, Amåhr
H$Vm© (à.) Ah§, h§ Aåho, d¶§

H$‘© ({Û.) ‘§, ‘‘§, ‘o Aåho, d¶§, Uo
H$aU (V¥.) ‘B, ‘E, ‘o Aåho{h, Aåho{h§
g§àXmZ (M./f.) ‘‘, ‘o, ‘h, ‘ÁP AåhmU§, U§, Umo
AnmXmZ (n§.) ‘‘mAmo, ‘ËVmo AåhmAmo, Aåho{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) ‘B, ‘E, ‘‘§{g Aåhogw, Aåhogw§
Vw§, Vw‘§ (Ëd‘² - ¶y¶‘²) = Vwåho, VwÁPo
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

H$Vm© Vw§, Vw‘§, Vw‘o Vwãô, Vwåho, VwÁPo
H$‘© Vw‘§, Vo Vwãô, Vwåho, VwÁPo, ô
H$aU (V¥.) VwE, Vw‘o, VE, Vw‘E Vwãô{h, Vwåhmo{h, VwÁPo{h
g§àXmZ (M./f.) Vd, Vo, Vwh, Vwåh, VwÁP VwåhmU, U§, Vwã^mU, U§
AnmXmZ (n§.) Vw‘mAmo, Vw‘§Vmo Vwãô{hÝVmo, Vwåho{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) Vw‘§{g, Vw‘på‘, VB Vwãôgw, Vwåhogw, VwÁPogw§
(V¥Vr¶ nwéfr gd©Zm‘o)

gmo (g… VX²) = Vmo (nw.)
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

H$Vm© gmo, go, g Vo
H$‘© V§ Vo, Vm
H$aU (V¥.) VoU, VoU§ Vo{h, Voqh
g§àXmZ (M./f.) Vñg, go, Vo Voqg, VmU, VmU§
AnmXmZ (n§.) VmAmo VoqhVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) V§{g, Vpå‘ Vogw, Vogw§
66
gm (V- VX²) = ór (Vr)
H$Vm© gm VrAmo, VmAmo

H$‘© Vo VrAmo. VmAmo
H$aU (V¥.) VmE, VrE Vm{h, Vm{h, Vr{h
g§àXmZ (M./f.) VmE, VrE, Vrgo, VmAmo Vmqg, VmU, U§,
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) VmAmo, VrAmo Vm{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) VmE, VrE, Vrgo Vmgw, Vmgw
(3) H$mi (Tense)
àË¶oH$ ^mfoV dV©‘mZ, ^yVH$mi, ^[dî¶H$mi Agbo Varhr àmH¥$V‘Ü¶o dV©‘mZH$mi Am{U
^{dî¶H$mimMmM A{YH$ dmna hmoV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. àmH¥$V ^mfoV ^yVH$mimMm ’$ma H$‘r à‘mUmV
dmnabm OmV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
1) dV©‘mZH$mimMo àË¶¶ (Present Tense)
1) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$V ^mfoV ‘yi {H«$¶m§Zm H$mimMo àË¶¶ OmoSy>Z {H«$¶mnXmMr {d{dY ê$no V¶ma Ho$br
OmVmV. Ë¶mbm YmVwgm{YVo åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.
2) YmVyMo (1)A, (2) Am, E, AmoH$mam§V Ago XmoZ JQ>, {d^mJ Ambobo {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
3) YmVyÀ¶m AÝË¶ AjamÀ¶m Cƒmam‘YyZ H$moUË¶m ñdamMm Cƒma hmoVmo Ë¶mdê$Z Ë¶m YmVyMo dJuH$aU,
JQ> nmS>bobo {XgyZ ¶oVmV. CXm. gwU (¶mVrb A§Ë¶ "U'À¶m CƒmamVyZ "A' ñdamMm Cƒma hmoVmo
åhUyZ) hm YmVy> AH$mamÝV Amho.
Û "A'H$mamÝV YmVy Amho.
Jm (¶mÀ¶m CƒmamV "Am'ñda Amho åhUyZ) AmH$mamÝV YmVy Amho.
Om - AmH$mamÝV YmVy
Xo - EH$mamÝV YmVy
Zo - EH$mamÝV YmVy
hmo - AmoH$mamÝV YmVy
darb YmVy§Zm dV©‘mZ, ^yVH$mi, ^{dî¶H$mimMo àË¶¶ OmoSy>Z {H«$¶mnXmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.
67
1) dV©‘mZH$mimMo àË¶¶
{Z¶‘ -
1) ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVybmM dV©‘mZH$mimMo àW‘ nwéfmMo àË¶¶ OmoS>Vodoir AH$mamÝVmMo AmH$mamÝVm‘Ü¶o
(A = Am) ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z Z§Va dV©‘mZH$mimMo àË¶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV. (‘mÌ BVa YmVy§Zm Zmhr)
CXm. nmg = nmgm = nmgm{‘
dV©‘mZH$mimMo àË¶¶ (nañ‘¡nXr)
nwéf E. d. A. d.
àW‘ nwéf {‘ (Amho) ‘mo (AmhmoV)
{ÛVr¶ nwéf {g (Amhog) h (AmhmV)
V¥Vr¶ nwéf B (Amho) A[ÝV/pÝV (AmhoV)
nmg (AH$mamÝV YmVy Mmb[dUo)
à. nw. nmgm{‘ (nhmVmo) nmgm‘mo (nhmVmo)

{Û. nw. nmg{g (nhmVmog) nmgh (nhmVm)
V¥. nw. nmgB (nhmVmo) nmgpÝV (nmhVmV)
gyMZm …- Û, gwU, IU, nT>, JÀN>, a‘, B. gd© AH$mamÝV YmVy darb nmg ¶m YmVwà‘mUo MmbVmV.
Om (AmH$maÝV YmVy) Xo (EH$maÝV YmVy)

à. nw. Om{‘ Om‘mo Xo{‘ Xo‘mo
{Û. nw. Om{g Omh Xo{g Xoh
V¥. nw. OmB Om¶pÝV XoB XopÝV
2) ^{dî¶H$mimMo àË¶¶
{Z¶‘ -
1) ^{dî¶H$mimÀ¶m àË¶¶m‘Ü¶o "ñg' Mm dmna Ho$bobm AgVmo.
2) dV©‘mZH$mimÀ¶m àË¶¶mÀ¶m AJmoXa "ñg'Mm dmna Ho$bm H$s ^{dî¶H$mimMo àË¶¶ V¶ma hmoVmV.
(CXm. ñgm{‘, ñgm‘mo)
3) ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVybm ^{dî¶H$mimMo àË¶¶ bmdÊ¶mnydu "A'Mo BH$mam§Vm‘Ü¶o ê$nm§Va Ho$bo OmVo.
(na§Vw BVa YmVy§Zm H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z H$aVm àË¶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV.)
68
4) ^{dî¶H$mimMo àË¶¶ XmoZ àH$maMo AmhoV.
1) n{hë¶m JQ>mMo àË¶¶ nmg YmVy Mmb{dUo.

nwéf E.d. A.d. E. d. A.d.
à.nw. ñg§, ñgm{‘ ñgm‘mo nmpñmñg§, nm{gñgm‘mo
nm{gñgm{‘
{Û.nw. ñg{g ñgh nm{gñg{g nm{gñgh
V¥. nw. ñgB ñgpÝV nm{gñgB nm{gñgpÝV
gyMZm …- Û, gwU, IU, nT>, a‘, H$a B. YmVy darbà‘mUo MmbVmV.
"Om' AmH$maÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo. "Xo' EH$maÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo.

à.nw. Omñg§, Oñgm{‘ Omñgm‘moo Xoñg§, Xoñgm{‘ Xoñgm‘mo
{Û.nw. Omñg{g Omñgh Xoñg{g Xoñgh
V¥. nw. OmñgB Omñg§{V XoñgB Xoñg§{V
gyMZm …- (Jm, Im,Zo, Ko, Xo, hmo ¶m YmVy§Zm darbà‘mUo (H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z hmoVm gai) àË¶¶ bmdyZ
^{dî¶H$mimMr ê$no V¶ma Ho$br OmVmV.)
Xþgè¶m JQ>mMo ^{dî¶H$mimMo àË¶¶
nwéf E.d. A.d.

à.nw. hm{‘, {h{‘ hm‘mo,{h‘mo
{Û.nw. {h{g {hh
V¥. nw. {hB {h[ÝV
(gyMZm …- ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVyMo BH$mamÝVm‘Ü¶o ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z àË¶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV.)
3) ^yVH$mimMo àË¶¶
1) AY©‘mJYr- àmH¥$V‘Ü¶o ^yVH$mimMm AË¶§V H$‘r à‘mUmV Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) ^yVH$mimEodOr ~è¶mM doim dV©‘mZH$mimMmM A{YH$ dmna Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
3) ^yVH$mimV gd© nwéfm§‘Ü¶o "BËWm' Am{U AZoH$ dMZmVrb gd© nwéfm§‘Ü¶o "B§gw' ho XmoZ àË¶¶M
AmhoV.
69
nwéf E.d. A.d.
à.nw. BËWm B§gw
{Û.nw. BËWm B§gw
V¥. nw. BËWm B§gw
CXm. - ^m{gËWm, JpÀN>ËWm, JpÀN>¨gw, ^p³I¨gw

1) darb àË¶¶m {edm¶ "B©A'hm àË¶¶ AH$mam§V YmVybm bmdyZhr ^yVH$mimMr ê$no V¶ma H$aVmV.
CXm. nwÀN> + B©A = nwÀN>rA nmg = nmgrA
hU = hUrA ImU = IUrA
2) AH$mamÝVoVa åhUOo Am, E, Amo ¶m YmVy§Zm "gr, hr. hrA' BË¶mXr àË¶¶ bmdyZ ^yVH$mir ê$no V¶ma
H$aVmV.
CXm. Om = Omgr, Omhr, OmhrA Im = Imgr, Imhr, ImhrA
Xo = Xogr, Xohr, XohrA hmo = hmogr, hmohr, hmohrA
3) ^yVH$mimMr A{Z¶{‘V ê$no … Am{g, Amgr
CXm. d¶ = d¶m{g, d¶mgr
4) AmkmWm©Mo àË¶¶
1) Amkm, hþHy$‘, {dZ§Vr H$aVodoir AmkmWm©Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) AmkmWm©À¶m àË¶¶mV "CH$ma' OmñV AgVmo.
3) ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVybm "‘w, ‘mo, {h,' ho AmkmWm©Mo àË¶¶ bmdVodoir AH$mamMo AmH$mamÝV‘Ü¶o
ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z Z§Va àË¶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV.
4) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm {Û, nw. E. dMZm‘Ü¶o AH$mamÝV YmVyMo ‘yiê$n dmnabo Va MmbVo. Vo g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r {Û.
nw. E. dMZm‘Ü¶o o ¶m {MÝhmMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.
AmkmWm©Mo àË¶¶
nwéf E.d. A.d.
à.nw. ‘w ‘mo
{Û. nw. o, gw,{h, h
V¥. nw. C AÝVw
70
"nmg' AH$mamÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo
nwéf E.d. A.d.

à.nw. nmgm‘w nmgm‘mo
{Û. nw. nmg, nmggw, nmg{h nmgh
V¥. nw. nmgC nmgÝVw
(gyMZm …- Û, gwU, IU, a‘, H$a, hg B. AH$mamÝV YmVy§Mr ê$no darbà‘mUo MmbVmV.)
"Om' AmH$mamÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo
nwéf E.d. A.d.
à.nw. Om‘w Om‘mo
{Û. nw. Om, Omgw, Om{h Omh
V¥. nw. OmC Om¶ÝVw, OmÝVw
5) ë¶~ÝVmMo àË¶¶ (g§§~§Y H¥$XÝV)
1) Ooìhm dm³¶mV H$ê$Z, KoD$Z, ImD$Z, ¶oD$Z, Aem {H«$¶mnXmMm Cnmo¶J H$ê$Z XmoZ dm³¶o OmoS>br
OmVmV Voìhm ë¶~ÝVmMm (g§~§YH¥$XÝVmMm) Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) ë¶~§Vm‘Ü¶o EH$dMZ, AZoH$dMZ, VgoM àW‘ nwéf, {ÛVr¶ nwéf, V¥Vr¶ nwéf ¶m§Mmhr dmna Ho$bm
OmV Zmhr.
3) ’$º$ AH$mam§V YmVybmM "BD$U' hm àË¶¶ bmdyZ ë¶~§VmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.
CXm. nmg + BD$U = nm{gD$U Û = ^{UD$U
gwU = gw{UD$U. IU = I{UD$U nT> = n{T>D$U
CXm. am‘ Am§~m ImD$Z Kar Jobm.
am‘mo Am‘§ ^p³ID$U (ImD$U) Joh§ JÀN>B&
4) "Am, E, Amo' ¶m YmVy§ZmM ’$º$ "D$U' àË¶¶ OmoSy>Z ë¶~ÝVmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.
Om + D$U = OmD$U Im = ImD$U, Jm = JmD$U,
Xo = XoD$U, Ko = KoD$U, Zo = ZoD$U,
hmo = hmoD$U
5) darb àË¶¶m{edm¶ "BËVm, EËVm, BËVmU, EËVmU'¶m àË¶¶m§Mmhr Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
71
6) Vw‘§VmMo àË¶¶ (hoËdW© H¥$XÝV)
1) Vw‘§VmMm Cn¶moJ "gmR>r, H$[aVm' BË¶mXr AWm©Zo Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) Vw‘§Vm‘Ü¶ohr dMZ Am{U nwéf ZmhrV.
3) nmg +BC>§ = nm[gC§, Û= ^{UC§, gwU = gw{UC§, H$a = H$[aC§, nT = n{T>C§, IU = I[UC§
4) "Am, E, Amo ¶m YmVy§Zm "C§' hm àË¶¶ bmdyZ Vw‘§VmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.
Om =OmC§, Jm = JmC§, Im= ImC§, Xo = XoC§, Ko = KoC§, Zoo = ZoC§, hmo = hmoC§
CXm. am‘ Am§~m ImÊ¶mgmR>r ~mJoV Jobm.
am‘mo Am‘§ ^p³IC§ C‚mmUo JÀN>B&
(4) {d^³Vr àË¶¶
{Z¶‘ -
1) {d^³Vr àË¶¶ ho ’$º$ Zm‘ Am{U gd©Zm‘mbmM bmdbo OmVmV.
2) {d^³Vr àË¶¶ ho YmVy§Zm ({H«$¶m§Zm) bmdbo OmV ZmhrV.
3) àmH¥$VmV MVwWu / fîR>>r Mo àË¶¶ g‘mZM AmhoV. åhUyZ àmH¥$Vm‘Ü¶o MVwWu {d^³Vr ZgVo. MVwWu
EodOr fîR>>r {d^³Vr àË¶¶mMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.
4) JÀN> (OmUo, ¶oUo) ¶m YmVygmR>r ‘amR>r^mfoV gá‘rMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw àmH¥$VmV Ë¶mgmR>r
{ÛVr¶m {d^³Vr EH$dMZ dmnabo OmVo.
1) {d^³Vr àË¶¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ
1) àW‘m (H$Vm©) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶mVrb H$Vm© àW‘m {d^³VrZo Xe©{dbm OmVmo. (H$‘© {ÛVr¶m AgVo)
CXm. 1) am‘mo Am‘§ ImB& 2) b¶m nmoËW¶§ nT>B&
2) {ÛVr¶m (H$‘©) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶mVrb H$‘© {ÛVr¶m {d^³VrZo Xe©{dbo OmVo. (H$‘m©Mr {ÛVr¶m
dmnaVmV) CXm. am‘mo Am‘§ ImB&
3) V¥Vr¶m (H$aU) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶mVrb {H«$¶m H$moUmH$Sy>Z KS>br Vo Xe©{dÊ¶mgmR>r V¥{V¶m {d^³VrMm
dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. - am‘oU Am‘mo ImB&
4) MVwWu / fîR>>r (g§àXmZ) {d^³Vr …- g§~§Y Xe©{dÊ¶mgmR>r fîR>>rMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.
CXm. 1) am‘mo Xgahñg nwËVmo& 2) am‘mo gr¶mE nB ApËW&
5) n§M‘r (AnmXmZ) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶m§‘Ü¶o "nmgyZ, D$U - hÿZ' Ago Agbo Voìhm n§M‘rMm Cn¶moJ
H$aVmV.
CXm. 1) am‘mo EJ§ Jm‘mC {~A§ Jm‘§ JÀN>B& 2) ‘mbm ({JhmC>) {JhmAmo JÀN>B&
6) gßV‘r (A{YH$aU) {d^³Vr …- {R>H$mU, ñWb (‘Ü¶o, AmV) Xe©{dÊ¶mgmR>r gßV‘rMm Cn¶moJ
Ho$bm OmVmo.
CXm. 1) am‘mo C‚mmUo H$sbB& 2) am‘mo C‚mmUpå‘& (C‚mmUo) {MQ²> R>B& 3) gr‘m ‘§{Xapå‘ JÀN>B&
72
7) g§~moYZ {d^³Vr …- hmH$ ‘maUo, {Z‘§ÌU XoUo, ~mobmdUo B. gmR>r g§~moYZ {d^³VrMm Cn¶moJ
H$aVmV. CXm. ho am‘, ho ‘mbm, ho ‘mbo.
II) àmH¥$V dm³¶ aMZogmR>rMo KQ>H$
1) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$V^mfoV dm³¶aMZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$mimMo àË¶¶, gd©Zm‘mMo àË¶¶ {d^³VrMo àË¶¶
Am{U àmH¥$V eãXm§Mm g§J«h AË¶§V Amdí¶H$ Amho.
2) H$moUË¶mhr ^mfoVrb dm³¶aMZm H$aVo doir H$Ë¶m©Mo Oo qbJ, dMZ, Agob Ë¶mà‘mUo {H«$¶mnXmMo
qbJ, dMZ dmnaUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
3) H$Ë¶m©À¶m qbJ dMZmZwgma H$‘m©bm {d^³Vr àË¶¶ OmoS>Ê¶mV ¶oVmV.
4) dm³¶mV ì¶³VrMo, dñVyMo Zmd Agob Voìhm V¥Vr¶ nwéfr {H«$¶mnXmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. am‘
AË¶§V e³Vrembr ¶moX²Ym Amho. (am‘mo Aƒ§VgÎmrgmbr OmoX²Y§ ApËW&)
1) ¶m dm³¶mV "am‘'hm à‘wI H$Vm© Amho. Ë¶mMr àW‘m {d^³Vr (àË¶¶) Amho.
2) H$‘m©Mr (OmoX²Ym) {ÛVr¶m dmnabr Amho.
3) am‘ ho Zmd Agë¶mZo dV©‘mZH$mi V¥. nwéfr EH$ dMZr {H«$¶mnXmMm dmna Ho$bobm Amho.
{d^³Vr àË¶¶ (àmH¥$V Am{U ‘amR>r)
H$maH$ EH$dMZ AZoH$dMZ

àW‘m Amo (H$Vm©) Am
{ÛVr¶m (AZwñdma) (H$‘©) Am
V¥Vr¶m EU, EU§ (Zo, H$Sy>Z, À¶m H$adr) E{h, Eqh
n§M‘r AmC, AmAmo (nmgyZ, D$U, hÿU) qhVmo
MVwWu/fîR>>r Añg (Mm, Mr, Mo) AmU, AmU§
gßV‘r E, på‘ (‘Ü¶o, AmV) Egw, Egw§
g§~moYZ A Am
(i) "Xod' AmH$mamÝV nwqbJr Zm‘ Mmb{dUo
H$maH$ EH$dMZ AZoH$dMZ

àW‘m Xodmo, Xodo Xodm
{ÛVr¶m Xod§ Xodo, Xodm
V¥Vr¶m XodoU, XodoU§ Xodo{h, Xodoqh
73
n§M‘r XodmC, XodmAmo XodmC, XodmAmo, Xodm{h§Vmo
MVwWu/fîR>>r Xodñg XodmU, XodmU§
gßV‘r Xodo, Xodpå‘ Xod§{g Xodogw, Xodogw§
g§~moYZ Xod Xodm
(gyMZm …- am‘, em‘, JmoqdX, M§X B. gd© AH$mamÝV nwpëb§J Zm‘o "Xod' ¶mà‘mUo MmbVmV.)
(ii) "dU§' AH$mamÝV ZnwgH$qbJr Zm‘ Mmb{dUo
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

àW‘m dU§ dUmB§, dUm{U
X²{dVr¶m dU§ dUmB§, dUm{U
g§~moYZ dU§ dUmB§, dUm{U
(gyMZm …- 1) ~mH$sÀ¶m {d^³Vr "Xodm'à‘mUo MmbVmV 2) "dU§'¶m ZnwgH$qbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo BVa gd©
ZnwgH$qbJr Zm‘o MmbVmV.)
(iii) "‘mbm' AmH$mamÝV (ór[b§Jr) Zm‘o Mmb{dUo.
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

àW‘m ‘mbm ‘mbm, ‘mbmAmo
X²{dVr¶m ‘mb§ ‘mbm, ‘mbmAmo
V¥Vr¶m ‘mbmE ‘mbm{h, ‘mbmqh
n§M‘r ‘mbmE, ‘mbmAmo ‘mbm{hÝVmo
MVwWu/ ‘mbmE ‘mbmU§, ‘mbmU
fîR>>r
gßV‘r ‘mbmE ‘mbmgw, ‘mbmg§w
g§~moYZ ‘mbm, ‘mbo ‘mbm, ‘mbmAmo
(gyMZm …- gd© AmH$mamÝV órqbJ Zm‘o "‘mbm'à‘mUo MmbVmV.)

(iv) BH$mamÝV d CH$mamÝV nwpëb§Jr Zm‘ Mmb{dUo
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m ‘wUr ‘w{UUmo, ‘wUrAmo
X²{dVr¶m ‘wqU ‘w{UUmo, ‘wUrAmo
74
V¥Vr¶m ‘w{UUm ‘wUr{h, ‘wUrqh
n§M‘r ‘w{UUmo, ‘w{UAmo ‘w{U{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>>r ‘w[UUmo, ‘w{Uñg ‘w{UU, ‘w{UU§
gßV‘r ‘wqU{g, ‘w{Upå‘ ‘wUrgw, ‘wUrgw§
g§~moYZ ‘w{U ‘w{UUmo, ‘wUrAmo
(v) "gmhþ'(nw. Zm‘)
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

àW‘m gmhÿ gmhÿUmo, gmhÿdmo
X²{dVr¶m gmh§y gmhÿUmo, gmhÿdmo
V¥Vr¶m gmhÿUm gmhÿhr, gmhyqh
n§M‘r gmhÿUmo, gmhþAmo gmhþ{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>>r gmhÿUmo, gmhþñg gmhÿU, gmhÿU§
gßV‘r gmhþ§{g, gmhþpå‘ gmhþgw§, gmhþg§w
g§~moYZ gmhþ gmhþUmo, gmhþUo
(vi)A{Z¶{‘V Zm‘o
g§ñH¥$V‘Yrb F$H$mamÝV d BVa ì¶§OZmV eãXm§dê$Z AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V‘Ü¶o Or ê$no (eãX) Zm‘o ¶oVmV
Ë¶m§Zm A{Z¶{‘V eãX åhUVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o g§~§YXe©H$ JQ> Am{U H$V¥©ËddmMH$ eãXm§Mm JQ> Ago XmoZ àH$ma
Amho.
CXm. 1) {nV¥ = {nC, ‘mV¥ = ‘mC 2) H$V¥© = H$Îmww, XmV¥ = XmB, XmC
(i) "am¶m' (nw. Zm‘)
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

àW‘m am¶m am¶mUmo, amBUmo
X²{dVr¶m am¶mU§, am¶§, amBU§ am¶mUmo, amBUmo, aÞmo
V¥Vr¶m amBUm, aÞm, amEU amB©{h, amB©qh
n§M‘r amBUmo, aÞmo amB©{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>r amBUmo, aÞmo, am¶ñg amB©U, amB©U§
gßV‘r amBpå‘, am¶mg amB©gw, amB©gw§
g§~moYZ am¶m, am¶, am¶§ am¶mUmo, amB©Umo
75
(ii) ‘m¶m (ñÌr) Zm‘
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m ‘m¶m ‘m¶amo
X²{dVr¶m ‘m¶a§ ‘m¶amo
V¥Vr¶m ‘m¶mE, ‘mD$E ‘m¶m{h, ‘m¶mqh
n§M‘r ‘mD$E, ‘m¶mC> ‘mD${hÝVmo, ‘mB©{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>>r ‘m¶mE, ‘mCE ‘mD$U§, ‘mB©U§
gßV‘r ‘m¶mE, ‘mCE ‘mCgw§, ‘mB©gw§
g§~moYZ ‘m¶m ‘m¶amo
(iii) {n¶m ({nVm) nw. Zm‘
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

àW‘m {n¶m, {n¶amo {n¶amo
X²{dVr¶m {n¶a§ {n¶amo, {n¶ao, {n¶am
V¥Vr¶m {n¶aoU, {n¶aoU§, {nCUm {n¶ao{h, qh, {nC{h, {nBqh
n§M‘r {n¶amAmo, {nCUmo {n¶ao{hÝVmo, {nC{hÝVmo, {nB{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>>r {n¶añg, {nCñg, {nCUmo {n¶amU, U§, {nCU§, {nB©U§
gßV‘r {n¶ao, {n¶apå‘ {n¶aogw, gw§, {nD$gw§, {nB©gw§
g§~moYZ {n¶, {n¶a {n¶amo
(^mD$, Om‘mC, Aå‘{nC, ‘m¶m{nC, B eãX "{nC' à‘mUo MmbVmV.)

"H$Îmm>'(H$Vm©) nw. Zm‘ Mmb{dUo
H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m H$Îmm, H$Îmmamo H$Îmmamo, H$Îmmam, H$Îmm
X²{dVr¶m $H$Îmma§ H$Îmmamo, H$Îmmam, H$Îmm
V¥Vr¶m H$ÎmmaoU, H$ÎmmaoU§ H$Îmmao{h, H$Îmmao{h§
MVyWu/fîR>r H$Îmmañg, H$ÎmwUmo H$ÎmmamU, H$ÎmmamU§
n§M‘r H$ÎmamAmo H$Îmmao{hÝVmo
gßV‘r H$Îmmao, H$Îmmapå‘ H$Îmmaogw, H$Îmmaogw§
g§~moYZ H$Îmm H$Îmmamo, H$Îmmamo
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(5) g§»¶m
g§»¶m dmMH$ eãXm§Mm {d^³Vr‘Ü¶o Cn¶moJ
1) "EJ' ¶m eãXmMm Cn¶moJ AZoH$dMZr Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm ¶mMm AW© WmoS>ogo, qH${MVgo, H$mhr Agm
hmoVmo. CXm. EJo, EJo{h, EJo{hÝVmo, EJoqg, EJogw
2) Xmo, {V, MC ¶m§Mr ~hþdMZr ê$no hmoVmV. {edm¶ {VÝhr qbJmMr ê$no g‘mZM AgVmV.
3) "n§M'nmgyZ >"Xg' n¶ªVÀ¶m A§H$m§Mr ~hþdMZmVrb hr {VÝhr qbJmMr ê$no g‘mZM AgVmV.
4) 11 Vo 99 n¶ªV Oo gm‘m{gH$ g§»¶mdmMH$ eãX V¶ma hmoVmV. Ë¶mg§~§YrMm {Z¶‘ -
Xmo = Xþ - Xþdmbg
~o = ~m - ~mdrg, ~m¶mbrg, ~mdÞ, ~mg{Q²>R>, ~mdÎm[a, ~mgrB, ~oUCB
{V = Vo - Voag, Vodrg, VoÎmrg
5) MC = Mmo hmoD$Z nwT>rb ì¶§OZmMo X²{dËËd hmoVo. MmoBg, MmoÎmrg, Mmo¶mbrg
6) n§M = nU, nÊU hmoVo - nÊUag, nUdrg, nUVrg
7) "N>' Mo ñdamnwdu N>b hmoVo. na§Vw ì¶§OZ Amë¶mg ì¶§OZmMo X²{dËd hmoVo.
N>ìdrg, N>Îmrg, N>ßnÊU, N>ÞCB
8) "gÎm' ‘Ü¶o H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z hmoVm VgmM amhmVmo.
gÎmag, gÎmVrg, gÎmMmbrg, gÎmhÎmar, gÎmmgrB
9) AÆ> = AÆ>m hmoVo. Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm "AQ²>R>'Amho VgoM amhVo.
AQ²>R>mag, AQ²>R>mdrg, AQ²>R>Vrg, AQ²>R>MÎmmbrg, AQ²>R>g{Q>R>, AQ²>R>mgrE
10) "Zd'‘Ü¶o ~Xb Z hmoVm VgoM amhVo. ZdUCB, 29, 39, 49 B. g§»¶mdmMH$ eãX ‘amR>rà‘mUo "EH$moU
qH$dm EJyU' B. eãX bmdyZ V¶ma H$aVmV.
11) 11 Vo 18 ¶mMr ê$no {VÝhr qbJmV gmaIrM hmoVmV. VgoM Ë¶m§Mr ê$no ~hþdMZr AgVmV.
12) 19 Vo 48 ¶m§Mr ê$no EH$ dMZmV AgVmV. àW‘m d X²{dVr¶m {d^³Vr "dU' à‘mUo Am{U ~mH$sÀ¶m
{d^³VrV AmH$mam§V qH$dm BH$mamÝV órqbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.
13) 49 Vo 58 ¶mMr ê$no ~hþdMZr ê$no hmoD$Z Vo n§M à‘mUo MmbVmV. àW‘m d {ÛVr¶m {d^³Vr ì¶{V[a³V
~mH$sÀ¶m {d^³VrV AmH$mamÝV órqbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo hmoVmV.
14) 59 Vo 99 ho eãX ’$º$ EH$dMZmVM AgVmV. àW‘m, d X²{dVr¶m {d^³VrV BH$mam§V ZnwgH$qbJr
Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV. ~mH$s B©H$mamÝV ñÌrqbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.
15) n{hbm Xþgam ¶m AWm©Mr {deofUo 1 Vo 6 n¶ªV Imbrbà‘mUo hmoVmV. hr gd© {deofUo AmH$mamÝV
{deofUmà‘mUo MmbVmV.
77
1) n{hbm = nT>‘, nT>‘mo Xþgam = ~r¶, {~B¶, Xmoƒ
{Vgam = VB¶, Vƒ Mm¡Wm = MCËW
nmMdm = n§M‘, n§M‘mo ghmdm = N>Æ>, N>Q²> R>§
Mmam§Mm g‘yh = MÇ$ ghm§Mm g‘yh = N>H²$$
16) 6 À¶m nwT>rb g§»¶mdmMH$ eãXm§Zm, "Bg d A‘' bmdyZ {deofUo V¶ma hmoVmV.
gmVdm = gÎm‘ AQ²>R>‘, Zd‘, Xg‘. AH$amdm = EJmag
20 dm = drgB‘. 80 dm = AgrB‘ / AgrA‘ 100 dm = g¶A‘
1000 dm = ghñgA‘
darb {deofUm§Mr órqbJr ê$no Ë¶m§Zm "B©' bmdyZ hmoVmV.
CXm. - gÎm‘r, Voag‘r, ~rgB‘r
17) g§»¶mdmMH$ eãXm§nmgyZ "IwÎmmo, hm, gmo' ho àË¶¶ bmdyZ Aì¶¶o ~ZVmV.
CXm. EH$Xm = gB§, XmoZXm = Xþ³IwÎmmo
gmVdoim = gÎm³IwÎmmo, e§â doim = g¶gmo
n{hë¶m doir = nT>‘, Xþgè¶m doir = ~r¶, Mma doim = MChm, hOma doim (àH$mao) ghñggmo
18) n{hë¶m doir, Xþgè¶m doir Aem àH$maMr Aì¶¶o, ZnwgH$qbJr EH$dMZmV AZwñdma XoD$Z hmoVmV.
CXm. nT>‘ = nT>‘§
~r¶ = ~r¶§, {~B¶§, VB¶§, MCËW§, n§M‘r, Xg‘ BË¶mXr
19) "EJ' hm eãX ’$³V EH$dMZmV AmT>iVmo. Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo.
nwéf nwq„Jr ñÌrqbJ ZnwgH$btJr

àW‘m EJo EJo EH$m EJo
X²{dVr¶m EJ§ EJo EJ§ EJ§
V¥{V¶m EJoU EJo{h EJmE EJoU
n§M‘r EJmAmo EJo{hÝVmo EJmAmo EJoU
fîR>>r EJñg EJo{g EJmE E½mñg
gßV‘r EJ[å‘ EJ§{g, EJogw EJmE EJpå‘, EJ§{g
78
nwéf Xmo (nwq„J) {V (ñÌr.) MC (Znw.)
à. Xmo. Xþdo, Xo[ÊU VAmo, {V[ÊU MÎmmamo, MCamo, MÎmm[a
X²{d. Xmo, Xþdo, XopÊU VAmo, {V[ÊU MÎmmamo, MCamo, MÎmm[a
V¥. Xmoqh Vrqh MCqh
n§. Xmo{hÝVmo Vr{hÝVmo MC{hÝVmo
f. XmoÊh§ {VÊh§ MCÊh§
g. Xmogw Vrgw MCgw, MCgw§
(Q>rn … Xmo, {V, MC hr g§»¶m{deofUo ’$º$ AZoH$dMZmVM MmbVmV. EH$dMZmV MmbV Zmhr.)
n§M (nmM ho {VÝhr qbJr gmaIoM MmbVo.)
à. n§M
X²{d. n§M
V¥. n§M{h
n§. n§M{hÝVmo
f. n§MÊU
g. n§Mgw
1) gd© AH$mam§V g§»¶meãX "n§M' à‘mUo åhUOoM "Xod' AH$mam§V nw[„§Jr Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.
2) AmH$mam§V g§»¶meãX "‘mbm' AmH$mam§V ñÌrqbJ Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.
79
g§»¶mdmMH$ eãX
A§H$ A§H$ {deofUo

1) EJ / E³H nT>‘, nT>‘mo
2) Xmo / Xþ / ~o / ~rA Xmoƒ / ~r¶ / {~B¶
3) {V / Vo VB¶ / Vƒ / {VÊh§
4) MC / Mm / Mmo MCËW / MCÊh§>
5) n§M / nÊU / nU n§M‘ / n§M‘r
6) N> / N>b N>Q²>R>§
7) gËV gËV‘ / gËV‘r
8) AQ²>R> / AQ²> R>m AQ²> R>§, AQ²> R>‘r
9) Zd / Zd‘ Zd‘, Zd‘r
10) Xg / Xh Xg‘, Xg‘r
11) E³H$mag / E¶mah /B¸$mag EJmag‘§
12) Xþdmbg / ~mag ~mag‘§
13) Voag / Voah Voag‘§
14) MCXg / MmoX²Xg MCag‘§
15) n§Mah / nÞag n§Mag‘§
16) gmobg gmobg‘§
17) gËVag gËVag‘§
18) AQ²>R>mag AQ²>R>mag‘§
19) EJyUdrg EJyUag‘§
20) drg drgB‘§
21) EJdrg / E³H$drg
22) ~mB©g / ~mdrg
23) VoB©g / Vodrg
24) MCdrg
25) nUdrg
80
26) N>ìdrg 54) MCdÞ
27) gÎmmdrg 55) nUdÞ
28) AQ²>R>mdrg 56) N>ìdU / N>ßnÊU
29) ACUVrg 57) gËVmdÞ
30) Vrg 58) AQ²> R>mdÞ
31) EJVrg/E³H$Vrg 59) EHy$>Ug{Q²>R> / ACUg[Q²>R>
32) ~ËVrg 60) g{Q²>R
33) VoËVrg 61) EJg{Q²>R> /E¸$g{Q>²R
34) MmoËVrg 62) ~mg{Q²> R>
35) nUVrg 63) Vog>{Q²> R>
36) N>ËVrg 64) MCg{Q²> R>
37) gÎmVrg 65) nUg{Q²>R>
38) AQ²>R>Vrg 66) N>md{Q²> R>
39) EJyUMËVmbrg/ EJyUMmbrg 67) gËVg{Q²>R>
40) Mmbrg / MËVmbrg 68) AQ>²R>g{Q²> R>
41) E³H$ / EJMËVmbrg 69) EJyUgËV[a
42) ~m¶mbrg 70) gËV[a
43) Vo¶mbrg 71) EJ / E³H$gËV[a
44) MC¶mbrg / Mmo¶mbrg 72) ~mdËV[a
45) nU¶mbrg 73) VodËV[a
46) N>¶mbrg 74) MmodËV[a
47) gr¶mbrg 75) n§MhËV[a
48) AQ²> R>MËVmbrg /AQ²>R> ¶mbrg 76) N>mdËV[a
49) EJyUnÞmg 77) gËVhËV[a
50) nÞmg 78) A>Q²> R>hËV[a
51) EJmdÞ / EH$mdÞ 79) EJyUmgrB
52) ~mdÞ /~mdÊU 80) AgrB
53) VodÞ 81) E³H$mgrB /EJmgrB
81
82) ~mgrB 93) VoUCB
83) VogrB 94) MCUCB
84) MCgrB 95) n§MmUCB
85) n§MgrB 96) N>ÊUCB
86) N>grB 97) gËVUCB
87) gËVmgrB 98) AQ>²R>mUCB
88) AQ²> R>mgrB 99) ZdUCB
89) EJyUZCB 100) g¶¶§
90) ZCB 200) ~o /Xmo g¶mB§
91) E³H$m / EJmUCB 300) {Vg¶ / {VpÊUg¶mB§
92) ~oUCB 1000) ghñg§
82
(6) àmH¥$V g§Yr
àñVmdZm -
àË¶oH$ ^mfoÀ¶m ì¶mH$aUm‘Ü¶o g§Yrg ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. g§Yr‘wio eãXm§Mo AmH$ma
g§{jßV hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo. Va g§Yr {dJ«hm‘wio eãXmoƒmamg gwb^Vm ¶oVo. g§Yr {Z¶‘mZwgma g§YrMo
1) ñdag§Yr 2) àH¥${V^mdg§Yr 3) CX²d¥Îmñdag§Yr 4) Aì¶¶ñdag§Yr 5) ì¶§OZg§Yr Ago nmM àH$ma
({d^mJ) nS>VmV.
g§ñH¥$V ^mfoV XmoZ ñda qH$dm EH$ ñda, EH$ ì¶§OZ qH$dm ì¶§OZ - ì¶§OZ EH${ÌV Ambo Varhr g§Yr
hmoVmo. VgoM {dgJ© Am{U ñda qH$dm ì¶§OZ, EH${ÌV Ambo Varhr g§Yr hmoVmV.
AY©‘mJYr àmH¥$VmV {dgJ© Zgë¶mZo àmH¥$VmV {dgJ©g§Yr ¶oV Zmhr. VgoM àmH¥$V hr ~mobr^mfm
Agë¶mZo d gwb^rH$aU ho ~mobr^mfoMo à‘wI d¡{eîQ>ç Agë¶mZo g§ñH¥$Và‘mUo àmH¥$VmV ~è¶mM {R>H$mUr g§Yr
hmoVmoM Ago Zmhr. àmH¥$VmV WmoS>r’$ma {e{WbVm Agbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo åhUyZ àmH¥$VmVrb gd© g§Yr{Z¶‘mMm
n[aM¶ AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
ñda g§Yr
ñda g§YrMo 1) XrK© g§Yr 2) JwU g§Yr (3) èhñd g§Yr (4) g§Yr {ZfoY (5) ñdabmon g§Yr B. àH$ma AmhoV.
1) XrK©g§Yr - (A) XmoZ gOmVr ñda EH$Ì Ambo AgVm Ë¶m§Mo XrK© ñdam§‘Ü¶o ê$nm§Va hmoVo. åhUOoM
A AWdm Am ñdamnwT>o A qH$dm Am ho ñda Amë¶mg Ë¶m XmoÝhr ñdam§Mo ê$nm§Va "Am' (XrK©) ‘Ü¶o
hmoVo. (A + A = Am/ Am + Am = Am)
Ord + AOrd = OrdmOrd Bh +AmJ‘U = BhmJ‘U Jm‘ +AUw½Jm‘ = Jm‘mUw½Jm‘
H$bm + Am¶[a¶ = H$bm¶[a¶ a¶U +AmJamo = a¶UmJamo Vhm + A{d = Vhm{d
am¶m + A{^goAmo = am¶m{^goAmo Ohm + A{d = Ohm{d Xþh + Amdhm = Xþhmdhm
{OU + Amb¶ = {OUmb¶ Yå‘ + AYå‘ = Yå‘mYå‘ JU + A{hdB = JUm{hdB
{d‚mm + Amb¶ = {d‚mmb¶
A + Am = hmoVmo, na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdam§À¶m nwT>o Oa AZwñdma qH$dm OmoS>mja Agob
Va Ë¶mMo XrK© ñdamV ê$nm§Va Z hmoVm èhñd (A) ñdamVM ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
{^³I + AQ²> R>m = {^³IQ²>R>m Xd + Ap½J = Xdp½J Or{d¶ + AQ²> R>m = O>r{d¶Q²> R>m
Oå‘ + A§Va = Oå‘§Va Z + ApËW = ZpËW aËV + AÀN> = aËVÀN>
‘aU + A§Va = ‘aU§Va H$moh + Ap½J = H$mohp½J
83
(~) B AWdm B À¶m nwT>o B qH$dm B© Amë¶mg Ë¶mMo ê$nm§Va XrK© B© ‘Ü¶o hmoVo.
CXm. ‘w{U + Bga = ‘wUrga Z§Xr + Bga = Z§Xrga nwhdr + Bga = nwhdrga
‘w{U + BUmo = ‘wUrUmo X{h + Bga = Xhrga H${d + B©ga = H$drga
bÀN>r + Bgamo = bÀN>rgamo
B© + B© = B© hmoVmo. na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdamÀ¶m nwT>o Oa AZwñdma qH$dm OmoS>mja Ambo
Va Ë¶m§Mo XrK© ñdamV ê$nm§Va Z hmoVm èhñd (B) M hmoB©b.
CXm. ‘w{U+ BÝX = ‘w{UÝX, H${d + BÝX = H${dÝX, ‘{h + BÝX = ‘{hÝX
(H$) C AWdm D$ ¶m ñdamnwT>o C qH$dm D$ ho ñda Ambo AgVm Ë¶m XmoÝhr (H$) ñdam§Mo ê$nm§Va
XrK© (D$) ñdam‘Ü¶oM hmoVo.
CXm. gmhÿ + D$gd = gmhÿgd dhÿ + D$gd = dhÿgd
‘hÿ + D$gd = ‘hÿgd ~hÿ + CXJ§ = ~hÿXJ§
YoUw + D$gd = YoUygdmo ~hÿ + Cd¶ma = ~hÿd¶ma
C + D$ = D$ hmoVmo. na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdamnwT>o OmoS>mja {H$§dm AZwñdma Amë¶mg Ë¶mMo
ê$nm§Va XrK© (D$) ñdamV Z hmoVm èhñd ñdamV hmoVo.
CXm. gmhÿ + CÎm‘$ = gmhþÎm‘ $
Xþê$ + CpÁP¶m$ = Xþé{ÁP¶m
2) JwUg§Yr - (A) A AWdm Am ¶m ñdam§À¶mnwT>o "B' qH$dm "B©' ho ñda Amë¶mg Ë¶m XmoÝhr
ñdam§Mo ê$nm§Va "E' ‘Ü¶o hmoVo.
CXm. am¶m + Bgr = amE{g Ohm + Bd = Ohod ‘hm + B{g = ‘hog
Za + Bga = Zaoga VoU + Bd = VoUod X‘ + Bga = X‘oga
Bh + Bd = Bhod I¶ + B©ga = I¶aoga
A+B = E hmoVmo na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdam§À¶m nwT>o OmoS>mja qH$dm AZwñdma Agob Va
Ë¶mMo ê$nm§Va "E' ‘Ü¶o Z hmoVm èhñd (B) ñdam‘Ü¶o ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
CXm. Za + B§X = Z[a¨X (Za|X) Z + BÀN>B = {ZÀN>B (ZoÀN>B)
‘hm + B§X = ‘qhX (‘h|X) Oh + BÀN>B = O{hÀN>B
gwa + BÝX = gw[a¨X MaU + B§YU = MaqUYU Xod + BÝX = XoqdX
‘hm + B{S²>T>¶ = ‘{h{–¶ {OU + BÝX = {OqUX
~) A AWdm Am ¶m ñdam§À¶m nwT>o "C' AWdm "D$' ho ñda Amë¶mg Ë¶m XmoÝhr ñdam§Mo
ê$nm§Va "Amo' ‘Ü¶o hmoVo.
84
CXm. Vñg + Cd[a = Vñgmod[a {H$g + C¶ar = {H$gmo¶ar
Ohm + CB¶§ = OhmoB¶ ‘hm + Cd¶ma = ‘hmod¶ma
‘hm + D$gd = ‘hmogd Ohm + C{M¶ = Ohmo{M¶
EJ + D$U = EJmoU Zrgmg + Cgmg = Zrgmgmogmg
‘mg + Cddmg = ‘mgmoddmg
A + C = Amo hmoVmo. na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdam§À¶m nwT>o OmoS>mja qH$dm AZwñdma Agob
Va "Amo' Z hmoVm èhñd (C) ñdamV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
CXm. Z¶a + C‚mmU = Z¶é‚mmU nw[ag + CËV‘ = nw[agwËV‘
a¶U + C‚mb = a¶Uw‚mb Hw$b + Cã^d = $Hw$bwã^d
VoU + CËV§ = VoUwËV§ ^¶ + CpìdJ = ^¶wpìdJ
gìd + CËV‘ = gìdwËV‘ aËV + Cßnb = aËVwßnb
H$) A AWdm Am ¶m ñdam§À¶m nwT>o "E'hm ñda Amë¶mg Ë¶mMo ê$nm§Va "E' ‘Ü¶oM hmoVo.
CXm. Ohm + Ed = Ohod M + Ed = Mod Vhm + Ed = Vhod
Bh + Ed = Bhod EJ + EJ = EJoJ $Ho$U + Ed = Ho$Uod
Z + Ed = Zod EH$ + EH = EHo$H$
Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm n{hë¶m eãXmVrb eodQ>À¶m dUm©da AZwñdma Agob Va àW‘ Ë¶mMm "‘'~Xb
H$ê$Z Z§Va g§Yr {Z¶‘mZwgma g§Yr Ho$bm OmVmo.
CXm. EJ§ + EJ§ = EJ‘oJ§ [H§$ + EËW = {H$‘oËW E³H§$+ E³H$§ = E¸$‘o³H§$
V§ + AmgÞo = V‘mgÞo qH$ + Eg = {H$‘og OwËV§ + E‘§ = OwËV‘o¶§
V§ + Ed = V‘od Ed§ + AmB = Ed‘mB O§ + Ed = O‘od
{ddoJ§ + EC§ = {ddoJ‘oC§ AÞ§ + AÞ = AÞ‘Þ
3) ñdabmong§Yr - Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm g§Yr H$aVodoir Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb àW‘ ñdamMm bmon hmoD$Z "¶,
a, ‘' ¶m ~mhç dUm©Mo AmJ‘Z hmoD$Z g§Yr Ho$bm OmVmo. ¶mbm ñdabmon g§Yr åhUVmV.
A) "a' AmJ‘Z g§Yr
{Y + AËWw = {YaËWw nwU + A{d = nwUa{d {Z + A§Va = {Za§Va
Xþ + Mm[aUr = XþamMm[aUr {Z + AmZ§X = {ZamU§X Xþ + A§Jwb = Xþa§Jb
{Z + AUwH§$nm = {ZamUwH§$nm MC + A§Jwb§ = MCa§Jwb {Z + Cn‘m = {Zén‘m
~) "¶' AmJ‘Z g§Yr
85
Xþ + A§Jwb = Xþ¶§Jwb V + AU§Va = V¶U§Va V + AmgÞo = V¶mgÝZo
H$) "‘' AmJ‘Z g§Yr
^dB + AmBUmo = ^dB‘mBUmo
4) Aì¶¶ ñda g§Yr - Aì¶¶mnydu ñda Amë¶mg Ë¶mMm bmon hmoVmo.
Ho$U + A{n = $Ho$Um{d, Ho$U {d, (Ho$U{n ¶oWo "A' Mm bmon Pmbm.)
qH$ + A{n = {H$‘{d, [H§$ {n gw¶Um + A{n = gw¶Um {d
V§ + A{n = V§$ {n nw[agmo + B{V = nw[agmo {ËV
nT>‘§ + B{V = nT>‘§ {V {XQ>²R>§ + B{V = {XQ>²R>§ {V
qH$ + B{V = qH$ {V Vhm + B{V = Vh{ËV
XrgB + B{V = XrgB {ËV ZpËW + B{V = ZpËW {ËV
{XQ>R>§ + B{V = {XQ>R>§ {V
5) X²{dËd g§Yr - Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb n{hë¶m dUm©Mo X²{dËd H$ê$Z g§Yr Ho$bm
OmVmo.
V + H$å‘ = V³H$å‘§ g + {^³I = gpã^³I
{Z + H$éUm = {Z³H$éUm V + IU§ = V³IU§
Omd + Ord = OmdÁOrd Xþ + OUmo = Xþ‚mUmo
{Z + Zoh = {ZÞoh/{ZÊUoh
mmm
86
(~) boohU-H$mog„§
(i) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$V dm³¶aMZm

(ii) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$VmV {Z~§Y boIZ
(iii) An{R>V CVmao
87
1. AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$VmV H¥$Vr H$am.
1. ‘r emioV OmVmo. 2. am‘mZo amdUmbm ‘mabo.

Ah§ nmT>gmb§ JÀN>m{‘& am‘oU amdU§ hAmo&
3. Jwê§$nmgyZ kmZ bm^Vo. 4. gw§Xar H$m aS>Vog?
JwéqhVmo UmU§ bã^B& gw§X[a, qH$ é¶{g?
5. Xþgè¶mbm hgy ZH$m. 6. ‘hmdramZm Z‘ñH$ma
‘m hggw na§& Z‘mo ‘hmdra§&
7. H$moëhm dZmV Jobm. 8. ZX¶m§‘Ü¶o J§JmZXr loîR>> Amho.
{g¶mbmo dUpå‘ JAmo & ZB©gw J§JmZB© goÆ>§ ApËW&
9. ‘r àmH¥$V ^mîmm {eH$Vmo /{eH$Vo. 10. Vy ZmM, Vmo JmB©b.
Ah§ nmB¶§ ^mg§ {g³Im{‘ / nT>m{‘& Vw‘§ Zƒ, gmo JmBñgB &
11. VwÂ¶m gmS>rMm a§J H$moUVm Amho? 12. ‘m§Oa XÿY {nVo.
Vd gmS>rE H$mo dÊUmo? ‘‚mmamo XþÕ§ {n~B&
13. ~«åhXodmZo OJ {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. 14. Zrbm ~mJoV Ambr.
~§^XodoU O¶§ {Zpå‘¶§ & Zrbm C‚mmU§ EB&
15. Vy VoWo Om. 16. aËZ g‘wÐmV nS>bo.
Vw‘§ VËW JÀN>gw& a¶U§ g‘wÔpå‘ nS>B &
17. {dXçmÏ¶m©Zo Aä¶mg H$amdm. 18. b{bVm ^moOZ H$ê$Z Pmonbr.
N>ÎmoU AÁP¶U§ H$m¶ìd§& b{b¶m ^w§{OD$U gwÎmB&
19. H«$moYmZo gd©Zme hmoVmo. 20. gd© Ord gwImMr BÀN>m H$aVmV.
H$mohoU gìdUmg§ hmoB& gìdo Ordm gwh§ BÀN>§{V&
21. VwPm {à¶ {‘Ì H$moU? 22. Vwåhr BH$S>o ¶m.
Vd H$mo {nA§ {‘Îmmo? Vwåho EËW AmJÀN>h&
23. Vmo XþH$mZmV Jobm. 24. nmnH$m¶m©Mm {Y³H$ma Agmo!
gmo AmdU§ JAmo {YaËWw! nmd H$‚mñg&
25. ^maV ‘mPm Xoe Amho. 26. H$mdim H$mim AgVmo.
^mahmo ‘‘ Xog§ ApËW& H$mJmo H$Êh§ ApËW&
27. ‘r gË¶ ~mooboZ. 28. ‘r ‘moamMo {MÌ nmhVo.
Ah§ gƒ§ dBñgm{‘ & Ah§ ‘moañg {MÎm§ nmgm{‘&
29. Vy S>moiçm§Zr ~KVmog. 30. ~{hUrMm ~{hUrbm Z‘ñH$ma!
Vw‘§ ZoÎmoqh nmg{g & ^BUrE ^BqU Z‘mo¸$ma§&
88
2. {Z~§Y boIZ
1. C‚mmU§
C‚mmU§ nƒoJZ¶añg Jm‘ñg ¶ gmohm ApËW& Z¶añg ‘ÁPR>mUo C‚mmU§ ApËW& VËW
{d{dhn¶mañg é³Img§{V / CÁOmUo {d{dhn¶mañg b¶md„r {d ApËW& gìdm b¶md„rE Cd[a¨
{d{dh-dÊUñg ’w$ßn§ ApËW& VoU gìdo C‚mmU§ gw§Xa§ {XÆ>B & Z¶amAmo gìdo BpËW-nwégm nB{XUo C‚mmUo
JÀN>§{V& H$mo {d ‘m¶m-{n¶m {Z¶{Z¶m ~mbH$m {d KoÎmyU C‚mmUo JÀN>§{V& VËW ~mbm {d{dhn¶maoU
H$sbm H$aopÝV& OoÆ>-bmoJm é³Iñg N>m¶mE {MÆ>§{V&
C‚mmUñg EJ§ ^mJo nm{Ug§½Jmb¶§ {d ApËW& Vpå‘ nm{Ug§½Jmb¶på‘ d½K-grh-hÎmr-Amg-
dmUa-{‘JmB {d{dhnmUr g§{V& C‚mmUñg ~rA§ ^mJo EJ§ gamoda§ {d ApËW& Vpå‘ gamodañg Vrao

h§g-M¸$dm¶-‘moa-‘D$ar-AmB n³Ir {dha§{V.&

C‚mmUñg EJ§ ^mJo H$sbmIoËV§ ApËW& VËW {d{dhn¶mañg {H$bm-dËWy {d ApËW& VmAmo
dËWy{U KoÎmyU gìdo ~mbH$m H$s{bD$U {Z¶{Z¶§ ‘Umoa§OU§ H$aopÝV& VoU H$maUoU gìdo OUm C‚mmU§
nB{XUo JÀN>pÝV&
2. nmCgH$mbmo
nmCgH$mbmo gìdH$mbpå‘ goÆ>§ ApËW& VoU gìdo Ordm nmCgH$mbmo AB©d {n¶§ ApËW& E¶§
nmCgH$mbmo MCa-‘mgñg ApËW VoU E¶§ MmVwa‘mg {Îm Zm‘oU {d g§~mohB& amo{hUr Z³IÎmmAmo
nmCgH$mbñg Ama§^§ hmoB& EE MCamo ‘mgo {d AmJmgmAmo ‘ohm Ob§ d[ag§{V& {d‚my {d E¶på‘ H$mbo
AmJmgo Zƒ§{V & ‘ohm {d CƒgaoU J‚m§{V& ndUmo {d g{U¶§ g{U¶§ gìd-R>mUo ‘ohmU§ ZoB& gìd-
R>mUo ‘ohm JpÀN>D$U Ob§ d[ag[ÝV& VoU gìd-R>mUo OboU n[anwÊU§ hmopÝV& ZB-gamodamB§ {d ObnwÊU§
hmoD$U dhpÝV&
EE nmCg-H$mbo {H${gdmb§ {d ~hþb§ AmU§X§ hmoB& {H${gdmbmo {Z¶-IoÎmo J{ÀN>D$U n[añg‘§
H$[aD$U n^y¶§ YÞ§ {n¸$dB& gìd-nwhdr {d h[a¶§ hmoB& é³I-b¶m-d„r {d nÎm-’w$ßn-’$boU
n[anwÊU§ hmoB& VoU gìdo nmUr {d AmU§XoU {dha§{V& Ed§ n¶mao nmCgH$mbo gìdo OUm gwhoU {MQ²>R>pÝV&
VoU H$maUoU gìdo H$mbpå‘ nmCgH$mbmo goÆ>§ ApËW&
3. ‘‘ Xogmo
^mahmo ‘‘ Xogmo A{ËW& ^mahXogo nmMrU-H$mbo âhmo Zm‘ EJ§ am¶m hmoËWm& Vñg Zm‘oU ‘‘
Xog§ ^mah-Xog§ {Îm Zm‘oU g§~mohB& ‘‘ Xog§ ‘‘§ AB©d {n¶§ ApËW& ‘‘ Xogo {d{dh-Yå‘-n§W-OmBE
bmoJm dgpÝV& Vo gìdo bmoJm {Z¶-{Z¶-Yå‘-g¸$VrE n‘mU§ AmU§XoU OrdU§ O¶pÝV& ‘‘ Xog§
{d{dh-Yå‘-na§nam ApËW V§ {n gìdogw EJVm {d ApËW& VoU H$maUoU ‘‘ Xogñg g³H$VrE na§namE
‘‘§ A{h‘mU§ ApËW&
89
‘‘ Xogñg CÎma-{XgmE, {h‘mb¶-nìd¶§ ApËW& Xp³IU-{XgmE qhX‘hmgmJa§ ApËW&
npÀN>‘-{XgmE Aa~rg‘wÔ§ ApËW& nwìd-{XgmE ~§Jmbñg g‘wÔ§ ApËW&
‘‘ Xogo J§Jm-O‘wUm-~åhnwÎmm-gVbO-{H$gUm-JmoXmdar-H$mdoar AmBAmo ZB¶m ApËW&
B‘mAmo ZB©qh ^mah^y‘r g{‘Õ§ hmoB&
‘‘ Xogo nmMrU-H$mbo M§XJwÎm-‘mo[a¶-g‘amQ>-AgmoJ-gmVdmhU-h[ag-OmYd-{gdam¶-
AH$~amB AUoJm ñmìdgoÆ>-am¶nw[agm hmoB§gw& EE gìdoqh amnw[agoqh ^mahXog§ EJ-N>Îm§ AmU¶Uñg
‘hmH$‚m§ H$[a¨gw&
^Jd§ ‘hmdra§ - ^Jd§ ~wÕ-~gdoga-JmS>Jo ‘hmamAmo, UmUogamo, VwH$mam‘-Omo{V~m ’w$bo ‘hßnm
Jm§Yr AmB¶m ‘hmnw[agoqh g‘mOñg n~mohU§ H$[aD$U gm‘m{OH$-g‘Vm {Zå‘mU§ H$apÝV& VoU H$maUoU
A‚m Xogñg AI§S>Îm§ Am~m{h¶§ ApËW& VoU H$maUoU gìdo bmoJm gwhoU OrdU§ OJpÝV& Vñg ‘‘§
Xogñg A{^‘mU§ ApËW&
4. ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo
{OUYå‘mo ^maVr¶-na§namAmo EJ§ Yå‘§ ApËW& {OUYå‘mo MC>drgm {VËW§H$am hmopÝV& Vpå‘
{VËW¶apå‘ ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo A§{V‘mo {VËW¶amo ApËW& Vñg {Vgbm-{gÕËWmo ‘m¶m-{n¶m ApËW&
g‘mOpå‘ {d{dhm AÊUm¶-Aƒm¶ma-qhgm{X XÆz>U ‘hmdrañg ‘Upå‘ g§gmamAmo {daÎm§ OmAmo&
VoU Vrgpå‘ d[ago ‘w{U{X³I§ KoB& Xþdmbg-d[ago C½J-Vd§ H$[aD$U Ho$dbUmU§ nmdB&
Jmo¶‘mB-E¸$mag-‘mhU-grgm ‘hmdrañg JUham ApËW& ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo Jm‘mUwJm‘§ {dhma§
H$[aD$U gm‘ÊU-OUm Vñg ~mobr-^mgm-AÕ‘mJhr-^mgmE [hAmodEg§ H$aoB&
^Jd§ ‘hmdramo OUm CdEg§ H$aoB, "^mo ^ìd Ordm ! {Z¶-H$å‘ñg Aßnm-H$Îmm , Aßnm {ƒ¶
{dH$Îmm ¶& {Z¶§ Aßnm {ƒ¶ {‘Îmmo A{‘Îmmo ¶& Ordmo O§ H$å‘§ H$aoB Vñg n^mdoU gwh-Agwh§ M ’$b§
^w§OB& gìdo Ordm gwh§ BÀN>pÝV Z Xþ³I§ BÀN>§{V& VoU gìdo Ordm gwh§ H$å‘§ H$aoh& gwh§ H$å‘oU Ordm
gwh§ hmoB&
Ed§ n¶mao ^Jd§ ‘hmdraoU gìdo OrdmU§ H$„mUH$maH§$ Aqhgm-Yå‘ñg CdEg§ H$[aD$U {OU-
Yå‘ñg goÆ>Îm§ d–dB&
5. JUog-Cgd§
^maVr¶-g³H$VrE N>U-CñgdmU AB©d§ ‘hÎm§ ApËW& E¶§ N>U- CñgdmAmo ^maVr¶ g³H$VrE
na§namE ¶ n[aM¶§ hmopÝV& N>U-Cñgd-H$mbo gìdo OUm EH$R>mUo AmJpÀN>D$U namoßna§ Aƒ§V§
Am¶anwìd¶§ ddhma§ H$apÝV.
^maVr¶-Cñgdpå‘ JUog-Cñgd§ AB©d ‘hÎmnwÊU§ Cñgd§ ApËW& E¶§ Cñgd§ Xg-{XUo ApËW&
{Q>bH$-‘hmoXEU E¶§ Cñgdñg Ama§^§ H$aoB {V H$mo{d OUm ‘ÊUpÝV & H$mo {d OUm ‘hßnm Omo{V~m-
90
’w$bo ‘hmoXEU Ama§^§ H$aoB {V ‘ÊUpÝV&
E¶§ Cñgd§ Xþdo n¶mam ApËW& H$mo {d OUm {Z¶-{Z¶ {Jhpå‘ JUog-‘wÎmrE nBÇ>mnUm H$aopÝV&
H$mo {d OUm gìdO{U¶§ R>mUo JUog-CËgdñg nBÆ>mnUm H$[aD$U JUog-Cñgd§ H$aopÝV&
E¶§ Cñgdñg Ama§^§ ^ÔnXo gwÕ-MCËWr {XUo hmoB AU§VMCËWr {XUo ¶ g‘Îm§ hmoB& E¶på‘
Xg-{XUo bmoJm {Z¶{Z¶-{Jho gÕmnwìd¶§ nyO§ H$aopÝV& gìdO{U¶-JUog-Cñgdo {d bmoJm E¸$-R>mUo
AmJpÀN>D$U JUogñg nyO§ H$aopÝV& gìdO{U¶§ µJUogCñgdpå‘ {d{dh H$‚mH$å‘§ hmopÝV& gìdo OUm
E¶på‘ H$‚mH$å‘på‘ gh^mJoqh AmU§X§ KopÝV& VoU H$maUoU JUogCñgd§ gìdo OUm AB©d {n¶§ ApËW&
6. gwnw[agmo
nmMrU-H$mbmAmo ^mah^y‘r g§V-gwnw[agmU Oå‘^y‘r {Îm n{gÕ§ ApËW& E¶på‘ ^mah^y‘rE
Vpå‘ Vpå‘ H$mbo AUoJmU g§V-gwnw[agmU§ Oå‘§ hmopÝV& Vpå‘ ‘hmnw[agogw ^Jd§ ‘hmdra-^Jd§ ~wÕ-
UmUoga-VwH$mam‘-am‘Xmg-H$~ra-~gdoga-‘hmßnm Omo{V~m ’w$bo-JmS>Jo‘hmamO-AmBAm AUoJm
‘hmnw[agmU g‘mdog§ hmopÝV&
E¶mU§ ‘hmnw[agmU§ ìd AUoJm BpËW-a¶Um {d hmopÝV& g§V ‘ram-OUm~mB©-H$ÊhmonÎmm-A{hë¶mXodr
AmBAm AUoJm BpËW-‘hßnm{d hmoBËWm& EE gìdo ‘hßnm g‘mOñg AmX[ag-{h¶qMVJ-‘½JX[agJ§
ApËW& VmU gìdmU ghmd§ Aƒ§V§ g§V§ ApËW& EE gìdo gwnw[agm gƒ‘½Jñg Adb§~§ H$aopÝV VoU
VmU§ gwßnw[agm {Îm Zm‘oU g§~mohB &
gwnw[agñg {h¶¶§ AB©d X¶mOwÎm§ hmoB& gwnw[agmo {Zƒ§ ‘hþad¶U§ d¶B& gwnw[agmo gìdnm{U‘ÎmmU§
{h¶§ qMVoB& ApÝV‘-Xgmgw {d Apßn¶-d¶U§ U ~mo„B& gwnw[agñg ‘oÎmr nmhmU-aoh ìd Xrh-H$mb§
aohoB& gwnw[agmo Opå‘ R>mUo dgB V§ R>mU§ {d n{dÎm§ hmoB& gwnw[agñg nmgo H$mo {d OmB gmo gwh§ nmdB& Ed§
n¶mao gwnw[agmo nwhdrE ^ygU§ ApËW&
mmm
91
3. An{R>V CVmao
1.
EJmo {dßnmo naXog§ J§VyU MC>ìdoo¶§ nmaAmo hmoD$U gXog§ AmJAmo& Vñg B{È>g§nÞmo {Îm ZmD$U AÞ-{dßnoU
{Z¶-Xm[aJm {XÞm& gmo ¶ bmoE{h§Vmo X[³IUmAmo Xìd§ bhB& VoU gmo A{h¶§ B{È>g§nÞmo OmAmo& VoU {Z¶-
^m[a¶mE gw~h§þ Ab§H$mam {XÞm & gm ^m[a¶m V§ Ab§H$mam {Zƒ‘§{S>¶m AÀN>B& {dßnoU ÛB ‘E¶§ MmoaJm‘mo,
Vm Vw‘§ E¶m AmâÊmm{U nìdUr-{Vhrgw YmaoB; H§$qh{M Mmoam AmJÀN>o‚mm Vmo gwh§ Jmo{d‚mpÝV&’ gm ÛB
‘Ah§ VmE dobmE {g½K‘od§ Ad{Uñg§’ {V& AÞ¶m VËW MmoamU YmS>§ n{S>¶§& V‘od {Zƒ-‘§{S>¶m {Jh§ n{dÆ>m&
Voqh VrE gmb§H$mam J{h¶m gm ¶ nUr¶-^mo¶UÎmmAmo ‘§gmod{M¶-nm{U-nm¶m Z g¸$B H$S>mB©{U AdUoC>§ &
VAmo Mmoaoqh Vrgo hËWo nmE N>oÎmyU AdUr¶m{U {JpÊhD$U M Ad¸§$Vm&
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
1) ~«m÷UmZo naXoemV OmD$Z H$m¶ Ho$bo?
2) ~«m÷U d¡^d g§nÝZ H$gm Pmbm?
3) ~«m÷UmZo n¡emMo H$m¶ Ho$bo?
4) ~«m÷UmZo nËZrg Ab§H$mam{df¶r H$m¶ gm§{JVbo?
5. ~«m÷UmÀ¶m nËZrg Ab§H$mam{df¶r H$moUVr gd¶ hmoVr?
6) ~«m÷U nËZrZo nVrbm H$moUVo CËVa {Xbo?
7) Mmoam§Zr Mmoar H$moR>o Ho$br?
8) Ab§H$ma {‘idÊ¶mgmR>r Mmoam§Zr H$m¶ Ho$bo?
9) ¶mo½¶ erf©H$ Xçm.
mmm
2.
O¶§VrE Z¶arE gw§Xamo Zm‘ gËWdmhmo ApËW& AÝZ¶m gmo YU§ A{ÁOC§ XÿaXogo H§$MUnwao Z¶ao JAmo &
VËW VoU {dCb§ YU§ A{‚mAmo& {Z¶Z¶ao J§VwH$m‘mo {d AmgÊUmo nmD$gmo {Îm {R>Amo VËWod H§$MUCao, qH$Vw
Ho$ {d gpËW¶m npËW¶m& VËW ‘o OU{U-K[aUrU§ B‘m{U Aßno‚mgw {Îm ^{UD$U VoU Xm‘moXa-{dßnñg
g‘rdo gÎm-a¶UmB§ g‘pßnE& gmo {d nÎmmo O¶§VrE & bmo^-XmogAmo VoU AdbÎmmB§ VmB§& AÊU-d{UE nmgo
ApßnAmo bohmo& ‘Xm‘mo¶a-nmgmAmo gÎm-a¶UmB§ KoVìd§’ {V& Xm‘mo¶amo a¶Um{U Z XoB& VoU ÛB, ‘Z ‘‘ hËWo
no{g¶m{U&’ Eg nwU H$Amo Ho$Um{d Hy$S>-bohmo& VAmo YU{gar {dgÊU‘U§ AmJ¶m {Jh§&
1) gw§Xa ì¶mnmar H$m§MZnwa ZJarg H$m Jobm?
2) gw§Xa ì¶mnmar Amnë¶m Jmdr H$m OmD$ eH$bm Zmhr?
3) gw§Xa ì¶mnmè¶mZo Amnë¶m Kar aËZo H$er nmR>dbr?
4) gw§Xa ì¶mnmè¶mZo nÌ H$m nmR>dbo?
92
5) Xm‘moXamZo YZlrg H$moUVo CËVa {Xbo?
6) YZlr Xþ:Ir ‘ZmZo Kar naV H$m Ambr?
mmm
3.
amBUm {XAmo nwÆ>mo - ‘qH$ é¶{g’? gmo ÛB - ‘Xod, Eg E¸$mo Mod ‘‘ gwAmo& A{hUm XÆ>mo ¶ B‘§
OmAmo {ZƒoÆ> m& Vm H$mD$U H$éU§ Ordmdohr B‘§&’ Z[a§XoU ¶ AmUÎmmo do‚mmo - ‘Hw$Ugw {Zpìdg‘o¶§&’ do‚moU
^{U¶§, Opå‘ JmoÎmo Hw$bo dm H$moB Z ‘Amo VmAmo {JhmAmo ^yB© Am{U‚mB Vm Ordmdo{‘ B¶§& ‘p½J¶m {XEU ^yB©
Omd ghñg§ Kao Kao Vmd nƒoJm Kao ~§Yw-AmB¶U§ ‘aUmB§ hmoBËWm VoU H$maUoU do‚moU gm{h¶§ ^yB© Z nmdB&
VoU gm{h¶§- ‘Xod, ZpËW do‚mmo d {XÆ>mo ^yB©E bãYmo& amBUm ^{U¶§ ‘OB Ed§ Vm qH$’ {Z¶nwÎm§ gmoE{g? gìd-
{Vhþ¶Uñg Amhma§ B‘§ ‘aU§&’
1) ~«m÷U H$m aS>V hmoVm?
2) ~«m÷UmZo amOmg H$moUVr {dZ§Vr Ho$br?
3) d¡XçmZo H$moUVm Cnm¶ gm§{JVbm?
4) d¡XçmZo gm§{JVbobr (amI) {d^yVr H$m {‘imbr Zmhr?
5) amOmZo ~«m÷UmMo gm§ËdZ H$go Ho$bo?
6) CVmè¶mg ¶mo½¶ erf©H$ Xçm.
mmm
4.
H$mog§~r Zm‘ Z¶ar& VËW MmoX²Xñg{d‚mmR>mU§ nma§Jmo H$mgdmo ~§Ûmo& amBUm ~hþ‘Amo & Vñg Ogm Zm‘
^m[a¶m& Voqg nwÎmmo H${dbmo Zm‘& H$mgdmo Vpå‘ H${dbmo IwÈ>dE Mod H$mbJAmo & Vmho Vpå‘ ‘E V§ n¶§ amBUm
AÞñg ‘ê$¶Jñg {XÞ§& gmo ¶ AmgoU N>ÎmoU Y[a‚m‘mUoU dƒB& V§ XQ²Ry>U Ogm néÞm & H${dboU nwpÀN>¶m&
VmE {gÆ>§ Ohm- ‘Vd {n¶m {d‚mmg§nÞmo & VoU Ed§ {dhmE B–rE {Z½JpÀN>¶mBAmo& H${dbmo ÛB ‘Ah§ {n
A{h‚mm{‘&’ gm ÛB- ‘B¶§ Vw‘§ ‘ÀN>aoU Z H$moB {g³ImdoB & dƒ, gmdËWrE Z¶arE& VËW {n¶{‘Îmmo
B§XXÎmmo Zm‘ ‘mhUmo gmo Vw‘§ {g³ImdoB& gmo JAmo gmdpËW¨ & B§XXÎmñg g‘rd§ nÎmmo& {dU¶nwìd¶§ ^{U¶§ VoU
‘^¶d§, Ah§ {d‚mËWr Vm H$aoh ‘o {d‚mmE AÁPmdUoU ngmAmo&’
1) amOmZo H$mí¶n ~«m÷UmMm gÝ‘mZ H$m Ho$bm?
2) H$mí¶nmÀ¶m nËZrMo d ‘wbmMo Zmd H$m¶ hmoVo?
3) amOmZo H$mí¶nmÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Ë¶mMo nX H$moUmbm {Xbo?
4) ¶em H$m aS>V hmoVr?
93
5) H${nbmg amOXa~mamV ‘mZmMo nX H$m {‘imbo Zmhr?
6) AmB©Zo H${nbmg lmdñVrg OmÊ¶mMm gëbm H$m {Xbm?
7) lmdñVr ZJarV H$moU amhmV hmoVo?
8) H${nbmZo B§ÐXËVmg H$moUVr {dZ§Vr Ho$br?
mmm
5.
ApËW H$mo {d X[aÔmo nw[agmo & {H$gr H$å‘mB§ H$a|Vñg {d qH${M {d YU§ Z bã^B& VAmo doa½JoU Kañg
~mqh {Zp½JD$U AÞR>mUo ^‘B& AÞ¶m ‘½Jo EJpå‘ Jm‘o gmo EJ§ XodCbo a{Îm§ dgB& Vñg Xþ³I§ Om{UD$U
Xod¶mE {h¶E X¶m g‘wßnÞm & Xod¶mE qMVoB - ‘Ahmo, Eg damAmo Xm[aÔ§ A¸§$Vmo& H$ao{‘ Cd¶ma§ {Îm& VrE
^{UAmo, ‘^mo nw[ag, Ah§ Xod¶m, E¶§ {d‚mm‘§{V¶-KS>oU VwÁP Xm[aÔ§ Zmgo{‘& O§ O§ ‘½J{g V§ V§ Egmo KS>mo
Vw‘§ XoB& g§VwÆ>-‘UoU V§ KS>§ KoÎmyU gmo {Z¶{Jho EB& VËW n^mdoU {d{dh-^moJo ^w§O§Vmo gwhoU§ H$mb§ J‘oB&
H$mb§VaoU gmo Cå‘Îmmo hmoB& AÞ¶m Cå‘ÎmoU gmo V§ KS>§ I§Yo R>{dD$U ZƒB& Vñg n‘mEU gmo KS>mo ^y{‘¶bo
n{S>D$U ^½Jmo& VAmo {d‚mmH$Amo ^moJm {d ZÆ>m& VoU gmo nw[agmo nwUmo {d X[aÔmo hmoB&
1) X[aÐr ‘Zwî¶ KamVyZ ~mhoa H$m nS>bm?
2) X[aÐr ‘Zwî¶ amÌr H$moR>o am{hbm?
3) XodVoZo H$moUVm {dMma Ho$bm?
4) XodVoZo X[aÐr ‘Zwî¶mg H$m¶ {Xbo?
5) X[aÐr ‘Zwî¶ nwÝhm X[aÐr H$m Pmbm?
mmm
6.
AÝZ¶m H$¶mB H$mo dwS²>T>mo AÝZ§ Jm‘§ JÀN>§Vmo g§Vmo ^yAmo& gmo A§~é³Iñg N>m¶mE J§VyU gwÎmmo ¶
C{Q²>R>Amo g‘n[ahm[aAmo & gmo V§{g A§~é³Iñg ~hÿ{U n¸$’$bm{U XQ²>Ry>U Vogw ‘mo{hAmo & VmU AmgmBÎmE
BpÀN>¶m{U & na§ gmo é³Imod[a Amamo{hC§ Ag‘ËWmo & VoU gmo ’$bm{U Ag‘ËWmo& H$mb§VaoU H$B¶m dmUam V§{g
é³I§{g AmJ¶m & Vo ‘hþam{U ’$bm{U Im¶ÝVm {R>¶m & dmUamU XQ²>Ry>U gmo dwS²>T>mo g§VwQ²>R>mo hmoB & VoU H$B¶m
Cdbm {JpÊhD$U dmUaogw {IÎmm & EEU dmUam AB©d Hw$Õm & Voqh dmUao[h§ é³Io{hÝVmo ’$bm{U dwS²>T>ñg garao
{IÎmm{U, dwS²>T>oU V§ ’$b§ g§{MD$U gh[ag§ ^p³ID$U gXog§ JAmo&
1) d¥X²Y H$moR>o OmV hmoVm?
2) d¥X²Y Am‘«d¥jmÀ¶m gmdbrV H$m Jobm?
94
3) d¥X²Y Am§~o ImÊ¶mg Ag‘W© H$m Pmbm?
4) H$mbm§VamZo Am‘«d¥jmda H$moU Ambo?
5) d¥X²YmZo ’$io H$er {‘i{dbr?
mmm
7.
AÝZ¶m ~bXodmo {d ‘mgnmaUmE {^³IQ²>R>m EJpå‘ Z¶ao n{dg§Vmo & EJmE VéUrE Hy$dVS>-{Æ>¶mE
Hy$dOb§ H${–C§ H$m‘mE {X{Æ>Jmo¶a§ JAmo & VAmo VrE ~bXod-ê$dmBg¶p³IËV-V½J¶-{MÎmVUAmo Hy$S>>-
‘§VrE {Z¶-H${S>¶bwÎm[a¶-nwÎmñg H§$R>o nmgmo {XÝZmo& VAmo Amo¶m[aAmo Hy$do E¶§ M ~bXodoU {XÆ>§ & VAmo
g§doJ‘wdJAmo & Ahmo, ‘o Xohmo {d AUÆ>hoC-nm{UU§ {V qM{V¶§& V§ M ~mb¶§-AUwH§$nmE ‘mo¶mdoD$U Vm g§n¶§
OB VËW{Æ>Amo BpËW¶mqh A{Xñg‘mUmo {^³I§ b{^ñgm{‘ Vmho JopÊhñg§ Z AÝZhm & Ed‘{^½Jh§ KopÊh¶§ VAmo
Mod {Z¶{Îm¶§ V§ Mod dU§ JAmo &
1) ~bXodmZo ZJamV àdoe H$m Ho$bm?
2) {d{harÀ¶m H$mR>mda Agboë¶m ñÌrMr AdñWm H$er Pmbr?
3) ~bXod {da³V H$m Pmbm?
4) ~bXodmZo H$moUVo d«V KoVbo?
5) Z§Va ~bXod H$moR>o Jobm?
mmm
8.
V¶m AAmoÁPmdB© [aghXodmo AËWmU‘§S>do qghmgUo Cd{dÆ>mo& ‘§{VgoQ²>R>r‘hmOUmB AßnUmo AßnUmo
AmgUo Cd>{dÆ>m & Zrb§OUm AÀN>am {d{dh^§Jo{h Z{ƒC>§ b½Jm& gìdo {ÀmÎmo {b{h¶ìd§ V§ {Xìd§ Zƒ§ noÀN>§{V&
Zƒ§Vr Zrb§OUm ghgm Yg{Îm YaUr¶bo n{S>¶m nmUoqh ‘w¸$m ¶& Or{d¶§ A{Uƒ§ ZmD$U [aghXodmo {daÎmmo
OmAmo & n§M‘w{Q²>R>Ho$gbmo¶§ H$mD$U gmo nìdBAmo&
1) qghmgZmda H$moU {damO‘mZ Pmbo?
2) g^mJ¥hmV H$moU-H$moU CnpñWV hmoVo?
3) g^mJ¥hmV H$moUVm H$m¶©H«$‘ gwê$ hmoVm? AMmZH$ H$moUVr KQ>Zm KS>br?
4) F$f^Xod {daº$ H$m Pmbo? Ë¶m§Zr H$m¶ Ho$bo?
5) CVmè¶mg ¶mo½¶ erf©H$ Xçm?
mmm
95
àmH¥$V gÅ>H$ (ZmQ>ç ) gm{hË¶
96
* gÅ>H - n[aM¶ *
àmH¥$V gÅ>H$ (ZmQ>ç ) gm{hË¶ n[aM¶
àmñVm{dH$
bmoH$m§Mo ‘ZmoaO§Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$ OmVr-Y‘m©À¶m ^mfm gm{hË¶m‘Ü¶o H$Wm-H$WZ, Jm¶Z,
Z¥Ë¶ VgoM {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m AmdmOmMr Z¸$b H$aUo qH$dm hmd^md, hmbMmbtÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ
EImXçm {df¶mMo ñnîQ>>rH$aU H$aÊ¶mMr nÕV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Agbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo. ¶mVyZM
ZmQ>çmMr, ZmQ>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbobr Agmdr. Ë¶m‘wio àË¶oH$ ^mfoÀ¶m gm{hË¶mV ZmQ>çgm{hË¶mg
{deoof ‘hËËd Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo.
g§ñH¥$V {dX²dmZm§Zr Amnë¶m ZmQ>H$m§‘Ü¶o à‘wI nmÌm§À¶m Vm|S>r g§ñH¥$V^mfm Va Zm{¶H$m, {ó¶m,
~mbH$, ZmoH$a, Xmg BË¶mXr nmÌm§À¶m Vm|S>r àmH¥$VmVrb {d{dY ^mfm§Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
Aem àH$maMr ZmQ>Ho$ àma§^r amOXa~mamV qH$dm ZJamVrb bmoH$m§À¶mgmR>rM ‘¶m©{XV hmoVr.
na§Vw amOXa~mamnojm qH$dm ZJamnojmhr J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mo ‘Zmoa§OZ H$aÊ¶mV ZmQ>çmMo
à¶moJ A{YH$ ¶eñdr hmoV Agbobo nmhÿZ g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m§V àmH¥$V^mfoMo àm~ë¶ dmT>V Jobo. {edm¶
à‘wI nmÌm§À¶m åhUOoM amOm, ‘§Ìr AmXr§À¶mhr Vm|S>r àmH¥$V^mfoMm dmna hmoD$Z H$mbm§VamZo àmH¥$V
^mfoVhr g§nyU© ZmQ>çJ«§W {b{hbo Jobo. Ë¶m ZmQ>çJ«§WmbmM gÅ>H$ Ago g§~moYÊ¶mV ¶oD$ bmJbo.
B.g. 9 ì¶m eVH$mV hmoD$Z Jobobo g§ñH¥$V-àmH¥$V ^mfmn§{S>V amOeoIa ¶m§Zr ‘H$ny©a‘§Oar’ ho
àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb n{hbo gÅ>H$ {b{hbo Ago ‘mZbo OmVo. H$Xm{MV Ë¶m§À¶mhr AJmoXa gÅ>Ho$ {b{hbr
AgmdrV na§Vw XþX£dmZo AmO Vr CnbãY ZmhrV. H$Xm{MV H$mimÀ¶m àdmhmV Vr ZîQ>> Pmbobr
AgmdrV qH$dm Vr ZmQ>Ho$ BVa ^mfoV ê$nm§V[aVhr Pmbobr AgVrb.
gÅ>H$mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
àË¶oH$ ^mfoVrb H$WmZH$m§Mr H$mì¶m§Mr, ZmQ>H$m§Mr H$mhr Img d¡{eîQ>ço AgVmV. Ë¶mà‘mUo
àmH¥$V gÅ>H$m§Mrhr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço Agbobr {XgyZ ¶oVmV. Vr nwT>rbà‘mUo.
1) gÅ>H$mMr aMZm àmH¥$V^mfoV AgVo.
2) gÅ>H$mV g§ñH¥$VmVrb àdoeH$, {dîH§$^H$, A§H$, g§Yr B. Mm A^md AgVmo. gÅ>H$mV A§H$mEodOr
‘Od{ZH$m’ ¶m eãXm§Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
3) Zm{Q>Ho$à‘mUo gÅ>H$mMo H$WmZH$ H$mën{ZH$ AgVo.
4) Zm¶H$ d Zm{¶H$m amOHw$bmoËnÞ AgVmV.
5) gÅ>H$mVrb Zm¶H$ hm {ddm{hV AgyZhr A{ddm{hV VéU Zm{¶Ho$da JwßVnUo ào‘ H$aV Agbobm
{XgyZ ¶oVmo.
97
6) Zm¶H$mMr nËZr (à‘wI amUr) Zm¶H$mda gVV dM©ñd JmO{dUmar AgVo.
7) H$Wo‘Ü¶o AX²^wV Am{U e¥§Jma agmMo àmãmë¶ A{YH$ Agbo Varhr gQ²>Q>H$mV am¡Ð, dra, ~r^Ëg
¶m agm§Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm.
8) gQ²>Q>H$mV nwéfnmÌmnojmhr ór nmÌm§Mr g§»¶m A{YH$ AgVo.
9) gQ²>Q>H$mÀ¶m H$WmZH$mMm eodQ> amOm d Zm{¶H$m ¶m§À¶m ào‘mMo ê$nm§Va {ddmhmV Pmbobo {XgyZ
¶oVo.
10) gQ²>Q>H$ ho Mma Od{ZHo$Zo ¶w³V H$WmZH$ AgVo.
àmH¥$VmVrb à‘wI gQ²>Q>Ho$ nwT>rbà‘mUo
1) H$ny©a‘§Oar (amOeoIa) 2) e¥§Jma‘§Oar ({dídoída)
3) M§ÐboIm (éÐXmg) 4) AmZ§Xgw§Xar (KZí¶m‘)
5) a§^m‘§Oar (Z¶M§Ð)
1. H$ny©a‘§Oar (amOeoIa)
àmñVm{dH$ :
g§ñH¥$V gm{hË¶mà‘mUo àmH¥$V gm{hË¶m‘Ü¶ohr Oo ZmQ>çgm{hË¶ CnbãY Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. ¶m
ZmQ>ç gm{hË¶mgM gQ²>Q>H$ åhQ>bo OmVo. àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mV AmO Mma-nmM gQ²>Q>Ho$M CnbãY AmhoV.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o amOeoIam§Mo ‘H$ny©a‘§Oar’ ho n{hbo àmH¥$V gQ²>Q>H$ Agë¶mMo ‘mZbo OmVo. Ë¶mMm n[aM¶
nwT>rbà‘mUo.
1) gQ²>Q>H$H$ma amOeoIam§Mm n[aM¶ :
H$dr amOeoIa ho ~«m÷U Hw$imV OÝ‘bobo AgyZ {dX²dÎmm Ë¶m§À¶m Hw$imV na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr
hmoVr. Ë¶m§À¶m Hw$imV AH$mbObX ZmdmMo EH$ loîR>> H$dr hmoD$Z Jobo. Vo amOeoIam§Mo AmOmo~m hmoVo.
Ë¶m§Zm ‘‘hmamîQ>´> MyS>m‘Ur’ hr nXdr {‘imbobr hmoVr.
XþX©wH$ (Xþ{hH$) ho Ë¶m§À¶m {nË¶mMo Am{U erbdVr AmB©Mo Zmd hmoVo. Vo JwO©a amOmÀ¶m
Xa~mamVrb EH$ ‘§Ìr hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio amOeoIam§Zmhr Xa~mamV ‘mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. amOeoIam§Zr Mm¡hmZ
Hw$imVrb Ad§Vrgw§Xarer ào‘{ddmh Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë¶m§Mr nËZrhr g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$VmV {ZnwU hmoVr. {Vbm
àmH¥$V ^mfo{df¶r A{YH$ AmdS> hmoVr. {VÀ¶m AmJ«hmZoM amOeoIam§Zr ‘H$ny©a‘§Oar’ ho gQ²>Q>H$
{b{hë¶mMo VgoM {dX^© d Hw§$Vb Xoem{df¶r H$dtÀ¶m ‘ZmV A{YH$ AmXa^md Agë¶mZoM J«§Wm§V
Z‘yX Ho$bobo Amho. H$ny©a‘§Oar hr Hw§$Vbm{YnVrMr H$Ý¶m Agë¶mMo Va {d^«‘boIm hr X{jUm{YnVrMr
({dX^©amOmMr) H$Ý¶m Agë¶mMm CëboI Ho$bm Amho.
amOeoIam§Zr H$ny©a‘§Oar ¶m gQ²>Q>H$m{edm¶ ‘{dX²Yemb-^§§{OH$m, ~mbam‘m¶U, ~mb^maV’ B.
98
g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>Ho$ {b{hbr. ¶m{edm¶ Ab§H$maemómdarb ‘H$mì¶‘r‘m§gm’ Am{U ‘ha{dbmg ‘hmH$mì¶’
BË¶mXr J«§W {b{hbo. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {df¶mda ‘m{hVr XoUmam ^ydZH$moe ZmdmMm J«§W {b[hbm. Aem
àH$maÀ¶m {d{dY J«§WaMZm§‘wio amOeoIam§Zm ~mbH$dr, H${damO, ^mfmMVwa B. {deofUm§Zr gÝ‘m{ZV
Ho$bo hmoVo. VgoM JwOamVÀ¶m ‘h|ÐnmbamOm§Zr amOeoIam§Zm Amnbm Jwê$ ‘mZyZ Ë¶m§Zm Xa~mamV ‘mZmMo
ñWmZhr {Xbobo hmoVo. amOeoIam§Mm H$mi 9-10 ì¶m eVH$mMm ‘mZbm OmVmo.
H$ny©a‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mMm n[aM¶ :
àñVmdZoZ§Va amOmM§Ðnmb amUr {d^«‘boIm, {dXÿfH$ Am{U {dMjUm Xmgr BË¶mXr gd©OU
CXçmZmV OmD$Z dg§V CËgd (F$Vy) Am{U ‘b¶nd©VmH$Sy>Z ¶oUmè¶m W§S> dmè¶mMo dU©Z H$aV
AgVmV.Voìhm VoWo AMmZH$nUo ^¡admZ§X ZmdmMm ¶moJr ¶oD$Z ñdV:À¶m e³VsMo dU©Z H$aVmo. {edm¶
‘mÂ¶mH$Sy>Z Vwåhmg H$m¶ Ano{jV Amho Ago {dMmaVmo, Voìhm {dXyfH$mÀ¶m gm§JÊ¶mdê$Z ^¡admZ§X
¶moJr ¶moJgm‘Ï¶m©Zo {dX^m©Vrb Hw§$Vb XoemÀ¶m dëbâmO amOmÀ¶m H$ny©a‘§Oar ZmdmÀ¶m VéU gw§Xa
amOH$Ý¶og KoD$Z ¶oVmo.
{d^«‘boIm amUr ^¡admZ§X ¶mo½¶mMr ^³V, {eî¶m Agë¶mZo Ë¶mÀ¶m gm§JÊ¶mZwgma H$ny©a‘§Oarg
Amnë¶mH$S>o R>oD$Z KoVo. na§Vw H$ny©a‘§OarMo VméÊ¶ d gm¢X¶© nmhÿZ amOm {VÀ¶mH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoVmo.
H$ny©a‘§OarÀ¶m ‘Zm‘Ü¶ohr M§ÐnmbamOm{df¶r ào‘^md {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
Xþgè¶m Od{ZHo$‘Ü¶o :
amOm H$ny©a‘§OarÀ¶m ào‘mV nS>ë¶mZo ì¶mHy$i Pmbobm Amho. Va BH$S>o H$ny©a‘§Oarhr amOmÀ¶m
ào‘mZo ì¶mHy$i hmoD$Z {dah ghZ H$aVo. Voìhm {dXÿfH$ d {dMjUm Xmgr ¶m XmoZ ào{‘H$m§Mr ôQ> ìhmdr
åhUyZ à¶ËZ H$aVmV.
H$ny©a‘§Oar Amnbo ào‘ àH$Q> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$dS>çmÀ¶m nmZmda ‘OHy$a {bhÿZ amOmH$So nmR>{dVo
amOmhr Ë¶m ào‘mg Amnbr AZwHy$bVm Xe©{dVmo. na§Vw hm gd© àH$ma {d^«‘boImamUrÀ¶m bjmV
Amë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶m ôQ>rda ~§Xr KmbVo.
{Vgè¶m Od{ZHo$‘Ü¶o :
{dahmZo ì¶mHy$i Pmboë¶m XmoKm ào{‘H$m§Mr ôQ> KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmgmR>r {dXÿfH$ d {dMjUm
Xmgr CXçmZmnmgyZ amOdmS>çmn¶ªV Agboë¶m JwßV ‘mJm©Mm (^w¶ma) Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.
Mm¡Ï¶m Od{ZHo$‘Ü¶o :
{d^«‘boImamUr amOmg dQ>gm{dÌrMm CËgd nmhÊ¶mMo {Z‘§ÌU XoVo. Ë¶m {Z‘§ÌUmg ‘mZ XoD$Z
amOm ^¡admZ§X, {dXÿfH$ AmXr gd© hOa amhVmV. Voìhm ^¡¡admZ§X ¶moJr {d^«‘boIm amUrg JwéX{jUm
åhUyZ H$ny©a‘§Oar Am{U M§Ðnmb amOmÀ¶m {ddmhmg amUrZo ‘mÝ¶Vm XoÊ¶mMr AQ> KmbVmo. H$maU ¶m
{ddmhmZo M§Ðnmb amOmg MH«$dVunXmMm ‘mZ {‘iÊ¶mMo ^{dî¶ gm§JVmo. Ë¶m‘wio amUr ñdV:hÿZ amOm
d H$ny©a‘§Oar ¶m§Mm {ddmh bmdyZ XoVo. AemàH$mao H$ny©a‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mMo H$WmZH$ Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo.
99
^mfme¡br :
‘H$ny©a‘§Oar’ ho ‘hmamîQ>´>r àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb gQ²>Q>H$ Agbo Varhr JXçmgmR>r em¡agoZr àmH¥$VMm
Va nXçmgmR>r ‘hmamîQ>´>r àmH¥$V ^mfoMm Cn¶moJ Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. amOm d H$ny©a‘§Oar ¶m§À¶m ào‘mVyZ
e¥§Jmaag ñnîQ>> hmoVmo. {dXÿfH$ Am{U {dMjUm Xmgr ¶m§À¶m ^m§S>UmVyZ {dZmoX d hmñ¶{Z{‘©Vr Pmbobr
{XgyZ ¶oVo.
nXçm‘Ü¶o dg§V{VbH$m AZwàmg, Cn‘m, CËàojm AmXr {d{dY Ab§H$mam§Mm dmna Ho$bobm
{XgyZ ¶oVmo. gy¶m©oX¶, M§ÐmoX¶, dg§VF$Vy g§Ü¶mH$mi B. ‘YyZ {ZgJ©dU©Zohr gmH$mabobr {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
AemàH$mao H$ny©a‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mMr ^mfme¡br AmH$f©H$ Ho$bobr {XgyZ ¶oVo.
mmm
2. e¥§Jma‘§Oar ({dídoída)
àmñVm{dH$ :
àmH¥$V gQ²>Q>H$m§n¡H$s e¥§Jma‘§Oar ho EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© gQ²>Q>H$ Agë¶mMo {XgyZ ¶oVo. Á¶mà‘mUo
H$ny©a‘§Oar ho àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrb n{hbo gQ²>Q>H$ Amho. Ë¶mà‘mUo e¥§Jma‘§Oar ho àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrb
eodQ>Mo gQ²>Q>H$ Agë¶mZo ¶m gQ²>Q>H$mghr àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mV A{YH$ ‘hÎd Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. ¶m
gQ²>Q> H$mMr aMZm H$dr {dídoídam§Zr Ho$bobr Amho. ¶m gQ²>Q>H$mMm g§{jßV n[aM¶ nwT>rbà‘mUo.
gÅ>H$H$ma (H$dr) {dídoída ¶m§Mm n[aM¶ :
H$dr {dídoída ho Ab‘moS>m (H$Zm©Q>H$) ¶oWrb AgyZ Vo ^maÛmO d§emV OÝ‘bobo hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m
d{S>bm§Mo Zmd bú‘rYa hmoVo. bú‘rYa ho H$mì¶emó, VH©$emó, Ý¶m¶emó B. {d{dY emóm‘Ü¶o
{ZnyU hmoVo. {edm¶ Vo g§ñH¥$V-àmH¥$V ^mofoMo {dX²dmZhr hmoVo. {d{dY {dXçm {eH${dUmao Jwê$hr
hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z {dídoídam§Zm g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V ^mfoMo kmZ {‘imbo. Ë¶m‘wio {dídoída d¶mÀ¶m
10 ì¶m dfmªnmgyZ J«§WaMZm H$aV hmoVo. {dídoídam§Zr H$mì¶emó, ì¶mH$aUemó, Y‘©emó, V§Ìemó,
ZmQ>çemó B. {df¶mda hr J«§WaMZm Ho$boë¶m {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
e¥§Jma‘§Oar ho gQ²>Q>H$ {b{hÊ¶mnydu H$ny©a‘§Oar aËZmdbr, ‘mb{dH$m{½Z{‘Ì B. g§ñH¥$V
ZmQ>çJ«§WmMmhr Ë¶m§Zr Aä¶mg Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.{dídoídam§Mm H$mi A{bH$S>Mm åhUOo 18 ì¶m
eVH$mÀmm ‘mZbm OmVmo.
e¥§Jma‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mMm g§{jßV n[aM¶ :
e¥§Jma‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mMr aMZm {dídoídam§Zr Ho$bobr Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m ¶m gQ²>Q> H$mda amOeoIam§À¶m
H$ny©a‘§Oar gQ²>Q> H$mMm AË¶§V à^md Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. e¥§Jma‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$ åhUOo H$ny©a‘§Oar
gQ²>Q>H$mMr Xþgar Amd¥ËVr Agmdr EdT>o gmå¶ ¶m XmoÝhr gQ²>Q>H$m§‘Ü¶o Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo.
100
àW‘ Od{ZH$m :
e¥§Jma‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mVrb àW‘ Od{ZHo$‘Ü¶o àma§^r Zm§Xr AgyZ ¶m‘Ü¶o gyÌYma Am{U ZQ>r ¶m§À¶m
g§dmXmVyZ AmO e¥§Jma‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mMm à¶moJ gmXa Ho$bm OmUma Agë¶mMr gyMZm Ho$br OmVo. ¶m
gyMZoZwgma gQ²>Q>H$mg àma§^ hmoVmo.
àma§^r amOm {dXÿfH$ CXçmZm‘Ü¶o OmD$Z JßnmJmoîQ>>r H$aV AgVmZm amOm {dXyfH$mg åhUVmo,
‘ho {‘Ìm, AmO ‘mÂ¶m ñdßZm‘Ü¶o EH$ gw§Xar Ambr hmoVr, Ago åhUyZ amOm ñdßZgw§XarMo gm¢X¶© dU©Z
H$aVmo. Voìhm dg§V{VbH$mXmgr Mmoê$Z hm g§dmX EoH$Vo d ho gm¢X¶©dU©Z H$moUmMo Agob?' Agm {dMma
H$aV AgVm ho gm¢X¶© Amnbr ‘¡ÌrU e¥§Jma‘§OarMoM Agë¶mMo OmUyZ Vr AmZ§{XV hmoVo.
X²{dVr¶ Od{ZH$m :
¶m Od{ZHo$‘Ü¶o {dXÿfH$mMm àW‘ àdoe hmoVmo. Amnbm {‘Ì d Zm¶H$ Agboë¶m amOmMr Ë¶mÀ¶m
ñdßZgw§Xarer H$er ôQ> KSy>Z ¶oB©b? ¶mMo qMVZ H$aV AgVmo. Voìhm gwX¡dmZo ‘w»¶amUrH$Sy>Z ‘XZ
-CËgdmÀ¶m nyOoMo {Z‘§ÌU ¶oVo. Voìhm AmZ§{XV hmoD$Z ‘XZ-CËgd nmhÊ¶mgmR>r amOm d [dXÿfH$
OmVmV.
¶m ‘XZCËgdmÀ¶m doir {dXÿfH$ d dg§VgoZm ho XmoKo Amnmnë¶m ~w{ÕMmVw¶m©Zo {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z
H$aV AgVmV. ¶m dU©ZmVrb loîR>> dU©Z H$moUmMo Amho. ¶mMm {ZU©¶ XoÊ¶mgmR>r {d{dY emóm‘Ü¶o
{ZnwU Agboë¶m e¥§Jma‘§Oarg {Z‘§{ÌV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo. AemàH$mao amOm d e¥§Jma‘§OarMr ôQ> KS>dyZ
AmUbr OmVo.
{Vgar Od{ZH$m :
¶m Od{ZHo$‘Ü¶o Zm¶H$ d Zm{¶Ho$À¶m nañnam§À¶m ôQ>rJmR>r‘wio ào‘m‘Ü¶o d¥X²Yr Pmbobr {XgyZ
¶oVo. na§Vw amUrg ho ào‘àH$aU Z AmdS>ë¶mZo amOm d e¥§Jma‘§Oar ¶m§À¶m ôQ>rda amUr ~§Xr KmbVo.
na§Vw {dXÿfH$ d dg§VgoZm ¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ‘mYdrbVm CXçmZm‘Ü¶o amOm d e¥§Jma‘§Oar ¶m§À¶m JwßV
ôQ>r hmoV amhVmV.
Mm¡Wr Od{ZH$m :
amOm d e¥§Jma‘§Oar ¶m§À¶m JwßV ôQ>rMm d¥ËVm§V g‘Oë¶mZo e§{H$V Pmbobr amUr e¥§Jma‘§Oarg
A§YmaH$moR>S>r‘Ü¶o ~§{XñV R>odVo. {edm¶ {dXÿfH$ d dg§V{VbH$m Xmgr ¶m§À¶m ôQ>rdahr ~§Xr KmbVo.
H$mbm§VamZo amUr nmd©Vr XodVoÀ¶m Xe©ZmgmR>r Jobr AgVm VoWo AmH$medmUr hmoVo. ‘nVrMr godm H$aUo
hmM n{Vd«VoMm loîR>> Y‘© Amho. VgoM {ZanamYr ì¶³Vrg Xþ:I XoUo ho (A¶mo½¶) nmnH$‘© Amho.’ hr
AmH$medmUr EoH$ë¶mZo amUrÀ¶m ‘Zm‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z hmoD$Z e¥§Jma‘§Oar d amOm ¶m§Mm ñdV:hÿZ {ddmh
H$ê$Z XoVo. AemàH$mao e¥§Jma‘§Oar gQ²>Q>H$mMo H$WmZH$ Agbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo.
^mfme¡br :
ì¶mH$aU J«§WmÀ¶m AmYmao H$mhr ê$no V¶ma H$ê$Z Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJ Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. nXçm‘Ü¶o
‘hmamîQ´>r àmH¥$V Agë¶mZo ‘A’ lwVrÀmm A{YH$ dmna Pmbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. JXçmV em¡agoZr ^mfm
AmT>iVo. àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrb ho EH$ ‘hËËdnyU© gQ²>Q>H$ Amho.
mmm
101
3. M§ÐboIm gQ²>Q> H$ (éÐXmg)
àmñVm{dH$ :
‘M§ÐboIm’ ho àmH¥$Vgm{hË¶mVrb ‘hÎdnyU© gQ²>Q>H$ hmo¶. ¶mMr aMZm H$dr éÐXmg ¶m§Zr Ho$br.
Ë¶mMm g§{jßV n[aM¶ nwT>rbà‘mUo
gQ²>Q>H$H$ma éÐXmgmMm n[aM¶
H$dr ê$ÐXmg ¶m§Zr M§Ðbohm ¶m gQ²>Q>H$mMr aMZm Ho$br. ê$ÐXmg ho Ho$ai‘Yrb nmamgd OmVrV
OÝ‘bo hmoVo. éÐXmgmMo AmB©-dS>r>b Ho$ai‘Yrb EH$m ‘§{XamV ñdÀN>Vm d BVa H$m‘ H$aV AgV.
ê$ÐXmgm§Mo g§ñH¥$V ^mfoda Mm§Jbo à^wËd hmoVo.ê$ÐXmgm§Zr daéMtÀ¶m ‘àmH¥$V àH$me’ ¶m ì¶mH$aU
J«§WmMm gImob Aä¶mg H$ê$Z àmH¥$V ^mfoda Mm§Jbo à^wËd {‘i{dbo hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr B. 1660 ‘Ü¶o
H$ny©a‘§Oar ¶m gQ²>Q>H$mÀ¶m YVuda ‘M§Xbohm’ ¶m gÅ>H$mMr aMZm Ho$br.
H$dr éÐXmg ho éÐ d lrH§$R> Jwê§$Mo {eî¶ hmoVo. {edm¶ éÐ åhUOo {ed Vo {edmMohr na‘^º$
hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr éÐXmg ho Zmd YmaU Ho$bobo Agmdo. Ë¶m§Mm H$mi 17 ì¶m eVH$mÀmm ‘mZbm
OmVmo. B. g. 1660 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zr ‘§M§ÐboIm’ ¶m gQ²>Q>H$mMr aMZm Ho$br.
M§ÐboIm J«§WmMm n[aM¶ :
‘M§ÐboIm’ ho àmH¥$V gm{hË¶mVrb EH$ gQ²>Q>H$ hmo¶. H$dr ê$ÐXmg ¶m§Zr ¶m M§ÐboIm gQ²>Q>H$mMr
aMZm Ho$br ¶m gQ²>Q>H$mV Mma Od{ZH$m AgyZ amOm ‘mZdo§Ð Am{U M§ÐboIm amOHw$‘marÀ¶m ào‘mMr
H$Wm d{U©bobr Amho.
"M§ÐboIm' gQ²>Q>H$mMm {df¶ - M§ÐboIm ¶m gÅ>H$mV qMVm‘{UaËZmÀ¶m gm‘Ï¶m©Zo ‘mZdo§Ð
amOm Am{U M§ÐboIm Zm{¶Ho$Mr ôQ> KS>yZ ¶oVo. ¶m n{hë¶m ôQ>rVM Zm¶H$ ‘mZdo§Ð amOm Am{U M§ÐboIm
Zm{¶H$m nañnam§da AmH${f©V hmoD$Z nañnam§À¶m ào‘mV nSy>Z ôQ>rg AmVwa hmoVmV.
M§ÐboIm g§JrVH$boV {ZnwU AgVo. ho OmUyZ ‘hmamUr M§ÐboIoMo Jm¶Z EoH$Ê¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo
M§ÐboIoÀ¶m g§JrV-Jm¶ZmÀ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMo {Z¶moOZ H$aVo. Ë¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMm amOmH$Sy>Z ‘Z‘wamX AmñdmX
KoVbm OmVmo. Ë¶m‘wio amOm M§ÐboIoÀ¶m ôQ>rg A{YH$M AmVwa hmoVmo.
Ë¶mZ§Va M§ÐboIm Am{U amOm ¶m§À¶m ào‘mMr amUrg e§H$m Amë¶mZo amUr amOgôVrb EH$m
‘yVuÀ¶m H§$R>mV gm[aH$m ~gdVo. Ë¶m‘wio amUrg ‘mZdo§Ð amOm Am{U M§ÐboImÀ¶m ào‘mÀmm d¥ËVm§V
g‘OVmo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘hmamUr AË¶§V H«$mo{YîR>> hmoVo.
Ë¶mZ§Va amUrMm M§ÐHo$Vy ‘mdg^mD$ AMmZH$nUo VoWo ¶oD$Z M§nmdZmVyZ Amnbr ~hrU M§ÐboIm
AMmZH$nUo ZîQ>> Pmë¶mMm d¥ËVm§V gm§JVmo. Vo EoHy$Z ‘hmamUr Amnë¶mH$S>o Agboë¶m qMVm‘Ur aËZmg
{dZ§Vr H$aVo. Amnë¶m M§ÐboIm ~{hUrMm emoY KoD$Z Vm~S>Vmo~ ¶oWo AmUmdo. Ë¶mà‘mUo M§ÐboIm
Vm~S>Vmo~ VoWo hOa hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio gd©OU AmZ§{XV hmoVmV.
102
Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m qMVm‘{UaËZmMr XodVm gdmªÀ¶m g‘moa ñnîQ>> H$aVo. ‘M§ÐboIoer {ddmh H$aUmar
ì¶³Vr MH«$dVu g‘«mQ> hmoB©b’ Vo EoHy$Z ‘hmamUrÀ¶m ‘ZmV ‘Amnbm nVr MH«$dVu g‘«mQ> ìhmdm’ Aer
Vrd« BÀN>m {Z‘m©U Pmë¶mZo amOm ‘mZdo§Ð Am{U M§ÐboIm ¶m§À¶m {ddmhmbm ‘hmamUr ñdV: hmoD$Z
AZw‘Vr XoVo. AemàH$mao XmoZ ào{‘H$m§À¶m ào‘mMr nyU©Vm Pmbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo.
^mfme¡br :
‘M§ÐboIm’ ¶m gQ²>Q>H$mMr ^mfm ‘hmamîQ>´>r àmH¥$V Amho. H$drZo ‘moO³¶m eãXm§V gw§Xa {MÌU
Ho$bobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. BVa gQ²>Q> H$mà‘mUo ¶m gQ²>Q> H$mVhr e¥§Jma agmMm A{YH$ à^md Amho. VgoM
qMVm‘Ur aËZmÀ¶m à^mdmZo AX²^wV agmMmhr Cn¶moJ Pmbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
mmm
103
~«måhr {bnrVrb ñda Am{U ì¶§OZo
ñda
ì¶§OZo
104

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